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c. RETARDERS are chemicals which delay the initial set of concrete by an hour or more. Retarders are often used in hot weather to counter the rapid setting caused by high temperatures. For large jobs, or in hot weather, specify concrete with retarder to allow more time for placing and finishing. Most retarders also act as water reducers. Retarders are covered by ASTM C 494.2 Types B and D. d. ACCELERATORS reduce the initial set time of concrete. Liquid accelerators are added to the concrete at the plant. Accelerators are recommended in cold weather to get high-early strength. Accelerators do not act as antifreeze; rather, they speed up the strength gain and make the concrete stronger to resist damage from freezing. Accelerators are sometimes used to allow finishing operations to begin early. Calcium chloride is the most commonly used accelerator, although non-chloride (non-corrosive) accelerators are available. Calcium chloride is specified at not more than 2% by the weight of the cement. Pre-stressed concrete and concrete with embedded aluminum or galvanized metal should not contain any calcium chloride because of the potential for corrosion. See NRMCA Publication No. 173.3. Accelerators are covered by ASTM C 494.2 Types C and E. e. HIGH RANGE WATER-REDUCERS (HRWR) are a special class of after-reducers. Often called superplasticizers, HRWRs reduce the water content of a given concrete from 12 to 25%, which increases strength. HRWRs can also greatly increase the slump to produce flowing concrete. For example, adding a normal dosage of HRWR to a concrete with a slump of 3 to 4 inches will produce a concrete with a slump of about 8 inches. Within 30 to 60 minutes the concrete will return to its original slump. HRWRs are covered by ASTM Specification C 494.2 Types F and G, and C 10175 Types 1 and 2.
References 1. ASTM C 260, Standard Specification for Air-Entraining Adm ixtures for Concrete, Am erican Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103. 2. ASTM C 494 Standard Specification for Chem ical Adm ixtures for Concrete. 3. Understanding Chloride Percentages, NRMCA Publication No. 173. 4. Superplasticizers in Ready Mixed Concrete, NRMCA Publication No. 158. 5. ASTM C 1017 Standard Specification for Chem ical Adm ixtures for Use in Producing Flow ing Concrete.
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