Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Telugumodel Work Book
Telugumodel Work Book
Telugu Alphabet
C P Brown Academy
The Alpha Foundation
Hyderabad
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Telugu Alphabet Learning Kit Workbook for Module-1
Transliterator: G Ramesh Babu
Managing Editor: GRK Murty
Consulting Editor: SS Prabhakar Rao
Editorial Support:
C Rama Devi, Y Anand
T Rajendra Prasad
Chief Visualizer: A Bangaru Babu
Visualizer: S Ganesh
Illustrations: B Anjaneyulu
@ 2008 C.P. Brown Academy. All Rights Reserved.
Although every care has been taken to avoid errors and omissions, this publication is being sold on
the condition and understanding that the information given in this book is merely for reference and
must not be taken as having authority of or binding in any way on the authors, editor, publisher or
sellers.
Neither this book nor any part of it may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming and recording or by any information
storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the copyright holder.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are
used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Only the publishers can export this book from India. Infringement of this condition of sale will lead to
civil and criminal prosecution.
First Edition: 2008
Printed in India
Published by
C P Brown Academy
8, Dwarakapuri Colony, Punjagutta
Hyderabad - 500 082, India.
Website: www.alphacharities.org
Printed at:
M/s. ICIT Software Centre Private Ltd.
1, Technocrat Industrial Estate
Balanagar Cross Roads
Hyderabad-500 037, India.
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Foreword
-
The Module-1, “Telugu Varnamala”,
. is intended to help the Telugu
speakers, who cannot read/write Telugu, to pick up a reasonable level of
linguistic competence, through Roman script. The symbols used in this
book are intended to facilitate the transliteration template of the vowels,
consonants, gunintamulu
. and the vowel-consonant clusters, i.e., vottulu.
The relationship of the Roman character with the Telugu letter and its
pronunciation have been clearly explained with examples to aid phonetics.
For instance, the symbol ‘a’ stands for the Telugu letter ‘’ that sounds
like ‘o’ as in the word ‘come’. Let us take another example. The symbol
‘c’ stands for the Telugu letter ‘’ that sounds like ‘ch’ as in the word
‘church’. The Module-1 is thus quite self-explanatory and is certain to
help those who desire to learn Telugu through the medium of English.
The workbook provided along with it is scientifically designed for practice
to help the learners pickup reading and writing of Telugu, satisfactorily.
We know that some of the alphabet and their sounds are difficult to
pronounce and quite a few are not in popular use. They do not even matter
in the acquisition of linguistic skills. However, we have included all the
Telugu letters irrespective of their usage in order to introduce them all to
the learners.
Enjoy!
SS Prabhakar Rao
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TELUGU ALPHABET
Vowels (: Acculu)
–
*a a– i i
–
u u– ru
. ru
.
.lu
look
.lu–
loop
e
get
e–
stake
ai
mite
o
rotate
o–
oat
au
out
am
.
some
ah.
half
* ‘a’ stands for ‘’ and sounds like ‘o’ as in ‘come’. The same pattern applies to all other vowels.
4
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Consonants (: Hallulu)
36 Characters
.
*
k kh g gh n
silk -
khaki go ghost prajna
.
.c c ch .j j
-
.capa church witch -
.jabili jug
~
jh n
-
jhansi ~
sanjna
t.
take
.
th
.
-
nilakantha
.
d.
bird
dh
.
- -
asadha
. .
n.
-
prana
.
t
tabala
th
thumb
d
though
dh
-
dhoti
n
nature
* ‘k’ stands for ‘’ and sounds like ‘k’ as in ‘silk’. The same pattern applies to all other consonants.
5
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p
cup
ph
phone
b
bat
bh
bharat
m
month
y
young
r
rust
l
lump
l.
-- -
.
kalimata
v
levy
s´
´-
sastry
s.
ship
s
sun
h
home
ksh
raksha
r.
error
Semi-Vowels or Semi-Consonants
Ubhayaksharalu)
– –
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How to write Vowels?
–
a a
come far
–
i i
bit feel
–
u u
wood cool
ru
.
.rusi
.
ru–
.
root
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e e-
get stake
ai o
mite rotate
o- au
oat out
am
.
some
ah.
half
8
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How to write Consonants?
k kh
silk –
khaki
g gh
go ghost
.
n
.
prajna
c ch
church witch
j jh
jug –
jhansi
~
n
~
sanjna
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t. th
.
–
take nilakantha
.
d. dh
.
bird – –
asadha
. .
n.
–
prana
.
t th
tabala
thumb
d dh
though –
dhoti
n
nature
10
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p ph
cup phone
b bh
bat
bharat
m
month
y r
young rust
l l.
lump – – –
kalimata
.
v s´
–
levy ´
sastry
11
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s.
ship
sun
home
ksh
raksha
.r
error
12
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How to write Vowels?
For practice
a–
–
i
13
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u
–
u
ru
.
–
.ru
e–
14
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ai
–
o
au
am
.
ah.
15
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How to write Consonants?
For practice
kh
gh
.
n
16
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c
ch
jh
~
n
17
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t.
th
.
d.
dh
.
n.
18
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t
th
dh
19
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p
ph
bh
20
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y
.l
21
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s´
s.
k
s
h
r.
22
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Exercise 1: Identify the Vowels
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Exercise 2: Identify the Consonants
24
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Exercise 3: Differentiate the Letters
o au
o b
n j
n~ i
j o
jh gh
dh th
n n
l l
r r
r th
s´ s
25
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s s´
u i
am ah
m y
ph bh
l t
kh bh
p e
k ksh
th th
e e
e ai
26
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Symbols of Gunintamulu
.
Telugu Letter Roman Character Symbol How to write Symbol For practice
a
–a
i
–
i
u
u–
ru
.
–
ru
.
e
–e
ai
o
–o
au
am
.
ah.
27
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(Gunintamulu)
.
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (ka-Gunintamu)
.
ka
–
ka
ki
–
ki
ku
–
ku
ke
–
ke
kai
ko
–
ko
kau
kam
.
kah.
28
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For practice ka Gunintamu
. ( )
29
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(Gunintamulu)
.
(kha-Gunintamu)
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) .
kha
–
kha
khi
–
khi
khu
–
khu
khru
.
khe
–
khe
khai
kho
–
kho
khau
kham
.
khah.
30
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For practice: kha Gunintamu
. ( )
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(Gunintamulu)
.
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (ga-Gunintamu)
.
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter For practice
ga
–
ga
gi
–
gi
gu
–
gu
ge
–
ge
gai
go
–
go
gau
gam
.
gah.
32
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For practice: ga Gunintamu
. ( )
33
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(Gunintamulu)
.
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (gha-Gunintamu)
.
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter For practice
–
gha
–
ghu
–
ghe
–
gho
34
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For practice: gha Gunintamu
. ( )
35
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(Gunintamulu)
.
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (ca-Gunintamu)
.
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter For practice
ca
–
ca
ci
–
ci
cu
–
cu
ce
–
ce
cai
co
–
co
cau
cam
.
cah.
36
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For practice: ca Gunintamu
. ( )
37
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(Gunintamulu)
.
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (cha-Gunintamu)
.
–
cha
chi
–
chi
–
chu
–
che
–
cho
38
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For practice: cha Gunintamu
. ( )
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(Gunintamulu)
.
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (ja-Gunintamu)
.
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter For practice
ja
–
ja
ji
–
ji
ju
–
ju
jru
.
je
–
je
jai
jo
–
jo
jau
jam
.
jah.
40
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For practice: ja Gunintamu
. ()
41
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(Gunintamulu)
.
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (jha-Gunintamu)
.
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter For practice
–
jha
jhi
–
jhi
–
jhu
–
jhe
jhai
jho
–
jho
42
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For practice: jha Gunintamu
. ( )
~¡-
43
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(Gunintamulu)
.
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (ta-Gunintamu)
. .
ta
.
ta
.
–
ti.
–
ti.
.tu
–
.tu
.tru
.
te
.
te
.
–
tai
.
to
.
to
.
–
tau
.
tam
. .
tah
. .
44
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For practice: ta
. Gunintamu
. ()
45
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(Gunintamulu)
.
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (tha-Gunintamu)
. .
–
tha
.
thi
.
–
thi
.
–
thu
.
–
the
.
–
tho
.
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For practice t.ha Gunintamu
. ( )
47
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(Gunintamulu)
.
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (da-Gunintamu)
. .
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter For practice
da
.
da
.
–
di
.
–
di
.
du
.
du
.
–
de
.
de
.
–
dai
.
do
.
do
.
–
dau
.
dam
. .
dah
. .
48
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For practice: da
. Gunintamu
. ( )
49
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(Gunintamulu)
.
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (dha-Gunintamu)
. .
–
dha
.
–
dhu
.
–
dhe
.
–
dho
.
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For practice: dha
. Gunintamu
. ( )
51
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(Gunintamulu)
.
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (na-Gunintamu)
. .
na
.
na
.
–
ni
.
–
ni
.
nu
.
nu
.
–
nru
..
ne
.
ne
.
–
nai
.
no
.
no
.
–
nau
.
nam
. .
nah
. .
52
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For practice: na
. Gunintamu
. ()
53
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(Gunintamulu)
.
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (ta-Gunintamu)
.
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter For practice
ta
–
ta
ti
–
ti
tu
–
tu
te
–
te
tai
to
–
to
tau
tam
.
tah.
54
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For practice: ta Gunintamu
. ( )
55
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(Gunintamulu)
.
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (tha-Gunintamu)
.
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter For practice
–
tha
thi
–
thi
–
thu
–
the
–
tho
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For practice: tha Gunintamu
. ( )
57
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(Gunintamulu)
.
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (da-Gunintamu)
.
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter For practice
da
–
da
di
–
di
du
–
du
de
–
de
dai
do
–
do
dau
dam
.
dah.
58
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For practice: da Gunintamu
. ( )
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(Gunintamulu)
.
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (dha-Gunintamu)
.
–
dha
dhi
–
dhi
–
dhu
–
dhe
–
dho
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For practice: dha Gunintamu
. ( )
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(Gunintamulu)
.
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (na-Gunintamu)
.
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter For practice
na
–
na
ni
–
ni
nu
–
nu
nru
.
ne
–
ne
nai
no
–
no
nau
nam
.
nah.
62
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For practice: na Gunintamu
. ( )
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(Gunintamulu)
.
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (pa-Gunintamu)
.
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter For practice
pa
–
pa
pi
–
pi
pu
–
pu
pe
–
pe
pai
po
–
po
pau
pam
.
pah.
64
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For practice: pa Gunintamu
. ( )
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(Gunintamulu)
.
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (pha-Gunintamu)
.
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter For practice
–
pha
–
phi
–
phu
–
phe
–
pho
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67
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(Gunintamulu)
.
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (ba-Gunintamu)
.
ba
–
ba
bi
–
bi
bu
–
bu
bru
.
be
–
be
bai
bo
–
bo
bau
bam
.
bah.
68
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For practice: ba Gunintamu
. ( )
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(Gunintamulu)
.
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (bha-Gunintamu)
.
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter For practice
–
bha
bhi
–
bhi
–
bhu
–
bhe
–
bho
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. ( )
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(Gunintamulu)
.
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (ma-Gunintamu)
.
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter For practice
ma
–
ma
mi
–
mi
mu
–
mu
me
–
me
mai
mo
–
mo
mau
mam
.
mah.
72
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. ( )
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(Gunintamulu)
.
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (ya-Gunintamu)
.
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter For practice
ya
–
ya
yi
–
yi
yu
–
yu
ye
–
ye
yo
–
yo
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. ( )
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(Gunintamulu)
.
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (ra-Gunintamu)
.
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter For practice
ra
–
ra
ri
–
ri
ru
–
ru
re
–
re
rai
ro
–
ro
rau
ram
.
rah.
76
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For practice: ra Gunintamu
. ( )
77
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(Gunintamulu)
.
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (la-Gunintamu)
.
la
–
la
li
–
li
lu
–
lu
lru
.
le
–
le
lai
lo
–
lo
lau
lam
.
lah
.
78
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For practice: la Gunintamu
. ( )
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(Gunintamulu)
.
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (la-Gunintamu)
. .
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter For practice
.la
–
.la
.li
–
.li
.lu
–
.lu
.le
–
.le
.lai
.lo
–
.lo
.lau
.lam
.
.lah.
80
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For practice: .la Gunintamu
. ()
81
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(Gunintamulu)
.
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (va-Gunintamu)
.
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter For practice
va
–
va
vi
–
vi
vu
–
vu
vru
.
ve
–
ve
vai
vo
–
vo
vau
vam
.
vah.
82
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For practice: va Gunintamu
. ( )
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(Gunintamulu)
.
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (sa-Gunintamu)
´ .
´
sa
´–
sa
´
si
–
´
si
´
su
´–
su
´.
sru
´. –
sru
´
se
´–
se
´
sai
´
so
´–
so
´
sau
´
sam
.
´
sah
.
84
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´ Gunintamu ( )
For practice: sa .
85
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(Gunintamulu)
.
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (sa-Gunintamu)
. .
sa
.
sa
.
–
si
.
–
si
.
su
.
su
.
–
se
.
se
.
–
sai
.
so
.
so
.
–
sau
.
sam
. .
sah
. .
86
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For practice: sa
. Gunintamu
. ( )
87
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(Gunintamulu)
.
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (sa-Gunintamu)
.
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter For practice
sa
sa–
si
–
si
su
su–
sru.
sru. –
se
se–
sai
so
so–
sau
sam.
sah.
88
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For practice: sa Gunintamu
. ( )
89
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(Gunintamulu)
.
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (ha-Gunintamu)
.
ha
–
ha
hi
–
hi
hu
–
hu
he
–
he
ho
–
ho
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For practice: ha Gunintamu
. ( )
91
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(Gunintamulu)
.
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (ksha-Gunintamu)
.
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter For practice
–
ksha
–
kshu
kshe
–
kshe
kshai
–
ksho
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For practice: ksha Gunintamu
.
()
93
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(Gunintamulu)
.
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (ra-Gunintamu)
. .
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter For practice
.ra
–
.ra
.ri
–
.ri
ru
.
–
.ru
.rru
.
.re
–
.re
.rai
.ro
–
.ro
.rau
ram
. .
.rah.
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For practice: ra
. Gunintamu
. ( )
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Symbols of Vottulu
k kh g gh
.
n c ch j
jh ~
n t. th
.
d. dh
. n. t
th d dh n
p ph b bh
m y r l
.l v s´ s.
s h ksha ra
.
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VOTTULU for "k" consonant
For Practice
kka kdha
kkha kna
kga kpa
kgha kpha
kca kba
kcha kbha
ktha
. kla
kda
. kla.
kdha
. kva
kna
. ksa´
kta ksa.
ktha ksa
kda kha
97
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VOTTULU for "kha" consonant
For Practice
khka khdha
khkha khna
khga khpa
khgha khpha
khca khba
khcha khbha
khja khma
khjha khya
khta
. khra
khtha
. khla
khda
. khla.
khdha
.
khva
khna
.
khsa´
khta khsa.
khtha khsa
khda khha
98
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VOTTULU for "ga" consonant
For Practice
gka gdha
gkha gna
gga gpa
ggha gpha
gca gba
gcha gbha
gja gma
gjha gya
gta
.
gra
gtha
.
gla
gda
. gla.
gdha
. gva
gna
.
gsa´
gta gsa
.
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VOTTULU for "gha" consonant
For Practice
ghka ghdha
ghkha ghna
ghga ghpa
ghgha ghpha
ghca ghba
ghcha ghbha
ghja ghma
ghjha ghya
ghta. ghra
ghtha
.
ghla
ghda
.
ghla.
ghdha
.
ghva
ghna
.
ghsa´
ghta ghsa.
ghtha ghsa
ghda ghha
100
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VOTTULU for "ca" consonant
For Practice
cka cdha
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VOTTULU for "cha" consonant
For Practice
chka chdha
chda
. chla.
chdha
. chva
chna
. chsa´
chta chsa.
chtha chsa
chda chha
102
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VOTTULU for "ja" consonant
For Practice
jka jdha
jkha jna
jga jpa
jgha jpha
jca jba
jcha jbha
jja jma
jjha jya
jta
. jra
jtha
. jla
jda
. jla.
jdha
. jva
jna
. jsa´
jta jsa.
jtha jsa
jda jha
103
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VOTTULU for "jha" consonant
For Practice
jhka jhdha
jhkha jhna
jhga jhpa
jhgha jhpha
jhca jhba
jhcha jhbha
jhja jhma
jhjha jhya
jhta. jhra
jhtha
. jhla
jhda. jhla.
jhdha
. jhva
jhna. jhsa´
jhta jhsa
.
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VOTTULU for "ta"
. consonant
For Practice
.tka tdha
.
tkha
. tna
.
tca
. tba
.
tjha
. .tya
.tta. .tra
.ttha
. .tla
tda
.. .tla.
tdha
.. .tva
tna
.. tsa
.
´
tda
. .tha
105
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VOTTULU for "tha"
. consonant
For Practice
thka
. .thdha
thkha
. .thna
thca
. thba
.
thcha
. thbha
.
thja
.
thma
.
thjha
. thya
.
thta
. . .thra
ththa
. . thla
.
thda
. . .thla.
thdha
. . thva
.
thna
. . .thsa´
thta
.
.thsa
.
ththa
. thsa
.
thda
. .thha
106
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VOTTULU for "da"
. consonant
For Practice
dka
.
ddha
.
dkha
.
dna
.
dga
.
dpa
.
dgha
.
dpha
.
dca
.
dba
.
dcha
.
dbha
.
dja
.
dma
.
djha
.
dya
.
dta
..
dra
.
dtha
..
dla
.
dda
..
dla
..
ddha
..
dva
.
dna
..
dsa
.
´
dta
.
dsa
..
dtha
.
dsa
.
dda
.
dha
.
107
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VOTTULU for "dha"
. consonant
For Practice
dhka
. dhdha
.
dhkha
.
dhna
.
dhga
. dhpa
.
dhgha
. dhpha
.
dhca
. dhba
.
dhja
. dhma
.
dhta
. . dhra
.
dhtha
. . dhla
.
dhda
. . dhla
. .
dhdha
. . dhva
.
dhna
. . dhsa
.
´
dhta
. dhsa
. .
dhtha
. dhsa
.
dhda
. dhha
.
108
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VOTTULU for "ta" consonant
For Practice
tka tdha
tkha tna
tga tpa
tgha tpha
tca tba
tcha tbha
tja tma
tjha
tya
tta
tra
.
ttha
tla
.
tda
tla.
.
tdha
tva
.
tna
tsa´
.
tta
tsa
.
ttha
tsa
tda
tha
109
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VOTTULU for "tha" consonant
For Practice
thka thdha
thkha thna
thga thpa
thgha thpha
thca thba
thcha thbha
thja thma
thjha thya
thta
. thra
ththa
. thla
thda
. thla.
thdha
. thva
thna
. thsa´
thta thsa.
ththa thsa
thda thha
110
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VOTTULU for "da" consonant
For Practice
dka ddha
dda
. dla
.
ddha
. dva
dna
. dsa´
dta dsa
.
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VOTTULU for "dha" consonant
For Practice
dhka dhdha
dhkha dhna
dhga dhpa
dhgha dhpha
dhca dhba
dhcha dhbha
dhja dhma
dhjha dhya
dhta
. dhra
dhtha
. dhla
dhda
. dhla.
dhdha
. dhva
dhna
. dhsa´
dhta dhsa.
dhtha dhsa
dhda dhha
112
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VOTTULU for "na" consonant
For Practice
nka ndha
nkha nna
nga npa
ngha npha
nca nba
ncha nbha
nja nma
njha nya
nta
. nra
ntha
. nla
nda
. nla.
ndha
. nva
nna
. nsa´
nta nsa
.
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VOTTULU for "pa" consonant
For Practice
pka pdha
pkha pna
pga ppa
pgha ppha
pca pba
pcha pbha
pja pma
pjha pya
pta
. pra
ptha
. pla
pda
. pla.
pdha
. pva
pna
. psa´
pta psa.
ptha psa
pda pha
114
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VOTTULU for "pha" consonant
For Practice
phka phdha
phkha phna
phga phpa
phgha phpha
phca phba
phcha phbha
phja phma
phjha phya
phta
. phra
phtha
. phla
phda
. phla.
phdha
. phva
phna
. phsa´
phta phsa.
phtha phsa
phda phha
115
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VOTTULU for "ba" consonant
For Practice
bka bdha
bda
. bla.
bdha
. bva
bna
. bsa´
bta bsa.
btha bsa
bda bha
116
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VOTTULU for "bha" consonant
For Practice
bhka bhdha
bhda
. bhla.
bhdha
. bhva
bhna
. bhsa´
bhta bhsa
.
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VOTTULU for "ma" consonant
For Practice
mka mdha
mkha mna
mga mpa
mgha mpha
mca mba
mcha mbha
mja mma
mjha mya
mta. mra
mtha
. mla
mda
. mla
.
mdha
. mva
mna
. msa´
mta msa
.
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VOTTULU for "ya" consonant
For Practice
yka ydha
ykha yna
yga ypa
ygha ypha
yca ypba
ycha ybha
yja yma
yjha yya
yta. yra
ytha
. yla
yda
. yla.
ydha
. yva
yna
. ysa´
yta ysa
.
ytha ysa
yda yha
119
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VOTTULU for "ra" consonant
For Practice
rka rdha
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VOTTULU for "la" consonant
For Practice
lka ldha
lkha lna
lga lpa
lgha lpha
lca lba
lcha lbha
lja lma
ljha lya
lta
. lra
ltha
. lla
lda
.
lla.
ldha
.
lva
lna
.
lsa´
lta lsa.
ltha lsa
lda lha
121
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VOTTULU for "la"
. consonant
For Practice
.lka .ldha
.lkha .lna
.lga .lpa
lgha
. .lpha
.lca .lba
lcha
. .lbha
.lja .lma
.ljha
.lya
.lta
. .lra
.ltha
. .lla
.lda
. .lla.
.ldha
. .lva
.lna
. .lsa´
.lta .lsa.
.ltha .lsa
.lda .lha
122
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VOTTULU for "va" consonant
For Practice
vka vdha
vkha vna
vga vpa
vgha vpha
vca vba
vcha vbha
vja vma
vjha vya
vta
. vra
vtha
. vla
vda
. vla.
vdha
. vva
vna
. vsa´
vta vsa
.
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´
VOTTULU for "sa" consonant
For Practice
ska
´ ´
sdha
skha
´ sna´
´
sga spa´
´
sgha spha
´
´
sca sba
´
scha
´ sbha
´
sjha
´ sya
´
´
sta
. sra
´
´
stha
. sla´
´
sda
. sla´.
´
sdha
. sva
´
´
sna
. ssa
´´
´
sta ssa
´
.
´
stha ssa
´
´
sda sha
´
124
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VOTTULU for "sa"
. consonant
For Practice
ska
.
sdha
.
skha
.
sna
.
sga
.
spa
.
sgha
.
spha
.
sca
.
sba
.
scha
.
sbha
.
sja
.
sma
.
sjha
.
sya
.
sta
..
sra
.
stha
..
sla
.
sda
..
sla
..
sdha
..
sva
.
sna
..
ssa
.
´
sta
.
ssa
..
stha
.
ssa
.
sda
.
sha
.
125
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VOTTULU for "sa" consonant
For Practice
ska sdha
skha sna
sga spa
sgha spha
sca sba
scha sbha
sja sma
sjha sya
sta
. sra
stha
. sla
sda
. sla.
sdha
. sva
sna
. ssa´
sta ssa.
stha ssa
sda sha
126
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VOTTULU for "ha" consonant
For Practice
hka hdha
hkha hna
hga hpa
hgha hpha
hca hba
hcha hbha
hja hma
hjha hya
hta. hra
htha
.
hla
hda
.
hla.
hdha
.
hva
hna
. hsa´
hta hsa.
htha hsa
hda hha
127
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NOTE
The vowel- consonant clusters for the Telugu letters viz.,
. ~
n, n, n,
. ksha, r. are not given since they are not
in much usage.
128
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