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    Shweta Sridhar
    1. The document provides 10 examples involving classical dynamics and Hamiltonian mechanics. These include verifying properties of Poisson brackets, evaluating Poisson brackets for various systems, proving transformations are canonical, discussing adiabatic invariants, and constructing Hamiltonians for orbital motion problems. 2. Example 10 constructs the Hamiltonian for a pulsar orbiting a luminous star and shows the angular momentum and energy are constants. It gives an expression for the adiabatic invariant associated with the radial motion and discusses what happens as the star loses mass over time. 3. The last example cannot use adiabatic invariants when the star suddenly goes supernova and leaves behind a black hole of half the original mass, as this occurs

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    mf4 PDF

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    Shweta Sridhar
    112 views3 pages
    1. The document provides 10 examples involving classical dynamics and Hamiltonian mechanics. These include verifying properties of Poisson brackets, evaluating Poisson brackets for various systems, proving transformations are canonical, discussing adiabatic invariants, and constructing Hamiltonians for orbital motion problems. 2. Example 10 constructs the Hamiltonian for a pulsar orbiting a luminous star and shows the angular momentum and energy are constants. It gives an expression for the adiabatic invariant associated with the radial motion and discusses what happens as the star loses mass over time. 3. The last example cannot use adiabatic invariants when the star suddenly goes supernova and leaves behind a black hole of half the original mass, as this occurs

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    1. The document provides 10 examples involving classical dynamics and Hamiltonian mechanics. These include verifying properties of Poisson brackets, evaluating Poisson brackets for various systems, proving transformations are canonical, discussing adiabatic invariants, and constructing Hamiltonians for orbital motion problems. 2. Example 10 constructs the Hamiltonian for a pulsar orbiting a luminous star and shows the angular momentum and energy are constants. It gives an expression for the adiabatic invariant associated with the radial motion and discusses what happens as the star loses mass over time. 3. The last example cannot use adiabatic invariants when the star suddenly goes supernova and leaves behind a black hole of half the original mass, as this occurs

    Copyright:

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    112 views3 pages

    mf4 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Shweta Sridhar
    1. The document provides 10 examples involving classical dynamics and Hamiltonian mechanics. These include verifying properties of Poisson brackets, evaluating Poisson brackets for various systems, proving transformations are canonical, discussing adiabatic invariants, and constructing Hamiltonians for orbital motion problems. 2. Example 10 constructs the Hamiltonian for a pulsar orbiting a luminous star and shows the angular momentum and energy are constants. It gives an expression for the adiabatic invariant associated with the radial motion and discusses what happens as the star loses mass over time. 3. The last example cannot use adiabatic invariants when the star suddenly goes supernova and leaves behind a black hole of half the original mass, as this occurs

    Copyright:

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    of 3

    Classical Dynamics: Example Sheet 4

    Dr David Tong, November 2005


    1. Verify the Jacobi identity for Poisson brackets:
    {f, {g, h}} +{g, {h, f}} +{h, {f, g}} = 0 (1)
    2. A particle with mass m, position x and momentum p has angular momentum
    L = x p. Evaluate {x
    j
    , L
    k
    }, {p
    j
    , L
    k
    }, {L
    j
    , L
    k
    } and {L
    i
    , L
    2
    }.
    The Runge-Lenz vector is dened as
    A = p L r
    where r = r/|r|. Prove that {L
    a
    , A
    b
    } =
    abc
    A
    c
    . If the system is described by the
    Hamiltonian H = (p
    2
    /2m) 1/r prove using Poisson brackets that A is conserved.
    3 A particle of charge e moves in a background magnetic eld B. Show that
    {m r
    a
    , m r
    b
    } = e
    abc
    B
    c
    , {m r
    a
    , r
    b
    } =
    ab
    A magnetic monopole is an particle which produces a radial magnetic eld of the form
    B = g
    r
    r
    2
    where r is the unit vector in the r direction. Consider a charged particle moving in
    the background of the magnetic monopole. Dene the generalised angular momentum
    J = mr r(eg/c)r. Prove that {H, J} = 0. Why does this mean that J is conserved?
    4. Prove that the following transformations are canonical:
    (a) P =
    1
    2
    (p
    2
    + q
    2
    ) and Q = tan
    1
    (q/p).
    (b) P = q
    1
    and Q = pq
    2
    .
    (c) P = 2

    q
    _
    1 +

    q cos p
    _
    sin p and Q = log
    _
    1 +

    q cos p
    _
    5. Prove that the following transformation is canonical for any constant
    q
    1
    = Q
    1
    cos + P
    2
    sin , q
    2
    = Q
    2
    cos + P
    1
    sin
    p
    1
    = Q
    2
    sin + P
    1
    cos , p
    2
    = Q
    1
    sin + P
    2
    cos (2)
    1
    If the original Hamiltonian is H(q
    i
    , p
    i
    ) =
    1
    2
    (q
    2
    1
    +q
    2
    2
    +p
    2
    1
    +p
    2
    2
    ), determine the new Hamil-
    tonian H(Q
    i
    , P
    i
    ). Use this to solve for the dynamics under the constraint Q
    2
    = P
    2
    = 0.
    6. A group of particles, all of the same mass m, have initial heights z and verti-
    cal momenta p lying in the rectangle a z a and b p b. The particles fall
    freely in the Earths gravitational eld for a time t. Find the region in phase space in
    which they lie at time t and show by direct calculation that its area is still 4ab.
    7. A large, xed number of non-interacting particles of mass m move in one-dimension
    in a potential V (x) =
    1
    2
    m
    2
    x
    2
    . At time t the number density of particles in (x, p) phase
    space is f(x, p, t). Initially takes the value
    1
    , and particles are injected so that the
    number density is constant f = f
    1
    for all particles whose energy is less than E
    1
    . No
    particles of energy greater than E
    1
    are injected. How many particles are present?
    The frequency of oscillation is now changed to a dierent value
    2
    , so slowly that a
    particles nal energy does not depend appreciably on the phase of that particle in its
    oscillation. Use the existence of an adiabatic invariant to show that the area of phase
    space occupied by the particles remains unchanged.
    8. Explain what is meant by an adiabatic invariant for a mechanical system with
    one degree of freedom.
    A light string passes through a small hole in the roof of an elevator compartment,
    and a small weight is attached at the lower end. Initially the elevator is at rest and
    the system behaves like a simple pendulum executing small oscillations. Discuss what
    happens if:
    (a) if the elevator begins to move upwards with the string attached at the hole
    (b) the string is slowly withdrawn through the roof.
    9. Consider a system with Hamiltonian
    H(p, q) =
    p
    2
    2m
    + q
    2n
    (3)
    where is a positive constant and n is a positive integer. Show that the action variable
    I and energy E are related by
    E =
    1/(n+1)
    _
    nI
    J
    n
    _
    2n/(n+1)
    _
    1
    2m
    _
    n/(n+1)
    (4)
    2
    where J
    n
    =
    _
    1
    0
    (1 x)
    1/2
    x
    (12n)/2n
    dx.
    Consider a particle moving in a potential V (q) = q
    4
    . If varies slowly, show that
    the particles total energy E is proportional to
    1/3
    . Conversely, if is xed, show that
    the period of the motion is proportional to (E)
    1/4
    .
    10. A pulsar of mass m moves in a plane orbit around a luminous supergiant star
    with mass M m. You may regard the supergiant to be xed at the origin of a plane
    polar coordinate system (r, ), and the neutron star to move under a central potential
    V (r) = GMm/r. Construct the Hamiltonian for the motion, and show that p

    and
    E are constants, where E is the total energy.
    The neutron star is in a non-circular orbit with E < 0. Give an expression for the
    adiabatic invariant J(E, p

    , M) associated with the radial motion. The supergiant is


    steadily losing mass in a radiatively driven wind. Show that over a long time E M
    2
    .
    Eventually, the supergiant goes supernova, throwing o its outer layers on a short
    timescale and leaving behind a remnant black hole of mass
    1
    2
    M. Explain why the
    theory of adiabatic invariants cannot be used to calculate the new orbit.
    Note: You may nd the following integral helpful:
    r
    2
    _
    r
    1
    __
    1
    r
    1
    r
    __
    r
    2
    r
    1
    __1
    2
    dr =

    2
    (r
    1
    + r
    2
    )

    r
    1
    r
    2
    (5)
    where 0 < r
    1
    < r
    2
    .
    3

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