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    Neo Mervyn Monaheng
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    This document is a report on the development of an HIV vaccine. It discusses the causative agent of HIV/AIDS, the pathogenesis of the disease, and challenges in developing vaccines. Current research focuses on vaccines using HIV envelope proteins gp120 and gp160, as well as viral vectors. A recent trial in Thailand demonstrated partial protection from HIV infection using a vaccine. South African scientists have also discovered antibodies that can neutralize a wide range of HIV strains. Overall progress is being made but an effective universal HIV vaccine still faces significant scientific obstacles.

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    IMMUNOLOGY (IMM100S) DEVELOPMENT OF HIV VACCINE BHSc I MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

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    HIV VACCINE

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    This document is a report on the development of an HIV vaccine. It discusses the causative agent of HIV/AIDS, the pathogenesis of the disease, and challenges in developing vaccines. Current research focuses on vaccines using HIV envelope proteins gp120 and gp160, as well as viral vectors. A recent trial in Thailand demonstrated partial protection from HIV infection using a vaccine. South African scientists have also discovered antibodies that can neutralize a wide range of HIV strains. Overall progress is being made but an effective universal HIV vaccine still faces significant scientific obstacles.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    57 views6 pages

    Hiv Vaccine

    Uploaded by

    Neo Mervyn Monaheng
    This document is a report on the development of an HIV vaccine. It discusses the causative agent of HIV/AIDS, the pathogenesis of the disease, and challenges in developing vaccines. Current research focuses on vaccines using HIV envelope proteins gp120 and gp160, as well as viral vectors. A recent trial in Thailand demonstrated partial protection from HIV infection using a vaccine. South African scientists have also discovered antibodies that can neutralize a wide range of HIV strains. Overall progress is being made but an effective universal HIV vaccine still faces significant scientific obstacles.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 6

    MERVYN MONAHENG 212131052 IMMUNOLOGY (IMM100S) DEVELOPMENT OF HIV VACCINE BHSc I MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE TERMS OF REFERENCE A.

    SANTOS DUE: 31/10/2012

    2|Page

    Table of Content

    1. BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE DISEASE................................3 1.1.1. CAUSATIVE AGENT...3 1.1.2. ORIGIN OF THE CAUSATIVE AGENT.3 2. PATHOGENESIS OF THE DISEASE...3-4 3. THE PROBLEM ASSOCIATED WITH DEVELOPMENT OF VACCINES...4 4. TYPE OF VACCINE PREPARATIONS THAT ARE RESEARCHED AND/OR DEVELOPED AND
    THE IMMUNOGENS USED....5

    5. POSSIBLE CANDIDATE VACCINES IN THE PIPELINE..5 6. REFERENCES...6

    3|Page

    BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE DISEASE


    CAUSATIVE AGENT
    Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus, and is the causative agents of AIDS worldwide. HIV belongs to a large family of ribonucleic acid (RNA) lentiviruses that are related on the basis of causing diseases with immunosuppression or involving the central nervous system and long incubation periods after a person gets infected i.e. (before manifesting illness).
    THE SEVERITY AND INCIDENCE OF DISEASE

    Figure-1

    ORIGIN OF THE DISEASE


    It is generally suggested by most molecular epidemiologists that HIV is a zoonotic disease i.e. infectious disease that is naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans1 probably through exposures to primate blood.

    PATHOGENESIS OF THE DISEASE


    Retroviruses are not able to thrive outside of living host cells and do not contain deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), When the virus enter the body, the viral particle is attracted to vulnerable immune cells with CD4 receptor molecules on their surface where it attaches by fusion or by endocytosis and then enters the cell. This is possible since the envelope of mature virus has spikes, containing an antigen, gp120 that aids in the binding of the virus to the target cells with CD4 receptors. And the

    4|Page

    second glycoprotein, gp41, that binds gp120 to the lipid envelope2 (Edward C. Klatt). Within the cell the virus manipulates the cells replication machinery to replicate itself thus producing more virions, this ultimately leads to CD4+ cell apoptosis, quick depletion CD4 lymphocyte numbers, if the magnitude of HIV production in infected cells is enormous it lead to immunosuppression with multiple system failure and thus AIDS.

    Figure-2

    THE PROBLEM ASSOCIATED WITH DEVELOPMENT OF VACCINES


    The development of an HIV vaccine faces daunting scientific challenges even today such as : HIV epitope variability, HIV avoidance of immune response through cell to cell transmission, lack of an effective neutralizing antibody response 3(Marc P et al.) and stimulation of severe immune reactions through HIV similarity to endogenous human proteins. Multiple vaccine models and vaccination strategies have been tested, including DNA vaccines, subunit vaccines, live vectored recombinant vaccines and various prime-boost vaccine combinations but it seems that effective HIV vaccine may not be ready for another decade.

    5|Page

    TYPE OF VACCINE PREPARATIONS THAT ARE RESEARCHED AND/OR DEVELOPED AND THE IMMUNOGENS USED
    The most promising vaccine research resolving around the use of the HIV gp120 or gp160 envelope proteins to induce a humoral response have proven minimal success, most research studies have focused on use of gp120 because it was simpler to manufacture and did not have any major disadvantages compared to gp160. There are alternative approaches, which include the use of poxviruses such as vaccinia as recombinant vectors for vaccination with HIV envelope proteins; the use of envelope proteins is significant because it induce production of neutralizing antibodies but this approach present many challenges and has limited efficacy. Another approach to control HIV infection is the use of gene therapy. But is hampered by the large size of the target CD4 cell population, this technology is based on introducing gene that induces apoptosis in infected cells.

    POSSIBLE CANDIDATE VACCINES IN THE PIPELINE


    The concept that still bring hope and that is most studied is blocking HIV entry into host cells i.e. blocking of the CCR5/CXCR4 co-receptors found on CD4 cells. In 2009 a trial in Thailand, called RV144 and involving 16,000 volunteers demonstrated, for the first time, that a vaccine can protect against HIV infection in humans4 .Scientist want to test this proposition in South Africa next year because South Africa has more people living with HIV, estimated at 5.6 million, than any other country in the world, this is not aimed at eradicating the virus completely but at least reaching about 60 percent of the South African population, it is projected that this could prevent over three million HIV infections in the country over 10 years. This is true because there is so much diversity of the HIV virus, it is almost impossible to have a universal vaccine. Recently there have been revolutionary discovery by South African scientists, discovery involves an exclusive feature of HIV that enables some infected people to make antibodies that are able to kill a wide range of the HIV strains, a study was published in the journal Nature Medicine describing how a unique change in the outer covering of the virus found in two HIV-infected South African

    6|Page

    women enabled them to make effective antibodies called broadly neutralising antibodies' which are able to kill up to 88% of HIV types from around the world.

    I have seen something else under the sun: The race is not to the swift or the battle to the strong, nor does food come to the wise or wealth to the brilliant or favour to the learned; but time and chance happen to them all -Ecclesiastes 9:11 HIV is waiting for me!!

    REFERENCES
    1. Edward C. Klatt,2012 - The Pathology of AIDS <http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/AIDS2012.PDF>[27/10/2012] 2. Marc P. Girard, Saladin K. Osmanov, Marie Paule Kieny,2006 - A review of vaccine research and development: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X06002167#>[27/10/2012] 3. SANews,2012 - SA scientists in 'key' HIV discovery <http://www.southafrica.info/about/health/hiv-231012.htm#ixzz2AVutqI3e>[27/10/2012] 4. WHO,2012 Zoonoses <www.who.int/entity/foodsafety/zoonoses/en/>[27/10/2012] 5. Figure-1, <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/8272113.stm>[27/10/2012] 6. Figure-2, <http://leicestershireaidssupportservices.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/hiv_life_cycle.gif> [27/10/2012] 7. Cover page <http://blog.lass.org.uk/2011/07/18/seek-concludes-hiv-v-vaccine-phase-ibii-trial/> [27/10/2012] <http://www.labgrab.com/users/labgrab/blog/you-can-see-lot-just-looking-yogi-berra_id=884> [27/10/2012]

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