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Rrwerw
Rrwerw
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Sex chromosomes Sex linkage Chromosome nondisjunction Sex determination Sex-linked traits in humans
existence alleles in pairs (A, a) is due diploidy (2n) equal segregation is due to disjoining of homologs in Anaphase I independent assortment is due to alternative methaphase alignments of two pairs of homolologs
AB
Ab
ab
aB
existence alleles in pairs (A, a) is due diploidy (2n) equal segregation is due to disjoining of homologs in Anaphase I independent assortment is due to alternative methaphase alignments of two pairs of homolologs constant number of chromosomes in individuals different species have different but constant numbers AB phenotypic difference between sexes correlate with inheritance of certain chromosomes (sex chromosomes) ab
I: sex chromosomes
Notice: equal ratio between the sexes is a consequence of the Law of Equal Segregation
to son
F1
all red-eyed
Provided key evidence for chromosomal theory: Inheritance of a certain trait (eye color) was correlated with inheritance one particular chromosomal pair (X chromosomes) indicating that the gene for eye color resides on that chromosome
F1
F2
all red-eyed
Lets call the mutant allele of the gene for eye color w (for white mutation). Then the wild type allele is w+
Morgan hypothesized the following: 1.The gene for eye color resides on X chromosome. 2.Females with red eyes are homozygous w+ / w+. 3.Males with white eyes are hemizygous w / Y, because Y chromosome does not carry anyF2 allele of this gene. F1 4.Wild type allele w+ is dominant, mutant allele w is recessive, then heterozygous females w+ / w have red eyes. all red-eyed
Then he could explain the results of the cross 3 red (2 :1) : 1 white
F2
F2
Reciprocal cross produced a different result! In general, such results indicate sex linkage for a gene in question
Morgans work indicated that the inheritance of a particular gene (w, eye color) correlates with the inheritance of a particular chromosome (X chromosome).
Humans: XX: No Y chromosomes XY: One Y chromosome X0 - females (sterile) XXY - males
XX: Two X chromosomes per 3 pairs of autosomes XY: One X chromosome per 3 pairs of autosomes X0 - males (sterile), XXY females
Aberrant number of chromosomes in exceptional progeny was verified by direct microscopic examination
Both sexes are affected The trait may not be seen for many generations (heterozygotes)
Both sexes are affected with equal ratio Both sexes transmit the trait The trait is seen in every generation
Inheritance of X-linked dominant traits in humans: faulty tooth enamel and hypertrichosis
Both sexes are affected May look similar to autosomal dominant but: Males pass the trait only to daughters Females pass the traits to daughters and to sons
Y-chromosome contains only 231 genes including several that are involved in sperm development