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Chapter 8: Salts
Chapter 8: Salts
SALT
CHAPTER 8 : SALTS
A. SYNTHESISING SALTS
Learning Outcomes
You should be able to:
state examples of salts used in daily life,
explain the meaning of salt
identify soluble and insoluble salts,
describe the preparation of soluble salts,
describe the purification of soluble salts by recrystallisation,
list physical characteristics of crystals,
describe the preparation of insoluble salts,
write chemical and ionic equations for reactions used in the preparation of salts,
design an activity to prepare a specified salt,
construct ionic equations through the continuous variation method
solve problems involving calculation of quantities of reactants or products in stoichiometric
reactions
Salts Uses
Barium sulphate BaSO4 Fungicide
Calsium sulphate CaSO4 Bleaching agent
Iron sulphate FeSO4 Paint for yellow line on road
Ammonium nitrate NH4NO3 X-ray ‘meals’ in hospital
Copper(II) sulphate CuSO4 Nitrogenous fertilizer
Sodium chloride NaCl Toothpaste
Sodium hydrogen carbonate Iron tablets, for anaemia
patient
Sodium nitrite NaNO2 Baking powder
Sodium hypochlorite Preserve food
NaOCl
Tin(II) fluoride SnF2 A flavouring
Lead(II) chromate PbCrO4 Plaster of Paris for broken
bone
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 CHAPTER 8:
SALT
Activity 2 : Identify soluble and insoluble salt.
Ba2+ NO3 -
SO4 2-
Ca2+
Pb2+
Water
2+ Na+
Pb K+ CO3 2-
Ag+ Cl- NH4+
Hg+
Fill in the blanks with the correct word(s)
3. All sulphate salts are soluble in water except …………….. sulphate, …………. sulphate and
………… sulphate.
4. All chloride salts are soluble in water except …………….. chloride , …………. chloride and
………… chloride.
5. All carbonate salts are insoluble in water except …………….. carbonate, ………….
carbonate and ………… carbonate
Ba2+
2 2+
CaPb 2+
2+
Na+
PbAg+ K+ -
NO 3 +
Hg2+ Water NH4
WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 CHAPTER 8:
SALT
Activity 3 : Write chemical and ionic equations for reactions used in the preparation of soluble salts
2. Using the general equations in question 1, complete the following chemical equation. It may
also be necessary to balance the equation.
3. Deduce the identity of the acid, metal, salt, or other product by filling in the missing details in
this table of preparation of soluble salt
……………..
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 CHAPTER 8:
SALT
4. Name the reactants which are needed to prepare the following soluble salts:
5. Rewrite each of the following chemical equation as ionic equation. Shown below is an example
where a chemical equation can be simplified into an ionic equation.
c. Chemical equation : NaOH (aq) + HNO3 (aq) NaNO3 (aq) + H2O (l)
d. Chemical equation : CuCO3 (s) + H2SO4 (aq) CuSO4 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 CHAPTER 8:
SALT
Activity 4 : Write out the procedure for the preparation of soluble salts of sodium, potassium and
ammonium
Chemical equation
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 CHAPTER 8:
SALT
Activity 5 : Write out the procedure for the preparation of soluble salts (not sodium, potassium or
ammonium salt)
Soluble salt Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4
Name two chemical
substances to prepare 1. …………..…………………………..
the salt
2. ………………………………………
Chemical equation
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 CHAPTER 8:
SALT
Activity 6 : Write chemical and ionic equations for reactions used in the preparation of insoluble
salts
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 CHAPTER 8:
SALT
Chemical equation
Ionic equation
Procedure: (Diagram) Description
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 CHAPTER 8:
SALT
Activity 8 : Construct ionic equation for the formation of lead(II) chromate through the
continuous variation method,
Figure 1
Figure 1 shows seven test tubes for the reaction between lead(II) nitrate Pb(NO3)2 0.5 mol dm-3 and
potassium chromate(VI) K2CrO4 0.5 mol dm-3.
(a) (i) Using a ruler, measure the height of lead(II) chromate(VI) precipitate formed.
Record the measurements in Table 1.
(ii) Calculate the number of moles of lead(II) nitrate solution Pb(NO3)2 and potassium
chromate(VI) solution,K2CrO4 used in test tubes 1-7. Write your answers in Table 1.
Test Tube 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Volume of Pb(NO3)2 /cm3 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
Volume of K2CrO4 /cm3 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
Height of precipitate / cm
Table 1
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 CHAPTER 8:
SALT
(b) Based on Table 1, draw a graph of the height of the precipitate against volume of lead (II)
nitrate solution on the graph paper.
(ii) Calculate the number of moles of chromate(VI) ions that has reacted with 1 mole of Pb2+. ions.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv) Write the ionic equation for the formation of lead(II) chromate(VI).
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(d) What can you observe about the height of the precipitate in Figure 1?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(e) What is your inference based on your answer in (d)?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 CHAPTER 8:
SALT
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Activity 9 : Solve problems involving calculation of quantities of reactants or products in
stoichiometric reactions
Example 1 : A student prepares copper (II) nitrate by reacting copper (II) oxide with 100 cm3
1.5 mol dm-3 nitric acid. Calculate the mass of copper (II) oxide needed to react
completely with the acid. [Relative atomic mass: Cu, 64 ; O, 16]
Solution :
Chemical equation : CuO + 2HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + H2O
Mole ratio : 1 mole 2 mole 1 mole 1 mole
Question :
1 Excess zinc powder is added to react completely with 50 cm 3 of 2.0 mol dm 3 hydrochloric
acid.
(a) Write an ionic equation for the reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid.
2 Excess of magnesium carbonate powder, MgCO3, is reacted with 100 cm3 of a 1 mol dm-3
sulphuric acid H2SO4 , What is the mass of magnesium sulphate formed?
[Relative atomic mass : Mg =24, O=16, S = 32 ]
3. 0.12 g of magnesium reacts with excess hydrochloric acid to produce hydrogen gas. Given
that the relative molecular mass of H=1, Mg = 24, CI =35.5 and 1 mol of gas occupies 24 dm 3
at room temperature and pressure.
Fnd the (a) mass of salt formed (b) volume of gas produced
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 CHAPTER 8:
SALT
Example 2 : A sample of insoluble lead (II) sulphate is prepared by mixing 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3
lead (II) nitrate solution and y cm 3 of 1.5 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid.
[Relative atomic mass: O, 16 ; S, 32 ; Pb, 207]
(a) Calculate the volume, y, of the sulphuric acid needed to react completely with the
lead (II) nitrate solution.
Solution :
Chemical equation : Pb(NO3)2 + H2SO4 PbSO4 + 2 HNO3
Mole ratio : 1 mole 1 mole 1 mole 2 mole
Solution :
Number of mole of PbSO4 = Number of moles of Pb(NO3)2 = 0.05 mol
Mass of PbSO4 = 0.05 x (207 + 32 + 4 x 16) g
= 15.15 g
Question
4. A sample of insoluble silver chloride is prepared by mixing 50 cm 3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 silver nitrate
solution and z cm 3 of 0.5 mol dm 3 sodium chloride solution.
[Relative atomic mass: Ag 108; Cl 35.5]
(a) Write the chemical equation for the reaction between silver nitrate and sodium chloride.
(b) Calculate the volume, z, of the sodium chloride needed to react completely with the silver
nitrate solution.
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 CHAPTER 8:
SALT
Learning Outcomes
You should be able to:
state the meaning of qualitative analysis,
make inferences on salts based on their colour and solubility in water,
describe tests for the identification of gases,
describe the action of heat on salts,
describe the tests for anions,
state observation of reaction of cations with sodium hydroxide solution and ammonia
solution,
describe confirmatory tests for Fe2+, Fe3+, Pb2+ and NH4+,
1. Qualtitative analysis of a salt is a chemical technique used to identify the …….. that are
present in a salt by analysing its ………………. and ……………………. properties.
2. Make inferences on the following substances based on their colour: (use formula of substance
when writing your answer. Make it is correct!)
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 CHAPTER 8:
SALT
Ammonium carbonate
Insoluble Yellow
Tests For Gases Complete the observation for the confirmatory test for gases
Mg + HCl release
hydrogen gas
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 CHAPTER 8:
SALT
Hydrogen Dip a glass rod into concentrated
chloride ammonia solution and bring a
drop of ammonia to the mouth of
test tube
Activity : Complete the chemical equation and observation for the action of heat on carbonate salt
Carbonate salt Action of heat
Potassium carbonate K2CO3 , Not decompose by heat
Sodium carbonate Na2CO3
Metal Carbonate metal oxide + carbon dioxide
Calcium carbonate
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
Observation : ……………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………….
Aluminium carbonate
Al2(CO3)3 ……….. .. + …. ………
Observation : ……………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………….
Zinc carbonate
ZnCO3 ……….. .. + …. ………
Observation : ……………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………….
Lead(II) carbonate
PbCO3 ……….. .. + …. ………
Observation : ……………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………….
Copper(II) carbonate
CuCO3 ……….. .. + …. ………
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 CHAPTER 8:
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Observation : ……………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………….
Activity: Complete the chemical equation and observation for the action of heat on nitrate salt
Nitrate salts Action by Heat
Metal Nitrate metal nitrite + oxygen
Potassium nitrate
2KNO3 2 KNO2 + O2
Observation :
………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………….
Metal Nitrate metal oxide + nitrogen dioxide + oxygen
Calcium nitrate
2Ca(NO3)2 2CaO + 4NO2 + O2
Observation :
………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………….
Zinc nitrate
Zn(NO3)2 ……….. .. + …. ……… + ……………
Observation :
………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………….
Lead(II) nitrate
Pb(NO3)2 ……….. .. + …. ……… + ……………
Observation :
………………………………………………………..
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 CHAPTER 8:
SALT
……………………………………………………………………….
Copper(II) nitrate
Cu(NO3)2 ……….. .. + …. ……… + ……………
Observation :
………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………….
Effervescence – CO2
CO3 2- + Dilute
Lime water turns milky
acid
Ionic equation : …………………………
White White
precipitate precipitate
formed
Salt K1 Salt K2
c) d)
Add FeSO4 solution Add sulphuric acid
+ concentrated sulphuric
acid
Inference :
Brown ring Inference : Effervescence,
formed Gas bubbles,
Gas turn lime
17 water chalky
WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 CHAPTER 8:
SALT
Salt K4
Salt K3
5 drops of alkali
(NaOH or NH3)
Q1 State whether each of the following precipitate is soluble or insoluble in excess alkali.
(A) The table shows how confirmatory tests are conducted for ammonium ion, NH4+ , Iron(II) ion,
Fe2+ , Iron(III) ion, Fe3+ , and lead(II) ion, Pb2+ . Complete the confirmatory tests and observation.
The diagram below shows the flow chart for the chemical test of Fe2+ ions and Fe3+ ions.
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 CHAPTER 8:
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Based on the flow chart, explain how to differentiate Fe2+ ions and Fe3+ ions.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 CHAPTER 8:
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Test Observation Inference
3. Pour about 2 cm 3 of S2 into a test No change
tube. Add dilute HNO3 , followed
by silver nitrate, AgNO3 solution
4. Pour about 2 cm 3 of S2 into a test White precipitate
tube. Add dilute HCl solution,
then add BaCl2 solution
Rajoo works in a laboratory. He noticed that there are two large bottles. However both the labels
have fallen off. He found four labels beside the bottles. i.e ‘Sodium Chloride Solution’, ‘Sodium
Carbonate Solution’, ‘Sodium Sulphate Solution’ and ‘Sodium Nitrate Solution’. So he has to carry
out confirmatory test to identify the anions in both the solutions.
Complete the graphic organizers describing four tests and their results. The charts can then be
used by Rajoo to distinguish which bottle contains which solution.
followed by …………
SODIUM CARBONATE
solution.
SODIUM NITRATE
Test 4
Result 4 Add dilute HCl, Result 4
followed by
……………
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……………. solution
WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 CHAPTER 8:
SALT
followed by …………
SODIUM SULPHATE
SODIUM CHLORIDE
solution.
Carefully add 1 cm3 of
……………………
H2SO4
Test 4
Add dilute HCl,
Result 4 followed by Result 4
……………
……………. solution
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 CHAPTER 8:
SALT
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