Well Log Interpretation
Well Log Interpretation
Core-log Integration
Lithology = rock type, including fluid filled pores, with physical characteristics of:
Resistivity spontaneous potential; SP natural radioactivity; e.g. Gamma Ray emissions bulk density hydrogen content of rock and fluid filled pores interval transit time (sonic velocity)
The two primary parameters determined from well log measurements are
Porosity, fluid composition and relative saturation
Borehole Environment
The formations encountered in the bore hole during drilling are invaded to some extent by drilling fluids ("mud") Mud is used to
lubricate the bit, circulate the broken rock fragments produced during drilling and most significantly to maintain pressure in the hole to prevent blow out.
Cased Holes
Steel pipe "casing" is set in bore holes to prevent damage and caving Only certain down hole tools can make useful measurements through pipe, ie.
gamma ray, neutron porosity
LITHOLOGY LOGS
Natural Gamma Ray (-ray) Logs
Decay of radioactive elements produces high energy gamma ray emissions Radioactive elements (K, U, Th) are normally concentrated in shaley rocks while most sandstones are very weakly radioactive. Because radioactive material is concentrated in shale, shale has high gamma ray log readings Clay-free sandstone and carbonate rocks have low gamma ray log readings
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Neutron Logs
Neutron logs (NL or GRN) measure the hydrogen ion concentration in a formation.
In clay-free formations where porosity is filled with water or hydrocarbons the neutron log measures liquid filled pores (the only significant occurrence of hydrogen). The neutron log measures energy loss when neutrons emitted from the tool collide with other particles in the formation. The maximum energy loss during a neutron collision occurs when A neutron collides with a particle of equal mass, that is a hydrogen atom.
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Neutron Logs
A lower neutron log reading (fewer energetic back scattered neutrons) indicates abundant formation hydrogen.
Clay rich formations contain hydrogen in the crystal structure ofthe clay minerals and give anomalous values for liquid filled pore volume.
Neutron log excursions (decreasing in value from right to left) indicate higher proportions of hydrogen in the Formation
either increased liquid filled porosity or higher shale content.
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Bulk Density
Formation density (compensated; FDC) logs measure the density (grams/cm3) of the formation based on the density of electrons in the formation Electron density is a function of the absolute amount of matter comprising the formation
measured by the back scatter of gamma rays emitted from a gamma ray source in the logging tool
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Bulk Density
The absolute amount of matter in the formation is
inversely proportional to the degree of gamma ray penetration into the formation without back scatter to the detector
Mineral Densities
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FDC-CNL Log
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Hypothetical neutron-density overlay patterns for simple logbased lithofacies. The overlay uses a common calibration to an equivalent limestone
porosity scale.
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E- LOGS
Electric logs, resistivity and spontaneous potential, were the first wireline logging tools. Instruments were (and still are) lowered down bore holes and physical measurements were made regarding the electrical properties of the rocks encountered.
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Resistivity
Resistance of rock R = rA/L (ohm-meter2/meter, contracted to ohm-meter or ohm-m)
r is the resistance (ohms) A is the cross-sectional area L is the length of the resistor
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Resistivity
The resistivities of sedimentary rocks are determined by the rock component types and their geometry.
hydrocarbons, rock, and fresh water are all insulators (nonconductive, or at least very highly resistive) to electric current flow. Salt water is a conductor and has a low resistivity
The measurement of resistivity is a measurement of the amount (and salinity) of the formation (connate) water.
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Spontaneous Potential
Electrical current generated across
the boundaries between formation fluids and drilling fluids (if these fluids are of different salinity) and the boundary between interbedded shale and sandstone.
The spontaneous potential associated with shale and sandstones is the result of higher permeability in sandstone relative to lower permeability in shale.
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The Oz Machine
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