273 Environmental Impact Ievaluacion
273 Environmental Impact Ievaluacion
II Semester
2013-2014
Course Politics
Test, evaluation, quiz Homework 10 20
Exam
70
Reference books
Evaluacin de Impacto Ambiental Garmendia, A. et al. Pearson Prentice Hall
Disponible
en Biblioteca ESPAE Peas: 2 libros Manual de Evaluacin de Impacto Ambiental. Canter, Larry. Segunda Edicin. Mc Graw Hill.
Reference books
Fundamentals of Environmental Impacts Assessment Espinoza G. & Richards B. Inter-American Development Bank IDB Trainers Course on Environmental Management and Assessment for Investment Projects
SIDWEB
Chapters
1. 2. 3.
4.
5. 6. 7.
8.
9.
Main concepts, type of impacts Introduction to the Environmental Evaluation EIA Impact Prediction Impact Mitigation (PMA) Legal Framework Indicators and Environmental Indexes Methodologies to impact valuation odologas de Valoracin de Impactos Environmental Auditories
Chapter 1
Impact
Any action that produce a change or alteration on the environment. It can be positive or negative. If positive, the action must be re-enforced and if negative it must be cancelled or improved. Assessment Study
Impact
Environmental Impact
Examples of environmental impact:
Cathegories
Positive or Negative Reversible (natural processes) or Non-reversible Recoverable or Non-recoverable Short or long term Temporal or continuous Local, regional, national or global Accidental or predictive Accumulative or Simple Direct or Non-direct
Positive Impact: The technical community as well as scientists define this type of impact as the one that gives benefits without comprimising environmental quality.
Negative Impact: Its effects on the environmental are not good and have to be mitigated
Direct / Indirect
Direct Impact:
Produced by one of the projects activity, it occurs in the same place and at the same time as the activitiy is executed
Indirect Impact:
It is produced by one of the projects activity and it occur after or at a certain distance of the project location, but they are completely related with the project and are predictable.
Examples
Direct Impact/effect: Cutting of vegetation Indirect effect: settlements on sides of the road. Direct.: Increase of noise in the zone where the project is located. Indirect: Pression on the roads that communicate to the airport.
Construction of an airport
Acumulative:
Results when the individual effects are repetitive so it can be added after some time and finally they result in more severe impacts.
Reversible Impact: The environment can recover itself after some time (short, mid or long term) due to natural processes and autodepuration of the environment.
Pollution of a lake
Non Reversible Impact: It is so severe that it can not come back to its original condition (without impact) by natural means.
eliminated or mitigated by human action by taking into consideration corrective measures and using technology as well in order to get back to the original state without impact.
Non recoverable: The alteration or effect produced in the environment can not be repaired neither by natural or artificial means.
Extinction of species
Mitigable Impact: The effect of the alteration can be mitigated in a sustainable way by the application of corrective means.
Temporal: The magnitude of the impact does not generate to many consequences and allows to the environment that it can recover and come back to its original condition.
Persistent: Actions that occur in the environment has a long term influence
Local Impact: The effect is located nearby the activity or where the action takes place.
Regional: The effect or impact is located in a complete region due to its facility to be spread or dissiminated.
Ex: River pollution by mining activities
National Impact: The effect of the activity is spread all over the nation due to its speed to be spread all over or due to the impact movility. Ex: Distribution and consumption of polluted products due to pesticides or chemicals.
of natural habitats (-, non reversible, regional or global) Destruction of local communities (-, permanent, local) Employement (+, temporal, regional)
Chapter 2
Introduction to the Environmental Evaluation Types of environmental evaluations Types of projects Main components of an EIA Baseline Cycle of the project
The study applied in order to define if an action applied to the environment will cause a positive or negative impact. It can be applied before an action, in this case it is preventive, so its main objective is to prevent negative impacts to take place. Ex-Post: It can also be applied during or after an action has taken place, in this case its main objective is to mitigate or remediate a negative impact that already have caused evident consequences in the environment.
Concept 1
The EIA is a systematic process performed to identify, predict and evaluate the environmental effects of proposed actions. Why systematic?? The EIA helps in the decision making process referred to take best decision in order to remediate or prevent impacts.
Concept 2
The EIA is the identification and grading of the potential impacts (effects) coming from projects, relative to the physical-chemical, biological, cultural and socio-economical components of the surroundings (Canter, 1998).
Follow up Auditories
EIA Expost
Aplication
As soon as possible, preventive better than remediative. Along the cycle of the proposed project To those development proposals that have the potential to produce environmental impacts. In order to include and encourage the participation of all interested/affected people According to the normative and legal agreements established.
3.
Base line
What is a baseline
It refers to the original environmental conditions existing at a given moment before a change It is like a photograph on time referring to the environment before the execution of project.
What is Background?
There are the environmental conditions that governs before any alteration or impact. Example
Types of vegetation like mix forest, mangrove, etc. Flora: white mangrove, red mangrove, etc
Physical Environment (Air, Soil, Water, Climate) Biological Environment (Flora, Fauna and their Habitats) Socio-cultural environment (Archeology, social aspects, etc)
Physical Environment
Climate Noise Surface Water Underground Water Regional Geology Quality of Air Soil
Climate
Precipitation (mean, monthly, yearly) mm Wind Temperature C Atmospheric humidity % Evaporation/ Evapotranspiration %
3
90
85
80
(%)
75
0
70
FEB 5
MAR 5
ABR 5
MAY 5
JUN 4
JUL 4
AGO 4
SEP 4
OCT 5
NOV 5
DIC 5
65
60
Cloudiness
ENE FEB 86 M AR 86 ABRI 87 M AY 85 JUN 80 JUL 78 AGO 76 SEP 80 OCT 83 NOV 83 DIC 85 85
Promedio
Relative Humidity
Precipitation
Quality of air
Particulated matter PM10 y PM2.5 Particles concentration less than 10 micras or 2.5 micras.
Muestreador de partculas PARTISOL FRM MODEL 2000-H, de bajo caudal (16,7 litros/min), provisto con cabezal de entrada para PM10
Quality of Water
Describes the physical conditions of water, both surface or underground in the area where the project is going to take place. Samples must be taken
pH Sl. Tot. Dis. Sl. Susp. Sl. Totales Sl. Sedimentables Oxgeno Disuelto Salinidad Dureza Aceites y grasas DBO Cloro residual Amonio Nitrato Nitrito N Kjeldahl total Sulfato Coliform. Tot.
mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
7,7 134 108 242 6 3,6 <2.6 97 2,9 14 0,35 <0.10 <1.5 <0.025 0,36 <1.0 930
6 9 (1) 3 000 (1) n.d. 100 (3) n.d. 3,0 (1) Agua Salobre n.d. 0,3 100
(1) (3)
150.1 Clculo SM 2540D 160.3 160.5 360. 1 Clculo 130.1 1664 HEM SM 5210D 330.5 350.3 353.3 354.1 351.1 375.4 SM 9221
0,01 (2) n.d. n.d. 1,0 (1) 40 (3) n.d. 1000 (1)
Prom. Mensual. <5000 (1)
Coliform. Fec.
NMP/100ml
230
SM 9221
(1) Tabla 8: Criterios de Calidad de aguas para uso pecuario. Anexo 1, del RLGAPCCA:, Texto Unificado de Legislacin Secundaria del Ministerio del Ambiente. D.E. 3399 R.O. 725, Diciembre 16, 2002 & D.E. 3516 R.O. Edicin Especial No. 2, Marzo 31, 2003. (2) Tabla 3: Criterios de Calidad admisibles para la preservacin de la flora y fauna en aguas dulces, fras o calidas, y en aguas marinas y de estuario. Anexo 1, del RLGAPCCA:, Texto Unificado de Legislacin Secundaria del Ministerio del Ambiente. D.E. 3399 R.O. 725, Diciembre 16, 2002 & D.E. 3516 R.O. Edicin Especial No. 2, Marzo 31, 2003. (3)Tabla 13: Lmites de descarga a un cuerpo de agua marina. Anexo 1, del RLGAPCCA:, Texto Unificado de Legislacin Secundaria del Ministerio del Ambiente. D.E. 3399 R.O. 725, Diciembre 16, 2002 & D.E. 3516 R.O. Edicin Especial No. 2, Marzo 31, 2003.
Biological Environment
Use of soils Life conditions Basic services Cultural heritage Education Jobs
Life conditions
Educational level
Type of activity
Basic services (energy, drinkable water, sewage system, waste disposal and collection) Communication services Transportation Tourism Archeogology
Recommendations
Site conditions must be described not only check listed Critical aspects must be identified Emphasis must be put on critical or sensitive elements of the environment Legislation must be considered as well as authorities related to each type of project
Project execution
Operation/Maintenance Abandon/close up
If at the beginning the project is to be proposed with an environmental criterium the EIA will be easier. Measurements and solutions to be applied will be lower at cost (cheaper) since they have been identifyed before the project started.
In the design important elements to be judged in order to take decisions according to the needs and requirements of the project Technical aspects are analyzed as well as economical, institutional, environmental
Execution: It implies the construction activities and operation activities Abandon: Close up phase
Projects evaluation use the EIA as an important tool for the detection and infomation source to take decisions
The EIA helps with the identification of potential impacts both negative and positive and also takes into consideration other environmental measurements
The EIA is one of the most important tools in order to incorporate an environmental point of view into the decisions to be taken by the project from the investment perspective.
Category A: Normally the project needs and EIA since the impacts are to be significant Category B: The projects only needs an environmentl revision (impacts are less significant) not such a deep study Category C: Projects does not need an environmental analysis just a brief description
What is the project about? Where it is located? How much time does the project intend to operate? Potential impacts that might occur during the operation of the project? What does the project need to be executed? What other alternatives might exist to replace the original project?
It must be a multidisciplinary At least 3, maximum 10. For example we can have: - Biologist - Sociologist - Geologist - Hydrologyst - Environmental Engineering
Experience in related topics Must be able to work as a team Listen to others point of view Must have good writting and spoken skills
The EIA starts later on the projects cycle The TOR are not precise The EIA does not follow a schedule Lack of technical information
Chapter 3
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Main steps for performing an EIA Approval process Authorities Environmental License Alternatives
It was recognized as a very important document byt the Principle 17 during the Rio Meeting in 1992
7. 8.
Have a clear idea of the objective of the project that will be performed. Collect information, historical, present, contact with society that will be affected. Visit the area that will be affected, know the place. Built a baseline in order to know the previous stage or original stage before the action takes place. Determine the impacts (negative or positive) that will cause the project, the intensity, duration,etc. Propose solutions in order to solve or prevent the possible negative impacts, or, propose solutions to mitigate and remediate negative impacts already existing. Apply the solutions and put into practice the proposed solutions. Feedback and follow up, in order to know if the proposed solutions and measures have been effective, need to be changed or continue.
0. Certificado de Interseccin
EIA Process
screening Decide if the EIA must be done and at what level scoping -identify the most important topics and prepare the TOR Impact analysis Evaluate the potential effects of the proposals and evaluate its significance mitigation - Proposal of measurements in order to prevent, reduce and compensate the impacts
(AAA):
Definitions
Promotor.- Natural of juridic person, from the private or public sector interested in the development of a project, responsable of the actions of development of a project.
Environmental license: Is the authorization that the designed authority will give to the natural or juridic person in order to the project to be executed.
Steps for EL
1.Certificado de Interseccin (CI) 2.Terms of REference (TDR) 3.EsIA and EMP 4.Public participation 5.EL 6.Environmental Follow up (auditories) 7.Cancellation of the license
1. CI
The promotor make a solicitude to the Ministry in order to obtain this certificate to proof that the project will not be located on a protected area. The solicitude will include: Main information of the promotor Name Address Email Name of the project Location of the project (UTM coordinates) Surface Printed map (digital also) Bank deposit of 50 dollar into an specific account
1. CI
The Direccin Nacional de Prevencin de la Contaminacin Ambiental (DNPCA) del MAE, gives the CI with the following map
2. TOR
They indicate the scope of the study and how deep it might be, telling how detailed the EIA studies should be.
Content of the TOR: Description of what should the baseline include, description of the project, alternative analysis, impact evaluation, environmental management plan, legal framework, consultancy group
Every EIA should include at least two alternatives Option Zero: no project execution Other types of alternatives
Location Alternative Design Alternative Construction, exploitation or abandon Alternative Size of the project Alternative
PC
Public Participation
4.PC
Previous to the public participation a draft of the EIA must be presented to the authority to verify that all the requirements have been fulfilled.
The Subsecretara de Calidad Ambiental from the Environmental Ministry (MAE) will evaluate the studies and notify to the promotor the aproval of the EIA and EMP, otherwise about the observations that must be corrected in order to be aproved.
5. LA
The promotor ask for the EL at the MAE: Aproval of the EIA and EMP Proof of your bank deposit Certification of the total budget of the project Insurance policy covering environmental damages to third parts Insurance Policy of full commitment to perform the EMP Among others
5. LA
The Promotor must submit to the SCA of the MAE the following information: Solicitude of the environmental license Razn Social of the promotor Name of the project Reference number given with the process of the C.I. (when obtained) Deposit certificate to the bank account of the MAE in the BNF, to cover the value of the emission of the environmental license Warranty of fulfillment of the yearly EMP equivalent to the 100% of the yearly valued cronogram on behalf of the MAE Insurance policy for environmental damages o damages to third parties in behalf of the MAE What for?????
5. LA
The Ministry will give the EL in order to authorize the execution of the project. There can be other local authorized institutions (must be authorized by the MAE) to give the EL. El Ministerio, otorga la LA para ejecutar el proyecto. The EL must be renewed everty two years (following a re-certification process) Spectific types of projects (in protected areas, electric-CONELEC and others) can only be authorized by the Ministry in order to obtain their EL.