Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Fundamentals of Nursing Test I
Fundamentals of Nursing Test I
Content Outline
1. Professional Nursing
A. Historical perspectives in nursing
B. Nursing as a profession
C. Theories in nursing
D. Health care delivery system
2. The act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery
is theorized by
A. Nightingale
B. Benner
C. Swanson
D. King
* Florence nightingale do not believe in the germ theory, and perhaps this was
her biggest mistake. Yet, her theory was the first in nursing. She believed that
manipulation of environment that includes appropriate noise, nutrition, hygiene,
light, comfort, sanitation etc. could provide the client’s body the nurturance it
needs for repair and recovery.
A. King
B. Henderson
C. Roy
D. Leininger
* Remember the word “ THEOROYTICAL “ For Callista Roy, Nursing is a
theoretical body of knowledge that prescribes analysis and action to care for an ill
person. She introduced the ADAPTATION MODEL and viewed person as a
BIOSPSYCHOSOCIAL BEING. She believed that by adaptation, Man can maintain
homeostasis.
A. Henderson
B. Orem
C. Swanson
D. Neuman
A. Neuman
B. Johnson
C. Watson
D. Parse
* Neuman divided stressors as either intra, inter and extra personal in nature.
She said that NURSING is concerned with eliminating these stressors to obtain a
maximum level of wellness. The nurse helps the client through PRIMARY,
SECONDARY AND TERTIARY prevention modes. Please do not confuse this with
LEAVELL and CLARK’S level of prevention.
6. The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the
performance of those activities contributing to health that he would perform
unaided if he has the necessary strength, will and knowledge, and do this in such
a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible.
A. Henderson
B. Abdellah
C. Levin
D. Peplau
* This was an actual board question. Remember this definition and associate it
with Virginia Henderson. Henderson also describes the NATURE OF NURSING
theory. She identified 14 basic needs of the client. She describes nursing roles as
SUBSTITUTIVE : Doing everything for the client, SUPPLEMENTARY : Helping the
client and COMPLEMENTARY : Working with the client. Breathing normally,
Eliminating waste, Eating and drinking adquately, Worship and Play are some of
the basic needs according to her.
* There are many theorist that describes nursing as CARE. The most popular was
JEAN WATSON'S Human Caring Model. But this question pertains to Leininger's
definition of caring. CUD I LIE IN GER? [ Could I Lie In There ] Is the Mnemonics I
am using not to get confused. C stands for CENTRAL , U stands for UNIFYING, D
stands for DOMINANT DOMAIN. I emphasize on this matter due to feedback on
the last June 2006 batch about a question about CARING.
A. Benner
B. Watson
C. Leininger
D. Swanson
A. Benner
B. Watson
C. Leininger
D. Swanson
* The deepest and spiritual definition of Caring came from Jean watson. For her,
Caring expands the limits of openess and allows access to higher human spirit.
10. Caring means that person, events, projects and things matter to people. It
reveals stress and coping options. Caring creates responsibility. It is an inherent
feature of nursing practice. It helps the nurse assist clients to recover in the face
of the illness.
A. Benner
B. Watson
C. Leininger
D. Swanson
11. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about profession according to Marie
Jahoda?
A. Education
B. Theory
C. Caring
D. Autonomy
* Caring and caring alone, is the most unique quality of the Nursing Profession. It
is the one the delineate Nursing from other professions.
14. This is the distinctive individual qualities that differentiate a person to another
A. Philosophy
B. Personality
C. Charm
D. Character
* Personality are qualities that make us different from each other. These are
impressions that we made, or the footprints that we leave behind. This is the
result of the integration of one's talents, behavior, appearance, mood, character,
morals and impulses into one harmonious whole. Philosophy is the basic truth
that fuel our soul and give our life a purpose, it shapes the facets of a person's
character. Charm is to attract other people to be a change agent. Character is our
moral values and belief that guides our actions in life.
15. Refers to the moral values and beliefs that are used as guides to personal
behavior and actions
A. Philosophy
B. Personality
C. Charm
D. Character
* Refer to number 14
16. As a nurse manager, which of the following best describes this function?
* You can never provide nursing care if you don't know what are the needs of the
client. How can you provide an effective postural drainage if you do not know
where is the bulk of the client's secretion. Therefore, the best description of a
care provider is the accurate and prompt determination of the client's need to be
able to render an appropriate nursing care.
18. The nurse questions a doctors order of Morphine sulfate 50 mg, IM for a client
with pancreatitis. Which role best fit that statement?
A. Change agent
B. Client advocate
C. Case manager
D. Collaborator
* As a client's advocate, Nurses are to protect the client's right and promotes
what is best for the client. Knowing that Morphine causes spasm of the sphincter
of Oddi and will lead to further increase in the client's pain, The nurse knew that
the best treatment option for the client was not provided and intervene to provide
the best possible care.
19. These are nursing intervention that requires knowledge, skills and expertise
of multiple health professionals.
A. Dependent
B. Independent
C. Interdependent
D. Intradependent
* Interdependent functions are those that needs expertise and skills of multiple
health professionals. Example is when A child was diagnosed with nephrotic
syndrome and the doctor ordered a high protein diet, Budek then work together
with the dietician about the age appropriate high protein foods that can be given
to the child, Including the preparation to entice the child into eating the food.
NOTE : It is still debated if the diet in NS is low, moderate or high protein, In the
U.S, Protein is never restricted and can be taken in moderate amount. As far as
the local examination is concerned, answer LOW PROTEIN HIGH CALORIC
DIET.
20. What type of patient care model is the most common for student nurses and
private duty nurses?
* This is also known as case nursing. It is a method of nursing care wherein, one
nurse is assigned to one patient for the delivery of total care. These are the
method use by Nursing students, Private duty nurses and those in critical or
isolation units.
21. This is the best patient care model when there are many nurses but few
patients.
A. Functional nursing
B. Team nursing
C. Primary nursing
D. Total patient care
* Total patient care works best if there are many nurses but few patients.
22. This patient care model works best when there are plenty of patient but few
nurses
A. Functional nursing
B. Team nursing
C. Primary nursing
D. Total patient care
23. RN assumes 24 hour responsibility for the client to maintain continuity of care
across shifts, days or visits.
A. Functional nursing
B. Team nursing
C. Primary nursing
D. Total patient care
* Your keyword in Primary nursing is the 24 hours. This does not necessarily
means the nurse is awake for 24 hours, She can have a SECONDARY NURSES
that will take care of the patient in shifts where she is not arround.
24. Who developed the first theory of nursing?
A. Hammurabi
B. Alexander
C. Fabiola
D. Nightingale
A. Henderson
B. Nightingale
C. Parse
D. Orlando
* Refer to question # 6.
A. Levin
B. Leininger
C. Orlando
D. Parse
* Myra Levin described the 4 Conservation principles which are concerned with
the Unity and Integrity of an individual. These are ENERGY : Our output to
facilitate meeting of our needs. STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY : We mus maintain the
integrity of our organs, tissues and systems to be able to function and prevent
harmful agents entering our body. PERSONAL INTEGRITY : These refers to our
self esteem, self worth, self concept, identify and personality. SOCIAL INTEGRITY
: Reflects our societal roles to our society, community, family, friends and fellow
individuals.
A. Henderson
B. Orem
C. Parse
D. Neuman
A. Orem
B. Johnson
C. Henderson
D. Parse
A. Swanson
B. Hall
C. Weidenbach
D. Zderad
A. Erickson,Tomlin,Swain
B. Neuman
C. Newman
D. Benner and Wrubel
* This theory was called GRAND THEORY because boykin and schoenofer thinks
that ALL MAN ARE CARING, And that nursing is a response to this unique call.
According to them, CARING IS A MORAL IMPERATIVE, meaning, ALL PEOPLE will
tend to help a man who fell down the stairs even if he is not trained to do so.
A. Travelbee
B. Swanson
C. Zderad
D. Peplau
A. Freud
B. Erikson
C. Kohlberg
D. Peters
* Kohlber states that relationships are based on mutual trust. He postulated the
levels of morality development. At the first stage called the PREMORAL or
preconventional, A child do things and label them as BAD or GOOD depending on
the PUNISHMENT or REWARD they get. They have no concept of justice, fairness
and equity, for them, If I punch this kid and mom gets mad, thats WRONG. But if
I dance and sing, mama smiles and give me a new toy, then I am doing
something good. In the Conventional level, The individual actuates his act based
on the response of the people around him. He will follow the rules, regulations,
laws and morality the society upholds. If the law states that I should not
resuscitate this man with a DNR order, then I would not. However, in the Post
conventional level or the AUTONOMOUS level, the individual still follows the rules
but can make a rule or bend part of these rules according to his own MORALITY.
He can change the rules if he thinks that it is needed to be changed. Example is
that, A nurse still continue resuscitating the client even if the client has a DNR
order because he believes that the client can still recover and his mission is to
save lives, not watch patients die.
A. Freud
B. Erikson
C. Kohlberg
D. Peters
35. Freud postulated that child adopts parental standards and traits through
A. Imitation
B. Introjection
C. Identification
D. Regression
* A child, according to Freud adopts parental standards, traits, habits and norms
through identication. A good example is the corned beef commercial " WALK LIKE
A MAN, TALK LIKE A MAN " Where the child identifies with his father by wearing
the same clothes and doing the same thing.
36. According to them, Morality is measured of how people treat human being
and that a moral child strives to be kind and just
37. Postulated that FAITH is the way of behaving. He developed four theories of
faith and development based on his experience.
A. Giligan
B. Westerhoff
C. Fowler
D. Freud
* There are only 2 theorist of FAITH that might be asked in the board
examinations. Fowler and Westerhoff. What differs them is that, FAITH of fowler is
defined abstractly, Fowler defines faith as a FORCE that gives a meaning to a
person's life while Westerhoff defines faith as a behavior that continuously
develops through time.
A. Giligan
B. Westerhoff
C. Fowler
D. Freud
* Refer to # 37
39. Established in 1906 by the Baptist foreign mission society of America. Miss
rose nicolet, was it’s first superintendent.
40. Anastacia Giron-Tupas was the first Filipino nurse to occupy the position of
chief nurse in this hospital.
41. She was the daughter of Hungarian kings, who feed 300-900 people everyday
in their gate, builds hospitals, and care of the poor and sick herself.
A. Elizabeth
B. Catherine
C. Nightingale
D. Sairey Gamp
* Saint Elizabeth of Hungary was a daughter of a King and is the patron saint of
nurses. She build hospitals and feed hungry people everyday using the kingdom's
money. She is a princess, but devoted her life in feeding the hungry and serving
the sick.
42. She dies of yellow fever in her search for truth to prove that yellow fever is
carried by a mosquitoes.
* Clara Louise Maas sacrificed her life in research of YELLOW FEVER. People
during her time do not believe that yellow fever was brought by mosquitoes. To
prove that they are wrong, She allowed herself to be bitten by the vector and
after days, She died.
A. Abraham
B. Hippocrates
C. Moses
D. Willam Halstead
A. China
B. Egypt
C. India
D. Babylonia
45. They put girls clothes on male infants to drive evil forces away
A. Chinese
B. Egyptian
C. Indian
D. Babylonian
* Chinese believes that male newborns are demon magnets. To fool those
demons, they put female clothes to their male newborn.
46. In what period of nursing does people believe in TREPHINING to drive evil
forces away?
A. Dark period
B. Intuitive period
C. Contemporary period
D. Educative period
* Egyptians believe that a sick person is someone with an evil force or demon
that is inside their heads. To release these evil spirits, They would tend to drill
holes on the patient's skull and it is called TREPHINING.
47. This period ended when Pastor Fliedner, build Kaiserwerth institute for the
training of Deaconesses
A. Apprentice period
B. Dark period
C. Contemporary period
D. Educative period
* What dilineates apprentice period among others is that, it ENDED when formal
schools were established. During the apprentice period, There is no formal
educational institution for nurses. Most of them receive training inside the
convent or church. Some of them are trained just for the purpose of nursing the
wounded soldiers. But almost all of them are influenced by the christian faith to
serve and nurse the sick. When Fliedner build the first formal school for nurses, It
marked the end of the APPRENTICESHIP period.
48. Period of nursing where religious Christian orders emerged to take care of the
sick
A. Apprentice period
B. Dark period
C. Contemporary period
D. Educative period
A. St. Catherine
B. St. Anne
C. St. Clare
D. St. Elizabeth
* The poor clares, is the second order of St. Francis of assisi. The first order was
founded by St. Francis himself. St. Catherine of Siena was the first lady with the
lamp. St. Anne is the mother of mama mary. St. Elizabeth is the patron saint of
Nursing.
50. This period marked the religious upheaval of Luther, Who questions the
Christian faith.
A. Apprentice period
B. Dark period
C. Contemporary period
D. Educative period
* Protestantism emerged with Martin Luther questions the Pope and Christianity.
This started the Dark period of nursing when the christian faith was smeared by
controversies. These leads to closure of some hospital and schools run by the
church. Nursing became the work of prostitutes, slaves, mother and least
desirable of women.
51. According to the Biopsychosocial and spiritual theory of Sister Callista Roy,
Man, As a SOCIAL being is
* According to ROY, Man as a social being is like some other man. As a spiritual
being and Biologic being, Man are all alike. As a psychologic being, No man thinks
alike. This basically summarized her BIOPSYHOSOCIAL theory which is included in
our licensure exam coverage.
A. Roy
B. Levin
C. Neuman
D. Newman
* OPEN system theory is ROY. As an open system, man continuously allows input
from the environment. Example is when you tell me Im good looking, I will be
happy the entire day, Because I am an open system and continuously interact
and transact with my environment. A close system is best exemplified by a
CANDLE. When you cover the candle with a glass, it will die because it will
eventually use all the oxygen it needs inside the glass for combustion. A closed
system do not allow inputs and output in its environment.
A. Affected by matter
B. A sole island in vast ocean
C. Allows input
D. Constantly affected by matter, energy, information
54. Who postulated the WHOLISTIC concept that the totality is greater than sum
of its parts?
A. Roy
B. Rogers
C. Henderson
D. Johnson
* The wholistic theory by Martha Rogers states that MAN is greater than the sum
of all its parts and that his dignity and worth will not be lessen even if one of this
part is missing. A good example is ANNE BOLEYN, The mother of Queen Elizabeth
and the wife of King Henry VIII. She was beheaded because Henry wants to mary
another wife and that his divorce was not approved by the pope. Outraged, He
insisted on the separation of the Church and State and divorce Anne himself by
making everyone believe that Anne is having an affair to another man. Anne was
beheaded while her lips is still saying a prayer. Even without her head, People still
gave respect to her diseased body and a separate head. She was still
remembered as Anne boleyn, Mother of Elizabeth who lead england to their
GOLDEN AGE.
55. She theorized that man is composed of sub and supra systems. Subsystems
are cells, tissues, organs and systems while the suprasystems are family, society
and community.
A. Roy
B. Rogers
C. Henderson
D. Johnson
56. Which of the following is not true about the human needs?
* Needs can be deferred. I can urinate later as not to miss the part of the movie's
climax. I can save my money that are supposedly for my lunch to watch my idols
in concert. The physiologic needs can be meet later for some other needs and
need not be strictly followed according to their hierarchy.
58. According to Maslow, which of the following is NOT TRUE about a self
actualized person?
* A,B and D are all qualities of a self actualized person. A self actualized person
do not follow the decision of majority but is self directed and can make decisions
contrary to a popular opinion.
59. According to Maslow, which of the following is TRUE about a self actualized
person?
A. Self awareness
B. Self actualization
C. Self esteem
D. Self worth
A. Germany
B. Britain
C. France
D. Italy
* Florence Nightingale was born in Florence, Italy, May 12, 1820. Studied in
Germany and Practiced in England.
A. Belgium
B. US
C. Germany
D. England
64. Which of the following is recognized for developing the concept of HIGH
LEVEL WELLNESS?
A. Erikson
B. Madaw
C. Peplau
D. Dunn
65. One of the expectations is for nurses to join professional association primarily
because of
A. Julita Sotejo
B. Anastacia Giron Tupas
C. Eufemia Octaviano
D. Anesia Dionisio
67. Which of the following provides that nurses must be a member of a national
nurse organization?
A. R.A 877
B. 1981 Code of ethics approved by the house of delegates and the PNA
C. Board resolution No. 1955 Promulgated by the BON
D. RA 7164
* This is an old board resolution. The new Board resolution is No. 220 series of
2004 also known as the Nursing Code Of ethics which states that [ SECTION 17,
A ] A nurse should be a member of an accredited professional organization which
is the PNA.
68. Which of the following best describes the action of a nurse who documents
her nursing diagnosis?
A. RA 7164
B. RA 9173
C. BON Res. Code Of Ethics
D. BON Res. Scope of Nursing Practice
* 7164 is an old law. This is the 1991 Nursing Law which was repealed by the
newer 9173.
70. A nurse who is maintaining a private clinic in the community renders service
on maternal and child health among the neighborhood for a fee is:
* According to the official PNA website, they are founded September 02, 1922.
A. Anastacia Giron-Tupas
B. Loreto Tupas
C. Rosario Montenegro
D. Ricarda Mendoza
* Anastacia Giron Tupas founded the FNA, the former name of the PNA but the
first President was Rosario Montenegro.
73. Defines health as the ability to maintain internal milieu. Illness according to
him/her/them is the failure to maintain internal environment.
A. Cannon
B. Bernard
C. Leddy and Pepper
D. Roy
* According to Bernard, Health is the ability to maintain and Internal Milieu and
Illness is the failure to maintain the internal environment.
74. Postulated that health is a state and process of being and becoming an
integrated and whole person.
A. Cannon
B. Bernard
C. Dunn
D. Roy
A. Positive feedback
B. Negative feedback
C. Buffer system
D. Various mechanisms
A. Roy
B. Henderson
C. Rogers
D. King
* Martha Rogers states that HEALTH is synonymous with WELLNESS and that
HEALTH and WELLNESS is subjective depending on the definition of one's culture.
77. Defined health as a dynamic state in the life cycle, and Illness as interference
in the life cycle.
A. Roy
B. Henderson
C. Rogers
D. King
* Emogene King states that health is a state in the life cycle and Illness is any
interference on this cycle. I enjoyed the Movie LION KING and like what Mufasa
said that they are all part of the CIRCLE OF LIFE, or the Life cycle.
78. She defined health as the soundness and wholness of developed human
structure and bodily mental functioning.
A. Orem
B. Henderson
C. Neuman
D. Clark
79. According to her, Wellness is a condition in which all parts and subparts of an
individual are in harmony with the whole system.
A. Orem
B. Henderson
C. Neuman
D. Johnson
* Neuman believe that man is composed of subparts and when this subparts are
in harmony with the whole system, Wellness results. Please do not confuse this
with the SUB and SUPRA systems of martha rogers.
A. Orem
B. Henderson
C. Neuman
D. Johnson
* Once you see the phrase BEHAVIORAL SYSTEM, answer Dorothy Johnson.
A. Cannon
B. Bernard
C. Dunn
D. Clark
83. An integrated method of functioning that is oriented towards maximizing
one’s potential within the limitation of the environment.
A. Well being
B. Health
C. Low level Wellness
D. High level Wellness
A. Heredity
B. Social
C. Behavioral
D. Environmental
* Behavioral precursors includes smoking, alcoholism, high fat intake and other
lifestyle choices. Environmental factors involved poor sanitation and over
crowding. Heridity includes congenital and diseases acquired through the genes.
There are no social precursors according to DUNN.
A. Heredity
B. Social
C. Behavioral
D. Environmental
A. Becker
B. Smith
C. Dunn
D. Leavell and Clark
87. In health belief model, Individual perception matters. Which of the following
is highly UNLIKELY to influence preventive behavior?
* Perceived barriers are those factors that affects the individual's health
preventive actions. Both A and B can affect the individual's ability to prevent the
occurence of diseases. C and D are called Preventive Health Behaviors which
enhances the individual's preventive capabilities.
A. Clinical Model
B. Role performance Model
C. Adaptive Model
D. Eudaemonistic Model
* Smith formulated 5 models of health. Clinical model simply states that when
people experience sign and symptoms, they would think that they are unhealthy
therefore, Health is the absence of clinical sign and symptoms of a disease. Role
performance model states that when a person does his role and activities without
deficits, he is healthy and the inability to perform usual roles means that the
person is ill. Adaptive Model states that if a person adapts well with his
environment, he is healthy and maladaptation equates illness. Eudaemonistic
Model of health according to smith is the actualization of a person's fullest
potential. If a person functions optimally and develop self actualization, then, no
doubt that person is healthy.
90. Views people as physiologic system and Absence of sign and symptoms
equates health.
A. Clinical Model
B. Role performance Model
C. Adaptive Model
D. Eudaemonistic Model
91. Knowledge about the disease and prior contact with it is what type of
VARIABLE according to the health belief model?
A. Demographic
B. Sociopsychologic
C. Structural
D. Cues to action
92. It includes internal and external factors that leads the individual to seek help
A. Demographic
B. Sociopsychologic
C. Structural
D. Cues to action
93. Influence from peers and social pressure is included in what variable of HBM?
A. Demographic
B. Sociopsychologic
C. Structural
D. Cues to action
A. Demographic
B. Sociopsychologic
C. Structural
D. Cues to action
95. According to Leavell and Clark’s ecologic model, All of this are factors that
affects health and illness except
A. Reservoir
B. Agent
C. Environment
D. Host
* According to L&C's Ecologic model, there are 3 factors that affect health and
illness. These are the AGENT or the factor the leads to illness, either a bacteria or
an event in life. HOST are persons that may or may not be affected by these
agents. ENVIRONMENT are factors external to the host that may or may not
predispose him to the AGENT.
96. Is a multi dimensional model developed by PENDER that describes the nature
of persons as they interact within the environment to pursue health
A. Ecologic Model
B. Health Belief Model
C. Health Promotion Model
D. Health Prevention Model
97. Defined by Pender as all activities directed toward increasing the level of well
being and self actualization.
A. Health prevention
B. Health promotion
C. Health teaching
D. Self actualization
A. Illness
B. Disease
C. Health
D. Wellness
A. Illness
B. Disease
C. Health
D. Wellness
A. Benner
B. Watson
C. Leininger
D. Swanson
* This is Jean Watson's definition of Nursing as caring. This was asked word per
word last June 06' NLE. Benner defines caring as something that matters to
people. She postulated the responsibility created by Caring in nursing. She was
also responsible for the PRIMACY OF CARING MODEL. Leininger defind the 4
conservation principle while Swanson introduced the 5 processes of caring.