Aryabhata

Aryabhata
Aryabhata

Statue of Aryabhata on the grounds of IUCAA, Pune. As there is no known information regarding his appearance, any image of Aryabhata originates from an artist's conception. Born 476 CE prob. Ashmaka 550 CE Gupta era India Mathematics, Astronomy ryabhaya, Arya-siddhanta

Died Era Region Main interests Major works

Aryabhata (Sanskrit: listenWikipedia:Media helpFile:Aryabhatta.ogg; IAST: ryabhaa) or Aryabhata I[][] (476550 CE)[][] was the first in the line of great mathematician-astronomers from the classical age of Indian mathematics and Indian astronomy. His works include the ryabhaya (499 CE, when he was 23 years old)[] and the Arya-siddhanta. The works of Aryabhata dealt with mainly mathematics and astronomy. He also worked on the approximation for pi.

Aryabhata

Biography
Name
While there is a tendency to misspell his name as "Aryabhatta" by analogy with other names having the "bhatta" suffix, his name is properly spelled Aryabhata: every astronomical text spells his name thus,[] including Brahmagupta's references to him "in more than a hundred places by name".[1] Furthermore, in most instances "Aryabhatta" does not fit the metre either.[] Time and place of birth Aryabhata mentions in the Aryabhatiya that it was composed 3,630 years into the Kali Yuga, when he was 23 years old. This corresponds to 499 CE, and implies that he was born in 476.[] Aryabhata's birthplace is uncertain, but it may have been in the area known in ancient texts as Ashmaka India which may have been Maharashtra or Dhaka.[]

Education
It is fairly certain that, at some point, he went to Kusumapura for advanced studies and lived there for some time.[2] Both Hindu and Buddhist tradition, as well as Bhskara I (CE 629), identify Kusumapura as Paliputra, modern Patna.[] A verse mentions that Aryabhata was the head of an institution (kulapati) at Kusumapura, and, because the university of Nalanda was in Pataliputra at the time and had an astronomical observatory, it is speculated that Aryabhata might have been the head of the Nalanda university as well.[] Aryabhata is also reputed to have set up an observatory at the Sun temple in Taregana, Bihar.[3]

Other hypotheses
Some archeological evidence suggests that Aryabhata could have originated from the present day Kodungallur which was the historical capital city of Thiruvanchikkulam of ancient Kerala.[] For instance, one hypothesis was that amaka (Sanskrit for "stone") may be the region in Kerala that is now known as Kouallr, based on the belief that it was earlier known as Koum-Kal-l-r ("city of hard stones"); however, old records show that the city was actually Koum-kol-r ("city of strict governance"). Similarly, the fact that several commentaries on the Aryabhatiya have come from Kerala were used to suggest that it was Aryabhata's main place of life and activity; however, many commentaries have come from outside Kerala. Aryabhata mentions "Lanka" on several occasions in the Aryabhatiya, but his "Lanka" is an abstraction, standing for a point on the equator at the same longitude as his Ujjayini.[4]

Works
Aryabhata is the author of several treatises on mathematics and astronomy, some of which are lost. His major work, Aryabhatiya, a compendium of mathematics and astronomy, was extensively referred to in the Indian mathematical literature and has survived to modern times. The mathematical part of the Aryabhatiya covers arithmetic, algebra, plane trigonometry, and spherical trigonometry. It also contains continued fractions, quadratic equations, sums-of-power series, and a table of sines. The Arya-siddhanta, a lot work on astronomical computations, is known through the writings of Aryabhata's contemporary, Varahamihira, and later mathematicians and commentators, including Brahmagupta and Bhaskara I. This work appears to be based on the older Surya Siddhanta and uses the midnight-day reckoning, as opposed to sunrise in Aryabhatiya. It also contained a description of several astronomical instruments: the gnomon (shanku-yantra), a shadow instrument (chhAyA-yantra), possibly angle-measuring devices, semicircular and circular (dhanur-yantra / chakra-yantra), a cylindrical stick yasti-yantra, an umbrella-shaped device called the

Aryabhata chhatra-yantra, and water clocks of at least two types, bow-shaped and cylindrical.[] A third text, which may have survived in the Arabic translation, is Al ntf or Al-nanf. It claims that it is a translation by Aryabhata, but the Sanskrit name of this work is not known. Probably dating from the 9th century, it is mentioned by the Persian scholar and chronicler of India, Ab Rayhn al-Brn.[]

Aryabhatiya
Direct details of Aryabhata's work are known only from the Aryabhatiya. The name "Aryabhatiya" is due to later commentators. Aryabhata himself may not have given it a name. His disciple Bhaskara I calls it Ashmakatantra (or the treatise from the Ashmaka). It is also occasionally referred to as Arya-shatas-aShTa (literally, Aryabhata's 108), because there are 108 verses in the text. It is written in the very terse style typical of sutra literature, in which each line is an aid to memory for a complex system. Thus, the explication of meaning is due to commentators. The text consists of the 108 verses and 13 introductory verses, and is divided into four pdas or chapters: 1. Gitikapada: (13 verses): large units of timekalpa, manvantra, and yugawhich present a cosmology different from earlier texts such as Lagadha's Vedanga Jyotisha (c. 1st century BCE). There is also a table of sines (jya), given in a single verse. The duration of the planetary revolutions during a mahayuga is given as 4.32 million years. 2. Ganitapada (33 verses): covering mensuration (ketra vyvahra), arithmetic and geometric progressions, gnomon / shadows (shanku-chhAyA), simple, quadratic, simultaneous, and indeterminate equations 3. Kalakriyapada (25 verses): different units of time and a method for determining the positions of planets for a given day, calculations concerning the intercalary month (adhikamAsa), kShaya-tithis, and a seven-day week with names for the days of week. 4. Golapada (50 verses): Geometric/trigonometric aspects of the celestial sphere, features of the ecliptic, celestial equator, node, shape of the earth, cause of day and night, rising of zodiacal signs on horizon, etc. In addition, some versions cite a few colophons added at the end, extolling the virtues of the work, etc. The Aryabhatiya presented a number of innovations in mathematics and astronomy in verse form, which were influential for many centuries. The extreme brevity of the text was elaborated in commentaries by his disciple Bhaskara I (Bhashya, c. 600 CE) and by Nilakantha Somayaji in his Aryabhatiya Bhasya, (1465 CE). He was not only the first to find the radius of the earth but was the only one in ancient time including the Greeks and the Romans to find the volume of the earth.[citation needed]

Mathematics
Place value system and zero
The place-value system, first seen in the 3rd-century Bakhshali Manuscript, was clearly in place in his work. While he did not use a symbol for zero, the French mathematician Georges Ifrah explains that knowledge of zero was implicit in Aryabhata's place-value system as a place holder for the powers of ten with null coefficients[5] However, Aryabhata did not use the Brahmi numerals. Continuing the Sanskritic tradition from Vedic times, he used letters of the alphabet to denote numbers, expressing quantities, such as the table of sines in a mnemonic form.[6]

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Approximation of
Aryabhata worked on the approximation for pi ( ), and may have come to the conclusion that the second part of the Aryabhatiyam (gaitapda 10), he writes: is irrational. In

caturadhikam atamaaguam dvaistath sahasrm ayutadvayavikambhasysanno vttapariha. "Add four to 100, multiply by eight, and then add 62,000. By this rule the circumference of a circle with a diameter of 20,000 can be approached." [7] This implies that the ratio of the circumference to the diameter is ((4+100)8+62000)/20000 =62832/20000 =3.1416, which is accurate to five significant figures. It is speculated that Aryabhata used the word sanna (approaching), to mean that not only is this an approximation but that the value is incommensurable (or irrational). If this is correct, it is quite a sophisticated insight, because the irrationality of pi was proved in Europe only in 1761 by Lambert.[8] After Aryabhatiya was translated into Arabic (c. 820 CE) this approximation was mentioned in Al-Khwarizmi's book on algebra.[]

Trigonometry
In Ganitapada 6, Aryabhata gives the area of a triangle as tribhujasya phalashariram samadalakoti bhujardhasamvargah that translates to: "for a triangle, the result of a perpendicular with the half-side is the area."[9] Aryabhata discussed the concept of sine in his work by the name of ardha-jya, which literally means "half-chord". For simplicity, people started calling it jya. When Arabic writers translated his works from Sanskrit into Arabic, they referred it as jiba. However, in Arabic writings, vowels are omitted, and it was abbreviated as jb. Later writers substituted it with jaib, meaning "pocket" or "fold (in a garment)". (In Arabic, jiba is a meaningless word.) Later in the 12th century, when Gherardo of Cremona translated these writings from Arabic into Latin, he replaced the Arabic jaib with its Latin counterpart, sinus, which means "cove" or "bay"; thence comes the English sine. Alphabetic code has been used by him to define a set of increments. If we use Aryabhata's table and calculate the value of sin(30) (corresponding to hasjha) which is 1719/3438 = 0.5; the value is correct. His alphabetic code is commonly known as the Aryabhata cipher.[10]

Indeterminate equations
A problem of great interest to Indian mathematicians since ancient times has been to find integer solutions to equations that have the form ax + by = c, a topic that has come to be known as diophantine equations. This is an example from Bhskara's commentary on Aryabhatiya: Find the number which gives 5 as the remainder when divided by 8, 4 as the remainder when divided by 9, and 1 as the remainder when divided by 7 That is, find N = 8x+5 = 9y+4 = 7z+1. It turns out that the smallest value for N is 85. In general, diophantine equations, such as this, can be notoriously difficult. They were discussed extensively in ancient Vedic text Sulba Sutras, whose more ancient parts might date to 800 BCE. Aryabhata's method of solving such problems is called the kuaka () method. Kuttaka means "pulverizing" or "breaking into small pieces", and the method involves a recursive algorithm for writing the original factors in smaller numbers. Today this algorithm, elaborated by Bhaskara in 621 CE, is the standard method for solving first-order diophantine equations and is often referred to as the Aryabhata algorithm.[11] The diophantine equations are of interest in cryptology, and the RSA Conference, 2006, focused on the kuttaka method and earlier work in the Sulbasutras.

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Algebra
In Aryabhatiya Aryabhata provided elegant results for the summation of series of squares and cubes:[12]

and (see squared triangular number)

Astronomy
Aryabhata's system of astronomy was called the audAyaka system, in which days are reckoned from uday, dawn at lanka or "equator". Some of his later writings on astronomy, which apparently proposed a second model (or ardha-rAtrikA, midnight) are lost but can be partly reconstructed from the discussion in Brahmagupta's khanDakhAdyaka. In some texts, he seems to ascribe the apparent motions of the heavens to the Earth's rotation. He may have believed that the planet's orbits as elliptical rather than circular.[13][14]

Motions of the solar system

Aryabhata correctly insisted that the earth rotates about its axis daily, and that the apparent movement of the stars is a relative motion caused by the rotation of the earth, contrary to the then-prevailing view in other parts of the world, that the sky rotated. This is indicated in the first chapter of the Aryabhatiya, where he gives the number of rotations of the earth in a yuga,[15] and made more explicit in his gola chapter:[16] In the same way that someone in a boat going forward sees an unmoving [object] going backward, so [someone] on the equator sees the unmoving stars going uniformly westward. The cause of rising and setting [is that] the sphere of the stars together with the planets [apparently?] turns due west at the equator, constantly pushed by the cosmic wind. Aryabhata described a geocentric model of the solar system, in which the Sun and Moon are each carried by epicycles. They in turn revolve around the Earth. In this model, which is also found in the Paitmahasiddhnta (c. CE 425), the motions of the planets are each governed by two epicycles, a smaller manda (slow) and a larger ghra (fast). [17] The order of the planets in terms of distance from earth is taken as: the Moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and the asterisms."[] The positions and periods of the planets was calculated relative to uniformly moving points. In the case of Mercury and Venus, they move around the Earth at the same mean speed as the Sun. In the case of Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, they move around the Earth at specific speeds, representing each planet's motion through the zodiac. Most historians of astronomy consider that this two-epicycle model reflects elements of pre-Ptolemaic Greek astronomy.[18] Another element in Aryabhata's model, the ghrocca, the basic planetary period in relation to the Sun, is seen by some historians as a sign of an underlying heliocentric model.[19]

Eclipses
Solar and lunar eclipses were scientifically explained by Aryabhata. He states that the Moon and planets shine by reflected sunlight. Instead of the prevailing cosmogony in which eclipses were caused by pseudo-planetary nodes Rahu and Ketu, he explains eclipses in terms of shadows cast by and falling on Earth. Thus, the lunar eclipse occurs when the moon enters into the Earth's shadow (verse gola.37). He discusses at length the size and extent of the Earth's shadow (verses gola.3848) and then provides the computation and the size of the eclipsed part during an eclipse. Later Indian astronomers improved on the calculations, but Aryabhata's methods provided the core. His computational paradigm was so accurate that 18th-century scientist Guillaume Le Gentil, during a visit to Pondicherry, India, found the Indian computations of the duration of the lunar eclipse of 30 August 1765 to be short by 41 seconds, whereas his charts (by Tobias Mayer, 1752) were long by 68 seconds.[]

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Sidereal periods
Considered in modern English units of time, Aryabhata calculated the sidereal rotation (the rotation of the earth referencing the fixed stars) as 23 hours, 56 minutes, and 4.1 seconds;[] the modern value is 23:56:4.091. Similarly, his value for the length of the sidereal year at 365 days, 6 hours, 12 minutes, and 30 seconds (365.25858 days)[20] is an error of 3 minutes and 20 seconds over the length of a year (365.25636 days).[21]

Heliocentrism
As mentioned, Aryabhata advocated an astronomical model in which the Earth turns on its own axis. His model also gave corrections (the gra anomaly) for the speeds of the planets in the sky in terms of the mean speed of the sun. Thus, it has been suggested that Aryabhata's calculations were based on an underlying heliocentric model, in which the planets orbit the Sun,[22][23][24] though this has been rebutted.[25] It has also been suggested that aspects of Aryabhata's system may have been derived from an earlier, likely pre-Ptolemaic Greek, heliocentric model of which Indian astronomers were unaware,[26] though the evidence is scant.[27] The general consensus is that a synodic anomaly (depending on the position of the sun) does not imply a physically heliocentric orbit (such corrections being also present in late Babylonian astronomical texts), and that Aryabhata's system was not explicitly heliocentric.[28]

Legacy
Aryabhata's work was of great influence in the Indian astronomical tradition and influenced several neighbouring cultures through translations. The Arabic translation during the Islamic Golden Age (c. 820 CE), was particularly influenced. Some of his results are cited by Al-Khwarizmi and in the 10th century Al-Biruni stated that Aryabhata's followers believed that the Earth rotated on its axis. His definitions of sine (jya), cosine (kojya), versine (utkrama-jya), and inverse sine (otkram jya) influenced the birth of trigonometry. He was also the first to specify sine and versine (1cosx) tables, in 3.75 intervals from 0 to 90, to an accuracy of 4 decimal places.

India's first satellite named after Aryabhata

In fact, modern names "sine" and "cosine" are mistranscriptions of the words jya and kojya as introduced by Aryabhata. As mentioned, they were translated as jiba and kojiba in Arabic and then misunderstood by Gerard of Cremona while translating an Arabic geometry text to Latin. He assumed that jiba was the Arabic word jaib, which means "fold in a garment", L. sinus (c. 1150).[29] Aryabhata's astronomical calculation methods were also very influential. Along with the trigonometric tables, they came to be widely used in the Islamic world and used to compute many Arabic astronomical tables (zijes). In particular, the astronomical tables in the work of the Arabic Spain scientist Al-Zarqali (11th century) were translated into Latin as the Tables of Toledo (12th century) and remained the most accurate ephemeris used in Europe for centuries. Calendric calculations devised by Aryabhata and his followers have been in continuous use in India for the practical purposes of fixing the Panchangam (the Hindu calendar). In the Islamic world, they formed the basis of the Jalali

Aryabhata calendar introduced in 1073 CE by a group of astronomers including Omar Khayyam,[30] versions of which (modified in 1925) are the national calendars in use in Iran and Afghanistan today. The dates of the Jalali calendar are based on actual solar transit, as in Aryabhata and earlier Siddhanta calendars. This type of calendar requires an ephemeris for calculating dates. Although dates were difficult to compute, seasonal errors were less in the Jalali calendar than in the Gregorian calendar. Aryabhatta Knowledge University (AKU), Patna has been established by Government of Bihar for the development and management of educational infrastructure related to technical, medical, management and allied professional education in his honour. The university is governed by Bihar State University Act 2008. India's first satellite Aryabhata and the lunar crater Aryabhata are named in his honour. An Institute for conducting research in astronomy, astrophysics and atmospheric sciences is the Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIOS) near Nainital, India. The inter-school Aryabhata Maths Competition is also named after him,[31] as is Bacillus aryabhata, a species of bacteria discovered by ISRO scientists in 2009.[]

References
[4] See: * *: "In Indian astronomy, the prime meridian is the great circle of the Earth passing through the north and south poles, Ujjayin and Lak, where Lak was assumed to be on the Earth's equator." *: "Seven cardinal points are then defined on the equator, one of them called Lak, at the intersection of the equator with the meridional line through Ujjaini. This Lak is, of course, a fanciful name and has nothing to do with the island of Sri Lak." *: "The point on the equator that is below the city of Ujjain is known, according to the Siddhantas, as Lanka. (This is not the Lanka that is now known as Sri Lanka; Aryabhata is very clear in stating that Lanka is 23 degrees south of Ujjain.)" * * [11] Amartya K Dutta, "Diophantine equations: The Kuttaka" (http:/ / www. ias. ac. in/ resonance/ Oct2002/ pdf/ Oct2002p6-22. pdf), Resonance, October 2002. Also see earlier overview: Mathematics in Ancient India (http:/ / www. ias. ac. in/ resonance/ April2002/ pdf/ April2002p4-19. pdf). [13] J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson, Aryabhata the Elder (http:/ / www-groups. dcs. st-and. ac. uk/ ~history/ Biographies/ Aryabhata_I. html), MacTutor History of Mathematics archive: [14] Hayashi (2008), Aryabhata I [15] Aryabhatiya 1.3ab, see Plofker 2009, p. 111. [16] [achalAni bhAni samapashchimagAni... golapAda.910]. Translation from K. S. Shukla and K.V. Sarma, K. V. ryabhaya of ryabhaa, New Delhi: Indian National Science Academy, 1976. Quoted in Plofker 2009. [17] pp. 1279. [18] Otto Neugebauer, "The Transmission of Planetary Theories in Ancient and Medieval Astronomy," Scripta Mathematica, 22 (1956), pp. 165192; reprinted in Otto Neugebauer, Astronomy and History: Selected Essays, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1983, pp. 129156. ISBN 0-387-90844-7 [19] Hugh Thurston, Early Astronomy, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1996, pp. 178189. ISBN 0-387-94822-8 [20] Ansari, p. 13, Table 1 [21] Aryabhatiya (http:/ / www. flipkart. com/ aryabhatiya-mohan-apte-book-8174344802) , Mohan Apte, Pune, India, Rajhans Publications, 2009, p.25, ISBN 978-81-7434-480-9 [22] The concept of Indian heliocentrism has been advocated by B. L. van der Waerden, Das heliozentrische System in der griechischen, persischen und indischen Astronomie. Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zrich. Zrich:Kommissionsverlag Leeman AG, 1970. [23] B.L. van der Waerden, "The Heliocentric System in Greek, Persian and Hindu Astronomy", in David A. King and George Saliba, ed., From Deferent to Equant: A Volume of Studies in the History of Science in the Ancient and Medieval Near East in Honor of E. S. Kennedy, Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 500 (1987), pp. 529534. [25] Noel Swerdlow, "Review: A Lost Monument of Indian Astronomy," Isis, 64 (1973): 239243. [26] Though Aristarchus of Samos (3rd century BCE) is credited with holding an heliocentric theory, the version of Greek astronomy known in ancient India as the Paulisa Siddhanta makes no reference to such a theory. [27] Dennis Duke, "The Equant in India: The Mathematical Basis of Ancient Indian Planetary Models." Archive for History of Exact Sciences 59 (2005): 563576, n. 4 (http:/ / people. scs. fsu. edu/ ~dduke/ india8. pdf).

Cooke, Roger (1997). The History of Mathematics: A Brief Course. Wiley-Interscience. ISBN0-471-18082-3. Clark, Walter Eugene (1930). The ryabhaya of ryabhaa: An Ancient Indian Work on Mathematics and Astronomy (http://www.archive.org/details/The_Aryabhatiya_of_Aryabhata_Clark_1930). University of

Aryabhata Chicago Press; reprint: Kessinger Publishing (2006). ISBN978-1-4254-8599-3 Kak, Subhash C. (2000). 'Birth and Early Development of Indian Astronomy'. In Selin, Helaine, ed. (2000). "Astronomy Across Cultures: The History of Non-Western Astronomy". Boston: Kluwer. ISBN0-7923-6363-9 Shukla, Kripa Shankar. Aryabhata: Indian Mathematician and Astronomer. New Delhi: Indian National Science Academy, 1976. Thurston, H. (1994). Early Astronomy. Springer-Verlag, New York. ISBN0-387-94107-X

External links
Eugene C. Clark's 1930 English translation (http://www.archive.org/details/ The_Aryabhatiya_of_Aryabhata_Clark_1930) of The Aryabhatiya in various formats at the Internet Archive. O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Aryabhata" (http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Biographies/Aryabhata_I.html), MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews. Achar, Narahari (2007). "ryabhaa I" (http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Aryabhata_I_BEA.htm). In Thomas Hockey et al. The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer. p.63. ISBN978-0-387-31022-0. ( PDF version (http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Aryabhata_I_BEA.pdf)) Aryabhata and Diophantus' son, [[Hindustan Times (http://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/~amit/story/19_aryabhata. html)] Storytelling Science column, Nov 2004] Aryabhata lived in Ponnani? Hindu article (http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/25/stories/2007062558250400. htm) Surya Siddhanta translations (http://www.wilbourhall.org/)

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Aryabhata Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=559627715 Contributors: 1yesfan, 2002:74CB:B11E:0:0:0:74CB:B11E, 3rdAlcove, A little insignificant, ARUNKUMAR P.R, Abecedare, Abhijitsathe, Aimn0, Akilbk, AkshaySeth20, Alan Liefting, Alansohn, Alcap, Aldux, Ale jrb, Aleenf1, Alex43223, Alokprasad, Alren, Amog, Anand v21, Anand1337, Andrerogers21, AndyKali, Ankitsura, Arjun G. Menon, Art LaPella, Arthena, Arvindn, Asfarer, Ashraful.asif, Ashwatham, Ashwin9, Ashyflora, Athenean, Athkalani, Aunt Entropy, Austria156, Autoerrant, Avedeus, Avenue X at Cicero, Bakasuprman, Bandishbhoir, Bazonka, Belovedfreak, Benhocking, Bharatveer, Bhawani Gautam, BigJoeRockHead, Bigsuperindia, BillLoney, Bismaydash, Blackangel25, BlueMoonset, Boing! said Zebedee, Bondili, Boolyme, Bsadowski1, Bsdlogical, Buermann, CBM, CRGreathouse, Cac24, Callanecc, Camw, Canuckian89, Cerebellum, Chandra hari, Charles Matthews, Chris the speller, ChrisGualtieri, Christina Silverman, Ckatz, Cntras, Cometstyles, Coolest Sam, Curb Chain, Cyde, Czeror, D0762, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, DBigXray, DMacks, DRAGON BOOSTER, DaGizza, David Eppstein, David J Wilson, Davshul, Dbachmann, Demize, Devendra.r.deshpande, Devesh.bhatta, Dineshkannambadi, Dmccarty, Doldrums, Dougweller, Dsp13, Dylan dsouza, EJF (huggle), Ekotkie, Ela112, Eldhotitus, Ellipi, Ems57fcva, Ensiform, Faizy22, FarfromHvar, FeralOink, Flewis, Fluffernutter, Fnielsen, Func, Gail, Gauravchauhan4, GeriatricCondition, Gfoley4, Giftlite, Good Olfactory, Gracenotes, Grafen, Grahamec, Grokmoo, Gz33, Hamedog, Haphar, Hariparameswaran, Harjas0123, Haymaker, Hmains, Hqb, Hydrogen Iodide, IGeMiNix, IMpbt, Ibrian, Icairns, Immunize, In fact, InMooseWeTrust, Insomniac By Choice, Iohannes Animosus, Irarum, Isheden, Isofox, Ixfd64, Izehar, J.delanoy, JJ Harrison, JWSchmidt, Jackfork, Jackinallshades, Jagged 85, Jan.Kamenicek, Japanese Searobin, Jebdm, Jeevanjacobjohn, Jeppesn, Jgtl2, Jheald, Jim1138, Jitse Niesen, Jnc, John Cline, JohnCD, Jonpin, Jprg1966, Jumbuck, Jyoti Woodhouse, Kapil Dolas, Kapil.xerox, Karimarie, Katieh5584, Kaysov, Kcrca, Keith D, Kelseymh, Khall1123456, Kiore, Knight1993, Koavf, Komsomolets, Konman72, Krishnachandranvn, Ks0stm, LarsMarius, LedgendGamer, Leolaursen, Ligulem, Lnshandilya, Lokesh, MER-C, MKar, Maciej Adwent, Maestlin, Magioladitis, Malapati, MarcAurel, Materialscientist, Matthew Brandon Yeager, Mdmday, MelbourneStar, Mgiganteus1, Michael Hardy, MikeLynch, Mimihitam, MisterHand, Mntzr, Mobomyjobo55, Moe Epsilon, MohammedMiah, Morning277, Mr Stephen, Mrt3366, Mukerjee, N shaji, Narasimha, Nasnema, Naveenksharma, NeoJustin, Newusercreated, Ninaddb, Nirmalasamlal, Niteowlneils, NittyG, Noah Salzman, Noctibus, Noh Boddy, Noumenon, Ntsimp, Nyttend, Omicronpersei8, Omnipaedista, OnePt618, Oracleofottawa, OrenBochman, PWilkinson, Pataniyababu, Paul August, Paul Martin, Per Honor et Gloria, Peruvianllama, Petiatil, Pinethicket, Piyush Kr. Maurya, Plmokn951753, Pmj005, Porchcorpter, Pradeep.sinha, Pranathi, Praveenpopy, Priyanath, Prodego, Professor marginalia, Psunildev, Quantam7890, Quota, RJaguar3, RadioFan, Raguks, Rajivsamlal, Rajshree.jk, Rakesh Mehta, Ranjithsutari, Rayfield, Reconsider the static, RegentsPark, Regibox, Rgdboer, Riana, Rich Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi, Rlendog, Rockyron, Roland zh, Runcorn, Ruud Koot, SDC, Salvio giuliano, Samar60, Sanjaymjoshi, SchreiberBike, Selfworm, Serendipodous, Shekharc, Shijualex, Shinhan, Shreevatsa, Shriram, Shyamsunder, Siffler, Silly rabbit, Sjakkalle, Skapur, Slakr, Sooryaperformingarts, Soumik652, SpacemanSpiff, Spacepotato, Spatone, Sreesog, Sriram sh, Sriyerram, Srkris, Staszek Lem, SteveMcCluskey, Stopthenonsense, Suffusion of Yellow, Svaksha, Syncategoremata, T-borg, TAKASUGI Shinji, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, Tarquin, Tbhotch, Teles, The Thing That Should Not Be, The editor365, TheNewPhobia, Thegreyanomaly, Thesilentmonk, Thingg, Thunderboltz, Tide rolls, Titodutta, Tolly4bolly, Tommy2010, TonyW, Trampton, Trialsanderrors, Tripping Nambiar, Tuncrypt, Twas Now, UAwiki, Udzu, Ulric1313, Uncle Dick, Utcursch, Vaibhav & v-experts, Vertium, Vijay233, Vijeth, Vinay Jha, Vipinhari, Vishalbabu, VivaEmilyDavies, Vk aditya, Vrenator, Vssun, Wavelength, WestwoodMatt, Wiki-uk, Wikidudeman, Wikipelli, Wikirishiaacharya, William M. Connolley, Wilson44691, Wiqi55, Woohookitty, XJaM, Yashowardhani, Zerokitsune, var Arnfjr Bjarmason, , , , 1030 anonymous edits

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File:2064 aryabhata-crp.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:2064_aryabhata-crp.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Copydays, Mukerjee, Oxam Hartog, Roland zh, Sankalpdravid, Serged, Winterkind, 1 anonymous edits File:Loudspeaker.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Loudspeaker.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Bayo, Frank C. Mller, Gmaxwell, Gnosygnu, Husky, Iamunknown, Mirithing, Myself488, Nethac DIU, Omegatron, Rocket000, Shanmugamp7, Snow Blizzard, The Evil IP address, Trelio, Wouterhagens, 27 anonymous edits File:Aryabhata Satellite.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Aryabhata_Satellite.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was Sumanch at en.wikipedia

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