MSC Zoology KUK

Annexure - I
Scheme of Examination for M.Sc. Zoology (SEMESTER SYSTEM) to be implemented from the session 2007-2008
Semester I Pape r
I II III IV V VI
Paper Name
Molecular Cell Biology Biochemistry, Tools &Techniques Biosystematics & Quantitative Biology Structure and Functions of Invertebrates Practical (Cell Biology and Biochemistry) Practical (Invertebrates and Biosystematics) Seminar
Ext. Marks
70 70 70 70 60 60 -
Int. Marks
10 10 10 10 15 15 30
Max. Marks
80 80 80 80 75 75 30
Time Hours
3 3 3 3 4 4 1
Semester II
VII VIII IX X XI XII Population and Community Ecology Comparative Physiology Population Genetics & Evolution Structure & Functions of Vertebrates Practical: Histochemistry & Physiology Practical: Ecology & Vertebrates Innovation Report/Collection/Model & Seminar 70 70 70 70 60 60 10 10 10 10 15 15 30 80 80 80 80 75 75 30 3 3 3 3 4 4 1
Semester III
XIII XIV XV XVI Molecular Biology Molecular Endocrinology Parasitology 70 70 70 70 10 10 10 10 80 80 80 80 3 3 3 3
(i)
Molecular Cytogenetics I
(ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)

XVII XVII I
Reproduction and Aging-I Animal Behaviour & Wildlife Conservation I Fish and Fisheries I Insect Morphology and Physiology I Proteonics and Genomics I Practical: Applied Zoology Practical: (based on paper XVI) Seminar
60 60
15 15 30
75 75 30
4 4 1
Semester IV
XIX XX XXI XXII Developmental Biology Vertebrate Immunology Environmental Toxicology 70 70 70 70 10 10 10 10 80 80 80 80 3 3 3 3
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)
XXII I XXI V
Molecular Cytogenetics II Reproduction and Aging II Animal Behaviour & Wildlife Conservation II Fish and Fisheries II Insect Morphology and Physiology II Proteonics and Genomics II Practical: Immunology, Developmental Biology & Toxicology Practical: (based on paper XXII ) Field / Project Report & Seminar
60 60 -
15 15 30
75 75 30
4 4 1
Paper I Molecular Cell Biology

Note:
Semester I Max. Mark: 70 Time: 3 Hours
1. Nine questions will be set in all. 2. Question No. 1, which will be objective/short answer type cover the entire syllabus, will be compulsory. The 3.
remaining eight questions will be set section wise selecting four questions from each section (I & II). The candidate will be required to attempt question No. 1 and four more selecting two questions from each section. As far as possible the questions should be divided into sub-parts and marks indicated part wise.
Section A
1.0 Biomembranes 1.1 Molecular composition and arrangement functional consequences. 1.2 Transport across cell membrane-Diffusion, active transport and pumps, uniports, symports and antiports. 1.3 Membrance potential 1.4 Co-transport by symporters or anti porters 1.5 Transport across epthelia Cytoskeleton 2.1 Microfilaments and microtubulus-structure and dynamics 2.2 Microtubulus and mistosis 2.3 Cell movements-intracellular transport, role and kinesin and dynein, signal, transduction mechanisms. Cillia and Flagella Cell-Cell signaling 4.1 Cell surface receptors 4.2 Second messenger system 4.3 MOP kinase pathways 4.4 Signaling from plasma membrane to nucleus Cell-Cell adhesion and communication 5.1 Ca++ dependent homophilic cell-cell adhension 5.2 Ca++ independent homophilic cell-cell adhension 5.3 Gap junction and connexins Cell matrix adhesion 6.1 Integrins 6.2 Collagen 6.3 Non-collagen components 6.4 Auxin & Cell expansion 6.5 Celluslose fibril synthesis and orientation
2.0
3.0 4.0
5.0
6.0
Section B
3
7.0
Cell cycle 7.1 7.2 Cyclines and cycline dependent kinases Regulation of CDK-cycline activity.
8.0
Genome organization 8.1 Hierachy in organization 8.2 Chromosomal organization of genes and non-coding DNA 8.3 Mobile DNA 8.4 Morphological and functional elements of eukaryotic chromosomes Intracellar protein traffic. 9.1 Protein synthesis on free and bound polysomes 9.2 Uptake into ER 9.3 Membrane proteins, Golgi sorting, post-translational modifications. 9.4 Biogenesis of mitochondria, and nuclei 9.5 Trafficking mechanisms. Biology of cancer Biology of aging Apoptosis-definition, mechanism and significance
9.0
10.0 11.0 12.0
Suggested Reading Material 1. 2. Molecular Cell, Biology, J. Darnell, H. Lodish and D. Baltimore Scientific American Book, Inc., USA. Molecular Biology of the Cell, B. Alberts, D. Bray, J. Lewis, M. Raff, K. Roberts and J.D. Watson. Garland Publishing Inc., New York.
Paper II Semester I Biochemistry, Tools and Techniques Max. Mark: 70 Time: 3 Hours
Note:
Section A
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 Glycolysis, citric acid cycles its regulation and role as metabolic hub. Hexose monophosphate pathway its regulation and significance. Cholesterol biosynthesis, its metabolism steroid genesis, Bile acids and their metabolism derrayed cholesterol level. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acid and their metabolism. Primary, Second, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins (Domain, Reverse turn of Ramachandran plot). DNA, RNA, structure and functions, DNA choreography. Antisense RNA and DNA technology and their application. Ribozymes their structure and functions Nanotechnology, its application in life sciences.
Section B
10.0 11.0 12.0 Chemical and Biological assays (in vitro and in vivo assays) Principles and uses of analytical instruments: Spectrophotometers, ultra centrifuge, spectrophotometers, NMR spectrophotometer, Microscopes. Microbiological Techniques: 12.1 Media preparation and sterilization. 12.2 Inoculation and growth monitoring. Cell culture techniques: 13.1 Design and functioning of tissue culture laboratory. 13.2 Cell proliferation measurements. 13.3 Cell viability testing. 5
13.0
13.4 14.0
Culture media preparation and cell harvesting methods.
Cryotechniques : 14.1 Cryopreservation for cells, tissue, organisms. 14.2 Cryotechniques for microscopy. Separation techniques in biology. 15.1 Molecular separations by chromatography, electrophoresis, precipitation etc. 15.2 Organelle separation by centrifugation. 15.3 Cell separation by flow cytometery, density gradient centrifugation, unit gravity centrifugation, affinity adsorption, anchorage based techniques etc. Radioisotope and mass isotope techniques in biology : 16.1 Sample preparation for radioactive counting. 16.2 Autoradiography. 16.3 Metabolic labeling. 16.4 Magnetic resonance Imaging Immunological techniques based on antigen-antibody reactions. Biosensors.
15.0
16.0
17.0 18.0
Suggested Reading Materials: 1. 2. 3. Animal Cell Culture A practical approach, Ed. John R.W. Masters, IRL Press. Introduction to Instrumental analysis, Robert Braun, McGraw Hill International editions A Biologists guide to Principles and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry, K. Wilson and K.H. Goulding, ELBS Edn.
Paper III Semester I Biosystematics and Quantitative Biology Max. Mark: 70 Time: 3 Hours
Note:
Section A
1.1.1.1.1.1.1
basic concepts of biosystematics and taxonomy. 1.1 2.0
Definition and
Historical resume, Importance and applications of systematics in biology.
Trends in biosystematics concepts of different conventional and newer aspects 2.1 2.2 2.3 Chemotaxonomy Cyotaxonomy Molecular taxonomy
3.0
Dimensions of speciation and taxonomic characters 3.1 Species concepts species category, different species concepts; sub-species and other intra-specific categories. 3.2 Theories of biological classification, hierarchy of categories. 3.3 Taxonomic characters different kinds, Weighing of characters Methodology 4.1 Taxonomic collections, preservation, curetting process and identification. 4.2 Taxonomic keys-different kinds of taxonomic keys, their merits and demerits. 4.3 Systematic publications different kinds of publications. 4.4 International code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) its operative principles and interpretation of the following : Stability, Priority, Concept of availability, formation of names, synonymy, homonymy, the type method, kinds of type specimen, type-designation. Evaluation of biodiversity indices 5.1 Shannon-Weiner index, dominance index 5.2 Similarity and dissimilarity index 5.3 Association index
4.0
5.0
Section B 6.0 7.0 Measures of central value Arithmetic mean, mode and median Definition, calculation and its properties. Measures of Dispersion: 7.1 Range, Interquartile range, Quartile deviation. 7.2 Mean deviation and standard deviation. Correlation: Methods studying correlation Scatter diagram method, Graphic method, Karl Pearson coefficient of correlation, Rank correlation. Regression analysis (Regression lines and regression equation.) Concept of sampling and sampling methods: Definition and law of sampling, judgment sampling, Random sampling, stratified sampling, systematic sampling, multi-stages sampling and quota sampling. 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 Test of significance for large samples and small samples. Chi-square analysis Analysis of variance Probability and law of probability, Theoretical probability distribution: Binomial distribution, Poison distribution, Normal distribution. Computer in Biometrics 15.1 Components of computers 15.2 Use of Microsoft (Word, Excel, Power Point) 15.3 Use of Microsoft Excel for statistical calculation and graphical representation of data. 15.4 Surfing through Internet.
8.0
9.0 10.0
Suggested Reading Material : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. M. Kato. The Biology of Biodiversity, Springer. E.O. Wilson, Biodiversity, Academic Press, Washington. G.G. Simpson, Principle of animal taxonomy, Oxford ISH Publishing Company. E. Mayer, Elements of Taxonomy. E.O. Wilson, The Diversity of Life (The College Edition), W.W. Northerm & Co. S.K. Tikadar, Threatened Animals of India, ZSI Publication, Calcutta. Batschelet, E. Introduction to mathematics for life scientists, Springer-Verlag, Berling. Jorgensen, S.E. Fundamentals of ecological modeling. Elsevier, New York. Swartzman, G.L. and S.P.O. Kaluzny. Ecological simulation primer, Macmillan, New York. Lendren, D. Modeling in behavioral ecology. Chapman and Hal, London, UK. Sokal, R.R. and F.J. Rohlf. Biometry. Freeman, San Francisco. 8
12. 13. 14.
Snedecor, G.W. and W.G. Cochran, Statistical methods. Affiliated East-West Pres, New Delhi (Indian ed.). Murray, J.D. Mathematical biology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Pielou, E.C. the Interpretation of ecological data:A primer on classification and ordination.
Paper IV Semester I Structure and Functions of Invertebrates Max. Mark: 70 Time: 3 Hours
Note:
Section - A
1.0 2.0 Classification of Invertebrates up to order level Organization of coelom 2.1 2.2 3.0 4.0 Pseudocoelomates Coelomates: Protostomia and Deuterostomia
Metamerism in Annelida Locomotion 4.1 4.2 Flagella and ciliary movement in Protozoa Hydrostatic movement in Coelenterata, Annelida and Echinodermata
5.0
Nutrition and Digestion 5.1 5.2 Patterns of feeding and digestion in lower metazoa Filter-feeding in Polychaeta, Mollusca and Echinodermata
6.0
Respiration 6.1 6.2 6.3 Organs of respiration : Gills, lungs and trachea Respiratory pigments Mechanism of respiration
7.0
Minor Phyla 7.1 7.2 Concept and significance Organization and general characters
Section B
10
8.0
Excretion 8.1 8.2 8.3 Organs of excretion: Coelom, coelomoducts, Nephridia and Malpighian tubules. Mechanism of excretion Excretion and osmoregulation
9.0
Nervous system 9.1 9.2 9.3 Primitive nervous system: Coelenterata and Echinodermata Advanced nervous system: Annelida, Arthropoda (Crustacea and Insecta) and Mollusca (Cephalopoda). Trends in neural evolution.
10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0
Mouthparts of Insects Metamorphosis in insects Social life in insects Integrated pest management Invertebrate larve 14.1 14.2 14.3 Larval forms of free living invertebrates Larval forms of parasites Strategies and Evolutionary significance of larval forms
Suggested Reading Materials: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Hyman, L.H. The invertebrates, Vol. I. Protozoa through Ctenophora, McGraw Hill Co., New York. Barrington, E.J.W. Invertebrate structure and function. Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltr J. London. Jagerstein, G. Evolution of Metazoan life cycle, Academic Press, New York & London. Hyman, L.H. The Invertebrates. Vol.2. McGraw Hill Co., New York. Hyman, L.H. The Invertebrates. Vol.8. McGraw Hill. Co., New York. Barnes, R.D. Invertebrate Zoology, IIIrd edition. W.B. Saundrs Co., Philadelphia. Russel-Hunter, W.D. A Biology of higher invertebrates, the Macmillin Co. Ltd. London. Hyman, L.H. the Invertebrates smaller coelomate groups, Vol. V. McGraw Hill Co., New York Read, C.P. Animal Parasitism. Prentice Hall Inc., New Jersey. 11
10. 11.
Sedgwick, A.A. Student text book of Zoology. Vol. I, II and III Central Book Depot, Allahabad Parker, T.J., Haswell, W.A. Text book of Zoology, McMillan Co., London.
12
Paper V Practical: Cell Biology and Biochemistry.
Semester I Max. Mark: 60 Time: 4 Hours
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
Preparation of mitotic and meiotic chromosomes. Calculation of morphometric data and preparation of idiogram. Determination of chiasma frequency and terminalization coefficient. Preparation of polytene chromosomes and mapping. Colorimetery and spectrophotometry, pH and buffers, isolation of sub-cellular organelles (Principles). Proteins: Isolectric point in protein (Casein): Quantative estimation of proteins by Biuret Method and Lowrys method. Carbohydrates: Quantitative estimation of total carbohydrates and glucose, glucose tolerance test, different tests of urine glucose. Lipids: Iodine number, saponification Value, Extraction of lipids quantitative estimation of total lipids, total and free cholesterol phospholipids, triglycerides, and glycolipids. Nucleic acids: Extraction of nucleic acids, estimation of DNA & Paper chromatography: Amino acids and carbohydrates. Thin layer chromatography: Neutral and Phospholipids.
13
Paper VI Semester I Practical: Invertebrates and Biosystematics. Max. Mark: 60 Time: 4 Hours 1. 2. 3. 4. Determination of mean and standard deviation coefficient of correlation, graphics. Determination of blood groups. Study of mutants of Drosophila ;preparation of culture media. Tools: Demonstration of parts and working of the following tools. PCR, GLC, Spectrophotometers, fluorimeter, Various Kinds of microscopes, pH meter, Electrophoresis, Centrifuges, Tissue culture unit, Balance and distillation units, incubators, Photographic equipment. Use of computers Microsoft word and Microsoft office excel, powerpoint, graphs statistics, surfing on Internet Dissection of Pila, Sepia/Loligo, leech, earthworm, Ak-hopper, Prawn, Star Fish, Cockroach to expose various systems. Mounting: Nephridium and Spermatheca in Earthworm, Trachea, Crustacean Larvae, Cyclops, Daphnia, Biramous appendages, Gills and Booklungs. (a) PROTOZOA: Gregarines, Monocystis, Ceratium, Euplotes, Didinium, Noctiluca, Radiolaria, Stentor, Opalina. (b) PORIFERA: Sectional view of Sycon (T.S., L.S.), Grantia (T.S.) (c) CNIDARIA: Slides of Obelia polyp and Medusa, Pennaria, AureliaTentaculocysts. (d) HELMINTHES Slides of Ozobranchus, Glossiphonia (e) ARTHROPODA - Slides of Cyclops, Daphnia, Chelifer, section Museum specimens of Virgularia, Spongodus, Zoanthus, Favia, Eunicc, Chloea Flava, Polynoe, Terebella, Eurythoe, Balanus, Lepas, Palinurus, Uca, Pyna, Hippa, Gongylus, Belostoma, Limulus, Squilla, Eupagurus Mollusca : Museum specimens of Dolobella, Pteria, Nertie, Sanguinolaria Chicoreus, Ficus, Lambis, Tridaona, Onchidium, Olcia, Murex, Turritella, Bulla, Cardium, Area. Echinodermata : Museum specimen of Linekia, Echinodiscus, Holotharia, Antedon. 9. 10. Minor Phyla - Slides of Bugula, Plumatella, Cristella, Pectinella Fossil specimens: Larval froms; Aurelia Planula, Redia, Cercaria, Filiform of Strongyloides, Trochophore, Nauplius, Zoea, Cercaria Mysis, Phyllosoma, Triobite larvae of Limulus, Antlion, Veliger, Bipinnaria, Ophio and Echinopluteus, Auricularia, Tornaria.
5. 6. 7.
of Peripatus. 8.
14
Paper VII Semester II Population and Community Ecology Max. Mark: 70 Time: 3 Hours
Note:
Section - A
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 Basic Concepts: Definition, Scope and Significance of Ecology, Concept of biosphere, atmosphere, litho sphere and hydrosphere. Ecological aspects of abiotic, biotic and edaphic factors. Ecosystem: Concept, Kinds and components. Ecological energetic and energy flow: Food chains, food webs, trophic structure; concept of productivity primary, secondary, gross and net. Life history strategies. 4.1 Energy apportionment between somatic growth and reproduction 4.2 Parental investment and offspring. 4.3 Reproductive strategies ecology and evolution of sex and mating systems, optimal body size r and k selection. Population characteristics 5.1 Population density, methods of population density measurement 5.2 Growth rate and growth forms 5.3 Natality, mortality, survivorship curves and life tables 5.4 Biotic potential Generation time, net reproductive rate reproductive values 5.5 Population and distribution. 5.6 Population dispersion
5.0
Section B
6.0 Population regulation 6.1 Extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms 6.2 Concept of density dependent and density independent factors in population regulation. Population Interactions 7.1 Concept of intra specific and inter specific population interactions 7.2 Protocooperation, mutualism and commensalisms
7.0
15
8.0
Competition and niche theory. 8.1 Intraspecific and inter specific interactions 8.2 History of niche concepts 8.3 Theory of limiting similarly Predation 9.1 Model of prey predatory dynamics 9.2 Role of predation in nature 9.3 Parasitism Community characteristics 10.1 Species diversity 10.2 Ecological Succession 10.3 Ecological dominance 10.4 Ecotones and Edge effect
9.0
10.0
Suggested Reading Materials 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Understanding Evolution by Earl. D. Hanson, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York. Oxford Surveys in Evolutionary Biology Vol. I Vol. VI, Oxford University Press, Walton, Street, Oxford. Evolution by Theodose H. Eaton (Jr.) Thomes Nolson & Sona Limited, London. Evolutionary Theory: (The unfinished synthesis) by Robert G.B. Reid: Croom Helm: London & Sydney. Dobzhansky, Th. Genetics and Origin of species. Columbia University Press.
16
Paper VIII Comparative Physiology

Note:
Semester II Max. Mark: 70 Time: 3 Hours
Section - A
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 Feeding mechanisms and regulation. 1.1 Comparative physiology of digestion Respiration organs and respiratory pigments through different phylogenie groups Patterns of nitrogen excretion among different animal groups Osmoregulation in different animal groups Thermoregulation 5.1 Homeothermic animals 5.2 Poikilotherms 5.3 Hibernation Circulation of body fluids and their regulation Receptor physiology a comparative study 7.1 Mechanoreception 7.2 Photoreception 7.3 Chemoreception 7.4 Equilibrium reception Contractile elements, cells and tissues among different phylogenie groups 8.1 Muscle structure and function-correlation 8.2 Specialised organs (eg: electric organs and tissues)
6.0 7.0
8.0
Section B
9.0 10.0 11.0 Heterogamy in eukaryotes Biology of sex determination and sex differentiation a comparative account Comparative account of differentiation of gonads in vertebrates
17
12.0
Comparative testicular physiology in animals 12.1 Morphology 12.2 Differentiation 12.3 Function and its regulation Comparative ovarian physiology and differentiation in vertebrates 13.1 Morphology 13.2 Endocrinolgy 13.3 Oogensis vitellogensis Fertilization 14.1 Pre-fertilization events 14.2 Biochemistry of fertilization 14.3 Post fertilization events Multiple ovulation and embryo transfer technology (MOFT) 15.1 In vitro oocyte maturation 15.2 Superovulation 15.3 In vitro fertilization Collection and cryopreservation of gametes and embryos Assisted reproduction technologies 17.1 Embryo sexing and cloning 17.2 Screening for genetic disorders 17.3 ICSI, GIFT etc. 17.4 Cloning of animals by nuclear transfer
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0 17.0
Suggested Reading Material 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. C.L. Prosser. Comparative Animal Physiology. W.B. Saunders & Company. R.Eckert. Animal Physiology: Mechanisms and Adaptation. W.H. Freeman & Company. W.S. Hoar. General and Comparative Animal Physiology Schiemdt-Nielsen. Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment. Cambridge. C.L. Prosser. Environment and Metabolic Physiology. Wiley-Liss, New York.
18
Paper IX Population Genetics and Evolution
Note: 1. Nine questions will be set in all. 2. Question No. 1, which will be objective/short answer type cover the entire syllabus, will be compulsory. The 3.
Section A
1.0 Concepts of evolution and theories of organic evolution with an emphasis on Darwinism. 2.0 Neo Darwinism 2.1 Hardy-Weinberg law of genetic equilibrium 2.2 A detailed account of destabilizing forces: (i) Natural selection (ii) Mutation (iii) Genetic drift (iv) Migration (v) Meiotic drive Quantifying genetic variability 3.1 Genetic structure of natural populations 3.2 Phenotypic variation 3.3 Models explaining changes in genetic structure of populations 3.4 Factors affecting human disease frequency Molecular population genetics 4.1 Patterns of change in nucleotide and amino acid sequences 4.2 Ecological significance of molecular variations 4.3 Emergence of Non-Darwinism-Neutral Hypothesis Genetics of quantitative traits in populations 5.1 Analysis of quantitative traits 5.2 Estimation or heritability 5.3 Genotype-environment interactions 5.4 Inbreeding depression and heterosis 5.5 Molecular analysis of quantitative traits 5.6 Phenotypic plasticity
3.0
4.0
5.0
Section B
6.0 Genetics of speciation 6.1 Phylogenetic and biological concept of species 19
6.2 6.3 7.0
Patterns and mechanisms of reproductive isolation Models of speciation (Allopatric, sympatric, parapatric)
Molecular Evolution 7.1 Gene Evolution 7.2 Evolution of gene families, Molecular drive 7.3 Assessment of molecular variation Origin of higher categories 8.1 Phylogenetic gradualism and punctuated equilibrium 8.2 Major trends in 'the origin of higher categories 8.3 Micro-and Macro-evolution Molecular phylogenetics 9.1 How to construct phylogenetic trees? Population genetics and ecology 10.1 Metapopulations 10.2 Monitoring Natural Population 10.3 Why small populations become extinct? 10.4 Loss of genetic variations 10.5 Conservation of genetic resources in diverse texa
8.0
9.0 10.0
Suggested Reading Material 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Dobzhansky, Th. Genetics and Origin of Species. Columbia University Press. Dobzhansky, Th., F.J. Ayala, G.L. Stebbines and J.M. Valentine. Evolution. Surjeet Publication, Delhi. Futuyama, D.J. Evolutinary Biology, Suinuaer Associates, INC Publishers, Dunderland. Hartl, D.L. A Primer of Population Genetics. Sinauer Associates, Inc, Massachusetts. Jha, A.P. Genes and Evolution. John Publication, New Delhi. King, M. Species Evolution-The role of chromosomal change. The Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Merrel, D.J. Evolution and Genetics. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Smith, J.M. Evolutinary Gentics. Oxford University Press, New York. Strikberger, M.W. Evolution. Jones and Bartett Publishers, Boston London.
20
Paper X Structure and Function of Vertebrates

Note:
Section A
1.0 Origin of Chordata 1.1 Concept of Protochordata 1.2 Origin and classification of vertebrates Vertebrate integument and its derivatives 2.1 Development, general structure and functions of skin and its derivatives 2.2 Glands, scales, horns, claws, nails, hoofs, feathers and hairs Skeletal system 3.1 Form, function, body size and skeletal elements of the body 3.2 Comparative account of jaw suspensorium, Vertebral column 3.3 Limbs and girdles Digestive system: Dentition, Stomach, Digestive Glands Respiratory system 5.1 Characters of respiratory tissue 5.2 Internal and External Respiration 5.3 Comparative account of respiratory organs
2.0
3.0
4.0 5.0
Section B
6.0 General plan of circulation in various groups 6.1 Blood 6.2 Evolution of heart 6.3 Evolution of aortic arches, and Portal systems Evolution of Urinogenital system in vertebrate series Nervous system 8.1 Comparative anatomy of the brain in relation to its functions 8.2 Comparative anatomy of spinal cord 8.3 Nerves-Cranial, Peripheral and Autonomous nervous systems Sense organs 9.1 Simple receptors 9.2 Organs of Olfaction and taste 21
7.0 8.0
9.0
9.3 9.4 10.0
Lateral line system Electroreception
Adaptations: Levels of morphological adaptation and significance of body size
Suggested Reading Material 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13 Barrington, E.J.W. The Biology of Hemichordata and Protochordata. Oliver and Boyd, Edinbourgh. Bourne, G.H. The structure and functions of nervous tissue. Academic Press, New York. Carter, G.S. Structure and habit in vertebrate evolution - Sedgwick and Jackson, London. Kingsley, J.S. Outlines of Comparative Autonomy of Vertebrates. Central Book Depot, Allahabad. Kent, C.G. Comparative anatomy of vertebrates. Milton Hilderbrand. Analysis of vertebrate structure. IV. Ed. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York. Sedgwick, A. A Students Text Book of Zoology, Vol. II. Torrey, T.W. Morphogenesis of vertebrates. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York and London. Walters, H.E. and Sayles, L.D. Biology of vertebrates. MacMillan & Co., New York. Weichert, C.K. and Presch, W. Elements of chordate anatomy, 4th Edn. McGraw Hall Book Co., New York. Messers, H.M. An introduction of vertebrates anatomy. Montagna, W. Comparative anatomy. John Wiley and Sons Inc. Andrews, S.M. Problems in vertebrate evolution. Academic Press, New York.
22
Paper XI Practical: Histochemistry Physiology.
1. 2. 3.
Histochemistry: Methods of fixation of different tissues. Preparation of tissues for microtomy and cryostat. Histochemical test: (a) Haemotoxylin-eosin (b) Toluidine Blue (c) Sudan Block-B (d) Mercury bromophenol blue (e) Methyl green-pyronin-Y (f) Periodic acid Schiffs (g) Acid phosphatase (h) Alkaline phosphatase Demonstration of live gametes and their staining procedure. Effect of insulin and epinephrine on blood and urine sugar levels of rat. Determination of optimum pH, temperature and concentration of amylase, trypsin and Lipase enzyme. DLC of Fish, Frog, Bird and Mammal. Study of Endocrine glands of vertebrates. Qualitative test of vitamins. Quantification of vitamin A and C. Effect of T4 on tadpole larva.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
23
Paper XII Semester II Practical: Ecology and Vertebrates. Max. Mark: 60 Time: 4 Hours VERTEBRATE 1. 2. Dissections: Rat/ Mouse/Fish. Toad-Frogs, Wall-Lizard: Digestive, Reproductive, Arterial, Venous, systems, Neck nerves, Cranial nerves. Museum specimens and slides : Protochordates Salpa sexual, Salpa-sexual, Botryllus, Herdmania. Fishes - Rhinobatus, Chimaera, Acipenser, Amia, Periopthalmus, Tricanthus, Notopterus notopterus, Scatophagus, Aargus, Trichurus, Mastacembalus, Armatus, Exocoetus (flying fish), Diodon, Hyterix, Echeneis, Neucrates. Amphibians Necturus, Siren, Ichthyophis, Geganophis, Rhacophorus, Rana tigrina, Amblystoma uraetyphlus, Cryptobranchus, Axolotl, Larvae, Salamander, Amphiuma, Trilon. Reptiles Sirana, Chameleon, Phrynosoma, Chelone mydas. Birds Indian Oriole, Indian Koel(male), India koel (female), Indian tailor birds, kite, jungle, fowl. Mammals Indian otter, Marmoset, Loris, Bat (Megaderma lyra), Pangolin, Echidna, Ornithorhynchus, Hedgehog, Scaly-ant eater, Porcupine, Mongoose. Skull and lower jaw of Chelonia, Crocodile, Bird, Carnivore-mammal (dog), Herbivore mammal (horse). Types of vertebrae of Procoelous, Opisthocoelous, Amphicoelous, Amphiplatian, Heterocoelous, Axis and atlas vertebrae. Comparative Osteology of Vertebrates : Vertebrate, Girdles, Limb-bones Study of various components of pond ecosystem. Determination of Water quality characteristics viz: Dissolved oxygen, pH, free carbon dioxide, Salinity, transparency, alkalinity and hardness.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
24
Paper XIII Molecular Biology

Note:
Semester III Max. Mark: 70 Time: 3 Hours
Section A
1.0 2.0 History and Scope of Molecular Biology DNA replication 2.1 Prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication 2.2 Mechanics of DNA replication 2.3 Enzymes and accessory proteins involved in DNA replication Transcription 3.1 Prokaryotic transcription 3.2 Eukaryotic transcription 3.3 RNA polymerases 3.4 General and specific transcription factors 3.5 Regulatory elements and mechanisms of transcription regulation 3.6 Transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene silencing. Post-transcriptional Modifications in RNA 4.1 5'-Cap formation 4.2 Transcription termination 4.3 3'-end processing and polyadenylation 4.4 Splicing, Editing 4.5 Nuclear export of mRNA 4.6 mRNA stability
3.0
4.0
Section B
5.0
Translation 5.1 Genetic code 5.2 Prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation 5.3 The translational machinery 5.4 Mechanisms of initiation, elongation and termination 5.5 Regulation of translation 5.6 Co- and post-translational modifications of proteins Antisense and Ribozyme technology 6.1 Molecular mechanisms of antisense molecules 6.2 Inhibition of splicing, polyadenylation and translation 25
6.0
6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 7.0
Disruption of RNA structure and capping Biochemistry of ribozyme; hammerhead, hairpin and other ribozymes Strategies for designing ribozymes Application of antisense and ribozyme technologies
Recombination and repair 7.1 Holiday junction, gene targeting, gene disruption 7.2 Cre/lox recombination 7.3 RecA and other recombinases 7.4 DNA repair mechanisms Molecular mapping of genome 8.1 Genetic and physical maps 8.2 Physical mapping and map-based cloning 8.3 Southern and fluorescence in situ hybridization for genome analysis 8.4 Chromosome micro-dissection and micro-cloning 8.5 Molecular markers in genome analysis RFLP, RAPD and AFLP analysis. 8.6 Molecular markers linked to disease resistance genes 8.7 Application of RFLP in forensic, disease prognosis, genetic counseling, pedigree, etc. analysis, Animal trafficking and poaching; germplasm maintenance and taxonomy.
8.0
Suggested Reading Materials 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Molecular Biology of the Gene, J.D. Watson, N.H. Hopkins, J.W. Roberts, J.A Steitz and A.M. Weiner. The Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co., Inc., California. Molecular Cell Biology, J. Darnell, H. Lodish and D. Baltimore Scientific American Books, Inc., USA Molecular Biology of the Cell, B. Alberts, D. Bray, J. Lewis, M. Raff, K. Roberts and J,D. Watson. Garland Publishing Inc., New York. Gene VI, Benjamin Lewin, Oxford University Press, U.K. Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. A comprehensive desk reference, R.A Meyers (Ed.), VCH Publishers, Inc., New York. Molecular Cloning: a Laboratory Manual, J. Sambrook, E.F. Fritsch and T. Maniatis, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York. Introduction to Practical Molecular Biology, P.D. Dabre, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., New York. Molecular Biology LabFax, T.A Brown (Ed.), Bios Scientific Publishers Ltd., Oxford.
26
Paper XIV Molecular Endocrinology

Note:
Section A
1.0 2.0 Basic concept of endocrinology, its scope and role in molecular biology. Chemical nature of hormones; 2.1 Amino-acid derived hormones 2.2 Peptide hormones 2.3 Glyco-protein hormones, 2.4 Steroid hormones and 2.5 Prostaglandin Biosynthesis of peptide hormones, transcriptional and post-transcriptional modifications Network of extra-cellular and intracellular signals. Role of cell structure in intracellular communication. Prostaglandin structure, type, synthesis and biological activities. Mechanism of action of peptide hormones; concept of second messengers, cAMP, cGMP, Ca++, calmoduline, IP3, DAG, NO, signal transduction mechanism, G-proteins. Mechanism of action of steroid hormones; Nuclear receptors, orphan genes and receptors and their role in metabolism and development. Cross talk concept, phosphorylation, Heat shock proteins.
3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
Section B
8.0 Hormonal regulation of: 8.1 Carbohydrate metabolism 8.2 Lipid metabolism 8.3 Protein metabolism 8.4 Nucleic acid metabolism Genetic basis of hormonal disorders. Sequence-specific DNA binding proteins, DNA binding receptor proteins and their role in gene transcription, cell differentiation and cell proliferation. 27
9.0 10.0
11.0 12.0 13.0
Nutrient-induced insulin secretion, pH and DNA synthesis. Interaction between pathways i.e. cAMP, Ca++ pathway, parallel pathway. Genomic and non-genomic action of hormones (peptides and steroid).
Suggested Reading Materials 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Benjamin Lewin, Genes VII, Oxford University Press. Lodish et al. Molecular Cell Biology. Ethan Bier. The Coiled Spring, Cold Spring Harbor Press. L.P. Freedman. Molecular Biology of Steroid and Nuclear Hormone Receptors, Birkhauser. G. Litwack. Biochemical Actions of Hormones, Academic Press.
28
Paper XV Parasitology
Note:
Section A
1.0 .0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 Parasites, Types of parasites: Ecto and endoparasites, facultative, obligatory semiparasites and permanent parasite and hyper parasitism. Hosts; host types, regular, irregular hosts, Intermediate hosts; Carriers; Vectors, series Hosts main; subsidiaries; Primary Secondary, Reservoir hosts. Parasitic Adaptations; Structural adaptation Trivial to extreme morphological adaptations. Physiological adaptations in Protozoa, Helminths, Nematodes, Arthropods. Protozoon diseases in Humans. Host Cell Reaction, Blood Cells, Host, Tissues reaction, some physiological and biochemical responses, hormones stress and parasitism.
Section B
7.0 Distribution and Zoogeography; Micro-distribution site selection, Host migration, Distribution of arthropods by Commercial Vehicles; parasites as clues to host affinities and evaluation. Host parasite specificity; Isolation of Parasite populations, Kinds of specificity, infection and Growth Vectors, flies mosquitoes, fleas, Ticks, mites lice, etc. Evolution of Parasitism : Fahrenholz Rule; Szidat Rule, Eichler rule; Parasite-Host coevolution Adaptation of pre adaptations; Physiological races. Origin of parasitism; Progressive and retrogressive evolution; Origin of groups, Protozoa, Trematodes, Cestodes, Nematodes, and Arthropods Zoonosis. 10.1 Viral: Rabies, Japanese encephalitis. 10.2 Bacterial: Brucellosis, Plague 10.3 Richeltsial: Ricketisial Zoonosis, Q fever, Scrub typhus 10.4 Parasitic: Hydatid disease
8.0 9.0
10.0
29
11.0
Helminth, Nematode and Artlisopod diseases in man.
Suggested Reading Material 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Asa C. Chandler, Clark P. Read, Introduction to Parasitology, John wiley and Sons., Inc., New York. Thomas W.M. Cameron, Parasites and Parasitism, Billing and Sons ltd. London, Elmer R. Noble, Glenn A. Noble; Parasitology: The Biology of Animal Parasites, Lea and Febiger, Washington. R.P. Hall, Protozoology, Prentice-Hall, Inc. Engtewood diffs. N.J. Charles E. Tuttle Company, Tokya. J.L. Soulsby, Biology of Parasites, Academic Press, New York.
30
Paper XVI (i) Molecular Cytogenetics I

Note:
Section A
1.0 Biology of Chromosomes: 1.1 Molecular anatomy of eukaryotic chromosomes. 1.2 Metaphase chromosomes: Centromere, Kinetochore, Nucleolus organizers and rRNA genes. 1.3 Telomere: Functions, Telomeric DNA structure, telomere synthesis, telomerase cycle, telomere shortening in cell senescence and immortalization. 1.4 Heterochromatin and euchromatin. Giant Chromosomes: 2.1 Polytene Chromosomes 2.2 Lampbrush Chromosomes Sex Chromosomes: 3.1 Sex determination and the Y Chromosome 3.2 Dosage compensation in C. elegans, Drosophila and Humans. 3.3 X inactivation in Mice and Mules. 3.4 The role of the second X Chromosome 3.5 Molecular basis of inactivation. Genomic Imprinting: 4.1 Uniparental disomy 4.2 Imprinting disorders 4.3 Ovarian teratomas and hydatiform moles. 4.4 Nature and mechanism of genomic imprinting 4.5 X- inactivation and imprinting 4.6 Sex specific imprinting
2.0
3.0
4.0
Section B
5.0 Somatic Cell Genetics: 5.1 Cell fusion and somatic cell hybrids agents and mechanism of fusion. 5.2 Heterokaryon Cell lines and selection systems and chromosome segregation. 5.3 Radiation hybrid mapping. 5.4 Gene mapping with somatic cell hybrids 5.6 Hybrid mapping panels.
31
6.0
Genes in Pedigrees: 6.1 Mendelian pedigree pattern. 6.2 Heritable diseases in human. 6.3 Inheritance of mitochondrial diseases 6.4 Complications to the basic pedigree patterns 6.5 Non-Mendelian traits. Gene Mutations : 7.1 Spontaneous mutations Base pair substitution and frame shift mutations 7.2 Induced mutations Radiation, chemical and environmental 7.3 In vitro site specific mutagenesis. 7.4 Detection of mutagens The Ames test and sister chromatid exchanges. Genetics of Cell Cycle: 8.1 Genetic regulation of cell division in yeast and eukaryotes. 8.2 Molecular basis of cellular check points. 8.3 Molecular basis of neoplasia.
7.0
8.0
Suggested Reading Material: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Atherly, A.C., J.R. Girton and J.F. McDonald. The Science of Genetics. Sauders College Publishing, Harcort Brace College Publishers, NY. Brooker, R.J. Genetics : Analysis and Principles. Benjamin/Cummings, Longman Inc. Fairbanks, D.J. and W.R. Anderson. Genetics The Continuity of Life. Brook/Cole Publishing Company ITP, NY, Toronto. Gardner, E.J., M.J. Simmons and D.P. Snustad. Principles of Genetics. John Wiley and Sons. Inc., NY. Griffiths, A.J.F., J.H. Miller, D.T. Suzuki, R.C. Lewontin and W.M. Gelbart. An introduction to genetic analysis. W.H. Freeman and company, NY. Lewin, B. Genes. VI. Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, Tokyo. Snustad, D.P. and M.J. Simmons. Principles of Genetics. John Wiley and Sons. Inc., NY. Watson, J.D., N.H. Hopkins, J.W. Roberts, J.A. Steitz and A.M. Weiner. Molecular Biology of Genes. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company Inc., Tokyo. Tom Strachan & Read, A.P. Human Molecular Genetics 3rd edition, Garland Publishing 2004, London.
32
Paper XVI (ii) Semester III Reproduction and Ageing I Max. Mark: 70 Time: 3 Hours
Note:
Section A
1.0 Central nervous system, Hypothalamus-pituitary axis:- Hypothalamus nuclei (anatomy) , Vascularity, endocrine functions, Neurosecretions, Neurohormones and Hormones, Pituitary and non-pituitary gonadotrophins and their biological significance. Germline-soma interactions during early development. 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 Sertoli cell-germ cell interactions and regulation of testicular activity both in vivo and in vitro. Physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology of follicular growth. Induced and spontaneous ovulators; Theories of ovulation. Follicular atresia; causes, regulation and significance with special reference to fertility regulation.
Section B
Molecular, cellular and functional changes during ageing, life span, chronological and biological age, Relationship between reproduction and ageing. Importance of diet, diseases, exercise, stress and yoga. 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 Chromatin changes; structural and functional impairment; Acetylatylation, methylation, changes in histones and packing proteins during ageing. Enzyme changes during ageing; Isoenzyme patterns, induction of enzymes and molecular properties. Collagen changes during ageing; structure, types and cross linking groups and functional changes. Hormonal changes during ageing; age-reversal effects of hormones and growth factors. Theories of ageing: somatic mutation theory; error theory; codon restriction theory; gene regulation theory; free radical theory ; telomerase theory. 33
Suggested Reading Materials: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Guraya S.S. (1998). Cellular and Molecular Biology of General development and Maturation in mammals Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi. Hafez E.S.E.(1994).Reproduction in farm animals. Lea Febighiese. Mc Donald L.E. (1988). Veterinary Endocrinology & Reproduction. Varghese Co., Bombay Degrodt L.I.(1995). Endocrinology Vol. I, II, III Saunders. Gurays S.S. (2000). Comparative Cellular and Molecular Biology of Ovary in mammals. I.B.H., New Delhi.
34
Paper XVI (iii) Semester III Animal Behaviour and Wildlife Conservation I Max. Mark: 70 Time: 3 Hours
Note:
Section A 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Concept of Animal behaviour; Mile-Stones in the history of animal behaviour and scope. Anthropomorphism and subjectivity vs. Ethology : Various methods to overcome these problems in the study of animal behaviour. Stereotyped and acquired behaviour patterns : Tropisms, Taxes, Reflexes, Instincts, learning & reasoning; Change in major modes of adaptive behaviour in phylogeny. Perception of the environment : Mechanical, Electrical, chemical, olfactory, auditory, visual Biological rhythms and concept of biological clock. Motivation: Introduction, goal oriented behaviour, biological drives Primary and Secondary drives. Concept of learning: law of learning, types of learning Habitation, trial & error learning, latest learning, Insight, Imprinting, Classical conditioning & Instrumental learning.
Section B 8. 9.
Wildlife: Definition, significance and wildlife zones of the world and India, Wildlife Map of the world, Wildlife map of India; Protected Area Systems: Concept, Historical background, categories and management objectives of protected areas, world growth of protected areas, Present status of National PA-Systems; Theory and Practice of Biosphere Reserves.
10. 11.
Biosphere Reserves of the world: Biosphere Reserves of India, Natural Heritage Sites of the world, Natural Heritage sites in India. Wildlife and livelihood; Wildlife and illegal trade & control;
35
12. 13. 14.
Wildlife conservation techniques, role of WWF, IUCN, UNEP, Red Data Book; Categories of Endangered Wildlife Species. A brief analysis of Avian and Mammalian fauna of the world, Indian Subcontinent. A brief analysis of wild mammalian fauna of the world Indian Subcontinent.
Suggested Reading Materials:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Techniques for wildlife Census in India by W.A. Rogers (A field mannual); Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun. Wildlife Wealth of India by T.C. Majupuria; Tecpress Services, L.P., 487/42-SOLWattenslip, Pratunam Bangkok, 10400, Thailand Ali, S. Ripley S.D. Handbook of Birds of India, Pakistan 10-Vols. Oxford University Press, Bombay. The Book of Indian Animals by S.H. Prater, BNHS-Publication, Bombay. Wildlife in India by V.B. Saharia Natraj Publishers, Dehradun. E.P. Gee, The Wildlife of India.
36
Paper XVI (iv) Fish and Fisheries I

Note:
Section A
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 Definition of Fish and Fisheries and aquaculture. Classification of fishes with distinguishing characters and examples of each group. Indian fisheries production, utilization and demand. Estuarine and brackish water fishes of India characteristic species and their exploitation. Culture fisheries Design and construction of culture ponds Prerequisites of a fish suitable for culture. Ecology of fish pond ecosystem 7.1 Physico chemical conditions of ponds water and soil 7.2 Biological conditions of waters 7.3 Weeds and their control 7.4 Productivity of fish pond 7.5 Classification of water bodies on the basis of productivity. Estuarine, marine and wet land fisheries Water pollution its causes and remedy Biological basis of rational fishery
8.0 9.0 10.0
Section B
11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 Fish integument : Exoskeleton and colouration Fins : origin, types and functions Food and feeding habits of fishes, Digestion in fishes Respiratory system Gill structure and functions, Accessory respiratory organs swim bladder and webberian ossicles
37
15.0 16.0
Osmoregulation in fishes Receptors in fishes 16.1 Chemoreceptors 16.2 Lateral line organs 16.3 Eye Ear 16.4 Pineal organ Hormones and reproduction : Induced breeding in carps and catfishes. Identification of different maturity stages of fishes. Migration in fishes Fish diseases and their control Age and growth studies
17.0 18.0 19.0 20.0 21.0
38
Paper XVI (v) Insect Morphology and Physiology I

Note:
1. 2. 3.
Nine questions will be set in all. Question No. 1, which will be objective/short answer type cover the entire syllabus, will be compulsory. The remaining eight questions will be set section wise selecting four questions from each section (I & II). The candidate will be required to attempt question No. 1 and four more selecting two questions from each section. As far as possible the questions should be divided into sub-parts and marks indicated part wise.
Section A
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 Classification and diagnostic features of insects. Distinctive characters and interrelationship of various insect orders. Classification of Orthoptera, Hemiptera and Coleoptera up to families (important ones only) Evolution of wings. Insect and Plants a) Phytophagy b) Pollination and Myrmacochory Insect Predation and parasitism Insect societies: Subsociality in insect; Eusociality in insect (Colony and Castes in Hymenoptera and Isoptera); Evolution of eusociality. Insect defense.
6.0 7.0 8.0
Section B
9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 Integument, its derivatives, and colour production. Segmentation and tagmosis. Head and its appendages. Thorax and its appendages. Wings and its variation. Abdomen and is appendages. External Genitalia and its modifications. Metamorphosis. Diapause. Mounting.
39
Suggested reading material 1. 2. 3. The Insect-Structure and Function. - by R.F. Chapman. Imms General Text Book of Entomology by O.W. Richards and R.G. Davies. The Insect an outline of Entomology- by P.G. Gullan and P.S. Cranston.
40
Paper XVI (vi) Semester III Proteins and Nucleic Acids I Max. Mark: 70 Time: 3 Hours
Note:
1. 2. 3. Nine questions will be set in all. Question No. 1, which will be objective/short answer type cover the entire syllabus, will be compulsory. The remaining eight questions will be set section wise selecting four questions from each section (I & II). The candidate will be required to attempt question No. 1 and four more selecting two questions from each section. As far as possible the questions should be divided into sub-parts and marks indicated part wise.
Section A
1.0 Covalent properties of proteins. 1.1 Structure and chemistry of amino acids. 1.2 Protein sequencing 1.3 Peptide synthesis 1.4 Covalent modification 1.5 Protein size and composition 1.6 Protein splicing Protein secondary structure 2.1 Protein tertiary structure and folding patterns 2.2 Common tertiary structural motifs 2.3 Role of packing constraints in tertiary structure patterns 2.4 Divergent vs. convergent evolution of similar structural motifs Globular and Fibrous Proteins 3.1 Water and the hydrophobic effect 3.2 Tertiary and quaternary effect 3.3 Motifs in globular proteins 3.4 Properties of protein interiors and surfaces 3.5 Fibrous proteins 3.6 Structure of bone Protein folding and thermodynamics 4.1 Protein folding and dyamics 4.2 Folding overview: the Levinthal paradox 4.3 Condensation and molten globules 4.4 Ramachandran plots and amino acid propensities 4.5 Catalysis and assistance 4.6 Amino acid sequence variation and membrane protein folding 4.7 Chaperonin-assisted protein folding Section-II 5.0 Large macromolecular assemblies 5.1 Principles of protein-protein interaction 41
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.2 5.3 5.4 6.0 7.0
Control of assembly Viruses, Muscle assemblies
Use of sequence comparisons of study evolution. Allostery (Hemoglobin), Myoglobin structure and oxygen binding 7.1 Hemoglobin subunits cooperativity, the Hill coefficient 7.2 Quaternary structure changes Sickle cell and other molecular diseases Methods of Study Protein-Protein purification and analysis, Electrophoresis, Dialysis, Column chromatography, Ultracentrifugation, Mass spectrometry, Affinity chromatography, Optical spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, NMR, High resolution electron microscopy. Peptide chemistry-sequencing and synthesis.
8.0
Suggested Reading Materials
1. 2. 3.
G.M. Blacburn and M. Gait. Nucleic Acids in Chemistry and Biology. Oxford University Press. W. Saenger. Principles of Nucleic Acid Structure. Springer Verlage, New York. T.E. Creighton. Proteins: Structure and Molecular Properties. W.H. Freeman, New York.
42
Paper XVII Practical: Applied Zoology
1.
Preparation of microscopic slide with specific staining Blood smears for detection of any Parasitic forms intra cellular (e.g. malarial parasite) or extra cellular (Trypanosomes). Avian blood could be tried, Fish blood. Raising of larval stages again in respect of mosquitoes: - Culex; Anopheles, Aedes, marking out the basic structural differences at larval level. Preparation of permanent mounts of Culex and Aedes and Anopheles adults highlight differences, if any, between basic these important vectors. Preparation of stained mounts of Dicrocoelrim dendrilicim (as are example of Trematode Parasite) from sheep liver, Acetocarmine stain. Study of Nematodes in glycerin. The material could be had from frogs cloacal region of the frog and lizards. Making acetocarmine squashes of nematode eggs for their chromosomal pattern. Scanning of frog cloacal scrappings in glycerin on a glass slide for sharing any evidence of monogenetic trematodes like Diplozoon or Polystoarella. Study of parasitic load in a host species in different region : no. of parasites per host specimen or region of the specimen. Non-protein nitrogenous substances: qualitative estimation of serum Bilisabin serum and urine creatintine. Estimation of Acid and alkaline phosphates. Demonstration of SDS and non-SDS electrophoresis Microbiological media preparation, sterilization, dilution, inoculation and standard plant count.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
43
Paper XVIII (i) Semester III Practical: Molecular Cytogenetics I Max. Mark: 60 Time: 4 Hours 1. Making karyological preparations from testicular material of suitable insects by squash and air drying techniques to study the structure and behaviour of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Study of chiasma frequency and terminalisation co-efficient. Study of mitosis from hepatic ceacae of suitable insects and preparation of karyotype and idiogram. Demonstration of banding techniques (C, G and T). Study of NORs in insect chromosomes. Making preparations from salivary glands of Chironomus larvae / Drosophila larvae to study polytene chromosomes. Effect of temperature on polytene chromosomes. Preparation of human buccal smear to study sex chromatin. Nuclear sexing from polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Identification of meiotic and mitotic stages from permanent slides. Gel electrophoresis : Practical demonstration. Isolation of genomic DNA. PCR : Introduction and practical demonstration.
44
Paper XVIII (ii) Semester III Practical: Reproduction of Aging I Max. Mark: 60 Time: 4 Hours 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Dissection of brain, spinal cord and associated nerves and male and female reproductive systems of earthworm, cockroach, grass hopper, and rat. Perfusion techniques and fixation method for histological studies. Processing of nervous and reproductive tissues for microanatomy and histochemistry. Study of permanent slides on mammalian reproductive and nervous tissues. Study of folliculogenesis and atresia in rat ovary. Study of apoptosis in nervous tissues and gonads. Extraction and estimation of macromolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Histochemical and biochemical analysis of age pigments. Study of vitellogensis in different animals. Oocyte collection; aspiration and slicing method. Oocyte maturation in vitro. Sperm morphology, capacitation, sperm count, and sperm motility. In vitro fertilization.
45
Paper XVIII (iii) Practical: Animal Behaviour and Wildlife Conservation I
1.
Designing of experiments, observations, techniques of data analysis, presentation of results and writing of laboratory report. To demonstrate locomotive, explorative withdrawal and habituation behaviours in earthworm. To demonstrate response of earthworm to light. To demonstrate antennal grooming behaviour in cockroach. Demonstration of food preferences in Tribolium/ Rhizopertha/ Callosbruchus. Investigation of habituation of diving response of mosquito larvae. To study the effect of temperature on heartbeat of cockroach. Field study of nesting behaviour of common available avian fauna of the region. To prepare charts of wildlife zones of India and the world (a) (b) Estimation of insect-population using sweep net method. Estimation of population of soil arthropods by transect method.
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
To study mobbing response of birds.
46
Paper XVIII (iv) Practical: Fish and Fisheries I
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Study of Anatomy and Morphology of important group of fishes. Taxonomic study of common families, genera and species of fishes Study of fishes of Haryana Survey of fish fauna of a specific fishing spot by each student Examination of skeleton of cartilaginous and bony fishes Study of histological and microscopic structure in fishes Analysis of physical and chemical properties of water Qualitative and quantitative examination of phyto- and Zooplankton in a water body. Study of Aquatic weeds and aquatic insects
47
Paper XVIII (v) Practical: Insect Morphology and Physiology I
1.
Dissection of the below mentioned insects (to show their stomatogastric sympathetic nervous system and central nervous system, alimentary canal and reproductive organs): mylabris, Cockroach, Ak-hopper, Gryllus, wasp.
2. 3. 4.
Permanent slide preparation of whole mounts and various modifications of different morphological parts of insect (antennae, legs, wings, mouthparts, genitalia etc.). Fixation, section cutting and staining (double) of suitable insect tissues. Insect collection and preservation.
48
Paper XVIII (vi) Practical: Proteomics and Genomics I
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Separation of macromolecules by Chromatographic techniques. Isolation of genome DNA. Southern blotting RFLP analysis. Isolation of RNA
49
Paper XIX Developmental Biology

Note:
1. 2. 3.
Semester IV Max. Mark: 70 Time: 3 Hours
Section A
1.0 Introduction to animal development 1.1 Problems of developmental biology 1.2 Developmental patterns in metazoans 1.3 Development in unicellular eukaryotes Creating multicellularity 2.1 Cleavage types 2.2 Comparative account of gastrulation Early vertebrate development 3.1 Neurulation and ectoderm 3.2 Mesoderm and endoderm Cytoplasmic determinants and autonomous cell specification 4.1 Cell commitment and differentiation 4.2 Cell specification in nematodes 4.3 Germ cell determinants 4.4 Germ cell migration 4.5 Progressive cell - Cell interaction and cell specification fate Body Axes 5.1 Establishment of Body axes in mammals and birds 5.2 Proximate tissue interactions 5.3 Genetics of axis specification in Drosophila Homeobox concept in different phylogenetic groups
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
Section B
7.0 8.0 Tetrapod limb development Hormones as mediators of development 8.1 Amphibian metamorphosis 8.2 Insect metamorphosis 8.3 Ovarian luteinization and mammary gland differentiation. Environmental evolution and animal development 9.1 Environmental cues and effects 50
9.0
9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 10.0
Malformations and disruptions Changing evolution through development modularity Developmental constraints Creating new cell types - basic evolutionary mystery
Biology of sex determination 10.1 Chromosomal sex determination - mammals and Drosophila 10.2 Testis determining genes 10.3 Ovarian development 10.4 Secondary sex determination in mammals 10.5 Environmental sex determination. Cell diversification in early animal embryo 11.1 Xenopus blastomeres 11.2 Morphogen gradients 11.3 Totipotency & Pleuripotency 11.4 Embryonic stem cells 11.5 Renewal by stem cells - epidermis 11.6 Skeletal muscle regeneration 11.7 Connective tissue cell family Hemopoietic stem cells 12.1 Stem cell disorders 12.2 Blood cells formation 12.3 Bone marrow transplants 12.4 Gene therapy
11.0
12.0
Suggested Reading Material 1. 2. S.F. Gilbert. Developmental Biology. Sinauer Associates Inc., Massachusetts. Ethan Bier. The Cold Spring'. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York.
51
Paper XX Vertebrate Immunology

Note:
1. 2. 3.
Section A
1.0 2.0 Innate and Acquired Immunity Phylogeny and Ontogeny of immune system 2.1 Organization and structure of lymphoid organs 2.2 Cells of the immune system and their differentiation 2.3 Lymphocyte traffic Nature of immune response Nature of antigens and superantigens 4.1 Antigenicity and immunogenicity 4.2 Factors influencing immunogenicity 4.3 Epitopes and haptens Structure and Functions of Antibodies 5.1 Classes and subclasses 5.2 Gross and Fine structure 5.3 Antibody mediated effector functions Antigen-Ab interactions in vitro and in vivo. Complement System Major Histocompatibility Complex in mouse and HLA system in human 8.1 MHC haplotypes 8.2 Class I and class II molecules 8.3 Cellular distribution 8.4 Peptide binding 8.5 Expression and diversity 8.6 Disease susceptibility and MHC/HLA
3.0 4.0
5.0
6.0 7.0 8.0
Section B
9.0 Organization and expression of Ig genes 9.1 Models for Ig gene structure 9.2 Multigene organization of Ig genes 9.3 DNA rearrangements and mechanisms 9.4 Generation of antibody diversity 52
9.5 10.0
Differential expression of Ig genes.
T-cell receptors 10.1 Isolation, molecular components and structure 10.2 T-cell maturation and thymus 10.3 T H-cell activation mechanism 10.4 T-cell differentiation 10.4 Cell death and T-cell population B-cell generation, activation and differentiation 11.1 B-cell receptors 11.2 Selection of immature self-reactive B-cells 11.3 B-cell activation and proliferation 11.4 T H-B-Cell interactions 11.5 Humoral immune response-kinetics Cytokines 12.1 Structures and functions 12.2 Cytokine receptors 12.3 Cytokines and Immune response Cell-mediated effector functions 13.1 Cell adhesion molecules 13.2 Effector cells and molecules 13.3 CTL and NK cells-mechanisms of action 13.4 Delayed type hypersensitivity Immunological tolerance and Anti-immunity Hypersensitivity and immune responses to infection agents especially intracellular parasites.
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0 15.0
Suggested Reading Material 1. 2. 3. Kuby. Immunology, W.H. Freeman, USA. W. Paul. Fundamentals of Immunology. I.M. Roitt. Essential Immunology, ELBS Edition.
53
Paper XXI Environmental Toxicology

Note:
1. 2. 3.
Section A
1.0 Environmental Policy: Economic environmental policy, social environmental policy, legal environmental policy at global and national level. Environment Impact Assessment: Definition, Introduction, Different phases, significance. Environmental pollution: Definition, types of pollution; air, water land, noise, plastic and marine; Principal pollutants; Significance, consequences and possible management strategies. Green House effect: Definition, global warming, consequences and significance. Ozone layer: Ozone as a friends and a foe; phenomenon, reasons and possible effects on plants, animal and man; Measures to check deflection of ozone layer. Food production trends on national and global basis and its ecological and social consequences. Concepts of sustainable development: Utility and significance.
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
Section B
6.0 7.0 8.0 Introduction to Toxicology: Definition, classification of toxicants. Xenobiotics: Definition, types and significance. Toxic agents & mode of action: Pesticides, metals, solvents Radiation, carcinogens, poisons, Bio-toxins, petrochemicals. Solid waste management: Primary waste products-Solid waste, toxic biological and hospital landfills, incineration, source reduction and recycling. Environmental Toxicology: Food additives, air, water and soil pollutants. Principles and significance of systematic toxicology: Definition, introduction and discussion of Genotoxicology, applications of toxicology anthropogenic activities and environment, Human toxicology and medicinal ethics.
9.0
10.0 11.0
Suggested Reading Material: 54
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Concepts of Ecology by Edward J.Kormondy; Prentice Hall of India (Pvt.) Ltd. Fundamentals of Ecology by W.B. Odum, E.P. Saunders, Toppan Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan. Ecology by Paul Colin Vacx: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environmental Pollution by H.M Dix., John Wiley Publications, New York. Handbook of Solid Waste Management by Wilson, Van Nostrand, Reinhold. Environmental Studies by D.B. Botkin, & E.A. Keller, Martill Publising Co., Columbs, Toronto, London, 1987 Ecology of Natural Resources, Francoid remade, John Wiley & Sons, New York, Singapore. Ecology by Paul Colinvaux; John Wiley & Sons, New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore.
55
Paper XXII (i) Molecular Cytogenetics II

Note:
1. 2. 3.
Section A
1.0 Human Cytogenetics: 1.1 Human karyotype. 1.2 Nomenclature for normal chromosomes (ISCN) 1.3 Variable chromosome features 1.4 Nomenclature for acquired chromosome aberrations 1.5 Nomenclature for meiotic chromosomes 1.6 Species codes. Chromosome Banding Techniques and their Applications: 2.1 Q-banding 2.2 C-banding 2.3 G-banding and R-banding 2.4 T-banding 2.5 High-Resolution and Replication banding 2.6 Nuclease banding 2.7 Molecular correlates of chromosome bands. 2.8 Functional significance of chromosome bands. Numerical and Structural Abnormalities of Human Chromosomes Syndromes: 3.1 Autosomal syndromes cat-cry syndrome, Wolf-Hirchhorn syndrome, Trisomy 13, Trisomy 18, Trisomy 21. 3.2 Sex chromosomal syndromes Turners syndrome, Klinefelters syndrome, XYY, True and Pseudohermaphroditism. 3.3 Chromosomal abnormalities and dermatoglyphics. 3.4 Fragile sites and fragile X syndrome. Cytogenetic Implications and Consequences of Structural Changes and Numerical Alterations of Chromosomes: 4.1 Aberrations of chromosome number Polyploidy, aneuploidy 4.2 Aberrations of chromosome structures Duplications, deletions, inversions, translocations.
2.0
3.0
4.0
Section B
5.0 rDNA Technology: 56
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 6.0
Gene-cloning Vectors cDNA and genomic liberaries Blotting techniques Chromosome walking Application of rDNA technology
Molecular Cytogenetic Techniques: 6.1 Fish 6.2 Chromosome painting 6.3 Automated karyotyping 6.4 Flow cytometery 6.5 DNA fingerprinting Molecular Markers in Genome Analysis: 7.1 RFLP 7.2 RAPD 7.3 AFLP 7.4 PCR and its applications in genome analysis 7.5 Microarrays bases expression analysis. Genome Projects: 8.1 Human genome project history, organization, goals and value of the project. 8.2 Genetic mapping of the human genome 8.3 Physical mapping of the human genome 8.4 Human genome diversity project 8.5 Model organisms and other genome projects. 8.6 Life in the post genomic era.
7.0
8.0
Suggested Reading Material 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Atherly, A.C., J.R. Girton and J.F. McDonald. The Science of Genetics. Sauders College Publishing, Harcort Brace College Publishers, NY. Brooker, R.J. Genetics : Analysis and Principles. Benjamin/Cummings, Longman Inc. Fairbanks, D.J. and W.R. Anderson. Genetics The Continuity of Life. Brook/Cole Publishing Company ITP, NY, Toronto. Gardner, E.J., M.J. Simmons and D.P. Snustad. Principles of Genetics. John Wiley and Sons. Inc., NY. Griffiths, A.J.F., J.H. Miller, D.T. Suzuki, R.C. Lewontin and W.M. Gelbart. An introduction to genetic analysis. W.H. Freeman and company, NY. Lewin, B. Genes. VI. Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, Tokyo. Snustad, D.P. and M.J. Simmons. Principles of Genetics. John Wiley and Sons. Inc., NY. Watson, J.D., N.H. Hopkins, J.W. Roberts, J.A. Steitz and A.M. Weiner. Molecular Biology of Genes. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company Inc., Tokyo. Tom Strachan & Read, A.P. Human Molecular Genetics 3rd edition, Garland Publishing 2004, London
57
Paper XXII (ii) Semester IV Reproduction and Aging II Max. Mark: 70 Time: 3 Hours
Note:
Section A
Biology of oocyte maturation in vivo and in vitro Molecular basis of fertilization; Capacitation, Acrosome reaction, Cortical granules exocytosis & egg activation. In vitro and in vivo fertilization, sexing, stem cells, cloning and future prospectives. Corpus luteum, structure and functions. Control of luteal functions including luteolytic & luteotrophic factors, Pseudopregnancy and gestation periods. Hormonal regulation of implantation, pregnancy, parturition, placenta and its hormones. Artificial wombs, Immunocontraception; Mammary glands and physiology of lactation. In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer technology with special reference to wildlife conservation. Environmental factors influencing Reproduction; Pheromones and Reproduction. Influence of age on reproductive performance.
Section B
Structure and classification of neurons and glial cells. Neuronal elements, basis of circuit, synaptic action, dendritic properties and functional operation of spinal cord, membrane conductance., Brain stem, Autonomic nervous system. Principles of synaptic transmission; Ca2+ and transmitter release; post synaptic transmission mechanism; diversity of neurotransmitters: acetylcholine, catecholamine, serotonin, GABA, glycine, histamine, peptides, NO, and opiods. Denervation and regeneration of synaptic connections in vertebrate central nervous system Apoptosis its molecular mechanism regulation, and significance. Neurophychiatric disorders; Neuropathy, Diseases involving myelin; Ischemia and hypoxia; Epileptic seizers; Alzheimer disease; Prion disease; Progeria, Parkinsons disease.
58
Dietary requirements of the aged, psychological and social problems of the aged. Suggested Reading Materials: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Guraya S.S. (1998). Cellular and Molecular Biology of General development and Maturation in mammals Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi. Hafez E.S.E.(1994).Reproduction in farm animals. Lea Febighiese. Mc Donald L.E. (1988). Veterinary Endocrinology & Reproduction. Varghese Co., Bombay Degrodt L.I.(1995). Endocrinology Vol. I,II,III Saunders. Gurays S.S. (2000). Comparative Cellular and Molecular Biology of Ovary in mammals. I.B.H., New Delhi.
59
Paper XXII (iii) Semester IV Animal Behaviour and Wildlife Conservation II Max. Mark: 70 Time: 3 Hours
Note:
Section A
1.0 Social behaviour: 1.1 Aggregations and society; 1.2 Advantages of group living; 1.3 Social organization in animals Schooling in fish, flocking in birds, herding in mammal 1.4 Group selection, kin selection, altruism, reciprocal altruism. 1.5 Territoriality and parental care. Social behaviour of termites, ants and primates. Various means of communication in animals: Chemical, Visual, auditory, touch etc. Hormones and animal Behaviour: Hormones important to behavioural regulation; Aggressive behaviour; sexual attraction and sexual behaviour. Pheromones and animal behaviour: types of pheromones, role of pheromones in animal behaviour; pheromones of social insects.
2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
Section B 7.0
Wildlife Census: Planning a wildlife census, understanding sample counts, Block counts, Road side counts, Dung counts, Pugmark census, Water-hole census, Presentation of India. Identify industrial animals. Wildlife Damage, its nature and definition, electric fences for wildlife damage control, Basic electric fence design. Trench design, line trapping, Mist netting, Rocket netting Chemical capture: Equipment, Drugs, Plan of operation, Chemical capture of ungulates, Elephant, Rhinoceros, Large carnivores. Wildlife Tourism: Definition scope and range; Popular Wildlife Tourist Sports of the world, Popular Wildlife spots in India, Sustainable use of wildlife spots, Education methods. 60
8.0
9.0
10.0 Poaching: Its definition and implications, conducting anti-poaching operations, Evidence
in poaching cases.
11.0 National Projects: Project Tiger, Project elephant, Project Rhinoceros, Project
Crocodiles, Project Hangul, Manipur Brow Antlered Deer. Suggested Reading Materials:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Techniques for wildlife Census in India by W.A. Rogers (A field mannual); Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun. Wildlife Wealth of India by T.C. Majupuria; Tecpress Services, L.P., 487/42-SOLWattenslip, Pratunam Bangkok, 10400, Thailand Ali, S. Ripley S.D. Handbook of Birds of India, Pakistan 10-Vols. Oxford University Press, Bombay. The Book of Indian Animals by S.H. Prater, BNHS-Publication, Bombay. Wildlife in India by V.B. Saharia Natraj Publishers, Dehradun. E.P. Gee, The Wildlife of India.
61
Paper XXII (iv) Fish and Fisheries II

Note:
1. 2. 3.
Section A
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 Introduction to fish biotechnology Fish stock improvement through genetic improvement. Androgenesis and Gynogenesis natural and induced Polyploidy induced Sex reversal and sterility Transgenesis, transgenes and application Cryopreservation of gametes and embryo Fish-by products Fish preservation process Nutritive aspect of fish meat and oil.
Section B
11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 Current concept of culturable fin fishes and shell fishes Cultivable organisms for aquaculture and criteria for their selection Different systems for aquaculture: Pond culture, cage culture and aquaculture ranching etc. Nutrition in Aquaculture 14.1 Nutrient and non-nutrient diet components 14.2 Preparation and processing of feed, feed formulae, 14.3 Natural and supplementary feed and their utilization Integrated Aquaculture and waste water aquaculture Pearl Culture 62
15.0 16.0
17.0 18.0 19.0 20.0
Frog culture Prawn culture-Fresh and brackish water Impact of Aquaculture of Environment Methods of Fishing 20.1 Crafts and gear technology
63
Paper XXII (v) Insect Morphology and Physiology II

Note:
1. 2. 3.
Section A
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 Digestive system: Alimentary canal: Digestion (Including unusual food materials); Absorption; Nutrition. Circulatory system: Circulatory organs; Haemolymph; circulation of blood; Immune system Respiratory system: Tracheal system, Spiracles; Gaseous exchange; Respiration in aquatic and endoparasitic insects. Excretory system: Malpighian tubules; Nitrogenous excretion; Urine production; fat body and other haemocoelic tissues.
Section B
5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 Reproductive system : male and female reproductive organs; Spermatozoa and sperm transfer; ovulation and fertilization; types of reproduction. Nervous system: Central nervous system (brain in brief); sympathetic nervous system; Controlling behaviour. Endocrine system: Endocrine glands; Major hormones; Regulation of hormone titer; Mode of action of hormones. Sensory system and behaviour: Mechanical stimuli; Sound reception and sound production; Chemical stimuli; Semichemicals-Pheromones, Kairomones allomones and synomones: Insect vision.
Suggested reading material 1. 2. 3. The Insect-Structure and Function. - by R.F. Chapman. Imms General Text Book of Entomology by O.W. Richards and R.G. Davies. The Insect an outline of Entomology- by P.G. Gullan and P.S. Cranston.
64
Paper XXII (vi) Semester IV Proteins and Nucleic Acids II Max. Mark: 70 Time: 3 Hours
Note:
Section A 1.0
Covalent properties of nucleic acids 1.1 Modified nucleosides. 1.2 Properties of polynucleotides. 1.3 Secondary and tertiary structure. Chemistry of nucleic acid polymerization. Enzymatic and acid phase methods. Nucleic acid structure I. Duplex stability, hybridization. RNA structure, hairpin and pseudoknot structures, tRNA. Nucleic acid structure II. DNA and RNA helical geometries (A-Z), bending, deformation, triplexes, quadruplexes. Chromatin structure. Structure of the nucleosome core; organization of nucleosomes into solenoids; topological consideration. Nucleic acid analysis. DNA and RNA sequencing, determination of modified nucleotides, analysis of nucleic acid secondary structure. Interactions of nucleic acids with small molecules. Proteins-nucleic acid interactions I. Proteins-nucleic acid interactions II.
2.0 3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0 7.0 8.0
Section B
9.0 10.0 Principles of enzyme catalysis. RNA catalysis 10.1 Chemistry and structure of ribozymes 10.2 Evolutionary implications 10.3 RNA splicing 10.4 RNA-and spliceosome-mediated reactions
65
11.0
Nucleoside analogs. Incorporation of analogs into DNA/RNA and properties of polynucleotides (thionucleotides, fluorophores, biotinylated nucleosides). Enzyme mechanisms. Proteases, polymerases, other examples. Gene and genome analysis Bioinformatics Genome maps Microarray-bases expression analysis Genomics-based drug discovery.
12.0 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4
14.0 Extremophiles 14.1 Life at 1050C or pH 1 or at 5M KCl 14.2 Protein stability 14.3 Protein-nucleic acid interactions.
Suggested Reading Materials
1. G.M. Blacburn and M.Gait. Nucleic Acids in Chemistry and Biology. Oxford University 2. 3.
Press. W. Saenger. Principles of Nucleic Acid Structure. Springer Verlage, New York. T.E. Creighton. Proteins: Structure and Molecular Properties. W.H. Freeman, New York.
66
Paper XXIII Practical: Immunology, Developmental Biology and Toxicology
GENERAL 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

Antigen-antibody interaction in vitro. Radioimmunoassay and ELISA. Isolation of B-lymphocytes. Phagocytosis in vitro. Blood film preparation and identification of cells. Histology of lymphoid organs. Immunological diagnosis of pregnancy/infection/cancer. Studies on vaginal smears during different stages of estrous cycle. Fertilization and study of early cleavage in development in small. Studies on avian/lacertilian oviduct with reference to egg shell formation. Studies of different types of eggs with reference to their yolk contents. Studies of normal development with reference to normal tables of developmental stages of frog/toad chick. Preparation of whole mounts of embryo and larvae when present.
Toxicology
Bioassay to demonstrate toxicological effect. Determination of phosphate, ammonia and nitrate in water. Determination of sediment chemistry Moisture Carbonate Nitrate pH Phosphate Texture Organic Carbon
67
Paper XXIV (i) Practical: Molecular Cytogenetics - II
Semester IV
Max. Mark: 60 Time: 4 Hours
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Making karyological preparations from bone marrow of a rodent for making somatic karyotypes. Making karyological preparations from bone marrow and other tissues of fishes/amphibians/birds for making karyotypes. Study of meiosis in testicular material of suitable vertebrates. Short term lymphocyte culture of human peripheral blood for preparing karyotype. Banding techniques in the chromosomes of vertebrates/human. Nucleolus organizer regions in the chromosomes of Human/Rat/Mice/Bird/Fish. Sister chromatid differential staining of chromosomes. A survey for the study of : (i) ABO and Rh blood groups (ii) Some morphogenetic and behavioural traits. (iii) Some biochemical traits. Preparation of pedigrees and pedigree analysis. Submission of a Survey/Project report.
9. 10.
68
Paper XXIV (ii) Practical: Reproduction and Ageing II
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Effects of pesticides, drugs, and xenobiotics on granulosa cells in vitro. Effects of pesticides, oxidants, and free radicals on testicular tissue in vitro. Morphological charges during spermeogensis. Localization of steroidogenic enzymes. Estimation of catalase from nervous and reproductive tissue Determination of Glutathione peroxides, glutathione redirects during aging. Lipid peroxidation by MDA method. Impact of Vitamin C & F on lipid peroxidation in vitro. Fluorescence studies on age pigment. Age related changes in sperm characteristics.
69
Paper XXIV (iii) Practical: Animal Behaviour and Wildlife Conservation II
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
To study the effect of temperature on gill movement in fishes. Laboratory study of mechanism of flight in grasshopper. Study of response of flour beetle (Triblium sp.) to angles of substrate. To study nesting behaviour of squirrels in different habitats vis., urban environment, grain-market-area, roadside plantations, orchards gardens etc. Field study of burrowing behaviour of common available rodent fauna of the region. Preparation of field diary on the basis of observations regarding habitat, habits of common available avian and rodent fauna of the region. Study of morphological changes in common avian species during breeding season. Demonstration of different stages of reproductive cycle in rat/mouse. Field visit to a zoo or wildlife part/sanctuary and preparation of field report. Preparation of charts of endangered amphibians, reptiles and mammals with ecological remarks. Animal behaviour patterns using Photostat sheets. Analysis of standard pug marks of large sized wild mammals.
70
Paper XXIV (iv) Practical: Fish and Fisheries II
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Feed formulation and processing. Proximate analysis of fish feed (Determination of moisture, protein, fat, ash carbohydrate, fiber and energy). Taking out of pituitary gland, preservation and preparation of extract. Determination of length weight relationship. Determination of age of fish using hard parts Analysis of fecundity, Gonado somatic index (GSI), Hepatosomatic index (HIS) in some fishes. Study of crafts and gear and method of operation Visit to fish farm Visit to fish market Project Report
71
Paper XXIV (v) Practical: Insect Morphology and Physiology II
1. 2. 3. 4.
Identification upto families, by following suitable keys, of the specimens belonging to any of the following orders: Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Odonata, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera. To study amino acids of insect blood by paper chromatography, or any other suitable exercise in insect physiology. Identification and classification of common insects (museum specimens). Studies of whole mounts and other permanent slides.
72
Paper XXIV (vi) Practical: Proteomics and Genomics II
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Northern blotting Restriction digestion of DNA PCR Agarose gel electrophoresis. Elucidation of structure of biomolecules by spectrophotometry.
73

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Annexure - I

(ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)

Paper I Molecular Cell Biology

Semester I Max. Mark: 70 Time: 3 Hours

10.0 11.0 12.0

Culture media preparation and cell harvesting methods.

Historical resume, Importance and applications of systematics in biology.

12. 13. 14.

10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0

Paper V Practical: Cell Biology and Biochemistry.

Semester I Max. Mark: 60 Time: 4 Hours

Paper VIII Comparative Physiology

Semester II Max. Mark: 70 Time: 3 Hours

Paper IX Population Genetics and Evolution

Semester II Max. Mark: 70 Time: 3 Hours

6.2 6.3 7.0

Paper X Structure and Function of Vertebrates

Semester II Max. Mark: 70 Time: 3 Hours

9.3 9.4 10.0

Lateral line system Electroreception

Adaptations: Levels of morphological adaptation and significance of body size

Paper XI Practical: Histochemistry Physiology.

Semester II Max. Mark: 60 Time: 4 Hours

Paper XIII Molecular Biology

Semester III Max. Mark: 70 Time: 3 Hours

6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 7.0

Paper XIV Molecular Endocrinology

Semester III Max. Mark: 70 Time: 3 Hours

3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0

11.0 12.0 13.0

Semester III Max. Mark: 70 Time: 3 Hours

Helminth, Nematode and Artlisopod diseases in man.

Paper XVI (i) Molecular Cytogenetics I

Semester III Max. Mark: 70 Time: 3 Hours

12. 13. 14.

Suggested Reading Materials:

Paper XVI (iv) Fish and Fisheries I

Semester III Max. Mark: 70 Time: 3 Hours

8.0 9.0 10.0

17.0 18.0 19.0 20.0 21.0

Paper XVI (v) Insect Morphology and Physiology I

Semester III Max. Mark: 70 Time: 3 Hours

6.0 7.0 8.0

5.2 5.3 5.4 6.0 7.0

Control of assembly Viruses, Muscle assemblies

Suggested Reading Materials

Paper XVII Practical: Applied Zoology

Semester III Max. Mark: 60 Time: 4 Hours

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Paper XVIII (iii) Practical: Animal Behaviour and Wildlife Conservation I

Semester III Max. Mark: 60 Time: 4 Hours

To study mobbing response of birds.

Paper XVIII (iv) Practical: Fish and Fisheries I

Semester III Max. Mark: 60 Time: 4 Hours

Paper XVIII (v) Practical: Insect Morphology and Physiology I

Semester III Max. Mark: 60 Time: 4 Hours

Paper XVIII (vi) Practical: Proteomics and Genomics I