แกะเทป Developmental of Musculoskeletal System
แกะเทป Developmental of Musculoskeletal System
แกะเทป Developmental of Musculoskeletal System
Skull
At 6 weeks
At 7 weeks
At 12 weeks
At 20 weeks
Skull
NEUROCRANIUM
Chondrocranium Occipital Sphenoid Ethmoid Petrous and mastoid part of temporal Membranous Neurocranium Interparietal part of occipital Parietal Frontal Squamous part of temporal
Skull
VISCEROCRANIUM Cartilaginous Viscerocranium
Pharyngeal Arch I Meckel's cartilage Malleus Incus Pharyngeal Arch II Reichert's cartilage Stapes Styloid process
Membranous Viscerocranium
Maxillary process (superficial) Squamous part of temporal Zygomatic Maxillary Premaxillary Nasal? Lacrimal? Maxillary process (deep) Palatine Vomer Pterygoid laminae Mandibular process Mandible Tympanic ring
Skull of Newborn
sultures
fontanelles
molding
Craniosynostosis
premature closure of one or more sultures
scaphocephaly
- the sagittal suture
brachycephaly
- the coronal sulture
plagiocephaly
-the coronal and lambdoid sutures on one side of the skull
Cranioschisis
the cranial vault fails to form failure of the cranial neuropore to close
anencephaly
meningocele
Vertebra
Vertebral column
Vertebral column
sclerotome: - notochord, neural tube, and the body wall - paired condensation
- loosely arranged cells, cranially - densely packed cells, caudally
HOX genes Formations: - centrum - neural arch - nucleus pulposus - costal processes
Vertebral Development
5th week
6th week
7th week
At birth
Sternum
the parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm two sternal bands on either side of the midline cartilaginous models of the manubrium, sternebrae, and xiphoid process
Muscles of the neck and throat Back muscles Thorax muscles Abdominal wall muscles Muscles of pelvic floor
Myotubes: elongated, multinucleated, cylindrical structures Signaling molecules : regulate the beginning of myogenesis and the induction
of the myotome . - Shh, from the ventral neural tube and notochord - Wnts, BMP-4,from the dorsal neural tube - Wnts, BMP-4, overlying ectoderm
Myotome:
epaxial division (Myf-5) hypaxial division (MyoD)
Mesenchyme
Smooth muscle
dorsal aorta and large arteries coronary arteries wall of the gut and gut derivatives sphincter and dilator muscles of the pupil and muscle tissue in the mammary and sweat glands
lateral plate mesoderm and neural crest cells proepicardial cells and neural crest cells (proximal segments) splanchnic layer of lateral plate mesoderm
ectoderm
Derived Muscle
Most extrinsic eye muscles
Innervation
Cranial nerves III and IV
Jaw-closing muscles Lateral rectus muscle of eye Jaw-opening and other secondarch muscles Third-arch branchial muscles Intrinsic laryngeal muscles and pharyngeal muscles Muscles of tongue, larynx, and neck Trunk muscles, diaphragm, and limb muscles Cardiac muscle Smooth muscles of gut and respiratory tract Other smooth muscle: vascular, arrector pili muscles
Cranial nerve V (mandibular branch) Cranial nerve VI Cranial nerve VII Cranial nerve IX Cranial nerve X Cranial nerves XI and XII, cranial cervical nerves Spinal nerves Autonomic Autonomic Autonomic
From Carlson BM: Patten's foundations of embryology, ed 6, New York, 1996, McGraw-Hill.
Anomalies of Muscles
Poland syndrome:
Absence of the pectoralis major, often its sternal part, is usually associated with syndactyly (fusion of digits).
Anomalies of Muscles
Congenital Torticollis
Arthrogryposis
(congenital joint contractures)
5th week
6th week
8th week
Limb bud: mesenchyme core covered by ectoderm The forelimb appears first followed by the hindlimb 1 to 2 days later. Apical ectodermal ridge (AER): thick ectoderm at the distal border of the
limb exerts an inductive influence on adjacent mesenchyme
progress zone
Days:
28
36
46
49
52
56
The seventh week of gestation: the upper limb rotating 90 laterally the lower limb rotating approximately 90 medially
54 days
56 days
Cartilage and Bone of Limbs The 6th week: hyaline cartilage models The 12th week: primary ossification center endochondral ossification diaphysis At birth: completed ossification of diaphysis secondary ossification center epihysis
Limb outgrowth: - lateral plate mesoderm cells - TBX5 and FGF10 (forelimb) - TBX4 and FGF10 (hindlimb)
Bone type and shape are regulated by HOX genes, whose expression is determined by the combinatorial expression of SHH, FGFs, and WNT7a. HOXA and HOXD clusters are the primary determinants of bone morphology.
Types of Joint
Joint Formations
Joints are formed in the cartilaginous condensations. A joint interzone is induced when chondrogenesis is arrested. A joint cavity is formed by cell death. Surrounding cells differentiate into a joint capsule. WNT14 appears to be the inductive signal regulating the positioning of joints. synovial, cartilaginous, and fibrous joints
Limb Anomalies
Digital Anomalies
A.Brachydactyly, short digits. B. Syndactyly, fused digits. C. Polydactyly, extra digits. D. Cleft foot, lobster claw deformity.
Epidermis
5 weeks
7 weeks
11 weeks
vernix caseosa:
the white greasy substance protects the developing skin facilitates birth of the fetus.
melanocytes
Dermis
- three sources:
(a) lateral plate mesoderm: dermis in the limbs and body wall (b) paraxial mesoderm: dermis in the back (c) neural crest cells: dermis in the face and neck.
During the third and fourth months: dermal papillae Sweat Glands
two types : eccrine and apocrine
At 9-12 weeks: hair buds hair bulbs germinal matrix epithelial root sheaths sebaceous glands hair papillae epithelial root sheaths arrector muscles of hairs melanoblasts
Mammary Glands
Mammary Glands
a modified and highly specialized type of sweat glands. Mammary buds: solid downgrowths of the epidermis into the underlying mesenchymethe , at sixth week , responding to an inductive influence from the mesenchyme. mammary crests: thickened strips of ectoderm extending from the axillary to the inguinal regions, appeared during the fourth week Canalization of these buds: induced by placental sex hormones and continued until late gestation, and by term lactiferous ducts and their branches The fibrous connective tissue and fat: the surrounding mesenchyme mammary pit : the late fetal period
Clinical correlations
Hypertrichosis Hyperpigmentation Ichthyosis Angiomas Albinism Supernumerary Breasts
- extra breast (polymastia) - nipple (polythelia)
Development of Nails
Toenails and fingernails begin to develop at the tips of the digits at about 10 weeks. nail fields: the primordia of nails, thickened areas of epidermis at the tip of each digit nail folds: surrounded nail fields laterally and proximally nail plate: cells from the proximal nail fold growing over the nail field and keratinizing eponychium (cuticle): a narrow band of epidermis Hyponychium: the skin under the free margin of the nail The fingernails reach the fingertips by approximately 32 weeks the toenails reach the toetips by approximately 36 weeks.
Development of Teeth
Two sets of teeth : deciduous and permanent teeth. Teeth develop from oral ectoderm, mesenchyme, and neural crest cells.
Development of Teeth
dental lamina: the basal layer of the epithelial lining of the oral cavity forms a C-shaped structure, at the sixth week dental buds cap stage: invagination of the buds into the deep surface - a cap an outer layer, the outer dental epithelium - an inner layer, the inner dental epithelium - a central core of loosely woven tissue, the stellate reticulum. dental papilla: the mesenchyme originating in the neural crest bell stage: the dental cap grows and the indentation deepens - odontoblasts: producing dentin - the pulp of the tooth - ameloblasts: epithelial cells of the inner dental epithelium enamel knot regulating early tooth development
Development of Teeth
epithelial root sheath: the dental epithelial layers penetrating into the underlying mesenchyme, formation of the root of the tooth cementoblasts: mesenchymal cells on the outside of the tooth and in contact with dentin of the root, producing the cementum periodontal ligament: mesenchyme outside the cement layer The eruption of deciduous or milk teeth occurs 6 to 24 months after birth.
Anomalies of teeth
enamel hypoplasia: defective enamel formation causes pits and/or fissures in the enamel of teeth variations of tooth shape: abnormally shaped teeth enamel pearls: spherical masses of enamel on the root of a tooth numerical abnormalities: supernumerary teeth, anodontia, gemination Amelogenesis imperfecta: a complex group of at least 14 different clinical entities that involve developmental aberrations in enamel formation in the absence of any systemic disorder