HISTORIA DE ESTADOS UNIDOS: INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION II.

Transformation of American Society (1815-1860) Faster changes than any period since 1. Population doubles every 25 years, by 1860, over than 31 million 2. Economy: from agrarian to capitalist and commercial : -market revolution -Improvements: technology, transport and communication -foreign trade boomed: it expanded -growth of cities -immigration: second wave of immigration

Three main sections in the country: 1. Industrial Revolution and the North : the Northeast ( mass immigration and industrial revolution) 2. The old South and Slavery : The South ( new scale of cotton production, slavery more deeply rooted 3. Immigration and Westward Expansion: The west ( agrarian) ( Jeffersonian idea)

The Tranportation limitations: -1820 transportation limitations: Great rivers west of the Apalachians ran north to south Roads expensive to keep Horse-drawn wagons slow and limited range

Innovations: -steamboat -railroad -telegraph 1. Steamboats: Appeared first in Britain. The first introduced in U.S WAS CALLED Clemont ( 1807) by Robert. R. Livingston and Robert Fulton. They connected the Ohio River with Mississippi River. Canals: erie canal in 1825 connected Hudson river with Erie Lake. They were very expensive and reduced the shipping costs. They were crucial in expanding inland commerce and in opening up the West and connected the East with the West. After panic of 1837, canal boom over. Railroads and telegraph: -first railroad ( Baltimore, Ohio) in 1827 passengers and freight ( 1825 first railroad for general transportation begins operating in England)

HISTORIA DE ESTADOS UNIDOS: INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION -faster, cheaper to build and able to reach more places than canals. Visible sign of American progress and greatness. Symbol of Democratic promise. It had many inconveniences ( standard time zones in 1883) they could not travel during the night. The gauges were different. - The telegraph could communicate the stations with the trains. Created by Samuel F.B . Morse code - the development of railroads and telegraph is associated -1866: first transatlantic cable laid between America and Europe Effects of telegraphs Contributes to the development of the railroad Newspapers 1846 invention of rotary press

Effects of the railroad development The growth of certain cities like Chicago ( served by 11 railroads, 1849 metropolis of 100.000) and of farms, towns, ranches along their routes. The eastwest lines stimulated industrial development ( Chicago and Minneapolis) Tranformation of business, especially finance: private investors needed, turned to capital market in New York.

The rise of Manufacturing The years 1815-1860 marked the transition from colonial to modern manufacturing ( factories remained small, average 8 workers in 1860) Americans still think of themselves as a nation of farmers, but by 1850, 20% of labor force works in manufacturing and produces 30% of national output Causes of industrialization: Protection from foreign competition trough tariffs: rise of American cloth production. Transportation revolution enlarges markets and demand American experimentation: Eli Whitneys ideal of interchangeable parts Immigration: -1790-1860: 5 million people from Europe -german or Irish majority -British skilled mechanics

First Industrial Region: New England Water-power: rivers ideal for water-power mills Cotton mills Slater mills-Samuel Slater-Rhode Island-Spinning jenny( machine for creating fibra) Rchard Arkwrights spinning frame produced yarn Lowell textile mills Cheap industrial labor: surplus of women because of male migration westward. Women usually worked.

HISTORIA DE ESTADOS UNIDOS: INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Unmarried women living in boarding houses with strict rules regulating personal behaviour. Badly paid: terrible working conditions. Protests in 1834 and 1836.

Other technological innoations The McCormik Reaper The sewing machine

Other industrial areas were New York, Philadelphia and other cities: Few machines or women workers A wide range of products ( shoes, saddles, tools, ropes,hats and gloves) No cheap water power- no machines Large number of unskilled workers and low wages Subdivision of tasks and specialization of labor Skilled artisans try to protect their interests by forming trade unions and Workingmens political parties First general strike ( 1835) Mixed blessing of economic development: while some prospered others positions deteriorated. 1830: many Americans wonder wheter their nation is truly a land of opportunities and equality.

Growing inequality Class gap between rich and poor continues to widen: striking inequalities, especially in cities ( from rags to riches) - Conviction that success is possible-poverty is ones own fault - Idea that the U.S does not have a permanent class of paupers misleading: 1. Irish fleeing famine settled only in slums in NY city ( difficult to escape from poverty) 2. Northern free blacks chief victim of enduring poverty ( discriminatory measures) 3. Most americans believed that they were part of the middling classes.farmers and artisans--ideal of self-employment. Immigration: Newcomers and natives: 1840-1860: 4.2 million 1845-1854: 3 million Irish: urban reas ( New England, New York , New Jersey and Pennsilvania) German: Illinois, Ohio, Wisconsin and Missouri

Reasons: 1.Desire for religious freedom for some 2.Hopes of economic betterment for the majority 3. Escaping from poverty

HISTORIA DE ESTADOS UNIDOS: INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION A visiting Irish journalist: There are several sorts of power working at the fabric of this Republic: Water-power, steam-power, horse-power, Irish-power. The last works hardest of all (1860) Ideal: America as a land of opportunities Heavens gate ( ironic idea). Reality: depressing reality, poverty, farming more difficult than in Europe. The Irish: 3 waves of Irish immigrants: 1. 1815-the mid-1820: protestant, small landowners and tradespeople. America as a paradise 2. Mid 1820-the mid 1840: more Catholic and poorer, tenant farmers evicted by Protestant landlords 3. 1845-the early 1850s: very poor, escaping from the Great Famine. 1.8 million Irish immigrated to the U.S. Lacked capital to purchase land, they used to live in urban areas and they did heavy jobs ( canals, railroads) Stereotypes: Paddy with his pickaxe / bridget the maid Competition with free blacks for jobs Hatred of abolitionism

At this time, Irish people were not considered white people and American represented them as monkeys. Germans: In 1860, no german nation state, there were principalities ( Bavarians, Westphalians or Saxons). RELIGION: Catholics, Protestants, Jews and Freethinkers ( were persecute in Germany) WORK: Farmers, Professional, Artisans and Tradespeople. Levi Strauss, a jewish tailor from Bavaria, reached the U.S in 1847 A common language Compact communities with their own militia and fire companies. German language schools and newspapers. Their own lawyers, doctors, teachers and merchants Because of that they had a divided feeling: admire for their self -sufficiency but did not show any interest about the nation ( clannishness attitude)

Anti-Catholicism, Nativism and Labor Protest ( ANTI IMMIGRATION MOVEMENTS)

HISTORIA DE ESTADOS UNIDOS: INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

The order of the Star-Spangled Banner ( anti-catholic secret order and it was organized by Protestants Americans) Bible riots- popery ( Catholicism associated with monarchies and despotic forms of government). (Catholics were see as a threat to Democracy) Labor Unions-struggle for a ten-hour workday ( class conflict). This is the origin of the labor Unions. Ethnic and religious tensions: divisions of the working class resulting from those tensions. ( 1830-1840) The Irish and Germans supported the Democratic Party.

Westward Expansion: The far west The Transcontinental ( or Adam-Ons) Treaty of 1819. The Oregon Country Mexican Revolution ( 1821) Joint Occupation of the Oregon Territory ( U.S and Great Britain in 1827) The Santa Fe Trail American Routes The Overland Trail The Overland Trail: helped people to pass the dangerous routes. Santa FE Trail ( mainly commercial) and also helped to fight against Indians El Camino Real ( From Mexico to Santa Fe) Westward the Women ( CARAVANA DE MUJERES) in order to get marry The Texas Revolution ( 1835-1836): Texas was Mexican state it was called CoahuilaTejas populated by Americans who started to settle there from the 1820s ( after the independence). Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, president of Mexico ( 1834) reduced state governments power. Mexican annihilation of American settlers in El Alamo and Goliad. Battle of San Jacinto: American defeated the Mexican army. Texas declaration of Independence (1836)- The Republic of Texas. Texas wanted to became a new state of the U.S and this created a huge problem: The annexation of Texas and the issue of slavery. Manifest Destiny -This is the moment when John O.Sullivan created the term of Manifest Destiny. This idea was going to be used to interfere in Mexico . Westward-Ho! Termination of the joint British-American occupation of Oregon. They decided to divide the country

HISTORIA DE ESTADOS UNIDOS: INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

When Texas became a state, Mexico breaks relations with the U.S. Dispute over Texas border ( Nueces river for Mexico or Rio Grande for U.S an area that corresponds to New Mexico President James.K.Polk ( 1844-1848) send troops to Texas and California Peace Treaty : The Treaty og Guadalupe Hidalgo ( 1848) Mexico ceded: Texas with Rio Grande boundary New Mexico California

Later states of New Mexico, California,Nevada, Utah . Increased sectional strife over slavery. The Mexican War will be linked with the increasing of slavery and the Civil War. The Wilmot Proviso (1846): An amendment prohinbiting slavery in any territory to be acquired from Mexico Free-soil party- free soilers ( different from abolitionist and they claimed that the lands in Mexico they should be free because they believed that free labor and slavery were incompatible) The California Gols Rush ( 1848): Gold was discovered in the Sacramento Valley. 400 emigrants in 1849 and 44.00 emigrants in 1850.

HISTORIA DE ESTADOS UNIDOS: INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION