Caesar Guideline
Caesar Guideline
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4.10) PACKA GE
A load case with safety valve popoff forces and other occasional loading areshown below. D1 is
initial displacement. F2 & F3 are safety valve forces. WNCstands for weight without contents. One can enter fluid
weight in input and run acase without considering its weight.Refer Annexure I, pages 30 & 31 for details.3.2.2 Outp
ut viewingThe Static Output Processor screen has three tables, Load Cases Analyzed,Report Options, General Computed
Results. Load cases analyzed gives thescreens shown above in section 3.2.1.2. Report Options have displacements,res
traint summary and stresses as the most commonly used ones.Displacem ent gives movements of each node for a
particular load case intranslation and rotation directions. Restraint Summary gives forces andmoments for
a single or combined group of load cases. (If evoked in 132columns, it gives the translation di splacement
too). Restraint summary printsreports for nodes that are identified as having supports, anchors, displacementsand
nozzles alone. To view forces and moments for all nodes one can useGlobal Element Forces option load case
be viewed load case wise by the Stresses option. The option Sorted Stressesgives a stress report sorted by
combined stresses. General Computed Resultshas options for printing hanger output results,
input echo and certainmiscellane ous data (coefficient of expansion, BOM of pipes etc). ReferAnnexure I, pages
32,33,34,35,36 & 37 for details.3.2.3 Outp ut interpretation( 1) Isometric check: - Before starting the input, one has to check
and review theisometrics w.r.t supporting and flexibility. Basic supports and guides should beprovided to cater for weight
and loading on connected equipment. Supportsshould be feasible, economical and aesthetic to view. Large posts
andcantilevers should be avoided. Pipes and supports should be grouped togetherto be supported by
common supports rather than multiple individual supports.Springs should be avoided at initial stage itself. One
should try to put in rigidsupports, which would make the lines stable, however assuring that enoughflexibility is provided to it
so as not to over stress the piping system or over loadequipment and structure.(2) Stress check: On creation of output files, one
has to first check thesustained stresses and expansion stresses. Sustained stress should be lessthan 65%.
Only in exceptional cases can one go to 70%. ASME B 31.3 does notcover SIF calculation for tees other than 90
. CAESAR II uses SIFs of normaltees for all angular tees. SIFs at the shorter angle side of such tees will
be largerthan SIFs of a normal tee. Hence one has to assure that sustained stressescalculated at such tee junctions, with
this package, are low. However SIFs for allsections can be calculated using finite element packages. It would be best
tocalculate SIFs using a finite element package and input it in CAESAR IIseparately. Expansion stresses should be
less than 75% except in exceptionalcases. Although ASME B 31.3 allows one to use liberal stresses for calculationof
stress range, a stress run, without liberal stresses should be taken, to makesure that too many node points are not found
over stressed. (This run, withoutliberal stresses, should not be documented, or the soft file preserved
unlessspecificall y required in the project).(3) Displacement: Displacement for pipes in vertical direction (sag) forsustained
condition should be limited to the following - 3 mm for 3NB and below- 5 mm for all other pipesAlthough deflection
permitted is 5mm one should try to restrict deflection within 2mm as a good engineering practice. Ideally a line should not
lift in expansionconditi on at any support. If at all it lifts, one should recheck sustained stresses byrunning a
dummy file without the lifting support in the input and ascertain thatstresses are still within allowable values.
A lift of less than 1 mm may beneglected. Allowable displacement of the pipe in expansion depends on
thelayout condition. For pipes on pipe rack, the horizontal movement in theperpendicular direction should
be limited to 25mm. If the displacement is more,the possibility of fouling with a second pipe or structure should
be checked. Inaxial direction, especially within loops, the displacement can be higher (100 to120 mm).
(4) Restraint summary (Loads): Restraint summary of operating and sustainedcase will give the
loads that would come at a support point/equipment nozzle.Loads on the support point should be practical. One should check for
abnormallyhigh expansion loads, which could come on guides or other supports, ifsupporting is not done properly. For example, two
axial stops on a straight line,or a guide immediately after an elbow etc. Nozzle loads should not be higherthan
allowable values.(5) Spring support loads: Once restraint summary checking is over, one shouldcheck the spring
selected by the program. The deflection should be largeenough to justify its requirement. If the deflection is very low, one
should try toavoid the spring. An ideal spring would have zero displacement at sustainedconditio n i.e. the
sustained load is the same as that which would have appearedwith a normal rigid support. If the load were
different, it would result in push andpull of the pipe in sustained condition.(6) Occasional loading: Stresses for
occasional loading should be restricted to85%. Deflection and loads due to occasional loading should be
checked for itsacceptability. It might not be possible to transfer very large magnitude loads tothe structure. In such
cases, the loads will have to be distributed with larger no.of supports. Guides and stops required for occasional load
analysis should notadversely hamper thermal run requirements. A balance has to be made with boththese situations.(7)
Equipment check: CAESAR II gives provisions for checking nozzle loads bysome of the standard
practices. If allowable loads are not available from vendoror MQ/PE, these subroutines wherever applicable can be
used. However oneshould go through the code and understand it before using it. The subroutinesareNEMA SM23 -
This covers nozzl e load requiremen ts of steam turbin e. Thereare three stages of nozzle load checking, viz. Resultant force and
momentimposed on the turbine by each nozzle, Combined resultant of forces andmoments of all major nozzles (inlet, outlet,
extraction etc), and check ofComponents of combined forces and moments of all nozzles, in each directionseparatel
y. Refer Annexure I, pages 38,39,40,41,42,43 & 44 for details.API 610 This code is the most commonly used
code for centrifugal pu mps.It specifies the minimum requirement for allowable loads. When the loads aremore than the
values specified in Table 2.1A, then the calculations inAPPENDIX F of the code (to check nozzle loads with respect
to misalignment)can be used to qualify the piping. This calculation can be done in thesubroutine. Refer Annexure I,
pages 45,46,47,48,49,50 & 51 for details.API 617 This covers nozzl e load requirements of centrifugal comp
ressors.Until 1988, nozzle loads for compressors were computed as 1.85 times NEMASM23 values.
Afterwards it has been covered in API 617 APPENDIX G. It hasthe same three conditions that is followed in NEMA SM23.
- API 661 - This covers nozzle load requirements of Air Coolers. It givesallowable loads in Figure 8 of the code. Refer
Annexure I, pages 54,55,56,57,& 58 for details.- API 560 - This code covers nozzle load requirements for Fired Heaters.Allowabl
e loads are listed in Table 7 of the code. It give loads and movementsfor both radial and convection terminals in
vertical and horizontal directions.Refer Annexure I, pages 59 & 60 for details.- HEI Standards - This code covers
requirement for nozzle qualification of Heatexchangers. Refer Annexure I, pages 61 & 62 for details.-WRC 107 -
This bulletin covers steps for calculating stresses at nozzleequipment junctions of pressure vessels. This calculation is
4.0 SAMPLE PR OBLEMA sample problem is shown below. This system consists of a pump line takingsuction
from a heat exchanger. The pump has two working situations. The first,case 1 is when the first pump is working
and the second is stand by. Thesecond, case 2 is when the first pump is stand by and the second is working.The load cases are as
below.T1 and T2 are the two temperature cases. SUS stands for sustained case, OPEfor operating and EXP for
expansion case. For the standby pump, thetemperature from the valve to pump nozzle is considered as ambient.
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