Introduction of Sports Injuries
Introduction of Sports Injuries
A PROJECT ON
by
ADARSH RAJ GAUR
BADMINTON COACH
L.N.U.P.E. (GWALIOR)
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CHAPTER - I
INTRODUCTION OF BADMINTON
rackets and a shuttlecock. The net is fixed so that its top edge is 1.52 m (5 ft)
from the floor at the centre and 1.55 m (5 ft 1 in) at the posts. The racket is
(8.5 in) wide at its broadest point. The shuttlecock has a cork base fitted with
16 goose feathers to stabilize it: many of the feathers are now made of nylon
or plastic. The court resembles that in tennis and is 13.4 m (44 ft) long and
The scoring differs from tennis however. In singles, the server starts in the
right service court and serves into the opposite right service court. If the
server wins a rally, one point is scored. The next service is from the left
court to the opposite left court. This alternating process goes on so long as
the server is winning points. Only the server can win points: should he or
she lose a rally, the other player does not win a point but instead wins the
right to serve. As in tennis, points are won when a player cannot return the
shuttlecock or hits it out of the court. Generally, 15 points wins the game
provided the score of the winner exceeds that of the loser by at least two
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points, and victory in two games wins the match. Rules for championship
play set different deciding scores and tie-breaking procedures for men's,
The sport abounds in positional play, especially in the doubles game, where
long rallies are common place. There is a wide variety of stroke play ranging
in power from delicate drop shots up to fierce overhead smashes, and the
the family seat of the dukes of Beaufort. It is believed to have been invented
there in about 1867. It is possible, however, that British army officers had
family. Its most obvious forerunner is the old English game of battledore and
shuttlecock, and a similar game was also played in China over 2,000 years
Association was founded in Great Britain in 1893. The sport has also
Australia, and New Zealand. A very high proportion of champions (both men
and women) come from the Far East. The world governing body is the
otherwise known as the Thomas Cup, which was first competed for in 1948-
1949; the Women's World Team Championship, instituted in 1977 and now
staged biennially; the All England Championships, first played for in 1899
and open to competitors from all nations; and the European Championships,
sport in the 1972 and 1988 Olympics and became a medal sport in 1992
when all the champions were from Indonesia and South Korea. Since then
the game has seen the emergence of Chinese players, with four of the five
competitors.
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CHAPTER - II
In recent years, increasing numbers of people of all ages have been heeding
their health professionals' advice to get active for all of the health benefits
exercise has to offer. But for some people—particularly those who overdo or
who don't properly train or warm up—these benefits can come at a price:
and most people who suffer injuries can return to a satisfying level of
physical activity after an injury. Even better, many sports injuries can be
discusses some of the most common injuries and their treatment, and injury
prevention. The booklet is for anyone who has a sports injury or who is
physically active and wants to prevent sports injuries. It is for casual and
The term sports injury, in the broadest sense, refers to the kinds of injuries
that most commonly occur during sports or exercise. Some sports injuries
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result from accidents; others are due to poor training practices, improper
Although virtually any part of your body can be injured during sports or
exercise, the term is usually reserved for injuries that involve the
tissues like cartilage. Traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries, (relatively
rare during sports or exercise) and bruises are considered briefly in the
joins the end of one bone with another. Sprains are caused by trauma such as
a fall or blow to the body that knocks a joint out of position and, in the worst
case, ruptures the supporting ligaments. Sprains can range from first degree
body most vulnerable to sprains are ankles, knees, and wrists. Signs of a
laxity, or instability.
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muscle spasm, and loss of strength. While it's hard to tell the difference
between mild and moderate strains, severe strains not treated professionally
Knee Injuries
Because of its complex structure and weight-bearing capacity, the knee is the
most commonly injured joint. Each year, more than 5.5 million people visit
Knee injuries can range from mild to severe. Some of the less severe, yet
still painful and functionally limiting, knee problems are runner's knee (pain
or tenderness close to or under the knee cap at the front or side of the knee),
iliotibial band syndrome (pain on the outer side of the knee), and tendonitis,
ligaments. There are two types of cartilage in the knee. One is the meniscus,
a crescent-shaped disc that absorbs shock between the thigh (femur) and
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lower leg bones (tibia and fibula). The other is a surface-coating (or
articular) cartilage. It covers the ends of the bones where they meet,
allowing them to glide against one another. The four major ligaments that
support the knee are the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), the posterior
cruciate ligament (PCL), the medial collateral ligament (MCL), and the
Knee injuries can result from a blow to or twist of the knee; from improper
landing after a jump; or from running too hard, too much, or without proper
warmup.
Compartment Syndrome
In many parts of the body, muscles (along with the nerves and blood vessels
they can fill the compartment to capacity, causing interference with nerves
the thigh, by repeated hard blows (depending upon the sport), or by ongoing
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Shin Splints
While the term "shin splints" has been widely used to describe any sort of
leg pain associated with exercise, the term actually refers to pain along the
tibia or shin bone, the large bone in the front of the lower leg. This pain can
occur at the front outside part of the lower leg, including the foot and ankle
(anterior shin splints) or at the inner edge of the bone where it meets the calf
Shin splints are primarily seen in runners, particularly those just starting a
running program. Risk factors for shin splints include overuse or incorrect
don't have enough support. These injuries are often associated with flat
(overpronated) feet.
A stretch, tear, or irritation to the tendon connecting the calf muscle to the
back of the heel, Achilles tendon injuries can be so sudden and agonizing
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that they have been known to bring down charging professional football
who may not exercise regularly or take time to stretch properly before an
• Tears of the tendons that support joints and allow them to move
• Dislocated joints
Fractures
A fracture is a break in the bone that can occur from either a quick, one-time
injury to the bone (acute fracture) or from repeated stress to the bone over
Acute fractures: Acute fractures can be simple (a clean break with little
pierces the skin with little damage to the surrounding tissue). Most acute
fractures are emergencies. One that breaks the skin is especially dangerous
Stress fractures: Stress fractures occur largely in the feet and legs and are
sports such as gymnastics or track and field. Running creates forces two to
The most common symptom of a stress fracture is pain at the site that
Dislocations
When the two bones that come together to form a joint become separated,
the joint is described as being dislocated. Contact sports such as football and
The joints most likely to be dislocated are some of the hand joints. Aside
from these joints, the joint most frequently dislocated is the shoulder.
Acute Injuries
following:
• Swelling
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Chronic Injuries
Chronic injuries usually result from overusing one area of the body while
playing a sport or exercising over a long period. The following are signs of a
chronic injury:
• Swelling.
"work through" the pain of an injury. When you have pain from a particular
CHAPTER - III
If you don't have any of the above symptoms, it's probably safe to treat the
injury at home—at least at first. If pain or other symptoms worsen, it's best
to check with your health care provider. Use the RICE method to relieve
pain and inflammation and speed healing. Follow these four steps
may help. If you use a cane or one crutch for an ankle injury,
use it on the uninjured side to help you lean away and relieve
time, four to eight times a day. A cold pack, ice bag, or plastic
bag filled with crushed ice and wrapped in a towel can be used.
To avoid cold injury and frostbite, do not apply the ice for more
relaxation.)
wraps, special boots, air casts, and splints. Ask your health care
decrease swelling.
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From the moment a bone breaks or a ligament tears, your body goes to
work to repair the damage. Here's what happens at each stage of the
healing process:
damage. tissue
Within hours of injury: White blood cells (leukocytes) travel down the
bloodstream to the injury site where they begin to tear down and remove
tissue.
Within days of injury: Scar tissue is formed on the skin or inside the
damaged area will regain a great deal of strength as scar tissue continues
to form.
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room, particularly if they occur on the weekend or after office hours, most
sports injuries can be evaluated and, in many cases, treated by your primary
likelihood that your injury may cause ongoing, long-term problems, you
may want to see, or have your primary health care professional refer you to,
Although using the RICE technique described previously can be helpful for
any sports injury, RICE is often just a starting point. Here are some other
Immobilization
supply to flow more directly to the injury (or the site of surgery to repair
spasm and helps the healing process begin. Following are some devices used
for immobilization:
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shoulders.
• Splints and casts, to support and protect injured bones and soft
variety of shapes and sizes and have Velcro straps that make
offer less support and protection than a cast, and therefore may
straps.
Surgery
realign bones with compound fractures. The vast majority of sports injuries,
Rehabilitation (Exercise)
function.
exercise when you can without increasing pain. For example, if you have a
sprained ankle, you may be able to work on range of motion for the first day
or two after the sprain by gently tracing letters with your big toe. Once your
range of motion is fairly good, you can start doing gentle stretching and
strengthening exercises. When you are ready, weights may be added to your
exercise routine to further strengthen the injured area. The key is to avoid
As damaged tissue heals, scar tissue forms, which shrinks and brings torn or
separated tissues back together. As a result, the injury site becomes tight or
stiff, and damaged tissues are at risk of reinjury. That's why stretching and
muscles daily and as the first part of your warmup before exercising.
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remember that progression is the key principle. Start with just a few
exercises, do them often, and then gradually increase how much you do. A
concentrate on those exercises that will improve function in the injured part.
Don't resume your sport until you are sure you can stretch the injured tissues
without any pain, swelling, or restricted movement, and monitor any other
symptoms. When you do return to your sport, start slowly and gradually
Rest
take time to rest following an injury. All injuries need time to heal; proper
rest will help the process. Your health care professional can guide you
Other Therapies
muscle strength.
and increase blood flow to the injury site. Increased blood flow
care professional.
news. But anyone who plays sports can be injured. Three groups—children
vulnerable.
coordination, and self-discipline, it can also put them at risk for sports
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injuries: some minor, some serious, and still others that may result in
Young athletes are not small adults. Their bones, muscles, tendons, and
ligaments are still growing and that makes them more prone to injury.
bone.
Because young athletes of the same age can differ greatly in size and
physical maturity, some may try to perform at levels beyond their ability in
Adult player
More adults than ever are participating in sports. Many factors contribute to
sports injuries as the body grows older. The main one is that adults may not
be as agile and resilient as they were when they were younger. It is also
possible that some injuries occur when a person tries to move from inactive
Women
More women of all ages are participating in sports than ever before. In
women's sports, the action is now faster and more aggressive and powerful
than in the past. As a result, women are sustaining many more injuries, and
Children
parents, coaches, and the kids themselves. Here's what each should do to
• Match the child to the sport, and don't push the child too hard
capable of doing.
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sports injuries.
• Don't let (or insist that) a child play when injured. No child (or
arms and legs, and severe pain that prevents the use of an arm
or leg.
unsafe gym sets, unsecured soccer goals, etc., can cause serious
injury to children.
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physical exam.
during exercise.
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Whether you've never had a sports injury and you're trying to keep it
that way or you've had an injury and don't want another, the following
bends.
stretches.
• Don't overdo.
Don't bounce.
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gradually.
stability.
Adult player
• Learn to do your sport right. Using proper form can reduce your
necessary.
Women
for all women. Women should also be encouraged to maintain a normal body
weight and avoid excessive exercise that affects the menstrual cycle. In
addition, women should follow precautions listed above for other groups.
Today, the outlook for an injured player is far more optimistic than in the
player heal and, in most cases, return to sports. Following are some
Arthroscopy
Most doctors agree that the single most important advance in sports
problem found, surgeons may use small tools inserted through additional
that fails to heal naturally. Using arthroscopy, for example, a surgeon may
Tissue Engineering
When joint cartilage is damaged by an injury, it doesn't heal on its own the
way other tissues do. In recent years, however, the field of sports medicine
present, this technique is used for small cartilage defects. Questions remain
For people with painful sports injuries, new pain-killing medicated patches
can be applied directly to the injury site. The patch is an effective method of
delivering pain relief, especially for many people who prefer to put their
pain medication exactly where it's needed rather than throughout their entire
system.
Recent advances in treating sports injuries are likely to be just the beginning.
musculoskeletal injuries.
• Technical advances and new imaging methods will lead to better ways to
in treatment.