Chapter 1 Basics of Heat 1ransfer

1-1
Chapter 1
BASCS OF HEAT TRANSFER

Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

1-1C Thermodynamics deals with the amount oI heat transIer as a system undergoes a process Irom one
equilibrium state to another. Heat transIer, on the other hand, deals with the rate oI heat transIer as well
as the temperature distribution within the system at a speciIied time.

1-2C (a) The driving Iorce Ior heat transIer is the temperature diIIerence. (b) The driving Iorce Ior electric
current Ilow is the electric potential diIIerence (voltage). (a) The driving Iorce Ior Iluid Ilow is the
pressure diIIerence.

1-3C The caloric theory is based on the assumption that heat is a Iluid-like substance called the "caloric"
which is a massless, colorless, odorless substance. It was abandoned in the middle oI the nineteenth
century aIter it was shown that there is no such thing as the caloric.

1-4C The rating problems deal with the determination oI the heat transfer rate Ior an existing system at a
speciIied temperature diIIerence. The si:ing problems deal with the determination oI the si:e oI a system
in order to transIer heat at a specified rate Ior a specified temperature difference.

1-5C The experimental approach (testing and taking measurements) has the advantage oI dealing with
the actual physical system, and getting a physical value within the limits oI experimental error. However,
this approach is expensive, time consuming, and oIten impractical. The analytical approach (analysis or
calculations) has the advantage that it is Iast and inexpensive, but the results obtained are subject to the
accuracy oI the assumptions and idealizations made in the analysis.

1-6C Modeling makes it possible to predict the course oI an event beIore it actually occurs, or to study
various aspects oI an event mathematically without actually running expensive and time-consuming
experiments. When preparing a mathematical model, all the variables that aIIect the phenomena are
identiIied, reasonable assumptions and approximations are made, and the interdependence oI these
variables are studied. The relevant physical laws and principles are invoked, and the problem is
Iormulated mathematically. Finally, the problem is solved using an appropriate approach, and the results
are interpreted.

1-7C The right choice between a crude and complex model is usually the simplest model which yields
adequate results. Preparing very accurate but complex models is not necessarily a better choice since such
models are not much use to an analyst iI they are very diIIicult and time consuming to solve. At the
minimum, the model should reIlect the essential Ieatures oI the physical problem it represents.
Chapter 1 Basics of Heat 1ransfer
1-2

Heat and Other Forms of Energy

1-8C The rate oI heat transIer per unit surIace area is called heat Ilux q . It is related to the rate oI heat
transIer by

d q Q

.

1-9C Energy can be transIerred by heat, work, and mass. An energy transIer is heat transIer when its
driving Iorce is temperature diIIerence.

1-10C Thermal energy is the sensible and latent Iorms oI internal energy, and it is reIerred to as heat in
daily liIe.

1-11C For the constant pressure case. This is because the heat transIer to an ideal gas is mC
p
T at
constant pressure and mC
p
T at constant volume, and C
p
is always greater than C
v
.

1-12 A cylindrical resistor on a circuit board dissipates 0.6 W oI power. The amount oI heat dissipated in
24 h, the heat Ilux, and the Iraction oI heat dissipated Irom the top and bottom surIaces are to be
determined.
ssumptions Heat is transIerred uniIormly Irom all surIaces.
nalysis (a) The amount oI heat this resistor dissipates during a 24-hour period is
51.84 Wh 14.4 = = = h) W)(24 6 . 0 ( t Q Q

(since 1 Wh 3600 Ws 3.6 kJ)
(-) The heat Ilux on the surIace oI the resistor is

2
2 2
cm 136 . 2 885 . 1 251 . 0 cm) cm)(1.5 4 . 0 (
4
cm) 4 . 0 (
2
4
2 = + = + = + = x
x
x
x

s


2
W/cm 0.2809 = = =
2
cm 136 . 2
W 60 . 0
s
s

Q
q

(c) Assuming the heat transIer coeIIicient to be uniIorm, heat transIer is proportional to the
surIace area. Then the Iraction oI heat dissipated Irom the top and bottom surIaces oI the
resistor becomes

Q
Q

top base
total
top base
total
or (11.8)

= = =
0 251
2136
.
.
0.118
iscussion Heat transIer Irom the top and bottom surIaces is small relative to that transIerred Irom the
side surIace.

Q

Resistor
0.6 W
Chapter 1 Basics of Heat 1ransfer
1-3
1-13E A logic chip in a computer dissipates 3 W oI power. The amount heat dissipated in 8 h and the heat
Ilux on the surIace oI the chip are to be determined.
ssumptions Heat transIer Irom the surIace is uniIorm.
nalysis (a) The amount oI heat the chip dissipates during an 8-hour period is
Q Q t = = = =

( )( ) 3 8 24 W h Wh 0.024 Wh
(-) The heat Ilux on the surIace oI the chip is

2
W/in 37.5 = = =
2
in 08 . 0
W 3
s
s

Q
q

1-14 The Iilament oI a 150 W incandescent lamp is 5 cm long and has a diameter oI 0.5 mm. The heat
Ilux on the surIace oI the Iilament, the heat Ilux on the surIace oI the glass bulb, and the annual electricity
cost oI the bulb are to be determined.
ssumptions Heat transIer Irom the surIace oI the Iilament and the bulb oI the lamp is uniIorm .
nalysis (a) The heat transIer surIace area and the heat Ilux on the surIace oI the Iilament are

2
cm 785 . 0 ) cm 5 )( cm 05 . 0 ( = = = x x
s


2 6
W/m 10 1.91L = = = =
2
2
W/cm 191
cm 785 . 0
W 150
s
s

Q
q

(-) The heat Ilux on the surIace oI glass bulb is

2 2 2
cm 1 . 201 cm) 8 ( = = = x x
s


2
W/m 7500 = = = =
2
2
W/cm 75 . 0
cm 1 . 201
W 150
s
s

Q
q

(c) The amount and cost oI electrical energy consumed during a one-year period is

Electricity Consumption kW)(365 8 h / yr) 438 kWh / yr
Annual Cost (438 kWh / yr)($0.08 kWh)
= = L =
=

( .
/
Q t 015
35.04 / yr


1-15 A 1200 W iron is leIt on the ironing board with its base exposed to the air. The amount oI heat the
iron dissipates in 2 h, the heat Ilux on the surIace oI the iron base, and the cost oI the electricity are to be
determined.
ssumptions Heat transIer Irom the surIace is uniIorm.
nalysis (a) The amount oI heat the iron dissipates during a 2-h period is
Q Q t = = =

( . 12 kW)(2 h) 2.4 Wh
(-) The heat Ilux on the surIace oI the iron base is

( . )( Q
base
W) 1080 W = 0 9 1200

.
q
Q

= = =
base
base
2
W
m
1080
0 015
72,000 W / m
2

(c) The cost oI electricity consumed during this period is
Cost oI electricity (2.4 kWh) ($0.07 kWh) L = / 0.17
Logic chip
W 3 = Q

Iron
1200 W
Q

Lamp
150 W
Chapter 1 Basics of Heat 1ransfer
1-4
1-16 A 15 cm L 20 cm circuit board houses 120 closely spaced 0.12 W logic chips. The amount oI heat
dissipated in 10 h and the heat Ilux on the surIace oI the circuit board are to be determined.
ssumptions 1 Heat transIer Irom the back surIace oI the board is negligible. 2 Heat transIer Irom the
Iront surIace is uniIorm.
nalysis (a) The amount oI heat this circuit board dissipates during a 10-h period is
W 4 . 14 W) 12 . 0 )( 120 ( = = Q

Wh 0.144 = = = h) kW)(10 0144 . 0 ( t Q Q


(-) The heat Ilux on the surIace oI the circuit board is

2
m 03 . 0 ) m 2 . 0 )( m 15 . 0 ( = =
s


2
W/m 480 = = =
2
m 03 . 0
W 4 . 14
s
s

Q
q

1-17 An aluminum ball is to be heated Irom 80HC to 200HC. The amount oI heat that needs to be
transIerred to the aluminum ball is to be determined.
ssumptions The properties oI the aluminum ball are constant.
Properties The average density and speciIic heat oI aluminum are
given to be 8 2,700 kg/m
3
and 90 . 0 =
p
C kJ/kg.HC.
nalysis The amount oI energy added to the ball is simply the change in its
internal energy, and is determined Irom
& mC T T
transIer
= = ( )
2 1

where
m J = = = = 8
x
8
x
6 6
2700 015 4 77
3
( )( . . kg / m m) kg
3 3

Substituting,

transIer
kg)(0.90 kJ / kg. C)(200-80) C = H H ( . 4 77 515
ThereIore, 515 kJ oI energy (heat or work such as electrical energy) needs to be
transIerred to the aluminum ball to heat it to 200HC.

1-18 The body temperature oI a man rises Irom 37C to 39C during strenuous exercise. The resulting
increase in the thermal energy content oI the body is to be determined.
ssumptions The body temperature changes uniIormly.
Properties The average speciIic heat oI the human body is given to be 3.6
kJ/kg.C.
nalysis The change in the sensible internal energy content oI the body as a
result oI the body temperature rising 2HC during strenuous exercise is
& mCT (70 kg)(3.6 kJ/kg.HC)(2HC) 504
Chips,
0.12 W
15 cm
20 cm
Q

Metal
ball

Chapter 1 Basics of Heat 1ransfer
1-5
1-19 An electrically heated house maintained at 22C experiences inIiltration losses at a rate oI 0.7 ACH.
The amount oI energy loss Irom the house due to inIiltration per day and its cost are to be determined.
ssumptions 1 Air as an ideal gas with a constant speciIic heats at room temperature. 2 The volume
occupied by the Iurniture and other belongings is negligible. 3 The house is maintained at a constant
temperature and pressure at all times. 4 The inIiltrating air exIiltrates at the indoors temperature oI 22C.
Properties The speciIic heat oI air at room temperature is C
p
1.007 kJ/kg.HC (Table A-15).
nalysis The volume oI the air in the house is
J = = = ( ( Iloor space)(height) m )(3 m) m
2 3
200 600
Noting that the inIiltration rate is 0.7 ACH (air changes per hour) and
thus the air in the house is completely replaced by the outdoor air
0.7L24 16.8 times per day, the mass Ilow rate oI air through the
house due to inIiltration is
kg/day 314 , 11
K) 273.15 /kg.K)(5 kPa.m 287 . 0 (
day) / m 600 kPa)(16.8 6 . 89 (
) ACH (
3
3
house air
air
=
L
=
L
= =
4
4
4
4
#T
J P
#T
J P
m

Noting that outdoor air enters at 5HC and leaves at 22HC, the energy loss oI this house per day is

Wh/day 53.8 kJ/day 681 , 193 C ) 5 C)(22 kJ/kg. .007 kg/day)(1 314 , 11 (
) (
outdoors indoors p air inIilt
= H H =
= T T C m Q

At a unit cost oI $0.082/kWh, the cost oI this electrical energy lost by inIiltration is
4.41/day = = ) $0.082/kWh kWh/day)( 8 . 53 ( energy) oI cost t used)(Uni (Energy Cost Enegy
5HC
0.7 ACH
22HC
AIR
Chapter 1 Basics of Heat 1ransfer
1-6
1-20 A house is heated Irom 10HC to 22HC by an electric heater, and some air escapes through the cracks
as the heated air in the house expands at constant pressure. The amount oI heat transIer to the air and its
cost are to be determined.
ssumptions 1 Air as an ideal gas with a constant speciIic heats at room temperature. 2 The volume
occupied by the Iurniture and other belongings is negligible. 3 The pressure in the house remains constant
at all times. 4 Heat loss Irom the house to the outdoors is negligible during heating. 5 The air leaks out at
22HC.
Properties The speciIic heat oI air at room temperature is C
p
1.007
kJ/kg.HC (Table A-15).
nalysis The volume and mass oI the air in the house are
J = = = ( ( Iloor space)(height) m )(3 m) m
2 3
200 600
m
PJ
#T
= = =
( .
( .
.
1013
0287
747 9
kPa)(600 m )
kPa. m / kg. K)(10 273.15 K)
kg
3
3

Noting that the pressure in the house remains constant during heating, the amount oI heat that must be
transIerred to the air in the house as it is heated Irom 10 to 22HC is determined to be
9038 = H H = = C ) 10 C)(22 kJ/kg. kg)(1.007 9 . 747 ( ) (
1 2 p
T T mC Q
Noting that 1 kWh 3600 kJ, the cost oI this electrical energy at a unit cost oI $0.075/kWh is
0.19 = = 5/kWh) kWh)($0.07 3600 / 9038 ( energy) oI cost used)(Unit (Energy Cost Enegy
ThereIore, it will cost the homeowner about 19 cents to raise the temperature in his house Irom 10 to
22HC.



1-21E A water heater is initially Iilled with water at 45HF. The amount oI energy that needs to be
transIerred to the water to raise its temperature to 140HF is to be determined.
ssumptions 1 Water is an incompressible substance with constant speciIic heats at room temperature. 2
No water Ilows in or out oI the tank during heating.
Properties The density and speciIic heat oI water are given to be 62 lbm/It
3
and 1.0 Btu/lbm.HF.
nalysis The mass oI water in the tank is
lbm 3 . 497
gal 7.48
It 1
gal) )(60 lbm/It 62 (
3
3
=

'
+

'

= 8 = J m
Then, the amount oI heat that must be transIerred to the water in the
tank as it is heated Irom 45 to140HF is determined to be
tu 47,250 = H H = = F ) 45 F)(140 Btu/lbm. lbm)(1.0 3 . 497 ( ) (
1 2
T T mC Q




22HC

10HC
AIR
140HF

45HF
Water
Chapter 1 Basics of Heat 1ransfer
1-7
The First Law of Thermodynamics

1-22C Warmer. Because energy is added to the room air in the Iorm oI electrical work.

1-23C Warmer. II we take the room that contains the reIrigerator as our system, we will see that electrical
work is supplied to this room to run the reIrigerator, which is eventually dissipated to the room as waste
heat.

1-24C Mass Ilow rate m is the amount oI mass Ilowing through a cross-section per unit time whereas the
volume Ilow rate

J is the amount oI volume Ilowing through a cross-section per unit time. They are
related to each other by

m J = 8 where 8 is density.

1-25 Two identical cars have a head-on collusion on a road, and come to a complete rest aIter the crash.
The average temperature rise oI the remains oI the cars immediately aIter the crash is to be determined.
ssumptions 1 No heat is transIerred Irom the cars. 2 All the kinetic energy oI cars is converted to
thermal energy.
Properties The average speciIic heat oI the cars is given to be 0.45 kJ/kg.HC.
nalysis We take both cars as the system. This is a cl4sed system since it involves a Iixed amount oI mass
(no mass transIer). Under the stated assumptions, the energy balance on the system can be expressed as


&
mC T m
in 4ut
=
= +
= +
Net energy transIer
by heat, work, and mass
system
Change in internal, kinetic,
potential, etc. energies
cars cars
cars cars

0
0 0 2
2
( ) | ( ) / | '

That is, the decrease in the kinetic energy oI the cars must be equal to the increase in their internal
energy. Solving Ior the velocity and substituting the given quantities, the temperature rise oI the cars
becomes
C 0.69H =
'
+

'

H
= = =
2 2
2 2 2
/s m 1000
kJ/kg 1
C kJ/kg. 0.45
2 / m/s) 3600 / 000 , 90 ( 2 / 2 /
C
J
mC
mJ
T









1-26 A classroom is to be air-conditioned using window air-conditioning units. The cooling load is due
to people, lights, and heat transIer through the walls and the windows. The number oI 5-kW window air
conditioning units required is to be determined.
Chapter 1 Basics of Heat 1ransfer
1-8
ssumptions There are no heat dissipating equipment (such as computers, TVs, or ranges) in the room.
nalysis The total cooling load oI the room is determined Irom


Q Q Q Q
cooling lights people heat gain
= + +
where

kW 4.17 kJ/h 15,000
kW 4 kJ/h 400 , 14 kJ/h 360 40
kW 1 W 100 10
gain heat
people
lights
= =
= = L =
= L =
Q
Q
Q

Substituting,

. Q
cooling
9.17 kW = + + = 1 4 417
Thus the number oI air-conditioning units required is
units 2 83 . 1
kW/unit 5
kW 9.17
PF P =

1-27E The air in a rigid tank is heated until its pressure doubles. The volume oI the tank and the amount
oI heat transIer are to be determined.
ssumptions 1 Air is an ideal gas since it is at a high temperature and low pressure relative to its critical
point values oI -141HC and 3.77 MPa. 2 The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible,
pe ke 0 . 3 Constant speciIic heats at room temperature can be used Ior air. This assumption results
in negligible error in heating and air-conditioning applications.
Properties The gas constant oI air is # 0.3704 psia.It
3
/lbm.R 0.06855 Btu/lbm.R (Table A-1).
nalysis (a) We take the air in the tank as our system. This is a cl4sed system since no mass enters or
leaves. The volume oI the tank can be determined Irom the ideal gas relation,

3
ft 80.0 =

= =
psia 50
R) 460 R)(80 /lbm It psia 4 lbm)(0.370 (20
3
1
1
P
m#T
J
(b) Under the stated assumptions and observations, the energy balance becomes


Q & Q m u u mC T T
in 4ut
in in v
=
= P F P =
Net energy transIer
by heat, work, and mass
system
Change in internal, kinetic,
potential, etc. energies

( ) ( )
2 1 2 1

The Iinal temperature oI air is

PJ
T
PJ
T
T
P
P
T #
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
1080 = P F P = = L = 2 (540 R)
The speciIic heat oI air at the average temperature oI T
ave
(5401080)/2 810 R 350HF is
C
v,ave
C
p,ave
# 0.2433 - 0.06855 0.175 Btu/lbm.R. Substituting,
Q (20 lbm)( 0.175 Btu/lbm.R)(1080 - 540) R 1890 tu
Air
20 lbm
50 psia
80HF
Q
Room
40 people
10 bulbs
Q
cool


15,000 kJ/h
Chapter 1 Basics of Heat 1ransfer
1-9
1-28 The hydrogen gas in a rigid tank is cooled until its temperature drops to 300 K. The Iinal pressure in
the tank and the amount oI heat transIer are to be determined.
ssumptions 1 Hydrogen is an ideal gas since it is at a high temperature and low pressure relative to its
critical point values oI -240HC and 1.30 MPa. 2 The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible,
ke pe 0 .
Properties The gas constant oI hydrogen is # 4.124 kPa.m
3
/kg.K (Table A-1).
nalysis (a) We take the hydrogen in the tank as our system. This is a cl4sed system since no mass enters
or leaves. The Iinal pressure oI hydrogen can be determined Irom the ideal gas relation,
!a 178.6 = = = PF P = kPa) (250
K 420
K 300
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
P
T
T
P
T
J P
T
J P

(-) The energy balance Ior this system can be expressed as


Q &
Q & m u u mC T T
in 4ut
4ut
4ut v
=
=
= =
Net energy transIer
by heat, work, and mass
system
Change in internal, kinetic,
potential, etc. energies

( ) ( )
2 1 1 2

where
kg 0.1443
K) K)(420 /kg m kPa (4.124
) m kPa)(1.0 (250
3
3
1
1
=

= =
#T
J P
m
Using the C
v
(C
p
#) 14.516 4.124 10.392 kJ/kg.K value at the average temperature oI 360 K and
substituting, the heat transIer is determined to be
Q
out
(0.1443 kg)(10.392 kJ/kgK)(420 - 300)K 180.0
H
2

250 kPa
420 K
Q
Chapter 1 Basics of Heat 1ransfer
1-10
1-29 A resistance heater is to raise the air temperature in the room Irom 7 to 25C within 20 min. The
required power rating oI the resistance heater is to be determined.
ssumptions 1 Air is an ideal gas since it is at a high temperature and low pressure relative to its critical
point values oI -141HC and 3.77 MPa. 2 The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible,
ke pe 0 . 3 Constant speciIic heats at room temperature can be used Ior air. This assumption results
in negligible error in heating and air-conditioning applications. 4 Heat losses Irom the room are
negligible.
Properties The gas constant oI air is # 0.287 kPa.m
3
/kg.K (Table A-1). Also, C
p
1.007 kJ/kgK Ior air
at room temperature (Table A-15).
nalysis We observe that the pressure in the room remains constant during this process. ThereIore, some
air will leak out as the air expands. However, we can take the air to be a closed system by considering the
air in the room to have undergone a constant pressure expansion process. The energy balance Ior this
steady-Ilow system can be expressed as


&
m h h mC T T
in 4ut
e in -
e in p
=
=
= =
Net energy transIer
by heat, work, and mass
system
Change in internal, kinetic,
potential, etc. energies

,
,
( ) ( )
2 1 2 1

or,

( )
, ,
t mC T T
e in p ave
=
2 1

The mass oI air is

J
m
PJ
#T
= L L =
= =

=
4 5 6
1
1
120 m
(100 kPa)(120 m )
(0.287 kPa m / kg K)(280 K)
149.3 kg
3
3
3

Using C
p
value at room temperature, the power rating oI the heater becomes
W 3.01 = L = s) 60 C/(15 7) C)(25 kJ/kg kg)(1.007 (149.3
,
3 3

in e



4L5L6 m
3

7HC
AIR
W
e

Chapter 1 Basics of Heat 1ransfer
1-11
1-30 A room is heated by the radiator, and the warm air is distributed by a Ian. Heat is lost Irom the room.
The time it takes Ior the air temperature to rise to 20C is to be determined.
ssumptions 1 Air is an ideal gas since it is at a high temperature and low pressure relative to its critical
point values oI -141HC and 3.77 MPa. 2 The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible,
ke pe 0 . 3 Constant speciIic heats at room temperature can be used Ior air, C
p
1.007 and C
v

0.720 kJ/kgK. This assumption results in negligible error in heating and air-conditioning applications. 4
The local atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa.
Properties The gas constant oI air is # 0.287 kPa.m
3
/kg.K (Table A-1). Also, C
p
1.007 kJ/kgK Ior air
at room temperature (Table A-15).
nalysis We take the air in the room as the system. This is a cl4sed system since no mass crosses the
system boundary during the process. We observe that the pressure in the room remains constant during
this process. ThereIore, some air will leak out as the air expands. However we can take the air to be a
closed system by considering the air in the room to have undergone a constant pressure process. The
energy balance Ior this system can be expressed as


Q Q &
Q Q t m h h mC T T
in 4ut
in e in - 4ut
in e in 4ut p
=
+ =
+ = =
Net energy transIer
by heat, work, and mass
system
Change in internal, kinetic,
potential, etc. energies

,
,
(

) ( ) ( )
2 1 2 1

The mass oI air is

J
m
PJ
#T
= L L =
= =

=
4 5 7
1
1
140 m
(100 kPa)(140 m )
(0.287 kPa m / kg K)(283 K)
172.4 kg
3
3
3

Using the C
p
value at room temperature,
) C 10) C)(20 kJ/kg kg)(1.007 (172.4 kJ/s 0.1 kJ/s /3600 5000 10,000 H H = t
It yields
t 1163 s
Wpw

Steam
10,000 kJ/h
ROOM
4m L 5m L 7m
5,000 kJ/h
Chapter 1 Basics of Heat 1ransfer
1-12
1-31 A student living in a room turns his 150-W Ian on in the morning. The temperature in the room
when she comes back 10 h later is to be determined.
ssumptions 1 Air is an ideal gas since it is at a high temperature and low pressure relative to its critical
point values oI -141HC and 3.77 MPa. 2 The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible,
ke pe 0 . 3 Constant speciIic heats at room temperature can be used Ior air. This assumption results
in negligible error in heating and air-conditioning applications. 4 All the doors and windows are tightly
closed, and heat transIer through the walls and the windows is disregarded.
Properties The gas constant oI air is # 0.287 kPa.m
3
/kg.K (Table A-1). Also, C
p
1.007 kJ/kgK Ior air
at room temperature (Table A-15) and C
v
C
p
# 0.720 kJ/kgK.
nalysis We take the room as the system. This is a cl4sed system since the doors and the windows are
said to be tightly closed, and thus no mass crosses the system boundary during the process. The energy
balance Ior this system can be expressed as


&
m u u mC T T
in 4ut
e in
e in v
=
=
=
Net energy transIer
by heat, work, and mass
system
Change in internal, kinetic,
potential, etc. energies

,
,
( ) ( )
2 1 2 1

The mass oI air is

J
m
PJ
#T
= L L =
= =

=
4 6 6
1
1
144 m
(100 kPa)(144 m )
(0.287 kPa m / kg K)(288 K)
174.2 kg
3
3
3

The electrical work done by the Ian is
t
e e
= = L =

(0.15 kJ / s)(10 3600 s) 5400 kJ

Substituting and using C
v
value at room temperature,
5400 kJ (174.2 kg)(0.720 kJ/kg.HC)(T
2
- 15)HC
T
2
58.1HC
e

(insulated)
ROOM
4 m L 6 m L 6 m
Chapter 1 Basics of Heat 1ransfer
1-13
1-32E A paddle wheel in an oxygen tank is rotated until the pressure inside rises to 20 psia while some
heat is lost to the surroundings. The paddle wheel work done is to be determined.
ssumptions 1 Oxygen is an ideal gas since it is at a high temperature and low pressure relative to its
critical point values oI -181HF and 736 psia. 2 The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible,
ke pe 0 . 3 The energy stored in the paddle wheel is negligible. 4 This is a rigid tank and thus its
volume remains constant.
Properties The gas constant oI oxygen is # 0.3353 psia.It
3
/lbm.R 0.06206 Btu/lbm.R (Table A-1E).
nalysis We take the oxygen in the tank as our system. This is a cl4sed system since no mass enters or
leaves. The energy balance Ior this system can be expressed as


Q &
Q m u u Q mC T T
in 4ut
pw in 4ut
pw in 4ut 4ut v
=
=
= + +
Net energy transIer
by heat, work, and mass
system
Change in internal, kinetic,
potential, etc. energies

,
,
( ) ( )
2 1 2 1

The Iinal temperature and the number oI moles oI oxygen are

PJ
T
PJ
T
T
P
P
T
m
PJ
#T
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
= P F P = = =
= =

=
20 psia
14.7 psia
(540 R) 735 R
(14.7 psia)(10 It )
(0.3353 psia It / lbmol R)(540 R)
0.812 lbm
3
3

The speciIic heat oIoxygen at the average temperature oI T
ave
(735540)/2 638 R 178HF is
C
v,ave
C
p
R 0.2216-0.06206 0.160 Btu/lbm.R. Substituting,

pw,in
(20 Btu) (0.812 lbm)(0160 Btu/lbm.R)(735 - 540) Btu/lbmol 45.3 tu
iscussion Note that a 'cooling Ian actually causes the internal temperature oI a conIined space to rise.
In Iact, a 100-W Ian supplies a room as much energy as a 100-W resistance heater.

1-33 It is observed that the air temperature in a room heated by electric baseboard heaters remains
constant even though the heater operates continuously when the heat losses Irom the room amount to 7000
kJ/h. The power rating oI the heater is to be determined.
ssumptions 1 Air is an ideal gas since it is at a high temperature and low pressure relative to its critical
point values oI -141HC and 3.77 MPa. 2 The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible,
ke pe 0 . 3 We the temperature oI the room remains constant during this process.
nalysis We take the room as the system. The energy balance in this case reduces to


Q &
Q
in 4ut
e in 4ut
e in 4ut
=
= =
=
Net energy transIer
by heat, work, and mass
system
Change in internal, kinetic,
potential, etc. energies

,
,
0
since & mC
v
T 0 Ior isothermal processes oI ideal gases. Thus,
W 1.94 =

'
+

'

= =
kJ/h 3600
kW 1
kJ/h 000 7
, 4ut in e
Q


O
2

14.7 psia
80HF
20 Btu
AIR
W
e

Chapter 1 Basics of Heat 1ransfer
1-14
1-34 A hot copper block is dropped into water in an insulated tank. The Iinal equilibrium temperature oI
the tank is to be determined.
ssumptions 1 Both the water and the copper block are incompressible substances with constant speciIic
heats at room temperature. 2 The system is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes
are zero, P = = 0 and & = . 3 The system is well-insulated and thus there is no heat
transIer.
Properties The speciIic heats oI water and the copper block at room temperature are C
p, water
4.18
kJ/kgHC and C
p, Cu
0.386 kJ/kgHC (Tables A-3 and A-9).
nalysis We observe that the volume oI a rigid tank is constant We take the entire contents oI the tank,
water copper block, as the system. This is a cl4sed system since no mass crosses the system boundary
during the process. The energy balance on the system can be expressed as


&
in 4ut
=
=
Net energy transIer
by heat, work, and mass
system
Change in internal, kinetic,
potential, etc. energies

0

or, & &
Cu water
+ = 0
) ) 0
1 2 1 2
= +
water Cu
T T mC T T mC
Using speciIic heat values Ior copper and liquid water at room temperature and substituting,
0 C 25) ( C) kJ/kg kg)(4.18 (80 C 70) ( C) kJ/kg kg)(0.386 (50
2 2
= H H + H H T T
T
2
27.5HC

1-35 An iron block at 100C is brought into contact with an aluminum block at 200C in an insulated
enclosure. The Iinal equilibrium temperature oI the combined system is to be determined.
ssumptions 1 Both the iron and aluminum block are incompressible substances with constant speciIic
heats. 2 The system is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes are zero,
P = = 0 and & = . 3 The system is well-insulated and thus there is no heat transIer.
Properties The speciIic heat oI iron is given in Table A-3 to be 0.45 kJ/kg.HC, which is the value at room
temperature. The speciIic heat oI aluminum at 450 K (which is somewhat below 200HC 473 K) is 0.973
kJ/kg.HC.
nalysis We take the entire contents oI the enclosure iron aluminum blocks, as the system. This is a
cl4sed system since no mass crosses the system boundary during the process. The energy balance on the
system can be expressed as


&
in 4ut
=
=
Net energy transIer
by heat, work, and mass
system
Change in internal, kinetic,
potential, etc. energies

0

& &
iron Al
+ = 0
or, ) ) 0
Al 1 2 iron 1 2
= + T T mC T T mC
Substituting,
(20 kg)(0.450 kJ / kg C)( 100) C (20 kg)(0.973 kJ / kg C)( 200) C 0
2 2
+ =
3 3 3 3
T T
T
2
168 HC
1-36 An unknown mass oI iron is dropped into water in an insulated tank while being stirred by a 200-W
paddle wheel. Thermal equilibrium is established aIter 25 min. The mass oI the iron is to be determined.
WATER
Copper
20 kg
Al
20 kg
iron
Chapter 1 Basics of Heat 1ransfer
1-15
ssumptions 1 Both the water and the iron block are incompressible substances with constant speciIic
heats at room temperature. 2 The system is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes
are zero, P = = 0 and & = . 3 The system is well-insulated and thus there is no heat
transIer.
Properties The speciIic heats oI water and the iron block at room temperature are C
p, water
4.18 kJ/kgHC
and C
p, iron
0.45 kJ/kgHC (Tables A-3 and A-9). The density oI water is given to be 1000 kg/m.
nalysis We take the entire contents oI the tank, water iron block, as the system. This is a cl4sed system
since no mass crosses the system boundary during the process. The energy balance on the system can be
expressed as


&
in 4ut
=
=
Net energy transIer
by heat, work, and mass
system
Change in internal, kinetic,
potential, etc. energies
pw,in

or, & &
pw,in iron water
= +
) )
water 1 2 iron 1 2 in pw,
T T mC T T mC + =
where

m J
t
water
3 3
pw pw
(1000 kg / m )(0.08 m ) 80 kg
(0.2 kJ / s)(25 60 s) 300 kJ
= = =
= = L =
8

Using speciIic heat values Ior iron and liquid water and substituting,
0 C 20) C)(27 kJ/kg kg)(4.18 (80 C 90) C)(27 kJ/kg (0.45 kJ) (300
iron
= H H + H H = m
m
iron
72.1
WATER
Iron
Wpw
Chapter 1 Basics of Heat 1ransfer
1-16
1-37E A copper block and an iron block are dropped into a tank oI water. Some heat is lost Irom the tank
to the surroundings during the process. The Iinal equilibrium temperature in the tank is to be determined.
ssumptions 1 The water, iron, and copper blocks are incompressible substances with constant speciIic
heats at room temperature. 2 The system is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes
are zero, P = = 0 and & = .
Properties The speciIic heats oI water, copper, and the iron at room temperature are C
p, water
1.0
Btu/lbmHF, C
p, Copper
0.092 Btu/lbmHF, and C
p, iron
0.107 Btu/lbmHF (Tables A-3E and A-9E).
nalysis We take the entire contents oI the tank, water iron copper blocks, as the system.
This is a cl4sed system since no mass crosses the system boundary during the process. The energy balance
on the system can be expressed as


Q & & & &
in 4ut
=
= = + +
Net energy transIer
by heat, work, and mass
system
Change in internal, kinetic,
potential, etc. energies
out copper iron water

or ) ) )
water 1 2 iron 1 2 copper 1 2 out
T T mC T T mC T T mC Q + + =
Using speciIic heat values at room temperature Ior simplicity and
substituting,

F 70) F)( Btu/lbm lbm)(1.0 (180
F 200) F)( Btu/lbm lbm)(0.107 (50 F 160) F)( Btu/lbm lbm)(0.092 (90 Btu 600
2
2 2
H H +
H H + H H =
T
T T

T
2
74.3 HF

WATER
Copper
Iron
600 kJ
Chapter 1 Basics of Heat 1ransfer
1-17
1-38 A room is heated by an electrical resistance heater placed in a short duct in the room in 15 min while
the room is losing heat to the outside, and a 200-W Ian circulates the air steadily through the heater duct.
The power rating oI the electric heater and the temperature rise oI air in the duct are to be determined..
ssumptions 1 Air is an ideal gas since it is at a high temperature and low pressure relative to its critical
point values oI -141HC and 3.77 MPa. 2 The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible,
ke pe 0 . 3 Constant speciIic heats at room temperature can be used Ior air. This assumption
results in negligible error in heating and air-conditioning applications. 3 Heat loss Irom the duct is
negligible. 4 The house is air-tight and thus no air is leaking in or out oI the room.
Properties The gas constant oI air is # 0.287 kPa.m
3
/kg.K (Table A-1). Also, C
p
1.007 kJ/kgK Ior air
at room temperature (Table A-15) and C
v
C
p
# 0.720 kJ/kgK.
nalysis (a) We Iirst take the air in the room as the system. This is a constant volume cl4sed system since
no mass crosses the system boundary. The energy balance Ior the room can be expressed as


Q &
Q t m u u mC T T
in 4ut
v
=
+ =
+ =
Net energy transIer
by heat, work, and mass
system
Change in internal, kinetic,
potential, etc. energies
e,in Ian,in out
e,in Ian,in out

(

) ( ) ( )
2 1 2 1

The total mass oI air in the room is



kg 284.6
K 288 K /kg m kPa 0.287
m 240 kPa 98
m 240 m 8 6 5
3
3
1
1
3 3
=

= =
= L L =
#T
J P
m
J

Then the power rating oI the electric heater is determined to be


W 5.41 = L H H + =
= +
s 60 15 C/ 15 25 ) C kJ/kg 0.720 ( kg 284.6 kJ/s 0.2 kJ/s 200/60
/
1 2 in Ian, out in e,
t T T Q
v
mC


(-) The temperature rise that the air experiences each time it passes through the heater is determined by
applying the energy balance to the duct,








mh Q mh
m h mC T
in 4ut
p
=
+ + = +
+ = =
e,in Ian,in out
e,in Ian,in
(since ke pe 0)
1
0
2

Thus,



C 6.7H =

+
=
+
=
K kJ/kg 1.007 kg/s 50/60
kJ/s 0.2 5.41
in Ian, in e,
p
C m

T

5L6L8 m
3

W

200 W
200 kJ/min
Chapter 1 Basics of Heat 1ransfer
1-18
1-39 The resistance heating element oI an electrically heated house is placed in a duct. The air is moved
by a Ian, and heat is lost through the walls oI the duct. The power rating oI the electric resistance heater is
to be determined.
ssumptions 1 Air is an ideal gas since it is at a high temperature and low pressure relative to its critical
point values oI -141HC and 3.77 MPa. 2 The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible,
ke pe 0 . 3 Constant speciIic heats at room temperature can be used Ior air. This assumption results
in negligible error in heating and air-conditioning applications.
Properties The speciIic heat oI air at room temperature is C
p
1.007 kJ/kgHC (Table A-15).
nalysis We take the heating duct as the system. This is a c4ntr4l v4lume since mass crosses the system
boundary during the process. We observe that this is a steady-Ilow process since there is no change with
time at any point and thus m
CV CV
and = = 0 0 . Also, there is only one inlet and one exit and thus
m m m
1 2
= = . The energy balance Ior this steady-Ilow system can be expressed in the rate Iorm as







( )

mh Q mh
Q mC T T
in 4ut in 4ut
p
= = F =
+ + = +
= +
Rate oI net energy transIer
by heat, work, and mass
system
(steady)
Rate oI change in internal, kinetic,
potential, etc. energies
e,in Ian,in out
e,in out Ian,in

(since ke pe 0)

0
1 2
2 1
0

Substituting, the power rating oI the heating element is determined to be


W 2.97 =
H H = C 5 C kJ/kg 1.007 kg/s 0.6 kW) 3 . 0 ( ) kW 25 . 0 (
in e,

W

300 W
250 W
Chapter 1 Basics of Heat 1ransfer
1-19
1-40 Air is moved through the resistance heaters in a 1200-W hair dryer by a Ian. The volume Ilow rate
oI air at the inlet and the velocity oI the air at the exit are to be determined.
ssumptions 1 Air is an ideal gas since it is at a high temperature and low pressure relative to its critical
point values oI -141HC and 3.77 MPa. 2 The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible,
ke pe 0 . 3 Constant speciIic heats at room temperature can be used Ior air. 4 The power consumed
by the Ian and the heat losses through the walls oI the hair dryer are negligible.
Properties The gas constant oI air is # 0.287 kPa.m
3
/kg.K (Table A-1). Also, C
p
1.007 kJ/kgK Ior air
at room temperature (Table A-15).
nalysis (a) We take the hair dryer as the system. This is a c4ntr4l v4lume since mass crosses the system
boundary during the process. We observe that this is a steady-Ilow process since there is no change with
time at any point and thus m
CV CV
and = = 0 0 , and there is only one inlet and one exit and thus
m m m
1 2
= = . The energy balance Ior this steady-Ilow system can be expressed in the rate Iorm as

( )

mh Q mh
mC T T
in 4ut in 4ut
4ut
p
= = F =
+ + = +
=
Rate oI net energy transIer
by heat, work, and mass
system
(steady)
Rate oI change in internal, kinetic,
potential, etc. energies
e,in Ian,in
e,in

(since ke pe 0)

0
0
1
0
2
2 1
0

Thus,


kg/s 0.04767
C 22 47 C kJ/kg 1.007
kJ/s 1.2
1 2
in e,
=
H H
=

=
T T C

m
p

Then,



/s m 0.0404 /kg m 0.8467 kg/s 0.04767
/kg m 0.8467
kPa 100
K 295 K /kg m kPa 0.287
3 3
1 1
3
3
1
1
1
= = =
=

= =
v m J
P
#T
v

(-) The exit velocity oI air is determined Irom the conservation oI mass equation,

m/s 7.30 V V =
L
= = PF P =
=

= =
2 4
3
2
2
2 2 2
2
3
3
2
2
2
m 10 60
) /kg m 0.9187 )( kg/s 0.04767 (
1
/kg m 0.9184
) kPa 100 (
) K 320 )( K /kg m kPa 0.287 (

v m

v
m
P
#T
v

T2 47HC
2 60 cm
2

P1 100 kPa
T1 22HC
e 1200 W

Chapter 1 Basics of Heat 1ransfer
1-20
1-41 The ducts oI an air heating system pass through an unheated area, resulting in a temperature drop oI
the air in the duct. The rate oI heat loss Irom the air to the cold environment is to be determined.
ssumptions 1 Air is an ideal gas since it is at a high temperature and low pressure relative to its critical
point values oI -141HC and 3.77 MPa. 2 The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible,
ke pe 0 . 3 Constant speciIic heats at room temperature can be used Ior air. This assumption results
in negligible error in heating and air-conditioning applications.
Properties The speciIic heat oI air at room temperature is C
p
1.007 kJ/kgHC (Table A-15).
nalysis We take the heating duct as the system. This is a c4ntr4l v4lume since mass crosses the system
boundary during the process. We 4-serve that this is a steady-Ilow process since there is no change with
time at any point and thus m
CV CV
and = = 0 0 . Also, there is only one inlet and one exit and thus
m m m
1 2
= = . The energy balance Ior this steady-Ilow system can be expressed in the rate Iorm as

( )

mh Q mh
Q mC T T
in 4ut in 4ut
4ut
p
= = F =
= +
=
Rate oI net energy transIer
by heat, work, and mass
system
(steady)
Rate oI change in internal, kinetic,
potential, etc. energies
out

(since ke pe 0)

0
1 2
1 2
0

Substituting,
/min 363 C 3 C kJ/kg 1.007 kg/min 120
out
= H H = = T C m Q
p

120 kg/min
AIR
Q

Chapter 1 Basics of Heat 1ransfer
1-21
1-42E Air gains heat as it Ilows through the duct oI an air-conditioning system. The velocity oI the air at
the duct inlet and the temperature oI the air at the exit are to be determined.
ssumptions 1 Air is an ideal gas since it is at a high temperature and low pressure relative to its critical
point values oI -222HF and 548 psia. 2 The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible,
ke pe 0 . 3 Constant speciIic heats at room temperature can be used Ior air, C
p
0.2404 and C
v

0.1719 Btu/lbmR. This assumption results in negligible error in heating and air-conditioning
applications.
Properties The gas constant oI air is # 0.3704 psia.It
3
/lbm.R (Table A-1). Also, C
p
0.2404 Btu/lbmR
Ior air at room temperature (Table A-15E).
nalysis We take the air-conditioning duct as the system. This is a c4ntr4l v4lume since mass crosses the
system boundary during the process. We 4-serve that this is a steady-Ilow process since there is no change
with time at any point and thus m
CV CV
and = = 0 0 , there is only one inlet and one exit and thus
m m m
1 2
= = , and heat is lost Irom the system. The energy balance Ior this steady-Ilow system can be
expressed in the rate Iorm as

( )

Q mh mh
Q mC T T
in 4ut in 4ut
p
= = F =
+ =
=
Rate oI net energy transIer
by heat, work, and mass
system
(steady)
Rate oI change in internal, kinetic,
potential, etc. energies
in
in

(since ke pe 0)

0
1 2
2 1
0

(a) The inlet velocity oI air through the duct is determined Irom


ft/min 825
It 5/12
/min It 450
V
2
3
2
1
1
1
1
=
x
=
x
= =
r
J

J


(-) The mass Ilow rate oI air becomes



s lbm 595 0 lbm/min 35.7
/lbm It 12.6
min It 450
/ 6 . 12
psia 15
R 510 R /lbm It psia 0.3704
3
3
1
1
3
3
1
1
1
/ .
/
= = = =
=

= =
v
J
m
l-m ft
P
#T
v

Then the exit temperature oI air is determined to be


F 64.0H =
H
+ H = + =
F Btu/lbm 0.2404 lbm/s 0.595
Btu/s 2
F 50
1 2
p
in
C m
Q
T T

450 It
3
/min
AIR
2 Btu/s
D 10 in
Chapter 1 Basics of Heat 1ransfer
1-22
1-43 Water is heated in an insulated tube by an electric resistance heater. The mass Ilow rate oI water
through the heater is to be determined.
ssumptions 1 Water is an incompressible substance with a constant speciIic heat. 2 The kinetic and
potential energy changes are negligible, ke pe 0 . 3 Heat loss Irom the insulated tube is negligible.
Properties The speciIic heat oI water at room temperature is C
p
4.18 kJ/kgHC (Table A-9).
nalysis We take the tube as the system. This is a c4ntr4l v4lume since mass crosses the system boundary
during the process. We 4-serve that this is a steady-Ilow process since there is no change with time at any
point and thus m
CV CV
and = = 0 0 , there is only one inlet and one exit and thus m m m
1 2
= = , and
the tube is insulated. The energy balance Ior this steady-Ilow system can be expressed in the rate Iorm as

( )

mh mh
mC T T
in 4ut in 4ut
p
= = F =
+ =
=
Rate oI net energy transIer
by heat, work, and mass
system
(steady)
Rate oI change in internal, kinetic,
potential, etc. energies
e,in
e,in

(since ke pe 0)

0
1 2
2 1
0

Thus,



/s 0.0304 =
H H
=

=
C 15 70 C kJ/kg 4.18
kJ/s 7
1 2
in e,
T T C

15HC 70HC
7 kW
WATER