Notes Bed
Notes Bed
Meaning of System
Set of interrelated parts. Parts have unified whole. Each and every part is equally important is constituting tit ti the th whole. h l Typical examples Human body, cars and university
Vibhavari Nikam
Vibhavari Nikam
Types of Subsystem
Closed system It is self sufficient and self regulatory. No interaction with environment. No exchange of material with environment environment. Open system Continuous interaction with the environment. Receives inputs form external environment, processes then and supplies output to external environment.
Vibhavari Nikam
Vibhavari Nikam
Technical subsystem Includes task activities , skills, techniques, strategies , methodologies, knowledge etc required to perform the job. Social subsystem consist of individual and their mutual social interaction. includes status, group norms and values. Greatly influences the behaviour of members of an institution.
Vibhavari Nikam
Vibhavari Nikam
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Structural subsystem implies the interrelationships among people designed formally to accomplish coordination among them. it also includes physical setting or the environment in which work has to be done. Managerial subsystem Uses processes like review, control, direct and evaluation. takes corrective actions on the basis of the feed back received.
Vibhavari Nikam
Input Formulation of objectives Pre assessment of the pupils entry behaviour Desirable attitude and aptitude of pupils is to be considered Content to be taught and instructional material to be used is planned. Cost factor.
Vibhavari Nikam
Process
a) Deciding suitable teaching strategies/methods Selection of appropriate media and material. Selection of appropriate evaluation procedures. Formulating a scheme of comprehensive programmes/ timetable for the working of the system in relation to its parameters and stimulated objectives.
Process
b) Systems operation /implementation The role and function of the elements teaching , pupils, and material resources . c) Evaluation of learning outcomes/ objectives
Vibhavari Nikam
Vibhavari Nikam
Output
Attainment of objectives. If the objectives are achieved as per desired the system is allowed to continue. If the objectives are not achieved certain modification need to be made in the system. The system in this case can be restructured, reorganized and its function may be replanned for better results.
Vibhavari Nikam
Vibhavari Nikam
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2. 3. 4.
5.
6.
Framework for planning, decision making control and problem solving. Throws light on dynamic nature of management. Provides a unified focus to institutional efforts. Helps to look at institution as a whole and not as parts. Helps the manager to identify the critical sub systems and their interaction with each other. Helps in improving institution.
Vibhavari Nikam
Vibhavari Nikam
Assignment
Significance of systems approach to management . Advantages of system approach to Education management. What is system approach in education? How is it used in educational management. g Need , importance and objectives of educational management . Illustrate the significance of educational functions of educational management with examples.
Vibhavari Nikam
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Management of education is the process of planning, organizing, directing and controlling the activities of an institution by utilizing human and material resources so as to effectively and efficiently accomplish functions of teaching and extension work and research.
Vibhavari Nikam
Vibhavari Nikam
Vibhavari Nikam
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best alternative among others to perform different managerial operations ti in i order d to t achieve hi the th predetermined goal .
Vibhavari Nikam
Importance of planning
Coordination
ORGANISATING
George r. terry organization is the establishing of effective behavioral relationship among selected work, persons and work places in order, for the group to work together effectively.
Vibhavari Nikam
Reduces Uncertainties
Achieving objectives
Vibhavari Nikam
Vibhavari Nikam
Vibhavari Nikam
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The process of bringing together physical and human resources and establishing productive relationships between them for the achievements of specific goal is called organizing. It also means, in an enterprise, the integration and co-ordinations of individual efforts to achieve the cherished goal of the business enterprise. Therefore, organization can be meant as It is a joint or group activity. It is a process delegates duties. Grants authority, fixes responsibilities and co-ordinates activities. It is meant at achieving objectives of the enterprise. Organization is also a Vibhavari structure. Nikam
MEANING
Importance of organizing
Defines authority and responsibility No over-lapping of responsibilities Right person for right job Harmony of work Provision of training facilities Effective communication
Vibhavari Nikam
DIRECTING
ERNEST DALE Direction is telling people what to do and seeing that they do it to the best of their ability. Meaning g Directing g mean instructing, g g guiding g and inspiring people in the organization to achieve its goals. It also means moving into action or activating individuals towards attaining the objectives of he business. It is also called an heart of management in action. It is also motivating and influencing the subordinates.
Vibhavari Nikam Vibhavari Nikam
Importance of directing
Vibhavari Nikam
Direction initiates action Motivating g employees p y Integrating employees efforts Brings stability and balance. Facilitates change
Vibhavari Nikam
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Definition of controlling
Henry fayol defines Control consist in verifying whether everything occurs in conformity with the plans adopted, the instructions i issued d and d principles i i l established. It has for its object to point out weaknesses and errors in order to rectify them and prevent recurrence.
Importance of controlling
Importance of controlling Controlling helps in achieving Goals and Objectives Resources are used efficiently Control helps in decentralization. High Morals of Employees Applied to all Managerial Functions Helps in large scale organizations
Vibhavari Nikam
Vibhavari Nikam
Evaluating
Evaluating includes the process of monitoring the teaching-learning process and providing feedback. The principal of the school is accountable to the parents, teachers, local community, government departments as well as the management or the managing committee of the institution. Evaluation of curricular process and outcomes is a very important function at all levels of education in view of the accountability of the institution to satisfy the expectations and demands of the various stakeholders. Evaluation is the educational setting incorporates a variety of operations and feed back as well as internal and external indicators concerning individual students, class, stream, departments or the whole institution. Evaluation is aimed at finding out whether i tit ti has institution h been b effective ff ti in i achieving hi i th the aims i of f th the i institution tit ti or not. The feedback mechanisms used in the evaluation process are simple and routine in nature such ass regular attendance and health checks, assessing and correcting homework, results of units tests and end of the term examinations, monthly records and on on. This kind of formative and summative evaluation decreases administrative hassles and encourages a learning approach to circumstances and situations.
Vibhavari Nikam
Vibhavari Nikam
Techniques for Revealing the Unconscious Free Association Dream Analysis Projective Techniques Recovered Memories
Vibhavari Nikam
Vibhavari Nikam
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Be Attentive Attention Attention involves the ability to focus on a portion of the environment or experience while ignoring other features Dumville : Attention is the concentration of consciousness upon one subject rather than upon another. Sunita Shah
Sunita Shah
William James: Everyone knows what attention is. It is the taking possession by the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought. thought Focalization Focalization, concentration of consciousness are of its essence. It implies withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others.
Sunita Shah
A refined definition: attention is responsible for selectively preparing for, maintaining the preparation for and processing certain aspects p It is also responsible p for the of experience. coordination of multiple simultaneous tasks
Sunita Shah
Characteristics or components of attention. Attention is essentially a process, and not a product. It is goal directed. Leads to clear understanding, perception of th object. the bj t It work as mediator in the chain of stimulusresponse behaviour. focus our consciousness on one particular object only. It is not only cognitive process. Sunita Shah
Characteristics or components of attention. Attention acts as a filter (selective) The concept includes coordinative or executive function. For example: the active process of deciding to what to attend and when. Simultaneous tasks often require special management that is not necessary when they are performed alone.
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External / Objective factor of attention: 1. Intensity 2. Size 3. Repetition 4. Change 5. Movement 6. Contrast 7. Novelty 8. Strangeness
Sunita Shah
Internal / Subjective factor of attention: 1. Instincts 2. Emotions 3. Temperament 4. Habit 5. Goal / Motive 6. Attitude 7. Sentiments 8. Interest
Sunita Shah
Attention
Volitional
In Volitional
Sunita Shah
Sunita Shah
1. Interest should be created. 2. The teacher should exploit objective and subjective conditions for prolonged attention. 3. Type of individuals on the basis of attention can be located as fixators and fluctuators; Static and dynamic; intensive and distributive, teacher should plan her activity or can give task to the students as per their attention type. 4. Only one task should be given to the pupil at a time as attention is selective. 5. Time duration for a activity should be as per attention span of the learner. 6. Should give set induction to drag attention on the topic. 7. Should understand her/his learner through their Sunita Shah body postures.
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Sunita Shah
Sunita Shah
Sunita Shah
Sunita Shah
Fatigue is that state, following a period of mental or bodily activity, characterized by a lessened capacity or motivation for work and reduced efficiency of accomplishment, usually accompanied by a feeling of weariness, sleepiness, irritability, or loss of ambition; may also supervene when, from any cause, energy expenditure outstrips restorative processes and may be confined to a single organ. Medical Dictionary Sensation of boredom and lassitude due to absence of stimulation, monotony, or lack of interest in one's surroundings is termed as fatigue.
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Fatigue is physical and/or mental exhaustion that can be triggered by stress, medication, overwork, or mental and physical illness or disease.
www.healthline.com
Causes
Sunita Shah
Sunita Shah
Fatigue
Muscular
Mental
Sensory
Time table ( time for rest, to refresh, etc) Time period of an activity Develop interest, good habits Change in activity to break monotony Teaching method, technique Create healthy and cheerful environment through democratic management
Physical infrastructure of institute and classroom should be healthy ( air/ventilation, light, temperature etc) Teach various exercises and yoga Guide for proper posture
Sunita Shah
Sunita Shah
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Rate of learning can also be termed as learning rate this can be find with help of learning
curve
Sunita Shah
Sunita Shah
Leveling off
learning curve :
A learning curve is a graphical representation of how learning takes place in a particular situation . The course of learning can be depicted and describe graphically by drawing learning curve where x-axis represents the number of attempts or time requirement for the task. where Y-axis represents the material retained or amount of learning or accomplished task
Number of days
Sunita Shah Sunita Shah
Educational implications:
Knowledge of individual difference keep account of students progress Select best suitable methods and techniques Student can be aware of their progress
= Plateau p period
Faulty methods Decreased motivation Complexity of the task Psychological conditions Conflicts with old habits Unfavorable conditions Unable to understand new methods
Lead to investigate the reasons for unexpected behavior Useful in case studies and research work Useful in guidance and counseling
Physical limitation
Sunita Shah
Theoretical limitation
Sunita Shah
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SOCIOLOGY
Vibhavari Jadhav
Vibhavari Jadhav
CONCEPT OF EDUCATION
Education is a long process right from birth till death. Education is a all round development of a person. It leads a man from darkness to light. light It is the main need of life as it makes life progressive cultured and civilized. It is important for the progress of individual and society. Education is a continuous and a dynamic process.
Vibhavari Jadhav
MEANING
The word Sociology is derived from two Greek terms SOCIETAS Meaning Society LOGOS Science
So , Science of Society
Vibhavari Jadhav
DEFINITION
The study of man in society gave emergence to a new discipline called sociology. Sociology can be defined as the study of man and his environment in their relation with each other.
Vibhavari Jadhav
DEFINITION
M.Ginsberg-M.Ginsberg--Sociology Sociology is the study of the human interaction and interrelation their condition and consequences. Max Weber Weber--- Sociology is the which attempts the interpretative understanding of social action.
Vibhavari Jadhav
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EDUCATIONAL SOCIOLOGY
Human behavior in groups Social relationship
Social Structure
Sociology
Science of society
Branch of sociology. Studies relationship between education and sociology gy and deals with its problems. It is primarily concerned with social factors in education.
Vibhavari Jadhav
Vibhavari Jadhav
MEANING
According to George payne the father of educational sociology educational sociology is an applied science in the field of sociology. sociology It studies----studies---- Effect of learning on group life. Effect of smaller group life upon the larger group. It explains institutions, social norms, social groups, and social processes i.e. social relationships.
DEFINITION
According to Brown, Educational sociology is the study of interaction of individual and his cultural environment including other individuals, social groups and pattern of behaviors.
Vibhavari Jadhav
Vibhavari Jadhav
DEFINITION
According to George Payne, Educational sociology is the science which describes and explains the institution i.e. the social relationship in which the individual gains and organizes his experiences.
Vibhavari Jadhav
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SCOPE
Social agencies of education education Like school home religious organization play grops
SCOPE
Social relationship relationship
relationship between Teacher and student Parents and child Peer group
Vibhavari Jadhav
Vibhavari Jadhav
SCOPE
Socialization and interaction interaction It involves Competitions CoCo -operation Accommodation Assimilation Conflicts
Vibhavari Jadhav
SCOPE
Role of press-press-It studies the role of Press Radio Television Social interaction Communication
Vibhavari Jadhav
SCOPE
Role of education education It studies Social change Social control
SCOPE
Impact of sociological thinking--thinking--It studies Aims of education Curriculum Social organization Sociology of teaching
Vibhavari Jadhav
Vibhavari Jadhav
11/22/2010
Relation between sociology and education with special reference to Aims of education
EDUCATIONAL SOCIOLOGY Main Aim of education Development of individual Development includes both Individualistic + Socialistic
AIMS
CURRICULUM
METHODS OF TEACHING
Vibhavari Jadhav
Vibhavari Jadhav
Vibhavari Jadhav
CURRICULUM
According to the educational sociology the curriculum should help in the achievement of the social aims of education. Social progress of the society and the nation depends upon the curriculum in the schools and colleges. For this reason------reason ------Vibhavari Jadhav
CURRICULUM
Brown, More, and Cole point out the following principles of constructing curriculum from the viewpoint of educational sociology. 1) The Th curriculum i l should h ld b be such h as th that t it helps in the achievement of the social aims of education 2) It should reflect cultural and other higher values of the society.
Vibhavari Jadhav
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CURRICULUM
3) It should be based on needs and activities of children as well as of the society. CURRICULUM
CURRICULUM
4) It should provide educational plans for the participation in the activities of the society. 5) It should be flexible. 6) It should develop creative outlook among children. 7) It should be based on the real concerns and problems of pupil. 8) It should reflect the basic cultural values of the society it serve the high ideals of society.
Vibhavari Jadhav
Problems of Society
Need of students
Vibhavari Jadhav
CURRICULUM
9) It should prepare socially efficient individuals 10) It should create or develop healthy attitudes regarding human relations. 11) The curriculum should prepare the child for the world and society. 12) It should develop a problem solving attitude , critical thinking ,decision making capacity.
Methods of Teaching
From the point of view of educational sociology, the method of teaching should be such 1) Which will enable the students to adopt and adjust with different situations. 2) Develop the students capacity to adjust in the social environment as adults and cultivation of democratic attitude.
Vibhavari Jadhav
Vibhavari Jadhav
Methods of Teaching
According to George Payne 1) Application of classroom knowledge and skills in social adjustment j in life as an adult member of society. 2) Give emphasis to the school behavior and social situation that a child is able to understand and react towards them in a healthy and desirable way.
Vibhavari Jadhav
Methods of Teaching
3) It should make use of all social resources and social forces operative in a social life, so as to develop the capacity in every individual for social adjustment. 4) It should develop in the student the capacity to adjust in the social environment as adults.
Vibhavari Jadhav
11/22/2010
Methods of Teaching
5) Methods of teaching must give emphasis to the social behavior and social values which will make the child capable of understanding the social problems and social interactions. 6) It must be able to cultivate democratic attitude , democratic outlook and democratic tendencies.
Vibhavari Jadhav
Methods of Teaching
7) It should also lay stress on the out of classroom social behavior of the student. 8) ) It should develop pp problem solving g and constructive thinking abilities among the child.
Vibhavari Jadhav
11/22/2010
MEANING
The word democracy is derived from two Greek words Demos--- People K t Kratos--P Power Thus the literal meaning of democracy is Power of the people
DEMOCRACY
DEFINITION
TYPES OF DEMOCRACY
Political democracy Economic democracy Educational democracy Social democracy Democracy as a way of life
The government of the people, by the people, and for the people. Abraham Lincoln. Democracy is g government in which D i ti hi h every one has to share.-- Seeley
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Education for worthy citizenship, leisure national integration and international understanding.
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MEANINGCITIZENSHIP
y Citizenshipmeansanhonestandfaithfuldischargeof theobligationsandresponsibilitiesthatanindividual owestothesocietyofwhichheisamemberandfrom whichhegetsrightsandprivileges
vibhawari Jadhav
vibhawari Jadhav
DEFINITIONOFEFFECTIVECITIZENSHIP
y Thosewhoarehavingqualitieslikepatriotism, internationalism,brotherhoodofmanandvarious personalsocialvirtuesbywhichheisableto understandhisroleanddutiesinadevelopingsociety aswellasforwholehumanity.
QUALITIESOFEFFECTIVECITIZENSHIP
y Capacityforclearthinking y Clearnessinspeechandwriting y Artoflivingwiththecommunity y Qualityofdiscipline y Qualityofcooperation y Qualityoftolerance y Socialsensitiveness y Physicalfitness y Strongcharacter
vibhawari Jadhav
vibhawari Jadhav
WHATISEDUCATIONFOREFFECTIVE CITIZENSHIP
y Senseoftruepatriotism y Senseofworldcitizenship
y Educationforeffectivecitizenshipmeansteachingpupils
tounderstandtheirrightsandduties.
y Educationforeffectivecitizenshipincludestheitemslike:
y Heathandpersonalhygiene y Intellectualandaestheticinterest y Worthyhomemembership y Worthysocietymembership y Professionalefficiency y Beliefintheworldcitizenship
vibhawari Jadhav
vibhawari Jadhav
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ROLEOFEDUCATIONTOPROMOTEEFFECTIVE CITIZENSHIP
y Developingprimarygroupvalues y Redesigningthecurriculum y studyofcivics y Introducing social onpresent d lstudies d with hemphasis h y Studyofliterature
y Opportunitiesforcooperativegroupactivities y Trainingforleadership y Selfgovernments y Scouting,Girl N.C.C,A.C.C lGuiding, d y Camplifeandexcursions y Socialserviceactivities y Gamesandsports y Culturalandliteraryactivities y Hostellife
vibhawari Jadhav
vibhawari Jadhav
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Meaning
Indiaisadiversecountrywithpeople belongingtodifferentreligions,cultures,races andthosewhospeakaseverallanguages. Educationhelpsbringaboutunityindiversity diversity. Nationalintegrationisunityindiversity.It impliessocial,political,economic,linguistic andculturalunity.
NATIONALINTEGRATION
Definition
Nationalintegrationmeanscreatinga mentaloutlookwhichwillpromptandinspire everypersontoplaceloyaltytothecountry abovegrouployaltiesandthewelfareofthe countryabovenarrowersectarianinterests. DorothySimpson
NeedforNationalIntigration
Tokeepourfreedomsecure. Tomakethenationsolidandunited. Tobreakthewallsofprovincialism. Toavoidinternalstrife. Tofaceforeignaggression.
Roleofeducation
Developinganationalsystemofeducation. Developingacurriculumfornational integration. Learning L i different diff languages l Instructioninsocialstudies. Redesigningthetextbook. DevelopinterestinArt,literatureand music. Cocurricularactivities.
Roleofschool
Conductingmorningassemblies. Gatheringofstudentswheretheytakea pledgetodedicatethemselvestotheservice oftheircountrymen. countrymen Tourstodifferentpartsofthecountry. Daysofnationalsignificanceshouldbe celebratedtogether.
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Introduction
Wearelivinginaneraofscienceand technologicaldevelopment.Sciencehas radicallychangedmansmaterialenvironment. Ithasleadtomaterialandnonmaterial development. Scienceandtechnologyhavefostereda newintellectualtemperknownasScientific Temper.
SCIENTIFICTEMPER
Meaning
ThetermscienceisderivedfromLatinverb, sciremeaningToknowandLatinword scientiameaningknowledgecommonly speakingscience scienceisasystemizedbodyof knowledge.
Definition
AccordingtoColumbiadictionaryscienceisa accumulatedandsystematizedlearningin generalusagerestrictedtonatural phenomenon. phenomenon Theprogressofscienceismarkednotonlyby anaccumulationoffact,butbythe emergenceofscientificmethodandscientific temper.
Roleofteacherininculcating scientifictemperinstudents
Developsenseofcuriosityandquestioning. Developcapacityofreasoningandthinking. Tobringstudentsoutofsuperstitionby reasoning i and dexperimentation. i i Tocreateopenmindednessamongstudents. Teachershoulduseproblemsolvingmethod. Byorganizingscienceclubsinwhichthe studentstudymoreaboutdifferentscientists andtheirdiscoveries,thusleadingtobetter understandingthatscienceisforthebenefit ofmanandnotmerelyfordestruction. Teachershouldcreatecapacityofapplication inastudent.