Disaster Management Methodology
Disaster Management Methodology
NO # TITLE:
001/P/T1/029/XI/2007 Methodology Disaster Management
RELEASE DATE: Communications Network
29 November 2007 Improvement
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Chapter 1 : Background Study
Indonesia has recently been exposed to numerous natural disasters such as
earthquakes, tsunamis, sediment disasters and floods. However,
unfortunately, the preparedness for the society and communities to make
immediate reactions to natural disasters has not been well formulated or
accumulated. Particularly, the disaster observation, warning and reporting
communications is not properly functioning for the society and communities
to be well-informed to make quick reactions to the disasters.
This study is to make a baseline survey for the new JICA's development study
project called “Disaster Prevention (Early Warning) in terms of the Role of
Concerned Government Organizations and Optimized of Transfer of
Information to the Public” which is to explore the optimal possibility of
network connections throughout the central and local governments in
Indonesia.
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001/P/T1/029/XI/2007 Methodology Disaster Management
RELEASE DATE: Communications Network
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Recent events have shown that there is no country that does not stand the
threat of a disaster, though they may be threatened at different levels.
Therefore, disaster preparedness is no longer a choice; it is mandatory
irrespective of where one lives. As shown in Figure 1, the Asia-Pacific region is
one of the most risk-prone areas for disasters, based on disaster occurrences
since 1995.
NO # TITLE:
001/P/T1/029/XI/2007 Methodology Disaster Management
RELEASE DATE: Communications Network
29 November 2007 Improvement
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few decades have demonstrated that the damage caused by any disaster can
be minimized largely by careful planning, mitigation and prompt action. In this
context, information and communications technology (ICT) can potentially
play a pivotal role in disaster prevention, mitigation and management.
Remote sensing for early warning is made possible by various available
technologies, including telecommunication satellites, radar, telemetry and
meteorology. ICT encompasses both traditional media (radio, television) as
well as new media (cell broadcasting, Internet, satellite radio), all of which
can play a major role in educating the public on the risks of a potential or
impending disaster. Before disasters strike, ICTs are used as a conduit for
disseminating information on an impending danger, thereby making it
possible to take the necessary precautions to mitigate the impact of these
disasters. In order for this to be possible, it is critical that there be
consistency in the application of ICT and the dissemination of warning
messages to at-risk areas. Such warning dissemination must be widespread
and should educate the public on the potential risks to the local area. No
matter how expensive or sophisticated, a warning system can never be totally
effective without an education component. Furthermore, ICT plays a critical
role in facilitating the reconstruction process and in coordinating the return of
those displaced by disasters to their original homes and communities. Disaster
management activities, in the immediate aftermath of a disaster, can be
made more effective by the use of appropriate ICT tools. These include tools
for resource management and tracking, communication under emergency
situations (e.g. use of Internet communications), collecting essential items for
the victims, and national and international fundraising.
NO # TITLE:
001/P/T1/029/XI/2007 Methodology Disaster Management
RELEASE DATE: Communications Network
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Chapter 2 : The Methodology
Basically this study is to make a baseline survey. It will apply exploration
methodology study which makes use of quantitative procedure and qualitative
procedure. The method reaches ICT implementation. To minimize physical
destruction and human being deceased, disaster after effects may possibly
be managed. Information, Communication and Technology is capable to
constructive disaster positively.
The most difficult period of a disaster is the immediate aftermath. This period
calls for prompt action within an exceptionally short period of time. In the
aftermath of any disaster, a significant number of individuals will be injured
and/or displaced. Many of them may still be living with the trauma they have
encountered, including loss of loved ones. Affected individuals may also be
without food or other essential items. They might be waiting in temporary
shelters, with no idea what to do next. Some might need immediate medical
attention, while the disaster aftermath environment also creates ideal
breeding grounds for possible epidemics. Charged with leading the response,
authorities may find themselves with limited resources and without any
comprehensive plans to use them or to find more. They often need the help
of a third party, which can include donors, both institutions and individuals.
These institutions may have assistance to offer, but know no means in which
they can provide it as they may not have any link with those who are working
in the field. The following case studies illustrate how ICT can be used
effectively to address such problems in the immediate post-disaster period.
NO # TITLE:
001/P/T1/029/XI/2007 Methodology Disaster Management
RELEASE DATE: Communications Network
29 November 2007 Improvement
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2.2 Disaster Management
There are no standardized rules defining the different phases of the disaster
management cycle. Different agencies use different cycles depending upon
their objectives. However, while approaches vary, it is agreed that disaster
management activities should be carried out in a cycle. Figure 2 illustrates the
phases of the disaster management cycle, which are described as follows:
NO # TITLE:
001/P/T1/029/XI/2007 Methodology Disaster Management
RELEASE DATE: Communications Network
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Figure 2 : The Disaster Management Cycle
These six phases usually overlap. ICT is used in all the phases, but the usage
is more apparent in some phases than in others.
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001/P/T1/029/XI/2007 Methodology Disaster Management
RELEASE DATE: Communications Network
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2.4 ICT for Disaster Prevention, Mitigation and Preparedness
The first important steps towards reducing disaster impact are to correctly
analyze the potential risk and identify measures that can prevent, mitigate or
prepare for emergencies. ICT can play a significant role in highlighting risk
areas, vulnerabilities and potentially affected populations by producing
geographically referenced analysis through, for example, a geographic
information system (GIS). The importance of timely disaster warning in
mitigating negative impacts can never be underestimated.
They are several key parties that play major roles in the disaster management
process, especially in disaster warning:
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001/P/T1/029/XI/2007 Methodology Disaster Management
RELEASE DATE: Communications Network
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Local governments should have considerable knowledge of the hazards to
which their communities are exposed. They must be actively involved in the
design and maintenance of early warning systems, and understand
information received to be able to advise, instruct or engage the local
population in a manner that increases their safety and reduces the potential
loss of resources on which the community depends.
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001/P/T1/029/XI/2007 Methodology Disaster Management
RELEASE DATE: Communications Network
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technical assistance, and policy and organizational support necessary to
ensure the development and operational capabilities of national authorities or
agencies responsible for early warning practice.
The private sector has a diverse role to play in early warning, including
developing early warning capabilities in their own organizations. The private
sector is also essential as they are usually better equipped to implement ICT-
based solutions. The private sector has a large untapped potential to help
provide skilled services in the form of technical manpower, know-how, or
donations of goods or services (in-kind and cash), especially for the
communication, dissemination and response elements of early warning.
NO # TITLE:
001/P/T1/029/XI/2007 Methodology Disaster Management
RELEASE DATE: Communications Network
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exchange, translating scientific or technical information into comprehensible
messages, and disseminating understandable warnings to those at risk.
The following are some of the media – both traditional and new – that can be
effectively used for disaster warning purposes. Some may be more effective
than the rest, depending on the nature of the disaster, the regions affected,
the socio-economic status of the affected communities and their political
architecture. However, it is not a question of one medium against another. All
are means to a common goal of passing along disaster warnings as quickly
and as accurately as possible. Any one or combination of the following media
can be used for that purpose:
NO # TITLE:
001/P/T1/029/XI/2007 Methodology Disaster Management
RELEASE DATE: Communications Network
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both phones can not be utilized cause of destroyed by disaster as
happened to Aceh or Bantul, Yogyakarta. Major of network infrastructure
may be damaged, other than satellite phone exploits signal directly to
satellite above the earth. No network infrastructure is needed. For
emergency condition, it is the best way.
• Cell Broadcasting
• Satellite Radio
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001/P/T1/029/XI/2007 Methodology Disaster Management
RELEASE DATE: Communications Network
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receiver gadget on earth. The diverse to Satellite phone is, this only one
way communication. Transmitter also usually appearances in enormous
device, rather than satellite phone featuring in handheld mechanism on
both two ways side.
• Internet/Email
The role Internet, email and instant messages can play in disaster warning
entirely depends on their penetration within a community and usage by
professionals such as first responders, coordinating bodies, etc.
For almost a century, amateur radio (also known as ‘ham radio’) operators
have assisted their communities and countries during disasters by
providing reliable communications to disaster relief organizations at a
moment’s notice – especially when traditional communications
infrastructure breaks down. Widespread frequency band varies from Very
Low Frequency to Ultra High Frequency. The frequency range affects
distance between transmitter and receiver.
• Sirens
GIS can be loosely defined as a system of hardware and software used for
storage, retrieval, mapping and analysis of geographic data. Spatial
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001/P/T1/029/XI/2007 Methodology Disaster Management
RELEASE DATE: Communications Network
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features are stored in a coordinate system (latitude, longitude, state,
plane, etc.) that references a particular place on the earth. Descriptive
attributes in tabular form are associated with spatial features. Spatial data
and associated attributes in the same coordinate system can then be
layered together for mapping and analysis. GIS can be used for scientific
investigations, resource management and development planning.
• Planning
• Mitigation
• Preparedness
During the preparedness and response phases, GIS can accurately support
better response planning in areas such as determining evacuation routes
or locating vulnerable infrastructure and vital lifelines, etc. It also supports
logistical planning to be able to provide relief supplies by displaying
NO # TITLE:
001/P/T1/029/XI/2007 Methodology Disaster Management
RELEASE DATE: Communications Network
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previously available information on roads, bridges, airports, railway and
port conditions and limitations. Apart from this, activities such as evacuee
camp planning can also be done using GIS.
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001/P/T1/029/XI/2007 Methodology Disaster Management
RELEASE DATE: Communications Network
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Chapter 3 : Organizational Structure
3.1 Man Power Requirement
To conduct this project the requirement of Man Power are:
Position Job Qualification Allocation
Leader/Disaster Graduate/Post Graduate Degree 10-20 years 2 Months
Management General experience
Senior Specialist
Disaster Management Graduate/Post Graduate Degree 10-20 years 2 Months
Network Technical experience
Senior Specialist
Telecommunications Graduate/Post Graduate Degree 10-15 years 4 Months
Network Specialist experience
Disaster Observation and Graduate/Post Graduate Degree 10-15 years 4 Months
Reporting Specialist experience
Government Relations Bachelor Degree 5-10 years experience 4 Months
( Central )
Government Relations Bachelor Degree 5-10 years experience 4 Months
( Local )
Technical 1 Bachelor Degree 3-5 years experience 4 Months
Technical 2 Bachelor Degree 3-5 years experience 4 Months
Technical 3 Bachelor Degree 3-5 years experience 4 Months
General 1 Bachelor Degree 3-5 years experience 4 Months
General 2 Bachelor Degree 3-5 years experience 4 Months
General 3 Bachelor Degree 3-5 years experience 4 Months
Project Administration Bachelor Degree 3-5 years experience 4 Months
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001/P/T1/029/XI/2007 Methodology Disaster Management
RELEASE DATE: Communications Network
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3.2 Expected Duration of the Study
From the December 2007 to the end of March 2008
No Activities December 07 January 07 February 08 March 08
1 Baseline survey on internal
central government network
4 Final Reporting
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001/P/T1/029/XI/2007 Methodology Disaster Management
RELEASE DATE: Communications Network
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Chapter 4 : Reporting System
4.1. Documents
There are four documents involved as follows :
1) The Inception Report should be submitted for approval after
consultation with JICA
2) Progress Report should be submitted in the end of January 2008
(2 copies in English)
3) The Draft Final should be submitted to JICA with a briefing for
approval in the end of February 2008 (2 copies in English)
4) The Final Report should be submitted to JICA in the end of
March 2008 (2 copies in English)
NO # TITLE:
001/P/T1/029/XI/2007 Methodology Disaster Management
RELEASE DATE: Communications Network
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• Present status of communications infrastructure (networks owned
by public and private. Study existing connections and possible
alternatives)
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001/P/T1/029/XI/2007 Methodology Disaster Management
RELEASE DATE: Communications Network
29 November 2007 Improvement
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• Responsible institution's functions and actual response to
disasters
• Disaster observation systems for such as volcanoes, landslides
and floods, and its transmission measure
• Disaster reporting system to transmit disaster damage status
(visual images, quick reports, handwriting info, maps, and so
on) for both government, NGOs, and community to make quick
reactions.
4) Analysis of Survey Results
Analyzing the results of data and information collection into the
necessary study items for further development of the Disaster
Management Communications Network Improvement.
NO # TITLE:
001/P/T1/029/XI/2007 Methodology Disaster Management
RELEASE DATE: Communications Network
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• local government to citizen
5) Content confirmation
• Warning information
• Emergency operation
• Restoration information
NO # TITLE:
001/P/T1/029/XI/2007 Methodology Disaster Management
RELEASE DATE: Communications Network
29 November 2007 Improvement
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