Thermodynamics 1 - Properties of Pure Substances
Thermodynamics 1 - Properties of Pure Substances
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Introduction Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics Energy, Energy Transfer, and General Energy Analysis Properties of Pure Substances Energy Analysis of Closed Systems Energy and Mass Analysis of Control Volumes The Second Law of Thermodynamics Entropy Steam Power Cycle Applications Examples
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Pure Substance
A pure substance has a fixed chemical composition throughout various processes. Examples are: water, nitrogen, helium and carbon dioxide. Homogeneous mixtures also qualify as pure substances (e.g. air). A mixture of two or more phases can still be a pure substance.
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Phase-Change Processes
Saturated Liquid Saturated LiquidVapour Mixture
Superheated Vapour
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The temperature of liquid nitrogen exposed to the atmosphere remains constant at 196C, and thus it maintains the test chamber at 196C.
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In 1775, ice was made by evacuating the air space in a water tank.
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Enthalpy
Enthalpy is a combination property. In the analysis of cycles we frequently encounter the expression: U+PV For simplicity reason this quantity is termed enthalpy: H=U+PV (kJ) h=u+Pv (kJ/kg)
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vf
vf: specific volume of saturated liquid
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vg
vg: specific volume of saturated vapour
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x=
mvapour mtotal
mliquid : mass fraction of liquid (or simply moisture) 1 x = mtotal mliquid + mvapour = m f + mg where mtotal =
= V f + Vg V m mg mg = = =x 1 x and mv = m f v f + mg vg using m m m v = v f + xv fg (1 x)v f + xvg or v = mf
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= v v f + xv fg = u u f + xu fg = h h f + xh fg = s s f + xs fg
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Compressed Liquid
A compressed liquid is to be approximated as saturated liquid at the given temperature. The properties depend more on the temperature than they do on the pressure.
Example: Determine the internal energy of compressed liquid water at 80C and 5 MPa: From compressed liquid table: u=333.72kJ/kg From saturation table: u334.86kJ/kg Error: 0.34%
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Superheated Vapour
Pressure and Temperature are no longer dependent variables. Super-heated vapour is a single-phase substance.
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Superheated Vapour
Example Determine the temperature of water at a state of P=0.5MPa and h=2890kJ/kg. Answer: At 0.5MPa saturated vapour: hg=2748.7kJ/kg. Therefore we have superheated vapour. Linear interpolation from tables gives: T=216.4C
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Equation of state: Any equation that relates the pressure, temperature, and specific volume of a substance. The simplest and best-known equation of state for substances in the gas phase is the ideal-gas equation of state. This equation predicts the P-v-T behavior of a gas quite accurately within some properly selected region.
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Compressibility Factor
The compressibility factor Z is a correction factor and is a measure of the deviation from ideal-gas behaviour. Z is defined as:
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