Tom Mos Singer Fuelcells Co Generation
Tom Mos Singer Fuelcells Co Generation
October 2007
August 2007
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Typical headlines that we have been seeing in the news lately are: "Hurricane Isabel Batters the East Coast; Federal Government Shut Down"
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
NEARLY a century ago, Henry Ford declared a customer could have a car in any color as l l long as it was bl k N black. Now, carmakers around the world are trying to convince consumers that their lineups co e green. o come in g ee From BMW to Honda, from o da, o Chrysler to Volkswagen, the industry is rushing to make vehicles that use less gasoline or dont rely on it at all.
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Sustainable Planet
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
2.
3.
4.
Water & wastewater services account for 3050% of municipal energy use. Equivalent to 3-4% of the nations total energy use. 19% of electricity usage in California associated with moving water 25 to 30% of the cost for water and wastewater systems operations is for power.
As primary consumers of electricity, water & wastewater organizations have the opportunity to dramatically affect overall energy consumption. ti
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Cogeneration Technologies
1. 1 2. 3.
Reciprocating Engines (>250 kW) Micro Turbines (30 to 250 kW) Gas Turbines ( 3 000 kW) G T bi (>3,000
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Reciprocating Engines
1.
2.
3.
4.
Proven technology for using digester gas di t Strict (and getting stricter) air permit regulations Regulations moving towards oxidation catalysts, SCR and CEMS Installation now requires extensive fuel conditioning to remove contaminants no longer optional
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
2.
3.
Disadvantages
a. b. b c. d.
Dedicated building for sound and weather Complex Equipment Frequent Operator Attention Higher Emissions g
800-kW Caterpillar Landfill & Digester Gas Fueled Cogeneration System, Sunnyvale, CA WWTP
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Micro Turbines
1. 2. 2
3.
4.
Easy to permit (low emissions) Only two manufacturers with DG manufacturer s experience (limited) Lower efficiency than engines; approximately 25% Requires >50 psi fuel pressure
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Gas Turbines
1. 2. 2 3. 4. 5. 6. 6
Strict air permit regulations Limited manufacturers with experience on DG manufacturer s Effective fuel conditioning is required Competitive only for larger installations; greater than 3MW Efficiency typically 25-35% Requires >200 psi fuel pressure
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Fuel Cells
1.
2.
* Exempt has unfortunately, not been the absolute truth. Permitting agencies have required permits; although eq i ed pe mits altho gh requirements are minor.
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
1.
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Environmental Benefits
1.
2. 2
Nearly double the reduction in plant carbon footprint over other cogeneration technologies Approximately 1/3 the overall WWTP emissions of criteria pollutants
a. NOx, CO, VOC, PM b. Order of magnitude reduction compared to
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
2.
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
2.
3.
4.
Environmental stewardship (reduction of Carbon Footprint by up to 50%) Power system reliability and redundancy; y y y; steady and constant source of power Hedge against rising electricity rates and g g g y future energy crises No combustion thus negligible emission of NOx, CO, SOx, or particulate matter
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
1. Emissions
Recip Engines in lb/ lb/MWh h NOX = 0.02 <==> NOX = 3.4 SOX = 0.001 PM10 = 0.01 CO = 0.05 <==> CO = 6.8 VOC = 0.02
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Santa Barbara, CA 2. 2 LA County San District CA San. District, 3. City of Tulare, CA * 4. DSRSD, CA 5. City of Riverside, CA 6. EMWD, CA (Moreno Valley) * 7. TID/City of Turlock, CA *
Under Construction
EMWD, CA (Perris Valley) * 2. Cit of Rialto, CA City f Ri lt
1.
* CE involved in Design/Implementation
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
1200
45-57
300 kW to 2.4 MW
1800
45-50 45 50
100 kW t 2 MW to
45-60 45 60
3 kW to 10 kW
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
4. 5.
Fuel source (digester g & natural g ) ( g gas gas). Fuel treatment/conditioning to remove contaminants. Fuel cell stack (electrolyte sandwiched between an anode and cathode) creates DC power power. DC to AC Inverter converts DC power to AC for use within facility. y Heat recovery system to utilize waste heat (anaerobic digestion).
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
2. 3.
Hydrogen Fuel (Methane) and Oxygen (Air) In Electricity and Water (Exhaust) Out y ( )
O2
H2O
Fuel Cell
H2 Electricity
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
1.
General Features
a. Uses commonly available
Internal Reforming
a. H2 generated internally b. b High efficiency c. Simple system d. Negligible NOx and CO
Catalyst Electrolyte
CATALYST CATHODE
1/2O2 + CO2 + 2e
CO3
3. 3
Air
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
also b. Fuel cells/solar/small wind: 30% of eligible costs; up to $3000/kW c. All others: 10% of eligible costs; microturbines limited to $200/kW maximum
2.
(cont)
Currently $0.15 - $0 22/kWh produced for 5 years - Private $0 15 $0.22/kWh Currently $0.26 - $0.32/kWh produced for 5 years Municipal
b. b
2.
Approx $3 000 000 total incentive for 1 MW system $3,000,000 Energy Efficiency Financing Program; Up to $3 million; 3 9 % fixed APR; up to 15 year term ll 3.95% f d Energy Efficiency Financing; >$1 million; approx. 4% APR; negotiable terms up to 12 years
3.
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Eastern Municipal Water District Moreno Valley RWRF Fuel Cell Installation
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
2.
Three 250 kW FCE 300MA units currently; ultimately five units 300 kW Digester gas treatment system
a. H2S, siloxanes, water, VOC, etc.
3. 4. 5.
Electrical interface with utility Hot water heat recovery Hybrid Design-Build/Design-Bid-Build Negotiated Construction
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Three 250 kW Fuel Cells ultimate facility size 1.5 MW Fuel treatment system Balance of plant, including electrical, heat recovery, site work, pads, etc
Total Construction Cost = $7.95 million $7 95 State of California SGIP grant = $3.375 million Total Net Construction Cost = $4 575 million $4,575 Carbon Footprint reduced by >50% annually 90% Reduction of RWRFs criteria pollutants p
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
mid-January mid January 2009 2. Total energy produced 3/1 thru 3/27
a. 464,231 kW-hrs a 464 231 kW hrs b. @ average electrical cost of $0.115/kW-hr
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Electrical interface with the Citys RWQCF 4. Hot water heat recovery hot water to the Citys RWQCF (1.8 MMBtu/hr) 5. Traditional Design-Bid-Build; pre-purchased fuel cell and gas treatment equipment 6. Project built to help meet TIDs mandated Renewable Portfolio Standard requirements of 20% of power from renewable sources
3.
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
1. 2. 3.
Design/build Conventional Design Bid Build Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) by third party Design Bid Build Own Operate (DBOO)
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
750
5,182,545
(3,375,000)
1,807,545
1,092,848
500,500
3,400,893
727,299
750
2,567,749
(750,000)
1,817,749
537,650
765,000
71,943
3,192,342
727,299
848
4,147,000
(848,000)
3,299,000
458,114
500,500
71,943
4,329,557
776,648
750
4,493,000
(975,000)
3,518,000
412,020
500,500
12,000
4,442,520
595,308
750
5,043,768
(975,000)
4,068,768
408,924
500,500
12,000
4,990,192
595,308
750
7,794,757
(3,375,000)
4,419,757
978,000
500,500
5,898,257
727,299
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
1.
2.
3. 4. 5.
Electrical interface with utility Hot water heat recovery Alliance Chico Energy did design/build
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Lessons Learned
1.
Design/build Get your attorney involved earlier Include a load bank in the design Conventional D i C ti l Design Bid B ild Build approach would have been better
2. 3.
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
2.
3.
4. 4
Primary barrier to implementation of Fuel Cells is C ll i perception of hi h capital cost ti f high it l t State and federal incentive/rebate programs are c itical p og ams a e critical Majority of installations occur where the best rebate programs are implemented (California, New Jersey) System payback is highly dependent on the price of commercial electricity
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Summary
1.
Fuel cells are the cleanest, most efficient cogeneration technology for digester gas Financially, fuel cell technology competes well with engines and turbines based on the grant money available in California You wont have to worry about future changes in emissions regulations
2. 2
3.
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Summary
1. 2. 3. 4. 4
(continued)
Permitting is very easy Utility coordination for interconnection is simple and quick Very lo ope ato Ve low operator attention fo for maintenance So, So why not Fuel Cells or Solar for your facility? GO GREEN!
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
2. 3. 4.
Fixed roof mounted solar panels that do not t t track the sun k th Single Axis Tracking Dual Axis Tracking g Concentrated vs. traditional
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Footprint
a. Mi i Minimum 4 acres for f
Sizing
a. Dependent on panel
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
System Procurement
a. a Owner Purchase Owner buys panel and pays for all maintenance Full ownership of RECs b. Power Purchase Agreement ( g (PPA) ) Third party owns and operates the PV system and sells power to City at agreed upon rate t Savings from 30% federal tax credit passed on to owner with lower rates o o e t o e ates RECs negotiable
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
2.
farms
3.
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
a. Stockton is on the
3.
gov/maps/wind.html
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Payback Period
a. Dependent on wind resource
quality, siting, quality siting permitting costs, energy costs, and turbine performance.
2. 2
Program
b. Self-Generation Incentive
Program (SGIP)
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
2.
3. 4.
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Addition dd t o
a. b. c. c d.
Waste Addition
FOG, Watsonville, CA
FOG
1. 2.
3.
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Food Waste
1.
Salad dressing wastes Dairy wastes Packing plant wastes Canning wastes
convenient
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
1 MW of Electricity
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
1 MW of Electricity
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Algae
1. 2.
Plant has 450 acres of ponds Plant currently h Pl l harvests and disposes of d di f Algae (returns to ponds) thus infrastructure is partially in place
a. Harvesting and pumping equipment b. DAFT s b DAFTs
3.
Algae research is going into producing biodiesel, but an easier, more cost , , effective use is to digest the existing algae to create additional digester gas
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
2.
3.
Single phase digestion has led to digester upsets and decline in methane production Two-phase digestion promising. Acid phase lyses algae cells open open, methane phase digests the contents Promising technology from Europe for cell lysing may benefit algae digestion
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt
Carbon Credits
1.
2.
3.
Potential to generate carbon capture credits Algae extracts carbon from the air turning CO2 into O2 Additional CO2 can be introduced into ponds from fuel cell exhaust; resulting in CO2 capture credit if fuel was NG and increasing algae growth rate
Fuel Cell and Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Water and Wastewater.ppt