Heat and Mass Transfer - 2 Marks - All 5 Units
Heat and Mass Transfer - 2 Marks - All 5 Units
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In conduction, energy exchange takes place by the kinematics motion or direct impact of molecules .Pure conduction is found only in solids. 4. State Fouriers law of conduction. The rate of heat conduction is proportional to the area measured normal to the direction of heat flow and to the temperature gradient in that direction. 5. Define Thermal conductivity. Thermal conductivity is defined as the ability of a substance to conduct heat. 6. List down the three types of boundary conditions 1. Prescribed temperature 2. Prescribed heat flux 3. Convection boundary conditions. 7. Define convection. Convection is a process of heat transfer that will occur between solid surface and a fluid medium when they are at different temperatures. Convection is possible only in the presence of fluid medium. 8. Define Radiation The heat transfer from one body to another without any transmitting medium is known as radiation .It is an electromagnetic wave phenomenon. 9. State Newtons law of cooling or convection law. Heat transfer by convection is given by Newtons law of cooling Q = hA(Ts - T ) Where;A- Area exposed to heat transfer in m 2
h - Heat transfer coefficient of the surface in K Ts-Temperature of the surface in K PA College of Engineering and Technology, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Department
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Define overall heat transfer co-efficient. The overall heat transfer by combined modes is usually expressed in terms of an overall conductance or overall heat transfer co-efficient
Heat transfer, Q Define fins or extended surfaces. 11. It is possible to increase the heat transfer rate by increasing the surface of heat transfer. The surfaces used for increasing heat transfer are called extended surfaces sometimes known as fins.
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State the applications of fins. 1. Cooling of electronic components. 2. Cooling of motor cycle engines. 3. Cooling of small capacity compressors 4. Cooling of transformers.
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Define fin efficiency. The efficiency of a fin is defined as the ratio of actual heat transferred to the maximum possible to heat transferred by the fin. =Qfin/Qmax
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Define Fin effectiveness. Fin effectiveness is the ratio of heat transfer with fin to that without fin Fin effectiveness = Q with fin/Q without fin
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What is meant by steady state heat conduction? If the temperature of a body does not vary with time, it is said to be in a steady state and that type of conduction is known as steady state heat conduction.
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What is meant by transient heat conduction or unsteady state conduction? If the temperature of a body varies with time, it is said to be in a transient state and that type of conduction is known as transient heat conduction or unsteady state conduction
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What is Periodic heat flow? In Periodic heat flow, the temperature varies on a regular basis Example; 1. Cylinder of an IC engine. 2. Surface of earth during a period of 24 hours
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What is non Periodic heat flow? In non Periodic heat flow, the temperature at any point within the system varies non linearly with time. Example: 1. Heating of an ingot in furnace.
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Define Biot number. It is defined as the ratio of internal conductive resistance to the surface conductive resistance.
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What is the significance of Biot number? Biot number is used to find Lumped heat analysis, Semi infinite solids and infinite solids If Bi < 0.1 Lumped heat analysis.
Bi = 0.1 < Bi < 100 25. What are the factors affecting the thermal conductivity? 1. Moisture 2. Density of material 3. Pressure 4. Temperature 5. Structural of material
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dimensions, then the variables are arranged into (n-m) dimensionless terms. These dimensional terms are called Buckinghams theorem 3. What are all the advantages of dimensional analysis? 1. It expresses the functional relationship between the variables in dimensional terms. 2. It enables getting up a theoretical solution in a simplified dimensional form. 3. The results of one series of test can be applied to alarge number of other similar problem with the help of dimensional analysis 4. What are all the limitations of dimensional analysis? 1. The complete information is not provided by dimensional analysis .It only indicates that there is some relationship between the parameters. 2. No information is given about the internal mechanism of physical phenomenon. 3. Dimensional analysis does not give any clue regarding the selection of variables. 5. Define Reynolds number (Re) It is defined as the ratio of inertia force to viscous force. Inertia force Re= --------------Viscous force. 6. Define Prandtl number (Pr) It is the ratio of the momentum diffusivity to the thermal diffusivity. Pr= momentum diffusivity/ thermal diffusivity
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Define Nusselts Number (Nu). It is defined as the ratio of the heat flow by convection process under an unit temperature gradient to the heat flow rate by conduction under an unit temperature gradient through a stationary thickness (L) of meter.
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Define Stanton number (St) It is the ratio of Mussels number to the product of Reynolds number and Prandtl number
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What is meant by Newtonian and non- Newtonian fluids? The fluids which obey the Newtons law of viscosity are called
Newtonians fluids and those which do not obey are called non Newtonian fluids.
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What is meant by laminar flow and turbulent flow? Laminar flow: Laminar flow is sometimes called streams line flow .In this type of flow , the fluid moves in layer and each fluid particle follows a smooth continuous path. The fluid particals in each layer remain in an orderly sequence without mixing with each other. Turbulent flow: In addition to the laminar type of flow , a distinct irregular flow is frequently observed in nature. This type of flow is called turbulent flow .The path of any individual particle is zig-zag and irregular.
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What is hydro dynamics boundary layer? In hydrodynamics boundary layer, velocity of the fluid is less than 99% of free stream velocity
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What is thermal boundary layer? In thermal boundary layer, temperature of the fluid is less than 99% of free stream temperature.
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Define convection. Convection is a process of heat transfer that will occur between a solid surface and a fluid medium when they are at different temperatures.
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What is meant by free or natural convection? If the fluid motion is produced due to change in density resulting from temperature gradients, the mode of heat transfer is said to be free or natural convection.
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What is forced convection? If the fluid motion is artificially created by means of an external force like a blower of fan ,that type of heat transfer is known as forced convection.
n=0.3 for cooling of fluids. 18. What are the dimensional parameters used in forced convection? 1. Reynolds number (Re) 2. Nusselt Number (Nu) 3. Prandtl number (Pr) 19. Define boundary layer thickness. The thickness of the boundary layer has been defined as the distance from the surface at which the local velocity or temperature reaches 99% of the external velocity or temperature. 20. Indicate the concept of significance of boundary layer. In the boundary layer concept the flow field over a body is divided into two regions:
A thin region near the body called the boundary layer where the velocity and the temperature gradients are large. The region outside the boundary layer where the velocity and the temperature gradients are very nearly equal to their free stream values. 21. Define displacement thickness. The displacement thickness is the distance, measured perpendicular to the boundary, by which the free stream is displaced on account of formation of boundary layer. 22. Define momentum thickness. The momentum thickness is defined as the distance through which the total loss of momentum per second be equal to if it were passing a stationary plate. 23. Define energy thickness. The energy thickness can be defined as the distance, measured perpendicular to the boundary of the solid body ,by which the boundary should be displaced to compensate for the reduction in kinetic energy of the flowing fluid on account of boundary layer formation
The heat transfer from one body to another without any transmitting medium is known as radiation .It is an electromagnetic wave phenomenon. Define emissive power?
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The emissive power is defined as the total amount of radiation emitted by a 2 body per unit time and unit area .It is expressed in W/m . Define monochromatic emissive power.
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The energy emitted by the surface at a given length per unit time area in all direction is known as monochromatic emissive power. What is meant by absorptivity?
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Absorptivity is defined as the ratio between radiation absorbed and incident radiation
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What is meant by reflectivity? Reflectivity is defined as the ratio of radiation reflected to the incident radiation What is meant by transmissivity
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Transmissivity is defined as the ratio of radiation transmitted to the incident radiation What is black body? Black body is an ideal surface having the following properties.
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1. A black body absorbs all incident radiation, regardless of wave length and direction. 2. For a prescribed temperature and wave length, no surface can emit more energy than black body. State Wiens displacement law. The Wiens displacement law gives the relationship between
temperature and wave length corresponding to the maximum spectral emissive power of the black body at that temperature.
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The emissive power of a black body is proportional to the fourth power of absolute temperature. Eb = Emissive power W/m 2
-8 2 4 Boltzmann constant = 5.67 * 10 W/m K Define Emissivity. It is defined as the ability of the surface of a body to radiate heat .It is also
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defined as the ratio of emissive power of anybody to the emissive power of a black body of equal temperature
What is meant by gray body? If a body absorbs a definite percentage of incident radiation irrespective of
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their wave length, the body is known as gray body. The emissive power of a gray body is always less than that of the black body.
State Kirchoffs law of radiation. This law states that the ratio of total emissive power to the absorptivity is constant for
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all surfaces which are in thermal equilibrium with the surrounding. It also states that the emissivity of the body is always equal to its absorptivity when the body remains in thermal equilibrium with its surroundings.
It is defined as the rate of energy leaving a space in a given direction per unit solid angle per unit area of the emitting surface normal to the mean direction in space. State Lamberts cosine law.
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It states that the total emissive power E b from a radiating plane surface in any direction proportional to the cosine of the angle of emission What is the purpose of radiation shield?
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Radiation shield constructed from low emissivity (high reflective) materials. It is used to reduce the net radiation transfer between two surfaces. Define Irradiation (G)?
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It is defined as the total radiation incident upon a surface per unit time 2 per unit area. It is expressed in W/m What is radiosity ( J)
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It is used to indicate the total radiation leaving a surface per unit time 2. per unit area. It is expressed in W/m What are the assumptions made to calculate radiation exchange between the surfaces?
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1. All surfaces are considered to be either black of gray. 2. Radiation and reflection process are assumed to be diffuse. 3. The absorptivity of a surface is taken equal to the emissivity and independent of temperature of the source of the incident radiation.
diffused from one surface element and strikes the other surface directly with no intervening reflection .it is represented by Fij.Other names for radiation shape factor are view factor,angle factor and configuration factor .The shape factor is used in the analysis of radioactive heat exchange between two surfaces Discuss the radiation characteristics of carbon dioxide and water vapour. The CO2 and H2 O both absorb and emit radiation over certain wave length regions called absorption bands.
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The radiation in these gases is a volume phenomenon. The emissivity of CO2 and the emissivity of H 2O at a particular temperature increase with partial pressure and mean beam length.
The process of transfer of mass a result of the species concentration difference in a mixture is known as mass transfer.
Give the examples of mass transfer. 1. Humidification of air in cooling tower. 2. Evaporation of petrol in the carburetor of an IC engine. 3. The transfer of water vapour into dry air
What are the modes of mass transfer? 1. Diffusion mass transfer. 2. Convective mass transfer.
What is molecular diffusion? The transport of water on a microscopic level as a result o f diffusion from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration in a mixture of liquids or gases is known as molecular diffusion.
What is Eddy diffusion? When one of the diffusion fluids is in turbulent motion, eddy diffusion takes place.
What is Convective mass transfer? Convective mass transfer is a process of mass transfer that will occur between a surface and a fluid medium when they are at different concentrations.
State Ficks law of diffusion. The diffusion rate is given by the Ficks law, which states that molar flux of an element per unit area is directly proportional to concentration gradient.
What is free Convective mass transfer? If the fluid motion is produced due to change in density resulting from concentration gradient, the mode of mass transfer is said to be free or natural convective mass transfer.
Example: Evaporation of alcohol. 9 Define forced Convective mass transfer? If the fluid motion is artificially created by means of an external force like a blower or fan, that type of mass transfer is known as convective mass transfer. Example: The evaporation of water from an ocean when air blows over it
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Define Mass Concentration. 3 Mass of a component per unit volume of the mixture .It is expressed in kg/m .
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Define Mass Concentration. Mass of a component per unit volume of the mixture .It is expressed in kg/m 3
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Define mass fraction. The mass fraction is defined as the ratio of mass concentration of species to the total density of the mixture
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Define mole fractions. The mole fraction is defined as the ratio of mole concentration of species to the total molar concentration.