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Ingersoll, 1983
Ingersoll, 1983
ABSTRACT tism increased in the Sierra Nevada area during the Creta-
ceous. As the volcanic cover was stripped off,
Data from the Great Valley Group (sequence) represent plutoniclastic and metamorphiclastic detritus from the
the most complete information regarding sandstone underlying batholithic terranes was provided in abun-
petrology of sediment derived from a magmatic arc. This dance to the forearc basin. Crustal components were more
information is useful in documenting tectonic and mag- "continental" in the southern Sierra Nevada and more
matic events within the arc and related terranes, and forms "oceanic" in the northern Sierra Nevada, as demonstrated
the basis for the establishment of petrostratigraphic units by the higher proportions of metamorphiclastic detritus
for mapping and correlation. Sandstone and conglomer- and by the more felsic nature of volcaniclastic detritus to
ate compositions are controlled by changes in provenance, the south. By the middle of the Late Cretaceous, extensive
many of which were basinwide and synchronous. Clay- batholithic terranes provided potassium-feldspar-rich
mineral composition is controlled primarily by burial arkosic detritus to the entire forearc basin. By the Paleo-
metamorphism. Careful attention to sample collection, gene, arc magmatism had migrated eastward sufficiently
sample preparation, and petrographic techniques is essen- that deeper levels of the California part of the arc were
tial for uniform results. Seven petrographic parameters exposed by erosion, tectonic activity decreased in the
(P/F, Lv/L, M, Qp/Q, Q, F, and L—Usted in decreasing forearc basin, and the basin was filled to sea level in most
importance to petrofacies discrimination) define eight parts.
petrofacies (Stony Creek, Flatina, Lodoga, Grabast,
Boxer, Cortina, Los Gatos and Rumsey—listed in approx- INTRODUCTION
imate order of decreasing age).
The Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous petrofacies The late Mesozoic and Paleogene history of the forearc
(Stony Creek, Flatina, and Lodoga) contain higher lithic basin of northern and central California (Fig. 1) has been
contents (supracrustal sources), whereas the Upper Creta- reconstructed using stratigraphic, structural, petrologic,
ceous petrofacies (especially the Rumsey) contain higher sedimentologic, and tectonic data in combination with
proportions of plutoniclastic components (quartz, feld- actualistic models for arc-trench systems (e.g., Ingersoll,
spar, and micas). The proportion of potassium-feldspar 1978a, 1979a, 1982; Dickinson and Seely, 1979; Ingersoll
increases from near zero in the Upper Jurassic to nearly and Dickinson, 1981). Subduction-accretion, arc magma-
50% of all feldspars in the uppermost Cretaceous. tism and forearc sedimentation initiated in the Late Juras-
The lower part of the Great Valley Group (Upper Juras- sic (Tithonian, Fig. 2), following arc-arc collision
sic and Lower Cretaceous) contains significant quantities (Schweickert and Cowan, 1975). During the latest Jurassic
of sedimentaclastic and metamorphiclastic material and all of the Cretaceous, the Great Valley was the site of a
eroded from accreted and deformed terranes ("tectonic deep forearc basin, within which the Great Valley Group
highlands") formed by the arc-arc collision (Nevadan accumulated (Great Valley sequence of Bailey et al, 1964;
orogeny) that occurred prior to initiation of the Ingersoll and Dickinson, 1981; Ingersoll, 1982). By the
Franciscan-Great Valley-Sierra Nevada arc-trench sys- Paleogene, the forearc basin had filled to near sea level
tem. The Klamath Mountains area provided a major pro- throughout most of the Great Valley area (Dickinson et al,
portion of this detritus. Ophiolite and serpentinite detritus 1979b) and subduction had been terminated sequentially
was deposited locally near the base of the Great Valley by the northward movement of the Mendocino triple junc-
Group as a result of deformation along the east side of the tion during the Neogene (Atwater, 1970). The upper Meso-
growing Franciscan subduction complex. Volcaniclastic zoic strata filling the forearc basin record the history of the
detritus was fed into the entire forearc basin as magma- magmatic arc (Dickinson and Rich, 1972; Ingersoll,
1978b; Mansfield, 1979), as well as the history of erosion
©Copyright 1983. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists. All
of the crust on top of which and within which the arc
rights reserved. formed. Sandstone petrology, in combination with con-
'Manuscriptreceived, July 14,1982; accepted, December 16,1982. glomerate petrology and clay mineralogy, provides the pri-
^Department of Geology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mex-
ico 87131; present address, Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Univer- mary method of determining the provenance of the Great
sity of California, Los Angeles, California 90024. Valley Group, and hence the history of the magmatic arc
I thank the following for help and advice during various parts of this study: S. and related features.
B. Bachman, A. Basu, P. F. Bertucci, T. J. Bornhorst, W. R. Dickinson, S. G.
Franks, S. A. Graham, D. G. Howell, C. F. Mansfield, R. W. Ojakangas, L. A. This paper is the product of years of work on the petrol-
Raymond, E. I. Rich, and R. A. Schweickert. Financial assistance was pro-
vided by NSF Grant DES72-01728 A02 and by the Research Allocations Com- ogy of the Great Valley Group. This is the first study that
mittee of the University of New Mexico. has involved the application of uniform methods by a sin-
1125
1126 Late Mesozoic Forearc Basin, California
20° W
4I°N
SAN FRANCISCO \
0 20 40 60 80 100 km
I 1 1 1 U__l
I I SOW
FIG. 1—Location map of northern and central California, showing principal components of late Mesozoic arc-trench system and
geographic locations. Great Valley includes both Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys. Sierra Nevada igneous and metamorphic ter-
ranes represent roots of magmatic arc, and Franciscan Complex represents highly deformed subduction complex formed landward of
trench. Great Valley Group is primarily Upper Cretaceous in San Joaquin Valley and is Upper Jurassic through Upper Cretaceous in
Sacramento Valley. Exposures of Lower Cretaceous and Upper Jurassic along west side of San Joaquin Valley are not discussed in this
paper (see Mansfield, 1979). Small outcrops of uppermost Cretaceous that nonconformably overlie Sierra Nevada basement along
east side of Sacramento Valley are too small to show at this scale. Great Valley Group lies nonconformably on Klamath basement near
Redding. Coast Range ophiolite underlies Great Valley Group at other surface locations along west side of Great Valley (after Inger-
soll, 1978a)
Raymond V. Ingersoll 1127
PREVIOUS WORK
75-37 36 35 42 22 23 6 41 56 3 84 360 4 54 42 38 56 6
75-38 45 42 32 23 26 11 48 60 6 82 360 11 53 36 33 60 7
75-41 35 34 43 22 23 11 46 79 1 74 365 2 77 21 19 79 2
75-60 45 44 43 13 13 20 52 84 1 74 515 2 82 16 14 84 2
75-65 47 46 36 17 19 8 49 78 3 73 495 6 73 20 18 78 4
75-103 39 38 42 19 20 11 52 79 3 82 180 6 74 19 13 79 8
75-104 41 41 42 18 18 19 73 87 0 82 180 0 87 13 8 87 5
75-112 33 31 23 44 46 10 70 55 7 76 105 5 53 43 35 55 10
75-114 37 35 26 37 39 4 59 42 7 76 105 6 39 55 48 42 10
75-116 37 34 19 44 47 7 71 38 9 80 110 7 36 57 54 38 7
75-119 39 37 23 38 40 17 67 51 6 77 125 6 48 46 40 51 9
75-120 39 38 20 41 43 12 58 45 4 77 125 4 43 53 48 45 8
75-121 32 31 18 50 51 15 52 32 4 77 125 2 32 66 61 32 7
75-125 43 41 36 21 22 12 64 48 3 77 130 5 46 49 41 48 11
75-129 35 34 21 44 45 21 93 47 3 75 240 3 45 52 44 47 9
75-131 30 29 26 44 46 4 50 45 5 74 325 4 44 53 35 45 20
75-132 33 33 40 27 27 22 52 61 0 74 325 0 61 39 24 61 16
75-157 42 42 40 18 18 6 62 79 1 72 485 3 77 20 15 79 5
75-163 44 43 40 16 17 10 56 78 2 76 555 5 74 21 13 78 10
75-177 43 42 47 10 11 13 46 57 2 73 415 8 53 40 35 57 8
75-179 46 45 37 17 18 8 41 40 2 70 415 5 38 58 44 40 16
75-181 38 38 42 20 20 13 43 53 0 77 425 0 53 47 36 53 11
75-185 39 39 38 23 23 6 45 67 1 71 430 2 66 32 29 67 4
75-187 40 39 45 16 16 12 51 60 1 73 445 3 58 38 28 60 12
75-188 39 38 36 25 25 7 47 61 1 73 445 2 60 38 29 61 10
784-27 48 47 43 10 11 8 52 56 2 82 290 9 51 40 34 56 10
784-29 41 40 51 8 9 7 59 49 2 82 280 10 44 46 40 49 11
MC-10 34 32 49 17 19 11 51 69 5 84 290 9 63 28 22 69 9
DPC-6 37 37 43 19 20 7 42 59 1 75 360 1 58 41 29 59 13
DPC-7 46 44 33 21 22 6 41 72 4 76 360 7 67 26 8 72 20
DPC-9 48 44 30 22 26 3 59 58 8 80 360 15 50 35 25 58 17
AP-26-7 47 44 33 20 23 8 62 61 7 73 165 14 53 33 33 61 6
J-22-3 39 38 42 20 21 8 59 65 3 78 165 5 62 33 32 65 3
JA-10-6 46 43 33 20 24 8 61 80 8 84 165 15 68 17 15 80 5
LOS GATOS
75-51 33 32 36 31 32 9 63 44 5 88 575 5 42 53 55 44 1
75-59 31 29 34 35 37 7 79 53 6 82 525 5 50 45 43 53 5
75-141 37 35 37 26 28 10 54 37 5 86 385 6 35 59 55 37 8
75-143 38 37 39 22 24 11 56 51 5 86 385 8 46 45 48 51 1
75-144 35 34 39 26 27 8 54 49 3 85 385 4 47 50 47 49 5
75-164 44 43 37 20 21 10 70 39 2 83 555 4 38 58 53 39 8
75-174 43 40 37 20 23 6 54 38 6 86 410 11 33 55 53 38 9
75-180 40 37 33 28 30 9 50 32 6 87 420 7 30 63 62 32 6
75-182 43 41 42 15 17 8 50 41 3 85 435 8 38 55 51 41 8
75-184 32 31 53 15 16 8 81 35 3 89 430 6 33 61 57 35 8
75-191 40 39 41 19 20 11 61 44 2 83 460 4 42 54 54 44 1
75-192 45 44 43 12 14 17 73 46 3 85 460 10 41 49 50 46 4
75-194 39 39 40 21 21 14 77 25 0 88 450 0 25 75 69 25 6
75-195 30 29 42 28 29 11 75 31 1 89 450 1 31 68 57 31 12
CORTINA
74-35 38 37 42 21 22 6 72 69 3 88 150 5 65 30 26 69 6
74-36 22 21 39 39 40 3 71 73 6 87 150 3 71 26 23 73 4
74-39 26 24 27 47 50 7 68 74 9 86 150 5 71 24 22 74 4
74-41 52 51 30 18 19 9 73 66 1 88 145 3 64 33 21 66 13
74-70 35 34 35 30 31 7 60 74 1 85 115 2 73 26 20 74 6
Raymond V. Ingersoll 1129
Table I ((Ontinued)
BOXER
74-1 26 22 28 46 50 1 64 84 16 95 165 8 77 15 7 84 9
74-4 21 17 30 49 53 1 68 79 16 93 170 6 74 20 14 79 7
74-25 42 42 37 21 21 8 82 84 0 90 215 0 84 16 10 84 6
74-27 21 19 45 34 36 4 79 90 10 95 165 6 85 9 5 90 5
74-28 36 35 30 34 35 4 77 88 3 95 165 3 86 12 5 88 7
74-30 33 30 32 35 38 6 69 76 8 90 150 7 71 22 19 76 5
74-33 35 32 31 35 38 7 88 72 9 89 150 8 66 25 22 72 6
74-44 35 33 29 36 38 6 71 74 7 90 145 6 69 25 23 74 3
74-45 33 31 29 38 40 4 78 64 6 89 145 5 60 35 31 64 5
74-46' 40 38 25 35 37 5 80 80 5 95 145 5 75 19 15 80 6
74-50 25 23 29 46 48 4 65 91 9 94 145 5 87 9 6 91 3
74-54 26 26 32 43 43 4 62 91 0 94 135 0 91 9 6 91 2
74-56 37 35 27 37 39 2 57 87 6 90 130 6 81 13 11 87 3
74-59 26 24 26 49 51 4 79 71 7 89 100 4 69 28 22 71 7
74-62 20 16 34 46 50 5 65 87 19 93 100 8 81 12 9 87 3
74-64 31 28 29 40 42 4 92 78 10 89 100 7 73 20 14 78 8
74-66 30 28 27 43 46 2 78 70 9 89 100 6 66 28 22 70 8
74-68 31 29 32 37 40 5 82 81 S 89 115 6 76 18 14 81 5
74-69 29 26 38 32 35 3 68 77 10 89 115 9 70 21 19 77 5
74-72 31 28 30 39 42 4 80 74 10 89 120 7 69 23 22 74 4
74-77 38 38 36 25 26 6 87 47 2 88 130 4 45 51 42 47 11
1130 Late Mesozoic Forearc Basin, California
hihli' I l( (inliruu'd)
GRABAST
75-46 28 25 28 44 47 7 81 24 11 95 570 7 22 71 75 24 1
75-49 26 25 32 42 42 11 70 39 2 89 575 1 38 61 60 39 1
75-50 42 40 37 21 23 4 88 58 4 91 575 8 53 39 29 58 13
75-52 30 26 23 47 51 5 66 51 15 94 520 9 47 44 46 51 2
75-53 33 29 22 45 49 9 69 41 12 94 525 8 38 54 51 41 7
75-55 25 20 33 42 47 7 70 33 19 92 525 10 30 60 59 33 8
75-57 35 34 28 37 39 10 65 32 4 89 525 4 31 65 67 32 1
75-140 32 30 30 39 40 7 60 26 5 89 385 4 25 71 69 26 4
75-149 28 26 33 39 40 7 60 49 6 88 390 4 47 49 44 49 7
75-152 26 24 30 43 46 4 59 40 9 88 395 5 38 57 55 40 5
75-159 38 34 39 23 27 11 82 27 9 94 560 13 24 63 62 27 11
75-166 23 22 29 47 49 6 79 18 5 94 555 2 18 80 77 18 4
75-168 28 25 22 51 53 6 72 36 9 90 400 5 34 61 57 36 8
75-169 31 29 31 38 40 6 63 39 8 89 405 6 36 57 50 39 11
75-170 27 25 31 42 44 5 61 34 7 89 405 4 33 63 60 34 6
75-172 28 25 35 37 40 7 65 33 10 89 405 7 30 63 66 33 1
SL-3 24 21 22 54 56 2 51 48 11 89 405 5 46 50 40 48 12
PLATINA
77-77 53 33 13 34 54 2 78 45 38 117 25 37 28 34 22 45 33
77-78 33 28 23 44 49 2 89 33 15 123 20 10 29 60 48 33 20
77-79 31 20 19 50 61 2 89 35 35 124 20 18 29 53 13 35 51
77-81 29 11 8 64 82 0 97 44 62 125 15 22 35 44 43 44 12
77-82 29 24 38 33 38 6 83 24 17 125 15 13 21 67 73 24 3
77-84 40 34 33 27 32 7 84 32 14 125 10 18 27 55 33 32 34
77-85 48 20 9 42 71 0 93 63 60 126 10 41 37 22 9 63 28
77-86 40 23 8 52 69 2 47 2 43 126 5 25 2 73 95 2 3
77-87 43 27 18 39 55 2 84 53 38 126 5 30 37 33 40 53 7
77-89C 46 19 8 46 74 2 71 14 60 128 -5 37 9 54 44 14 42
77-89F 30 18 8 62 74 4 85 6 40 128 -5 16 5 79 75 6 19
77-90 46 37 28 25 35 5 78 18 20 125 •15 27 13 60 38 18 44
77-91 30 13 10 61 77 0 95 39 56 126 5 22 31 48 49 39 11
77-92 42 32 34 24 35 9 83 27 25 125 10 31 19 50 41 27 32
77-93 38 30 22 40 48 5 82 18 21 125 10 17 15 68 27 18 55
77-94 41 38 37 21 25 1 84 38 8 124 10 13 33 54 32 38 30
77-95 59 57 34 7 8 9 86 10 2 123 10 17 9 74 76 10 14
Raymond V Ingersoll 1131
lahk- I (( onliniied)
75-107 37 36 26 36 38 6 83 45 5 95 125 ^ 43 52 40 45 15
75-110 37 32 26 37 42 6 86 53 12 95 125 11 48 41 38 53 9
75-111 47 41 19 34 39 3 68 46 12 95 125 14 40 46 44 46 10
77-1 38 34 40 22 26 4 62 54 II 112 240 16 46 39 26 54 20
77-7 28 22 16 56 61 5 98 24 20 98 195 9 22 69 65 24 11
77-15 33 29 28 39 43 6 71 70 12 112 170 9 63 28 6 70 24
77-16 27 19 II 62 70 2 91 13 29 110 170 11 11 78 82 13 5
77-17 36 27 26 38 47 3 75 54 24 98 175 18 44 38 20 54 26
77-22 46 44 25 29 32 3 95 15 6 115 155 8 13 78 21 15 64
77-23 39 30 17 44 53 3 87 45 23 106 160 17 37 46 30 45 25
77-24 48 46 32 20 22 6 91 41 5 104 160 10 37 54 51 41 8
77-26 39 25 13 48 63 5 91 22 38 106 150 24 17 59 50 22 28
77-27 35 28 14 51 58 4 98 21 21 104 150 12 18 69 38 21 42
77-30 25 17 12 63 71 8 89 22 31 106 125 11 20 69 64 22 14
77-31 29 22 11 60 67 3 90 28 25 105 130 11 25 64 61 28 11
77-32 30 19 14 56 67 3 90 31 36 104 130 16 26 58 23 31 46
77-34 33 24 13 54 63 4 98 26 28 105 115 14 23 63 43 26 31
77-40 39 38 31 30 31 9 71 61 2 114 100 3 59 38 6 61 33
77-48 36 25 18 46 57 5 90 37 31 103 85 19 30 51 36 37 27
77-55 41 33 17 42 50 9 100 55 20 103 70 17 46 37 39 55 6
77-60 44 40 19 36 41 5 96 45 II 101 60 12 39 49 26 45 29
77-61 38 29 17 45 53 4 93 56 23 111 55 16 47 37 17 56 27
77-65 34 24 24 42 53 1 73 61 30 112 50 20 49 31 17 61 22
77-66 32 26 17 51 57 4 87 39 19 96 40 11 35 54 55 39 6
77-67 37 28 27 36 45 3 58 62 23 117 40 19 50 31 8 62 31
77-68 44 33 22 34 45 3 89 59 26 102 40 25 44 31 20 59 21
77-69 39 27 14 47 59 7 96 30 30 98 35 20 24 56 33 30 38
77-70 36 26 15 48 59 3 95 16 29 105 35 18 14 69 17 16 66
77-72 45 36 31 24 33 2 68 78 19 116 35 26 58 16 7 78 14
77-97 40 37 24 36 39 4 93 38 8 115 170 8 35 57 23 38 39
77-99 48 46 27 25 27 5 86 33 5 114 170 9 30 61 45 33 22
77-100 22 7 12 67 81 3 89 55 67 112 170 18 45 37 11 55 34
STONY CREEK
Fable 1 (Continued)
Plate 17 of IngersoU (1976). Subsequently, the Lower Cre- cussed by Zuffa, 1980) further reduces compositional vari-
taceous and Upper Jurassic parts of the section were col- ation with grain size because effective grain size is reduced
lected and studied, and the preliminary results have been to 0.0625 mm for most microphaneritic and micropheno-
presented in an abstract (IngersoU, 1979b). Table 1 con- crystic grains. All parameters counted and calculated are
tains aU of the recalculated data used in the present study, explained in Table 2.
both new data and data previously reported (in modified Counting methods, criteria for distinguishing compo-
form) for the Upper Cretaceous petrofacies. Figure 3 is a nents, and problems in mentally removing diagenetic
map showing locations of all new sample sites. Only point alterations to reconstruct original compositions are dis-
counts by the writer were used in the present compilation cussed thoroughly by Dickinson (1970), Graham et al
to assure uniformity of technique and because most pre- (1976), IngersoU (1978b), and IngersoU and Suczek (1979).
vious workers' results did not include all of the writer's All procedures used in the present study were those of
parameters. Nonetheless, most previous studies agree with IngersoU (1978b), with the exception that miscellaneous
the present results, as discussed by IngersoU (1978b). grains (dense minerals, carbonates, unidentified, etc) were
Sampling was of a reconnaissance nature. Fairly uni- included as a category of framework grains. Only the M
form stratigraphic and geographic distribution of sites parameter (framework-percent of phyllosihcates) involves
was achieved by sampling along aU easily accessible roads, miscellaneous grains, and inclusion or exclusion of miscel-
as well as some areas accessible only on foot. Samples were laneous grains has an insignificant effect on the calcula-
collected, wherever possible, from massive, medium- tions.
grained, unweathered sandstones lacking calcite replace- Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous sandstones from
ment. Two samples of pebbly sandstone (77-81 and 77-91) the Great Valley Group have experienced significant burial
were coUected because finer grained material was not metamorphism in many locations (Dickinson et al, 1969).
available. Oversized thin sections approximately 45 by 60 As a resuh, determining original detrital modes is more
mm were made for these samples, so that 500 points could difficult than for Upper Cretaceous sandstones. Albitiza-
be counted on each slide with grid spacing greater than tion of plagioclase, chloritization of biotite, crushing of
grain size. Outcrop and road-cut sampling cannot be con- lithic grains and phyllosihcates to form pseudomatrix,
sidered random in a rigorous sense. However, the broad destruction of dense minerals, and replacement and
conclusions reached by this study are valid, based on the cementation by calcite and other minerals are ubiquitous
consistency of results and the agreement with other types in the more deeply buried sandstones. All of these altera-
of data. Local variations in sandstone petrology may have tions must be mentally removed in order to reconstruct
escaped notice owing to lack of sampling. However, defi- original detrital compositions. Application of these meth-
nition of the petrofacies is broad enough so that signifi- ods to more highly deformed sandstones (e.g., Franciscan
cant local variation is accommodated within each group. Complex) probably wiU lead to the determination of simi-
lar petrofacies in such related terranes (e.g., Dickinson et
PETROGRAPHIC METHODS al, 1982).
Table 2. Explanation of Petrographic and Other Parameters (afler Ingersoll and Suczek, 1979)
L = Lvm + Lsm where Lvm = volcanic-hypabyssal and metavolcanic aphanitic lithic grains
Lsm = sedimentary and metasedimentary aphanitic lithic grains
the San Joaquin Valley (Grabast and Los Gatos) petro- The following discussion summarizes the salient features
facies similarly are gradational, although at the scale of of each petrofacies (see Table 3 and Figs. 5 through 7 for
Figure 4, the boundaries are well defined. details).
The Stony Creek petrofacies (Tithonian and Neoco-
PETROFACIES CHARACTERISTICS mian) is distinctive for the combination of low Q, low F,
high L, low M, high P/F, high Lv/L, and high Q p / Q . The
Means and standard deviations (see IngersoU, 1978b, lowest stratigraphic zones contain sandstones rich in
and IngersoU and Suczek, 1979, for discussion of the sta- basaltic and andesitic detritus, with a gradual decrease in L
tistical significance of such constrained data) for the seven with time. Conglomerates are rich in volcanic, chert, and
parameters that define the eight petrofacies are given in shale-argillite clasts (Bertucci, 1980; Seiders, 1983). The
Table 3. These data form the basis for Figures 5, 6, and 7a, volcanic cover formed during the Yosemite intrusive
b, c. Similar information for the four super petrofacies epoch (Evernden and Kistler, 1970) was presumably the
and the Total Great Valley group are given in Table 4 and source for most of the volcanic detritus. Uplifted "tectonic
Figure 7 (d, e, f, g, h, i). It should be apparent from this highlands" (accreted arc terranes of Schweickert and
maze of data, that one parameter or one type of display Cowan, 1975; IngersoU, 1982) provided the abundant
(e.g., QFL triangle) by itself is insufficient to distinguish chert and shale-argillite to this petrofacies.
all of the petrofacies. Multivariate analysis using com- The Platina petrofacies (Neocomian) has similar charac-
puter programs is the recommended method of analyzing teristics to both the Stony Creek and the Lodoga. How-
such data. However, certain key parameters may be used ever, it has the lowest Lv/L ratio of any of the petrofacies
to distinguish various groupings of petrofacies with a min- and occurs only at the extreme northern end of the Sacra-
imum of effort. P / F is the single most important discrimi- mento Valley. It apparently was derived directly from
nating parameter. Figure 6 demonstrates that there is no underlying metamorphic terranes of the southern Klam-
overlap in standard-deviation intervals of P / F values for ath province (primarily accreted-arc and related deformed
the Stony Creek petrofacies and four of the five Upper terranes). The low volcanic content probably indicates
Cretaceous petrofacies. Thus, determination of P / F alone that this petrofacies is a local variant formed directly from
clearly differentiates some of the petrofacies. Values of M, metamorphic rocks exposed away from the volcanic parts
Lv/L, and Q p / Q for several of the petrofacies similarly do of the accreted arcs.
not overlap, and key distinctions can be made quickly The Lodoga petrofacies (Aptian and Albian) is distin-
based on only one or two parameters (see Figs. 5,6). With guished by the combination of high Q, low F, variable L,
experience, a skilled petrographer can determine quickly low M, high P/F, low Lv/L, and high Q p / Q . The sand-
whether an unknown sandstone is from the Sacramento or stones probably were derived from a combination of plu-
San Joaquin Valleys and whether it is from the lower or tonic and metamorphic sources (intruded and deformed
upper part of the Great Valley Group. Distinction of all of during the Yosemite intrusive epoch), and reworked sedi-
the individual petrofacies requires more careful work and mentary sequences, possibly coupled with low relief and
multivariate analysis. deep weathering in the source terranes (Ojakangas, 1968).
Raymond V. Ingersoll 1135
SACRAT^ENTO Q:
00
>-
LiJ
a:
SACRAMENTO
DALINGA
00
tP
>-
LU
>
FIG. 4—Generalized map showing geographic locations of outcrops of eight petrofacies. Fine lines denote outcrops; heavy lines show
petrofacies boundaries. Base map from Jennings (1977). Dashed horizontal lines indicate area of overlap between north part of map
(left) and south part of map (right).
A possible regional unconformity (Peterson, 1967) and compositions more in the San Joaquin Valley than in the
general quiescence of plutonism in the Sierra Nevada dur- Sacramento Valley (Ingersoll, 1978b; Mansfield, 1979).
ing much of Lodoga deposition (Evernden and Kistler, The Boxer petrofacies (Cenomanian and Turonian)
1970) support this contention. The Huntington Lake includes two contrasting types (quartzose and lithic vari-
intrusive epoch (Early Cretaceous) affected sandstone ants) that fall into discrete fields on a QFL plot, but which
1136 Late Mesozoic Forearc Basin, California
Table 3. Means and Standard Deviations for Soven Parameters of Kighl Great Valley Petrofacies
(Numbers of Samples Shown in Parentheses)
Stony
Parameter Creek Lodoga Platina Boxer Coriina Grabast Los Gatos Rumsey
(33) (32) (17) (43) (42) (17) (14) (34)
QFL<yo Q 25 ± 1 3 37±7 40 ± 9 32±7 34 ± 7 30±5 38±5 40±5
QFL% F 22 ± 1 0 2I±7 21±11 32 ± 5 39 ± 6 30 ± 5 40±5 36±9
QFL% L 53±19 42 ± 1 2 39±16 36±7 27 ± 8 41±8 23 ± 7 24±11
FRMW% M 2±1 4±2 3±3 4±2 5 ±2 7±2 10±3 10±5
P/F 0.92±0.10 0.86±0.11 0.83 ±0.11 0.75 ±0.10 0.61 ±0.08 0.68±0.10 0.64 ±0.11 0.55±0.11
Lv/L 0.60 ±0.18 0.42±0.17 0.29 ±0.17 0.73±0.13 0,70 ±0.11 0.37±0.10 0.40 ±0.08 0.60±0.14
Qp/Q 0.37 ±0.22 0.21±0.13 0.33±0.19 0.09±0.05 0.05 ±0.03 0.09±0.04 0.04 ±0.02 0.03 ±0.03
Table 4. Means and Standard Deviations for Seven Parameters of hour Super Petrofacies and TOTAL (iroiip
(Numbers of Samples Shown in Parentheses)
IMPLICATIONS
Up Lm
GRABA&,
P\ ATIN
-JONCl-' OSGATO: \ A,
RUMSEY LOUOGA
PLATIN 1, RUMSEY-^, •
OSGATO RUMSEY
-\ LODOGA •Y GRABAS CORTIN^^
rORTIN '-
. \ STONCR BOXERR. •'
BOXFRR .
GRABAS • ODRTIN
(d) Q
A,
UPRGVG.
yiOTAL
UPRG\A3
i \ '• •' VLOWGVG
• "v ^ V \
-.J > \ \
TOTAL - . \ .^ y
(q) (hi Qp
SJQVAI
SACVAL
--\-; - -TOTAL
••'• # • / \ \
^/^••V_
'L Lvm'^ Lsm Lv^ —^Ls
FIG. 7—Triangular plots of QFL (left), QpLvmLsm (center), and LmLvLs (right) for eight petrofacies (top row), TOTAL, upper
(UPRGVG), and lower (LOWGVG) super petrofacies (middle row), and TOTAL, Sacramento (SACVAL), and San Joaquin
(SJQVAL) super petrofacies (bottom row). See Table 2 for explanation of terminology. See Ingersoll and Suczek (1979) for discussion
of statistical significance of fields of variation determined by standard deviations. See text for discussion of plots.
son, 1975), coupled with the eastward migration of the sedimentaclastic (supracrustal) detritus. These conclu-
Sierra Nevada arc during the Cretaceous (Evernden and sions are supported by the positive correlation coefficients
Kistler, 1970; Dickinson, 1973; Ingersoll, 1978a, b, relating southerly distance to Qm, M, and Lm (Table 5) for
1979a). The lowest occurrence of significant amounts of the upper part of the sequence, and by the increasingly fel-
potassium-feldspar in the Great Valley Group is within the sic nature of volcanic lithic fragments to the south (Inger-
Lodoga petrofacies, which also contains the lowest occur- soll, 1978b). Correlations among most of these
rence of significant quantities of monocrystalline quartz components for the lower petrofacies are insignificant,
and increased phyllosilicates (increased plutoniclastic but correlation between Lv and distance is positive,
detritus). reflecting distance from nonvolcanic sources in the Klam-
North-south variations of petrofacies are illustrated in aths. Sub-Upper Cretaceous petrofacies are mostly absent
Figure 7 (g, h, i). These plots primarily reflect the contrast in the San Joaquin Valley (see Mansfield, 1979, for sum-
in crust ("continental" to the south and "oceanic" to the mary of the few data that exist), so that comparison of the
north), within which and on top of which the late Meso- San Joaquin and Sacramento petrofacies is affected by
zoic magmatic arc was constructed (Burchfiel and Davis, age differences.
1972; Kistler and Peterman, 1973; Ingersoll, 1978b). The In summary, prior to the Late Cretaceous, primarily
San Joaquin petrofacies contain higher percentages of sedimentaclastic and metamorphiclastic detritus was
plutoniclastic and metamorphiclastic detritus, whereas the derived from the Klamath area, whereas primarily volcan-
Sacramento petrofacies contain more volcaniclastic and iclastic detritus was derived from the Sierra Nevada east of
Raymond V Ingersoll 1139
Table 5. Correlation Coefficients Between Distance and Age, and the I'elrographic Parameters for Four Super Petrofacies and
TOTAL (.roup*
D 0.27 0.28 0.05--0.22- -0.23 0.38 - 0 . 0 6 --0.62-0.26 -0.12-0.59 0.62 0.65--0.62- -0.17
UPRGVG -0.16
MYBP - 0 . 4 7 -- 0 J 2 - 0 . 1 5 0.42 0.45 -0.52 o.y 0.09 0.52 0.21 0.06--0.10 -0.06 0.09--0.04
D - 0 . 2 2 - -0.02 0.18 0.06- -0.08 -0.05 0.15 0.38-0.17 -0.46 0.45--0.27 -0.29 0.38--0.10
LOWGVG -0.01
MYBP - 0 . 4 2 - -0.47 0.01 0.30 0.31 -0.46 0.20 0.32 0.43 0.04 0.31--0.36 -0.42 0.32 0.17
D 0.14 0.32 0.36--0.34- -0.40 0.46 - 0 . 3 4 --0.12-0.41 -0.43-0.05 0.24 0.38--0.12- -0.38
TOTAL -0.46
MYBP -0.30--0.56-0.58 0.58 0.66 -0.53 0.71- -0.21 0.75 0.59-0.30 0.10 - 0 . 2 0 - -0.21 0.56
'Correlation coefficients are underlined if absolute value is greater than cutoff (2/vn)
"SACVAL = Sacramento Valley; SJQVAL = SanJoaquin Valley; UPRGVG = upperGreat Valley Group; LOWGVG = lower Great Valley Group; TOTAL ^ all
samples,
^Correlations between distance and age for eacfi group.
the Sacramento Valley. During the Late Cretaceous, vol- south. Discriminant analysis suggests that the northern
caniclastic detritus was contributed by the entire Sierra sandstones (primarily locally derived from underlying
Nevada arc, with greater amounts of metamorphiclastic metamorphic terranes) are distinct enough from both the
detritus in the south; plutoniclastic detritus increased with Stony Creek and Lodoga petrofacies to warrant establish-
time. ment of a new petrofacies. The Platina differs from the
There are other interesting correlations demonstrated in other two petrofacies in having higher Qp and Lm (pri-
Table 5. However, interpretation of many of these correla- marily metasedimentary; Fig. 7b, c). However, as men-
tions is complicated by the fact that many of the variables tioned, the boundary between the Platina and the other
are linked either mathematically or geologically. Of special two petrofacies is gradational and possibly intertonguing
concern is the fact that distance (increasing southward) (Fig. 4). The Stony Creek and Lodoga become more vol-
and age (m.y. before present) are negatively correlated for caniclastic in nature to the south (Table 5).
the SACVAL and TOTAL groups. This correlation is due Recognition of significant quantities of Qp, Ls, and Lsm
to the lack of sub-Upper Cretaceous petrofacies in the San (sedimentaclastic and metamorphiclastic detritus) within
Joaquin Valley as well as to better exposure of Upper Cre- the three lower petrofacies is supported by studies of
taceous petrofacies at the south end of the Sacramento Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous conglomerates
Valley than at the north end. Therefore, some correlations (e.g., Bertucci, 1980; Seiders, 1983). Dickinson and Rich
in these two groups are artifacts of this samphng bias (1972) noted that chert was the predominant clast type in
rather than being geologically significant. This problem these conglomerates, without explaining the apparent lack
does not exist for the other three groups in Table 5, as dem- of voluminous chert in their sandstones. Detailed study of
onstrated by the lack of significant correlation between the paleontology of some of the chert clasts in the con-
distance and age. glomerates confirms that source areas included both
The primary way in which the present petrofacies differ Klamath and northern Sierra Nevada Triassic-Jurassic
from those of Dickinson and Rich (1972) is in the recogni- terranes (Bertucci, 1980; Seiders et al, 1979) which con-
tion that the lower petrofacies (Stony Creek, Platina, and sisted of accreted "tectonic highlands" (intraoceanic arcs,
Lodoga) contain significant proportions of nonvolcanic subduction complexes, and related features) and locally
detritus (Ingersoll, 1979b). !n addition, the Platina petro- formed continental-margin arc terranes. These terranes
facies is newly defined as a separate entity. Dickinson and were accreted to North America and/or deformed primar-
Rich (1972) mentioned that petrologic characteristics at ily during the Late Jurassic during arc-arc coUision (Sch-
the north end of the Sacramento Valley did not fit easily weickert and Cowan, 1975; Irwin, 1981; Schweickert,
into the petrofacies subdivisions to the south. They 1981; Ingersoll, 1982), the classic Nevadan orogeny Thus,
included all of the sediments at the north end of the valley when the late Mesozoic subduction regime was initiated in
in their Lodoga petrofacies, even though the bottom of the the Tithonian, significant terranes of nonvolcanic rock
section is significantly older than the lower Lodoga to the provided much of the detritus to the base of the Great Val-
1140 Late Mesozoic Forearc Basin, California
ley Group. These sedimentaclastic and metamorphiclastic Also of local significance are detrital and protrusive ser-
sediments resemble suture-derived detritus more than arc- pentinites within the Stony Creek Formation (e.g.,
derived detritus (e.g., Graham et al, 1976; Ingersoll and Carlson, 1981a, b). Some Stony Creek sandstones near
Suczek, 1979). This is demonstrated best by the fact that these protrusions (of Late Jurassic through Early Creta-
the Platina (and to a lesser degree, the Stony Creek and ceous age?) contain significant proportions of detrital ser-
Lodoga) overlaps the "mixed magmatic arcs and subduc- pentinite mixed with the dominant distantly derived
tion complexes" and "suture belts" fields of Figure 6 of "typical" Stony Creek detritus. It can be difficult to recog-
Ingersoll and Suczek (1979) (compare to Figure 7b, c of nize this serpentinite detritus, especially with the high
this paper). In contrast, all of the other petrofacies plot degree of burial metamorphism that the Stony Creek has
within or very close to the "magmatic arc" fields. This experienced. Most of the serpentinite clasts were counted
observation has fundamental significance regarding as Lv and/or Lvm because they are altered ultramafic or
paleotectonic reconstructions of California in the Jurassic mafic igneous rocks. Some were counted as M if they con-
because the abundance of suture-derived detritus in the sist of coarse-grained single serpentine crystals or flakes.
lower Great Valley Group is consistent with Schweickert Extrabasinal ophiolite detritus (primarily from the Klam-
and Cowan's (1975) model. Prior to the identification of aths and northern Sierra Nevada) shows up mostly as Lv,
this detritus, a major problem with the model of arc-arc Qp, P, and Ls. Presumably, serpentinite weathered rapidly
collision during the Nevadan orogeny was the scarcity of and could not be transported very far, so that Klamath-
subduction- and suture-related detritus in the Sierran foot- derived serpentinite probably is rare in the Great Valley
hills, where it "should" be (R. A. Schweickert, personal Group. This conclusion is supported by the fact that sig-
commun., 1981). The present results suggest instead that nificant quantities of identifiable detrital serpentinite have
most of this detritus accumulated in the newly formed been recognized only in locations near known local ser-
forearc basin (Great Valley) west and south of the suture pentinite profusions.
belts. Significant correlation coefficients were used to separate
Bertucci (1980) has suggested that Tithonian and (negative) or group together (positive) various parameters
Valanginian conglomerates within the Stony Creek For-
mation are fundamentally different, with the former pri-
marily consisting of chert-argillite assemblages and the Table 6. Parameter Associations for TOTAL Group
latter primarily consisting of volcaniclastic detritus. My
point counts agree with his cobble counts wherever we col- Qm-F-K-M-Lm (plutoniclastic-metamorphiclastic)
lected the same units. However, Bertucci studied only one F-K-Lv-Lvm (volcaniclastic)
Valanginian conglomerate (Bidwell Point lens), whereas 1 Lt-Q-Qp-Lsm-Ls (sedimentaclastic)
point-counted several Valanginian sandstones. The M-Lm-Lsm (metamorphiclastic)
Bidwell Point lens apparently is unique within the Stony
Creek Formation, representing an unusually pure volcanic
provenance. Sandstones both above and below this unit (Table 6). The resulting groupings delineate the dominant
consist of the more common mixtures of volcanic, sedi- source rock types for the Great Valley Group. Other
mentary, and metamorphic provenances. My point counts groupings are possible and some parameters may stand
delineate other sandstone and conglomerate units with alone in certain provenance settings (e.g., Lv may be the
volcaniclastic components as significant as the Bidwell only significant parameter contributed by certain volcanic
Point lens, but they are minor in volume. None of the provinces). However, the groupings in Table 6 are sug-
counted parameters shows a systematic difference gested as the primary source types for the Great Valley
between Tithonian and Valanginian, and all fall within the Group as a whole. Potassium-feldspar probably was
Stony Creek petrofacies, even though there are significant derived from both plutonic and volcanic settings, whereas
local variations in composition. plagioclase does not show up in any of the groups, proba-
Local occurrences of "basaltic sandstones," detrital ser- bly because it was ubiquitous in all source areas at all
pentinite, and other ultramafic sediments and volcanics times. However, interpretation of correlation coefficients
within the base of the Great Valley Group (Dickinson and between ratios, such as P/F and Qp/Q, is tentative, as dis-
Rich, 1972) probably were derived locally from the under- cussed by Ingersoll (1978b). The associations in Table 6
lying Coast Range ophiolite (Bailey et al, 1970; Hopson et seem to be the best estimates for major source rock types
al, 1981). Some of the "basaltic sandstones" were counted based on statistically determined correlations and geologic
during the present study and were found to consist of mix- reasoning.
tures of probably locally derived basaltic detritus with
probably distantly derived "normal" Stony Creek detri- CONCLUSIONS
tus. Even where mafic volcanics are the dominant clast
type, the sandstones have Stony Creek characteristics. The present study demonstrates the usefulness of
Bertucci (1980) demonstrated that Kimmeridgian(?) brec- detailed sandstone petrography in stratigraphic, prove-
cias at the base of the Great Valley Group consist of ophio- nance, and paleotectonic studies. The late Mesozoic and
lite detritus. Also, McLaughlin and Pessagno (1978) Paleogene magmatic-arc history is preserved within the
suggested that the "basaltic sandstone," pillow lavas, dia- Great Valley Group and related strata, and magmatic-
base, and breccias within the Great Valley Group and the tectonic events (many of which are basinwide) control
Coast Range ophiolite all had common sources. petrostratigraphic characteristics.
Raymond V. Ingersoll 1141
The lower part of the Great Valley Group (Upper Juras- 1981b, Upwardly mobile melanges, serpentinite prolusions and
sic and Lower Cretaceous) contains significant quantities transport of tectonic blocks in accretionary prisms: GSA Abstracts
with Programs, v. 13, p. 48.
of sedimentaclastic and metamorphiclastic material Clark, M. S., and G. C. Bond, 1978, Clay mineralogy of the Upper Juras-
eroded from accreted and deformed terranes ("tectonic sic to Cretaceous section of the Great Valley sequence exposed at
highlands") formed by arc-arc collision (Nevadan orog- Putah Creek, in J. C. Kramer, ed.. Geologic guide to the northern
eny) that occurred prior to initiation of the Franciscan- California Coast Ranges—Sacramento to Bodega Bay: Annual Field
Great Valley-Sierra Nevada arc-trench system. The Trip Guidebook of the Geological Society of Sacramento, 1978, p,
115-129.
Klamath Mountains area provided a major proportion of Dickinson, W. R., 1970, Interpreting detrital modes of graywacke and
this detritus. Ophiolite and serpentinite detritus was arkose: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 40, p. 695-707.
deposited locally near the base of the Great Valley Group 1973, Widths of modern arc-trench gaps proportional to past
as a result of deformation along the east side of the grow- duration of igneous activity in associated magmatic arcs: Journal of
ing Franciscan subduction complex. Volcaniclastic detri- Geophysical Research, v. 78, p. 3376-3389.
1975, Potash-depth (K-h) relations in continental margin and
tus was fed into the entire forearc basin as magmatism intra-oceanic magmatic arcs: Geology, v. 3, p. 53-56.
increased in the Sierra Nevada area during the Early Cre- and E. 1. Rich, 1972, Petrologic intervals and petrofacies in the
taceous. As the volcanic cover was stripped off, plutoni- Great Valley Sequence, Sacramento Valley, California: GSA Bulletin,
clastic and metamorphiclastic detritus from the V. 83, p. 3007-3024.
underlying batholithic terranes was provided in abun- and D. R. Seely, 1979, Structure and stratigraphy of forearc
regions: AAPG Bulletin, v. 63, p. 2-31.
dance to the forearc basin. Crustal components were more and C. A. Suczek, 1979, Plate tectonics and sandstone composi-
"continental" in the southern Sierra Nevada and more tions: AAPG Bulletin, v. 63, p. 2164-2182.
"oceanic" in the northern Sierra Nevada, as demonstrated K.P. Helmold, andj. A.Stein, 1979a, Mesozoic lithic sandstones
by the higher proportions of metamorphiclastic detritus in central Oregon: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 49, p. 501-
516.
and by the more felsic nature of volcaniclastic detritus to R. V. Ingersoll, and S. A. Graham, 1979b, Paleogene sediment
the south. By the middle of the Late Cretaceous, extensive dispersal and paleotectonics in northern California: GSA Bulletin, v.
batholithic terranes provided K-feldspar-rich arkosic 90, Part I, p. 897-898; Part II, p. 1458-1528.
detritus to the entire forearc basin. By the Paleogene, arc R. W. Ojakangas, and R. J. Stewart, 1969, Burial metamorphism
magmatism had migrated eastward sufficiently that the of the late Mesozoic Great Valley sequence, Cache Creek, California:
GSA Bulletin, v. 80, p. 519-525.
California part of the arc was eroded to deep levels, tec- R. V. Ingersoll, D. S. Cowan, K. P. Helmold, and C. A. Suczek,
tonic activity was lessened in the forearc basin, and the 1982, Provenance of Franciscan graywackes in coastal California:
basin filled to sea level in most parts. GSABulletin, V. 93,p.95-l07.
Evernden, J. F., and R. W. Kistler, 1970, Chronology of emplacement of
The data presented here represent the most complete Mesozoic batholithic complexes in California and western Nevada:
documentation of the history and erosion of any mag- U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 623, 42 p.
matic arc. The late Mesozoic arc-trench system of Califor- Gazzi, P., 1966, Le arenarie del flysch sopraeretaceo deH'Appeninno
nia may be used as a norm for comparison with other modenese; correlazioni con il flysch di Monghidoro: Mineralogica et
systems because it is so thoroughly studied. However, the Petrographica Acta, v. 12, p. 69-97.
Gilbert, W. G., and W. R. Dickinson, 1970, Stratigraphic variations in
local history of any basin and related source areas must be sandstone petrology. Great Valley sequence, central Cahfornia Coast:
understood on its own terms also, as demonstrated by the GSA Bulletin, v. 81, p. 949-954.
present study. Speculations concerning magmatic-arc evo- Graham, S. A., R. V. Ingersoll, and W. R. Dickinson, 1976, Common
lution in general must await additional detailed analysis of provenance for lithic grains in Carboniferous sandstones from Oua-
chita Mountains and Black Warrior basin: Journal of Sedimentary
other arc-derived sediments. Petrology, v. 46, p. 620-632.
Hopson, C. A., J. M. Mattinson, and E. A. Pessagno, Jr., 1981, Coast
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