Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ch05 Transistor Bias Circuits (37 PP)
Ch05 Transistor Bias Circuits (37 PP)
Load line
WaveIorm Distortion
A signal that swings
outside the active
region will be clipped.
I
B
Q
I
C
Input
signal
2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
All rights reserved.
Electronic Devices, 9th edition
Thomas L. Floyd
8
region will be clipped.
For example, the bias
has established a low Q-
point.
As a result, the signal
will be clipped because
it is too close to cutoII.
J
CC
J
CE
CutoII
Q
I
CQ
CutoII
0
J
ce
J
CEQ
WaveIorm Distortion
2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
All rights reserved.
Electronic Devices, 9th edition
Thomas L. Floyd
9
High Q- point. The signal will be
clipped because it is too close to
saturation.
Input signal too large. The signal
will be clipped Irom both sides.
Quiz Quiz Quiz
Q. A signal that swings outside the active area will be
a. clamped
b. clipped
2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
All rights reserved.
Electronic Devices, 9th edition
Thomas L. Floyd
10
c. unstable
d. all oI the above
Voltage-Divider Bias
A practical way to establish a Q-point is to Iorm a voltage-
divider Irom J
CC
.
R
1
and R
2
are selected to establish J
B
. II the
di id i tiII I i ll d t I Th
J
CC
2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
All rights reserved.
Electronic Devices, 9th edition
Thomas L. Floyd
11
divider is stiII, I
B
is small compared to I
2
. Then,
R
C
R
1
R
E R
2
2
B CC
1 2
R
J J
R R
| |
~
|
+
\
I
2
I
B
Quiz Quiz Quiz
Q. A stiII voltage divider is one in which
a. there is no load current
b. divider current is small compared to load current
2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
All rights reserved.
Electronic Devices, 9th edition
Thomas L. Floyd
12
c. the load is connected directly to the source voltage
d. loading eIIects can be ignored
Voltage-Divider Bias
J
CC
15 V
2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
All rights reserved.
Electronic Devices, 9th edition
Thomas L. Floyd
13
R
C
R
1
R
E R
2
DC
200
27 kO
12 kO 680 O
1.2 kO
Determine the base voltage Ior the circuit.
( )
2
B CC
1 2
12 k
15 V
27 k 12 k
R
J J
R R
| |
=
|
+
\
O | |
= + =
|
O + O
\
4.62 V
Voltage-Divider Bias
J
CC
15 V
What is the emitter voltage, J
E
, and current, I
E
?
2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
All rights reserved.
Electronic Devices, 9th edition
Thomas L. Floyd
14
R
C
R
1
R
E R
2
DC
200
27 kO
12 kO 680 O
1.2 kO
4.62 V
J
E
is one diode drop less than J
B
:
J
E
4.62 V 0.7 V 3.92 V
3.92 V
Applying Ohm`s law:
E
E
E
3.92 V
680
J
I
R
= = =
O
5.76 mA
Quiz Quiz Quiz
Q. Assuming a stiII voltage-divider Ior the circuit shown,
the emitter voltage is
a. 4.3 V
J
CC
15 V
2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
All rights reserved.
Electronic Devices, 9th edition
Thomas L. Floyd
15
b. 5.7 V
c. 6.8 V
d. 9.3 V
R
C
R
1
R
E R
2
DC
200
20 kO
10 kO 1.2 kO
1.8 kO
J
B
10 / (10 20) * 15 5 V
J
E
5 0.7 4.3 V
Quiz Quiz Quiz
Q. For the circuit shown, the dc load line will intersect the
v-axis at (neglecting I
B
)
a. 5.0 mA
J
CC
15 V
2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
All rights reserved.
Electronic Devices, 9th edition
Thomas L. Floyd
16
b. 10.0 mA
c. 15.0 mA
d. none oI the above
R
C
R
1
R
E R
2
DC
200
20 kO
10 kO 1.2 kO
1.8 kO
J
CE
0:
I
C
(15 0) / (1.8k 1.2k) 15 / 3k 5 mA
Voltage-Divider Bias
The unloaded voltage divider approximation Ior J
B
gives
reasonable results. A more exact solution is to Thevenize
the input circuit.
Looking Irom the base to the leIt:
J
CC
15 V
J
CC
15 V
2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
All rights reserved.
Electronic Devices, 9th edition
Thomas L. Floyd
17
R
C
R
1
R
E R
2
DC
200
27 kO
12 kO
15 V
680 O
1.2 kO
J
TH
J
B(no load)
4.62 V
R
TH
R
1
,,R
2
8.31 kO
The Thevenin input
circuit can be drawn
R
C
R
TH
R
E
J
TH
I
B
I
E
J
BE
8.31 kO
680 O
1.2 kO
4.62 V
15 V
DC
200
Quiz Quiz Quiz
Q. II you Thevenize the input voltage divider, the Thevenin
resistance is
a. 5.0 kO
J
CC
15 V
2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
All rights reserved.
Electronic Devices, 9th edition
Thomas L. Floyd
18
b. 6.67 kO
c. 10 kO
d. 30 kO
R
C
R
1
R
E R
2
DC
200
20 kO
10 kO 1.2 kO
1.8 kO
R
TH
R
1
R
2
/ (R
1
R
2
)
20 * 10 / (20 10) 200 / 30 6.67 kO
Voltage-Divider Bias
Now write KVL around the base emitter circuit and solve
Ior I
E
.
J
CC
15 V
TH B TH BE E E
J I R J I R = + +
I
E
I
B
I
C
I
B
DC
I
B
(
DC
1) I
B
-
DC
I
B
J
TH
J
BE
I
E
R
E
I
B
R
TH
- I
E
R
E
I
E
R
TH
/
DC
I
E
( R
E
R
TH
/
DC
)
2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
All rights reserved.
Electronic Devices, 9th edition
Thomas L. Floyd
19
R
C
R
TH
R
E
J
TH
I
B
I
E
J
BE
8.31 kO
680 O
1.2 kO
4.62 V
15 V
DC
200
TH BE
E
TH
E
DC
J J
I
R
R
=
+
Substituting and solving,
E
4.62 V 0.7 V
8.31 k
680
200
I
= =
O
O
5.43 mA
and J
E
I
E
R
E
(5.43 mA)(0.68 kO)
3.69 V
Voltage-Divider Bias
A pnp transistor can be biased Irom either a positive or negative supply.
Notice that (b) and (c) are the same circuit; both with a positive supply.
J
J
EE
J
J
EE
EE
R
R
R
2
2
2
1
1
1
R
R
R
R
R
R
C
C
C
R
R
R
E
E
E
(a) (b) (c)
Voltage-Divider Bias
Determine I
E
Ior the pnp circuit. Assume a stiII
voltage divider (no loading eIIect).
J
2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
All rights reserved.
Electronic Devices, 9th edition
Thomas L. Floyd
21
J
EE
R
2
1
R
R
C
1.2 kO
R
E
680 O
27 kO
12 kO
15 V
( )
1
B EE
1 2
27 k
15.0 V 10.4 V
27 k 12 k
R
J J
R R
| |
=
|
+
\
O | |
= + =
|
O + O
\
E B BE
10.4 V 0.7 V 11.1 V J J J = + = +
EE E
E
E
15.0 V 11.1 V
680
J J
I
R
= = =
O
5.74 mA
10.4 V
11.1 V
Quiz Quiz Quiz
Q. For the circuit shown, the emitter voltage is
a. less than the base voltage
b. less than the collector voltage
J
EE
15 V
2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
All rights reserved.
Electronic Devices, 9th edition
Thomas L. Floyd
22
c. both oI the above
d. none oI the above
R
2
1
R
R
C
1.2 kO
R
E
680 O
27 kO
12 kO
pnp circuit
higher than the base voltage by 0.7 V
Emitter Bias
Emitter bias has excellent stability but requires both a
positive and a negative source.
J
CC
15 V
For troubleshooting analysis, assume that J
E
Ior an npn transistor is about 1 V.
2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
All rights reserved.
Electronic Devices, 9th edition
Thomas L. Floyd
23
Assuming that J
E
is 1 V, what is I
E
?
J
EE
R
C
R
E
R
B
68 kO
15 V
15 V
7.5 kO
3.9 kO
1 V
EE
E
E
1 V 15 V ( 1 V)
7.5 k
J
I
R
= = =
O
1.87 mA
The minus sign means the
current is directed downwards
(opposite to initial assumption).
Emitter Bias
The approximation that J
E
- 1 V and the neglect oI
DC
may not be accurate
enough Ior design work or detailed analysis.
In this case, KVL can be applied to develop a more detailed Iormula Ior I
E
.
KVL applied around the base-emitter circuit in Figure 517(a), which has
been redrawn in part (b) Ior analysis, gives the Iollowing equation:
2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
All rights reserved.
Electronic Devices, 9th edition
Thomas L. Floyd
24
Emitter Bias
(J
EE
is a negative value)
2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
All rights reserved.
Electronic Devices, 9th edition
Thomas L. Floyd
25
(J
EE
is a negative value)
Quiz Quiz Quiz
Q. Emitter bias
a. is not good Ior linear circuits
b. uses a voltage-divider on the input
2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
All rights reserved.
Electronic Devices, 9th edition
Thomas L. Floyd
26
c. requires dual power supplies
d. all oI the above
Quiz Quiz Quiz
Q. With the emitter bias shown, a reasonable assumption
Ior troubleshooting work is that the
a. base voltage 1 V
J
CC
15 V
2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
All rights reserved.
Electronic Devices, 9th edition
Thomas L. Floyd
27
b. emitter voltage 5 V
c. emitter voltage 1 V
d. collector voltage J
CC
J
EE
R
C
R
E
R
B
68 kO
15 V
7.5 kO
3.9 kO
Base Bias
Base bias is used in switching circuits because oI its
simplicity, but not widely used in linear applications
because the Q-point is | dependent.
2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
All rights reserved.
Electronic Devices, 9th edition
Thomas L. Floyd
28
R
C
R
B
J
CC
Base current is derived Irom the collector supply
through a large base resistor.
What is I
B
?
CC
B
B
0.7 V 15 V 0.7 V
560 k
J
I
R
= = =
O
25.5 A
R
C
R
B
J
CC
560 kO
15 V
1.8 kO
Base Bias
Compare J
CE
Ior the case where | 100 and | 300.
2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
All rights reserved.
Electronic Devices, 9th edition
Thomas L. Floyd
29
R
C
R
B
J
CC
560 kO
15 V
1.8 kO
( )( )
C B
100 25.5 A 2.55 mA I I = = =
10.4 V
For | 100:
( )( )
CE CC C C
15 V 2.55 mA 1.8 k
J J I R =
= O =
For | 300:
( ) ( )
C B
300 25.5 A 7.65 mA I I = = =
( )( )
CE CC C C
15 V 7.65 mA 1.8 k
J J I R =
= O = 1.23 V
Quiz Quiz Quiz
Q. The circuit shown is an example oI
a. base bias
b. collector-Ieedback bias
J
CC
2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
All rights reserved.
Electronic Devices, 9th edition
Thomas L. Floyd
30
c. emitter bias
d. voltage-divider bias
R
C
R
B
Emitter-Feedback Bias
An emitter resistor (R
E
) changes base bias into emitter-
Ieedback bias, which is more predictable.
The emitter resistor (R
E
) is a Iorm oI negative feedback.
II I tries to increase J increases causing an
2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
All rights reserved.
Electronic Devices, 9th edition
Thomas L. Floyd
31
R
R
C
E
R
B
J
CC
II I
C
tries to increase, J
E
increases, causing an
increase in J
B
because J
B
J
E
J
BE
.
This increase in J
B
reduces the voltage across R
B
(J
R
B
J
CC
J
B
), thus reducing I
B
and keeping I
C
Irom increasing.
A similar action occurs iI I
C
tries to decrease.
Emitter-Feedback Bias
The equation Ior emitter current is Iound
by writing KVL around the base circuit.
2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
All rights reserved.
Electronic Devices, 9th edition
Thomas L. Floyd
32
R
R
C
E
R
B
J
CC
The result is:
Collector-Feedback Bias
Collector Ieedback bias uses another Iorm oI negative
feedback to increase stability. (more on next slide)
Instead oI returning the base resistor (R
B
) to J
CC
, it is
returned to the collector.
2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
All rights reserved.
Electronic Devices, 9th edition
Thomas L. Floyd
33
The equation Ior collector current (I
C
) is Iound
by writing KVL around the base circuit.
(details on page 247 in the book)
The result is
CC BE
C
B
C
DC
J J
I
R
R
=
+
J
CC
R
C
R
B
Collector-Feedback Bias
Collector Ieedback bias uses another Iorm oI negative
feedback to increase stability. Instead oI returning the base
resistor to J
CC
, it is returned to the collector.
The negative Ieedback creates an 'oIIsetting eIIect
that tends to keep the Q-point stable.
2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
All rights reserved.
Electronic Devices, 9th edition
Thomas L. Floyd
34
J
CC
R
C
R
B
II I
C
tries to increase, it drops more voltage across
R
C
, thereby causing J
C
to decrease.
When J
C
decreases, there is a decrease in voltage
across R
B
, which decreases I
B
.
The decrease in I
B
produces less I
C
which, in turn,
drops less voltage across R
C
and thus oIIsets the
decrease in J
C
.
Collector-Feedback Bias
Compare I
C
Ior the case when | 100 with the case when | 300.
2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
All rights reserved.
Electronic Devices, 9th edition
Thomas L. Floyd
35
When | 100,
CC BE
C
B
C
DC
15 V 0.7 V
330 k
1.8 k
100
J J
I
R
R
= = =
O
O +
+
J
CC
R
C
R
B
330 kO
1.8 kO
15 V
2.80 mA
When | 300,
CC BE
C
B
C
DC
15 V 0.7 V
330 k
1.8 k
300
J J
I
R
R
= = =
O
O +
+
4.93 mA
Quiz Quiz Quiz
Q. The circuit shown is an example oI
a. base bias
b. collector-Ieedback bias
J
CC
R
C
2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
All rights reserved.
Electronic Devices, 9th edition
Thomas L. Floyd
36
c. emitter bias
d. voltage-divider bias
R
C
R
B
Key Terms Key Terms Key Terms
Q-point
DC load line
Li i
The dc operating (bias) point oI an ampliIier
speciIied by voltage and current values.
A straight line plot oI I
C
and J
CE
Ior a
transistor circuit.
Th i I ti l th l d li
2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
All rights reserved.
Electronic Devices, 9th edition
Thomas L. Floyd
37
Linear region
Stiff voltage
divider
Feedback
The region oI operation along the load line
between saturation and cutoII.
A voltage divider Ior which loading eIIects
can be ignored.
The process oI returning a portion oI a
circuit`s output back to the input in such a way
as to oppose or aid a change in the output.