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1. CALYX Usually, Sometime epicalyx may also be present, of variable number, 5 sepals are present, Gamosepalous, green, pubescent. 2. COROLLA Usually, 5 petals or multiple of 5 petals, polypetalous, aestivation, imbricate, shape-rosaceous, full of colour.
3. ANDROCEIUM Usually, Nomerous stamen,ditheous, anther, enerted, extrose, dorsi fixed. 4. GYNOECIUM Usually, Monocarpillary or multiple capillary with formation of a single compound pistil. Ovary perigynous, unilocular two or more ovules are present, placentation axile when the carpels are many and syncarpous.
The outermost whorl is the calyx. It is made up of five green, leaf-like flaps, each of which is a sepal. The sepals covers the floral bud until shortly it opens. The second whorl is the corolla. The corolla is made up of five large, colorful flaps, the petals. These, of course are the most showy portion of the flower. The calyx and corolla are the nonreproductive whorls; the two of them together are referred to as the perianth. Inside the perianth is the third whorl, the androecium , made up of many stamens. This is the male portion of the flower. Each stamen consists of a long, thin stalk - the filament, and a larger, usually yellow top portion - the anther. Pollen is produced inside the anther, which cracks open to release the pollen when the flower is fully open.
At the center of the flower is the gynoecium, the female portion of the flower, consisting of many pistils. Each pistil has three parts - a knob-like stigma, onto which pollen is placed during pollination, a long, thin stalk called the style, and a large, bulbous ovary at the base, which contains a single ovule. After pollination and fertilization, the ovule grows to become a seed. A rose would normally have many (an infinite number!) of pistils. The pistils are attached inside the hypanthium, to its floor and inner walls.
Pollination in rose
The chief pollinators of rose flowers are bees belonging to different genus. Metallic green flower bees (Augochlora), honey bees (Apis) and large bumble bees (Bombus) play an important role in rose pollination. These pollinators are unspecialized and also pollinate many other species which have actinomorphic flowers and offer copious pollen as a reward for flower visitation.
Hybrid tea roses: These are having a long stem that varies from 50-120 cm. and big size blooms from 3.02-3.5 cm. These flowers are bigger and more often tender than the floribunda type under ideal conditions. This type is expected to yield about 140-180 stems per sq.m. But under Indian conditions the average yield obtained by many units is 100-130 stems per sq.mtr. These flowers are liked mainly in USA, Japan and other European countries. They fetch higher price than Floribundas.
Floribunda: It produces flowers with stem length of 35-60 cm. And bud size from 2.0-2.5 cm. They yield much higher than hybrid teas producing as many as 300 flowers per sq. m. Per year but the average yield obtained under India conditions is around 130-150 stems per sq. m. These types of flowers are much popular with the Dutch and German Consumers. These flowers fetch around 30-40% less price than the hybrid tea. According to the Department of Agricultural Research and Education, ICAR, Government of India, in 1999-2000, rose varieties Dr. B. P. Pal, Blue Delight, Anurag, Ashirwad, Ico, Ambassador, Blue Ocean and Aditya were promising at the national level; Ashirwad, Anurag and Siddhartha for exhibition purpose; Black Delight, Blue Ocean and Aditya for garden display and Ico, Ambassador and Kanchi for cut and loose flowers at Hyderabad.
Classification of marigold
Kingdom Division Class Order Family Genus Plantae Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Tagetes
A Marigold flower is always characterized by a tightly grouped set of true flowers all arising from the same receptacle and are generally not particularly colorful. Technically, this group of inflorescences is referred to as the capitulum, or more simply, the flower head. These true flowers, are surrounded by ray florets, the most colorful part of the Marigold flower.
Single or multiple rows of ray florets may surround the capitulum. The most showy and full Marigold flowers are comprised of many rows of ray florets .
Flower size ranges from 4 to 12 cm in the Tagetes genus. In rare cases, a Marigold flower may be referred to as apetalous meaning it is lacking the colorful ray florets that would commonly surround the capitulum. Both male and female reproductive organs are present in the Marigold- the stamen and pistil, respectively. Ovaries of the Marigold flower are inferior. That is, they are located below the point at which the ray florets are connected to the ovary. A Marigolds seed is referred to as an Achene. The seed does not contain endosperm.
Pollination in marigold
In marigold pollination takes place by means of insects. This type of pollination is known as entomophily. In the following picture honey bee (main pollinating agent) is visiting marigold flower.
Artificial pollination in marigold flower:The pollen is produced in the central disk florets. We can remove the entire pollen bearing disk floret and use it as a kind of brush to rub pollen on the stigmas of the ray florets (petals) of the female parent. Then attach some kind of little marker to the female flower so that later we can easily harvest the seeds from it. This following diagram shows the location of the ray florets and the disk florets in the marigold flower.
French Marigolds (Tagetes patula): Marigold cultivars in this group grow 5 inches to 18 inches high. Flower colors are red, orange and yellow. Red and orange bicolor patterns are also found. Flowers are smaller, (2 inches across). French Marigolds are ideal for edging flowerbeds and in mass plantings. They also do well in containers and window boxes. Signet Marigolds (T. signata 'pumila'): The signet Marigolds produce compact plants with finely divided, lacy foliage and clusters of small, single flowers. They have yellow to orange colored, edible flowers.The flowers of signet marigolds have a spicy tarragon flavor. The foliage has a pleasant lemon fragrance. Signet Marigolds are excellent plants for edging beds and in window boxes. Mule Marigolds: These marigolds are the sterile hybrids of tall African and dwarf French marigolds, hence known as mule Marigolds. Most triploid cultivars grow from 12 to 18 inches high. Though they have the combined qualities of their parents, their rate of germination is low.
Pollination in chrysanthemum
Pollination consists of transferring ripe pollen from the anthers of one cultivar to the stigma of another. Pollination in chrysanthemum takes place by means of insects. In following picture insect is visiting chrysanthemum flowers and hence serve as a good mean of pollination.
If the recipient flower is a single or anemone type then treatment is slightly different. The entire centre of the bloom should be cut down so that all anthers are removed leaving only the ray florets for hybridisation. When the tips of the stigma are curled back then this is the time to apply the pollen. Pollination can be carried out in situ with the recipient bloom still on the plant and the pollen donor carefully carried to the recipient, alternatively both recipient and donor can be carried indoors and pollination carried out there. In each case it is a good idea to have labels ready to record details of the crossing and attach securely to the stem of the recipent. If pollen is produced before the recipient bloom is in the required condition then it is possible to collect and store pollen provided the container is kept dry. Pollen collected in this way may remain usable for some weeks after.
Gladiolus Classification
The genus Gladiolus comprises 260 species, 250 of which are native to subSaharan Africa, mostly South Africa. About 10 species are native to Eurasia. The impressive flower spikes of Gladioli come in a wide array of beautiful colors.
Kingdom Division Class Order Family Genus Plantae Magnoliophyta Liliopsida Asparagales Iridaceae Gladiolus
Gladiolus Flower
"Gladius" is the Latin word for sword. The gladiolus was named for its sword-shaped leaves and is sometimes referred to as "sword lily." A member of the Iridaceae family, gladioli are grown for their showy flowers. Native to Africa, the Middle East and Mediterranean countries, horticulturists have developed gladioli over the centuries into the colorful garden plants enjoyed today.
tepals ovary
ovules
Two of them are united at their base into a tube-shaped structure. The largest is its dorsal tepal, arching over the three stamens. The outer three tepals are narrower. The perianth of gladiolus is funnel-shaped, with its stamens attached to its base. The style has 3 filiform, spoon-shaped branches, each expanding towards the apex. Some gladioli have scented flowers.
There is a single female part, or pistil, in a gladiolus flower. The pistil is comprised of the ovary that is slightly bulbous at the base. Out of the ovary stands the long part of the pistil called the style. On top of the style in a gladiolus are three stigmas. The stigmas are the sticky parts of the pistil where the pollen is delivered for fertilization.
Gladiolus has a dry type of stigma. Compatible pollen grains alight and germinate on the receptive surface of the papillae, penetrate the cuticle and grow towards the style through a sub-cuticular pollen-tube guide of mucilage. This is secreted from epidermal cells of the stylodium and style canal. The cuticle, which covers the pollen tube guide mucilage, is continuous through the style canal to the ovary.
Pollination in gladiolus
In gladiolus flower is pollinated by means of birds. This type of pollination is known as ornithophily. In the following picture humming bird is visiting gladiolus flower and serves as an effective mean of pollen dispersal.
Gladiolus is one of the most important bulbous flowering crops grown commercially for cut-flower trade in India. The main emphasis on gladiolus improvement has been on the development of varieties having attractive colour and large size of florets mainly for cut-flower, long spikes, more number of well spaced and largesized florets, good corm multiplication ability and field resistance to diseases, particularly Fusarium wilt. The success of G. psittacinus hybrid at the NBRI inspired research in evolving different coloured varieties suitable for growing in the plains and resulted in the release of 11 cultivars. Notable among these are Jwala, Priyadarshini and Gazal, all of which are open-pollinated selections. Further, through systematic hybridization involving gladiolus Friendship (2n = 60) with G. tristis (2n = 30), 8 new triploid (2n = 45) cultivars were evolved.
Cont.
According to DARE, Gladiolus Shagun and Shringarika were released by Delhi centre. Hybrids Amal and Tambri performed well at Vellanikkara. Gladiolus Snow White, Suchitra, Punjab Morning, Jester, Aldrion, Golden, Wave and Thrombolina were promising at Hyderabad. The many cultivars are classified into 3 major groups: they are Nanus, Primulinus and Grandiflorus. Hybrids and cultivars in the group of Nanus bloom in early summer with two/three 22 to 35 cm spikes per corm, the spike each bearing 3 to 5 open flowers at a time. Those in the group of Primulinus bloom in midsummer with a single very slender 30 to 60 cm stem per corm, the stem bears 20 buds with up to 7 open at a time.
Cultivars and hybrids from the Grandiflorus group bloom from late spring through autumn with as many as 28 buds on (usually) a single spike of usually 35 to 90 cm tall, dozen of flowers may be open at a time. Gladioli of the Grandiflorus group are classified further by flower size and color in an elaborate trinomial system, with first digit indicating size, the second indicating color and the third intensity of color. The largest Grandiflorus cultivars can get up to 1.7 metre tall, while some miniatures do not reach 90 cm in height.
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