Signum-Technical-Guide LO SAMPLING GUIDE
Signum-Technical-Guide LO SAMPLING GUIDE
Signum Oil Analysis Establishing a Successful Oil Analysis Programme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Tactical Steps What to Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 When to Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 How to Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Inspecting Your Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Sampling and Shipping Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Retrieving Your Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Interpreting Your Analysis Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Signum Oil Analysis Test Slates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Signum Oil Analysis Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Interpretation Tips Understanding Equipment Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 Understanding Lubricant Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Identifying Contamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Signum Oil Analysis Field Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 Technical Help Desk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 General Guidelines for the Switchover to ExxonMobil Marine Lubricants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 Onboard Test Kits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 Lubricant Viscosity Grade Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Signum Oil Analysis simplifies the lubrication monitoring process while producing the reliable results that help guide maintenance professionals to the best decisions for their operations. Signum Oil Analysis provides informative reports on the condition of lubricants and equipment backed by the unmatched flexibility, expertise, and quality assurance of ExxonMobil.
Flexibility
Perform many tasks more efficiently with Signum Oil Analysis online capabilities.
7. Measure Programme
Results Versus Goals and Metrics
Expertise
Through global Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) relationships and hands-on lubrication experience, ExxonMobil supports your maintenance activities.
9. Document Savings
Points to Consider
Oil Analysis
Oil analysis is an effective condition-monitoring tool. Additional equipment monitoring practices (inspections, vibration, operator logs, etc.) can be implemented to further enhance the value of your overall maintenance programme.
Tactical Steps
What to Sample
Oil analysis is most effective as a diagnostic tool when samples are taken from the appropriate equipment at established scheduled intervals. Determine What to Sample Consider the five general factors listed below when you select equipment for the programme and set sample frequency. Additionally, refer to your OEM manual for guidance on specific equipment and recommended sample frequency. Typical Marine applications for oil analysis include: Auxiliary Engines Cam Shaft Systems Compressors (Air/Refrigeration) Deck Gear Drives Deck Hydraulics Gas Turbines High-Speed Diesel Engines Medium-Speed Diesel Engines Purifiers Reduction Gears Slow-Speed Engines System Oil Steering Gear Hydraulics Stern Tubes Thrusters Turbochargers
1. What to sample 2. When to sample 3. How to sample 4. Inspecting your sample 5. Sampling and shipping
instructions
Sampling Considerations
Fluid Age Factor Hr since last change Oxidation, contamination Mineral, premium, synthetic
Machine Age Factor Hr since last overhaul Rated life expectancy Make and model number
Fluid Environment Severity High dirt/dust High loads/pressures/ speeds High temperatures Shock, vibration, duty cycle Chemical contamination
Economic Impact of Failure Safety risk Essential to operation Repair cost Downtime cost Lost production
When to Sample
Determine When to Sample The goal of sample frequency is to achieve a regular pattern of sampling. This establishes a credible historical trend of machine performance. Follow OEM-recommended sample intervals for your equipment. Follow the guidelines of classification societies guidelines, such as DNV, Lloyds Register, and ABS In the absence of OEM guidelines, refer to the tables below for general guidance in establishing initial sample frequency.
How to Sample
Start with a representative sample to obtain accurate analysis results. For best results:
When, where, and how you sample impacts the quality of your results.
To hit the target, sample at a consistent frequency from the correct sample location using proper sampling techniques. Using preprinted labels helps insure that you obtain the most accurate data.
Sump Tank
Cooler
Pump
Purifier
Strainer
Pump
Fine Filter
Hydraulic Systems
From system return line or midpoint of main reservoir.
Pump
Filter
Directional Valve Actuator
Main Reservoir
Sampling Point
Engine
The sample must be taken when oil is in circulation and machinery and oil are at operating temperature.
The sample must be taken when oil is in circulation and machinery and oil are at operating temperature.
Sump Tank
Cooler
Pump
Purifier
Strainer
Pump
Fine Filter
Gear Cases
Prior to oil entering the gear case, usually between cooler and gear case.
Sampling Point Pump
Cooler
Gear Case
Filter
Reservoir
The sample must be taken when oil is in circulation and machinery and oil are at operating temperature.
The sample must be taken when oil is in circulation and machinery and oil are at operating temperature.
Sampling Point
The sample must be taken when oil is in circulation and machinery and oil are at operating temperature.
Stickers are available from your local ExxonMobil Marine Lubricants representative. They are designed to be permanently affixed on the equipment near the sample point for identification.
Points to Consider
Contamination Analysis
Laboratory analysis typically targets contaminants <8 microns, which is 5x smaller than what is visible with the human eye (see How big is a micron?). Visible particles or water in a sample reflect the possibility of abnormal equipment conditions and corrective action is recommended.
1.
Fill the sample bottle to the bottom of the bottles neck. Do not overfill the sample bottle.
3b.
Fill line.
If unable to use Signum to print labels, complete the sample bottle label using a ball point pen. To insure an accurate oil analysis report, be sure all label information is complete.
2.
4.
3a.
5.
Tighten the mailing containers cap. Affix the appropriate preprinted mailing label to the container, and place it in any post or mail box.
Print sample bottle label in Signum with complete label information. Note: It is highly recommended that all data fields be filled in on the sample bottle label.
1. Mail your sample immediately. 2. Use approved shipping materials provided in the sample kit. 3. Use the online sample label printing feature which helps expedite your
sample through the laboratory registration process.
Sample Label Data A completed sample label provides critical information for processing and interpreting your equipments condition. By including key data, like equipment hours and date sampled, you help establish reference points that assist in condition trending. Results Interpretation Proprietary control limits are applied based on your equipment manufacturer, equipment model, lubricant, and application. Sample comments are provided, as required, to help identify potential problems, list possible causes, and recommend actions for follow-up. Analysis Results The Signum Oil Analysis report provides an easy-to-read, color-coded display of your sample analysis results in order to: I Trend elements of equipment wear I Identify contaminants that may impact performance I Monitor lubricant condition Signum Oil Analysis When your sample is processed, the laboratory handles each bottle as a unique and important item. Each sample is coded, labeled, and tracked through the entire process. By the time test results are available your equipment lubricant sample has directly benefited from our knowledge of ExxonMobil lubricants, decades of OEM relationships, and a strong heritage of hands-on application expertise. Sample comments are provided, as required, to help identify potential problems, list possible causes and recommend actions for follow-up.
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Your Signum Oil Analysis report provides an easily readable, color-coded performance assessment with one of the following ratings: Alert Conditions exist that exceed acceptable limits or require corrective action. Steps should be taken to confirm and correct the condition. Caution Conditions are present that may require monitoring or diagnosis to minimise impact on equipment and lubricant performance. Normal Equipment, contamination, and lubricant conditions are within an acceptable range.
1. Interpret Your Analysis Results Gain an understanding of your equipments operating conditions
and its lubricated components. Limits applied to each sample can vary based on your Sample Points registered manufacturer, model, application, and lubricant-in-service. should include critical sample information (e.g. date sampled, hr/mi/km, make-up oil, etc.) on the sample label. This data allows you to normalise the analysis trends to enhance your assessment. Changes in equipment condition typically coincide with the presence of contamination or changes in lubricant properties.
2. Monitor the Sample Trend Trend identification is important to understanding oil analysis results. You 3. Review the Entire Report Proper condition assessment requires a complete review of the report.
Sample comments are provided to help identify potential problems, list possible causes, and recommend actions for follow-up.
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A.
Collect and prepare the raw data, using statistical, baseline and current data to define the level and the trend of the current results. Signum provides alarms for both level and trend. Level: the amount of a parameter in comparison to different status alarms. Level alarms are derived from statistical data knowledge, OEM guidance, and experience for each measured parameter. Trend: the rate of change of amount of a parameter in comparison to different status alarms. Trend alarms are customised for each specific piece of equipment for each parameter being analysed.
Level versus Trend
140 120 100 PPM 80 60 40 20 0 #1 #3 #5 #7 #9 Sample Number #11 Iron Analysis
The caution and alert bars represent levels. The geometric rate of wear increase represents the trend. Both the trend and the level indicate that this is a severe problem.
B. C.
Combine the trend and level status to determine an overall equipment and lubricant condition indicator. Evaluate the data by combining results to develop patterns that indicate potential abnormal equipment and/or lubricant conditions. example: silicon + iron + chrome + aluminium on a Diesel Engine indicates a dirt ingestion problem and wear of the cylinder liner and piston rings Verify the problem (use other predictive maintenance techniques, such as temperature and vibration, consult experts, etc.) Identify the root cause of the problem to develop the best maintenance solution
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1. Review maintenance/operator records to identify condition. 2. Verify condition with other equipment monitoring tools
i.e. inspections, vibration, or thermography.
3. Utilise an on-site analysis test designed for the alerted condition. 4. Submit another sample to the laboratory for analysis.
Points to Consider
Applied Limits
Limits applied to each sample can vary based on your Sample Points registered manufacturer, model, application, and lubricant-in-service. In addition, the review process considers all report data and may correlate multiple results to determine an abnormal condition.
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DAC
ENGINE OILS
Viscosity @ 100C Water, Disp. (Infrared) Karl Fisher, Water Total Base Number Flash Point (SETA) Oxidation Soot Fuel Dilution by Gas Chromatography Analytical Ferrography Particle Quantifier Detecting Asphaltene Contamination Strong Acid Number Compatibility Metals Aluminium Boron Chromium Copper Iron Lead Nickel Silicon Sodium Tin Vanadium Zinc Potassium Molybdenum Silver
Eng ine
X X X FS X X C C, L X C, L X X X X X X X X X X X X C X X X
Eng ine w/
L L L FS L L C C, L L L C, L L L L L L L L L L L L L C, L L L L
TBNS Total Base Number (TBN) Specific test for scrapedown samples only. If samples TBN is below 10, run Strong Acid Number (SAN) test. PS L Product Specific test; Synthetic oils receive Total Acid Number (TAN) test and Mineral oils receive Oxidation by IR test Lab Specific test run only at Pernis laboratory
TBNS, L L L L L L L L L L L L L C, L L L L
NOTE: The following test slates are only run at Pernis laboratory: 1) Engine w/ DAC 2) Scrapedown 3) Hydraulic w/ SAN/TAN/pH 4) Grease
Air C omp ress or Gas / Refr i Com geratio pres n sor Gas Turb ine
Stea m Tu rbin e
Hyd raul ic
Gea r Dr ive
Fres h Oi l Tan k
PS PS X C PS C, L X X X X X X X X X X X X PS X X X
NON-ENGINE OILS
Viscosity @ 40C Viscosity @ 40C Degassed Viscosity @ 100C Water, Hot Plate Karl Fischer, Water Total Base Number Flash Point (Closed Cup) Oxidation Insolubles Analytical Ferrography Particle Quantifier Particle Count (4m, 6m,14m) Strong Acid Number Total Acid Number pH Micro Carbon Residue Compatibility Metals Aluminium Boron Chromium Copper Iron Lead Nickel Silicon Sodium Tin Vanadium Zinc Potassium Molybdenum Silver
X X X C PS C, L X X PS C, L X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X C PS C, L X X PS C, L X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
X X C PS C, L X X X C, L X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
PS X C PS C, L X X PS C, L X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
PS X C X L C, L X
PS X C PS C, L X X PS
L L C PS C, L L L L L L C, L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
PS X C PS C, L X X PS C, L X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
X X C X C, L X X X C, L X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
X X X L
L L C, L X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X C, L X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
C, L X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
NOTE: The test schedules and tests are subject to change and are meant as a general guide only.
Grea se
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
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Laboratory Testing
Test methods are conducted at the Signum laboratory according to well-established procedures, and are supplemented by special analytical methods, such as gas chromatography, emission spectroscopy, Detecting Asphaltene Contamination (DAC), and others as required. The objective of Signum Oil Analysis is to insure accurate, reliable and efficient analysis and reporting. Testing is Normally Completed within 24-48 Hours from Receipt of Sample. All samples are first thoroughly agitated to insure homogeneity, then visually inspected in terms of APPEARANCE and assessed in a combination of the following tests:
Viscosity
Determined at 40C for all types of non-engine oils. For engine oils we will measure viscosity at 100C. As a general guideline, for lubricants where the viscosity is defined in ISO-VG grades, a change of approximately +24% from typical levels indicates the need for some corrective action. Corrective action is recommended when the change is in excess of +30%.
Flash Point
Measured in a Setaflash Tester on a Flash/No Flash basis, with a cut-off point which correlates with 200C in ASTM D-92 (Cleveland Open Cup). Reported as PASS (above cut-off point) or LOW (equal or lower than cut-off point).
Water Content
Determined to the accuracy required in view of the stringent low limit set for this property. As general guidelines, a diesel engine oil is unequivocally fit for further use only if its water content is 0.2 mass % for cross-head engines and 0.3 mass % for medium-speed engines. Corrective action is suggested for higher levels and urged for content 0.3 and 0.5 mass % respectively. Similarly, limits of 0.15 mass % are set for turbine and hydraulic oils, where the test is run only due to cloudy appearance. The nature of the water (fresh or salt) can be determined from the sodium and magnesium levels detected.
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Elemental Analysis
Elemental Analysis, by emission spectroscopy, detects the concentration of elements in units of parts-permillion (ppm). Particles with dimensions up to eight microns (m) are detected. Such particles are generated in the normal wear processes or in corrosive regimes and in certain types of abrasive wear. Elemental Analysis is a valuable diagnostic tool for most situations. However the detection efficiency for the spectrometer declines rapidly for larger particles. Elemental analysis is quite insensitive to particles of eight m or larger. Typically 19 elements are identified and measured on an ICPES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometer). The test is generally run for the diagnosis of wear. It is supplementary to other analyses whenever it becomes necessary to contribute to a fuller understanding of the underlying causes of changes in certain lubricating oil properties. Additional elements may also be measured.
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PQ makes it possible to determine wear conditions at an early stage, which left undetected could cause catastrophic failures. The lab runs PQ on each sample to determine the presence of larger ferrous wear particles. If the PQ reaches an alarm point, the lab will conduct analytical ferrography tests.
Analytical Ferrogram
Triggered based on PQ results. Analytical Ferrogram classifies debris in the oil sample, both the quantity and quality, to help determine the severity and nature of wear mode. Analytical ferrography provides a useful complement to Elemental Analysis. This is especially true when an abnormal wear mode might suggest serious damage to the machinery is in progress or imminent. It reliably detects particles from 10 m to over 100 m, typical of some of the more destructive types of abnormal wear processes. The technique yields both quantitative and descriptive information about the particles in the lubricant. Conditions such as: Normal rubbing wear from piston scuffing. Metallic fatigue of highly stresses surfaces. Spherical particles indicating fatigue cracks in roller bearings. Laminar particles from gears or roller bearings. Cutting and corrosive wear particles. Oxide particles including rust. Non-ferrous metallic particles. Non-metallic crystalline and amorphous particles.
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Mag n Plugetic s
1,000
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Particle Count
Particle Count is tested for all non-engine equipment except stern tubes and slow-speed crosshead engine system oils. (See Insolubles Content Testing.) Oil cleanliness is a critical factor in running a hydraulic system and other non-engine components. Fine debris, both metallic and non-metallic, can interfere in the fine tolerances of the pumps, valves, etc., of the hydraulic hardware. Particle counting is a method of monitoring the system cleanliness. The most damaging are those between 6 and 14m. Current thinking is that particles around 4m can also cause damage; thus, we have incorporated this test option into our lab offering. To better understand cleanliness, the large numbers generated by a particle count are referenced to size ranges in the standard ISO 4406. Range numbers (ISO Solid Contamination Code) are given to the number of particles greater than 4m, greater than 6m and those greater than 14m. The additional dimension of particles greater than 4m is expressed: 22/20/17. Above this, consideration should be given to checking filters, cleaning or replacing the oil. The cleanliness code may also be expressed as a NAS classification (standard - NAS 1638). This relates to the number of particles over several ranges of particle size. For example a NAS classification NAS 7 would be equivalent to an ISO code of xx/16/13.
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Details for conducting compatibility tests, where required, are provided in General Guidelines for Sample Size: Please note a separate 125ml sample is required for compatibility testing.
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Interpretation Tips
Understanding Equipment Condition
If you know what to look for in the analysis report, oil analysis can unlock a wealth of information about the condition of your equipment. You should understand the metallurgy of your components to respond to the trends in your analysis report. Consult with your OEM or ExxonMobil representative to identify the metallurgical make-up of your components, help evaluate sample results, plan maintenance and then take action.
Points to Consider
Make-up Oil Effect on Results
Equipment with high oil consumption will not typically return representative sample results. A potentially abnormal condition can be masked by escaping lubricant and by new lubricant make-up diluting the system volume. Record Make-up Oil on your sample label to include in your trend and sample assessment.
Wear-ppm
Samples
Understand Metallurgy
Monitor Elements
Aluminium (Al)
Chromium (Cr)
Copper (Cu)
Wrist Pin Bushings, Wear Plates, Bearings, Cam Bushings, Wrist-Pin Bushings, Oil Cooler, Bushings, Bearings Valve-Train Bushings, (Recips.), Thrust Thrust Washers, Washers Governor, Oil Pump Camshaft, Block, Housing, Bearings, Shafts, Oil Pump, Rings, Cylinder Bearings Cylinders, Block, Gears, Crankshaft, Wrist Pins, Rings, Camshaft, Valve Train, Oil Pump Liners, Rust Bearings Bearings, Wrist Pin Bushing (EMD) Pistons, Bearing Overlay, Bushings
Iron (Fe)
Bearings
Bearings
Bearings
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Points to Consider
Normalise Your Data
Looking at the analysis data without considering time or distance may lead to inaccurate conclusions about condition severity. Evaluating the data trend relative to wear rate per hr can enhance your assessment.
Improper Combustion
Ring Sticking
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Points to Consider
Impact of Oxidation on Lubricant Life
Oxidation - Normal/Abnormal
Drain interval shortened by this amount
Condition
High Sulphur Fuel, Overheating, Excessive Blow-by, Overextended Drain Intervals, Improper Oil
Effect
Corrosion of Metallic Components, Promotes Oxidation, Oil Degradation, Oil Thickening, Additive Depletion Increased Wear Rate, Acid Build-up in Oil, Oil Degradation, Increase in Sludge Formation Shortened Equipment Life, Lacquer Deposits, Oil Filter Plugging, Increased Oil Viscosity, Corrosion of Metal Parts, Increased Operating Expenses, Increased Component Wear, Decreased Equipment Performance Harmful Deposits or Sludge, Restricted Oil Flow, Engine Overheating, Increased Operating Costs
Remedy
Evaluate Oil Drain Interval, Confirm Type of Oil in Service, Check for Overheating, Check for Severe Operating Conditions, Drain Oil Evaluate Oil Drain Intervals, Verify New Oil Base Number, Verify Oil Type in Service, Change Oil, Test Fuel Quality Use Oil with Oxidation Inhibitor Additives, Shorten Oil Drain Intervals, Check Operating Temperatures, Check Fuel Quality, Evaluate Equipment Use Versus Design, Evaluate Operating Conditions Check Air-to-Fuel Ratio, Check for Incorrect Oil Grade, Inspect Internal Seals, Check Operating Temperatures, Check for Leaky Injectors, Check for Loose Crossover Fuel Lines, Evaluate Operating Conditions
Base Number is a measure- Overheating, Overextended ment of an oils ability to Oil Drain, Improper Oil in neutralise harmful acidic Service, High Sulphur Fuel compounds produced during combustion process. Oxidation quantification can provide invaluable insight into the likelihood of deposit formation from oil breakdown. Overheating, Overextended Oil Drain, Improper Oil in Service, Combustion By-Products/Blow-by
Oxidation
Operating Hours
Oxidation
Normal Abnormal
Viscosity High
Contamination Soot/Solids, Incomplete Combustion, Oxidation Degradation, Leaking Head Gasket, Extended Oil Drain, High Operating Temperatures, Improper Oil Grade Additive Shear, Fuel Dilution, Improper Oil Grade
Viscosity Low
Maintaining the physical properties of the lubricant is important to extending the equipments reliability and the life of the lubricant.
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Identifying Contamination
Contamination is a primary cause of component wear or failure. You should identify the source and take corrective action to remedy the contamination; doing so will ultimately extend component and lubricant life while improving equipment reliability.
2. Self-Generated Contamination Contamination from system 3. External Ingression Contamination from external sources.
Remedies for Typical Contaminants
Contaminant Distillate Fuel Dilution Description
Distillate Fuel dilution reduces viscosity and can accelerate wear. Unburned fuel may indicate a fuel system leak or incomplete combustion.
Condition
Extended Idling, Defective Injectors, Leaking Fuel Pump or Lines, Incomplete Combustion, Incorrect Timing
Effect
Metal to Metal Contact, Poor Lubrication, Cylinder/Ring Wear, Depleted Additives, Decreased Oil Pressure, Reduced Fuel Economy, Reduced Engine Performance, Shortened Engine Life Poor Engine Performance, Poor Fuel Economy, Harmful Deposits or Sludge, Increased Component Wear, Carbon Deposits, Clogged Filters
Remedy
Check Fuel Lines, Check Cylinder Temperatures, Worn Rings, Leaking Injectors, Seals, and Pumps, Examine Operating Conditions, Check Timing, Avoid Prolonged Idling, Check Quality of Fuel, Repair or Replace Worn Parts Insure Injectors are Working Properly, Check Air Induction/Filters, Extended Oil Drain Intervals, Check Compression, Avoid Excessive Idling, Inspect Operating Conditions, Check Fuel Quality Drain Oil, Flush System, Change Operating Environment, Reduce Oil Drain Interval, Change Filters Filter New Oil, Evaluate Service Techniques, Inspect/Replace Oil Filters, Inspect/Replace Breather, High Pressure System Flush, Evaluate Operating Conditions Determine the source of fuel ingression (lines, leaking pumps, injectors) Drain Flush System and Determine the Cause of Wear or Contamination.
Vanadium (V)
Soot
Improper Air-to-Fuel Ratio, Improper Injector Adjustment, Poor Quality Fuel, Incomplete Combustion, Low Compressions, Worn Engine Parts/Rings
Insolubles (Solids)
Solid particles in the Extended Oil Drain Interval, lubricant that were ingested Environmental Debris, or internally generated. Wear Debris, Oxidation Byproducts, Leaking or Dirty Filters, Fuel Soot Particle count provides a measure of contaminant levels in the oil. Defective Breather, Environmental Debris, Water Contamination, Dirty Filters, Poor Make-up Oil Procedure, Entrained Air, Worn Seals Leaking Fuel Line, Injectors or Pumps, Blow-by
Shortened Equipment Life, Filter Plugging, Poor Lubrication, Engine Deposits, Formation of Sludge, Accelerated Wear Erratic Operation, Intermittent Failure, Component Wear, Valve Sticking, Oil Leakage
DAC directly measures the % of asphaltenes in used oil using Chemometrics and Spectroscopy. Good indication of the nature and severity of the wear metal or foreign contaminant or lubricant breakdown. Water/coolant is a harmful contaminant that can cause significant damage to internal parts, e.g. bearings.
Bearing and cylinder wear, piston undercrown deposits and piston crown burning Metal Fatigue, Cutting Wear Particles, Abrasive, Erosion, Adhesive, or Corrosive Wear Engine Failure, High Viscosity, Improper Lubrication, Corrosion, Acid Formulation, Reduce Additive Effectiveness
Water/Coolant
Low Operating Temperature, Defective Seals, New Oil Contamination, Coolant Leak, Improper Storage, Condensation
Tighten Head Bolts, Check Head Gasket, Inspect Heat Exchanger/Oil Cooler, Evaluate Operating Conditions, Pressure Check Cooling System, Check for External Sources of Contamination
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Assistance is available Monday - Friday, 8:00 am - 5:00 pm, in the local Help Desk time zones. PLEASE NOTE GMT GUIDELINES. Americas +1 718 354 1392 Toll-Free: +1 866 328 8036*
*Only valid in the U.S.
GMT -5 hours
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Mixture of Grease
Two brands of grease are miscible in general, as long as their soap components are compatible (i.e. Lithium base, with Lithium base etc.). If the soap base is unknown, the grease should not be mixed. Please contact the grease manufacturer in any case where mixing is unavoidable.
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If possible, tape or attach both samples together so that the laboratories can process the samples more efficiently. We hope that this will further emphasise the importance of proper sampling to insure that our analysis results are meaningful and complete.
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Points to Consider
On-Site Tests
On-site tests are designed to measure only a single parameter. Use them as a supplement to your oil analysis programme not as a substitute. A comprehensive laboratory analysis is recommended as part of effective equipment monitoring.
Signum Oil Analysis Onboard Test Kit offers a range of oil analysis tests (Viscosity, Water-in-Oil, Base Number) designed to monitor a specific parameter or to confirm a suspect oil condition. The tests are suitable for most conventional and synthetic oils in marine applications.
Order Information
To order onboard test kits, contact your customer service representative. For technical questions about Signum Oil Analysis, please contact the Marine Technical Help Desk for assistance. You will find contact details on page 24.
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