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Ancient Egyptian Symbols
Ancient Egyptian Symbols
Amenta
This symbol represents the Underworld or Land of the Dead. Originally it
meant the horizon of the sun set. Later, it became the symbol of the west bank
of the Nile, where the sun set and also where the Egyptians traditionally buried
their dead.
Akhet
This symbol represents the horizon from which the sun emerged and
disappeared. The horizon thus embodied the idea of both sunrise and sunset. It
is similar to the two peaks of the Djew or mountain symbol with solar disk in
the center. Both the beginning and the end of each day was guarded by Aker, a
double lion god. In the New Kingdom, Harmakhet ("Horus in the Horizon")
became the god of the rising and setting sun. He was pictured as a falcon, or as
a sphinx with the body of a lion. The Great Sphinx of Giza is an example of
"Horus in the Horizon".
Ankh
Symbol of eternal life. The gods are often seen holding an ankh to someone's
lips this is considered to be an offering of "The Breath of Life". The breath you
will need in the afterlife.
Ba
The Ba is what we might call someones personality. It would leave the body at
the time of death. During the days the Ba would make itself useful, at night it
would return to the tomb. At this time, it would look for the person to which it
belonged. This would be the mummy, however, often the egyptians would
supply the Ba with a statue in the likeness of the deceased in case the mummy
was lost or damaged.
Canopic Jars
During mummification the internal organs were removed and placed in four
containers. These containers often have human or animal-headed stoppers. The
word, canopic, comes from the Greek name of the local god of Canopus in the
Nile delta, who was represented as a human-headed pot. Canopic jars can be
made of limestone, alabaster, wood, pottery, or even cartonnage.
The heads of the canopic jar represented the Four Sons of Horus
From left to right they are;
Imsety: The human headed guardian of the liver
Cartouche - Shenu
More commonly know as a cartouche. The shape represents a loop of rope in
which a name is written. A protector of that name.
Crowns
Hedjet
The White Crown. This was the crown of Upper Egypt (southern).
Pshent
The Double Crown, the red crown and the white crown put together to
represent a unified Egypt. Although Egypt was not always a unified nation it
was stronger that way.Therefore unification was desirable. Narmer (Menes),
the founder of the First Dynasty around 3100 B.C., was the first man recorded
wearing this crown.
Atef
The atef crown was worn by Osiris. It is made up of the white crown of Upper
Egypt and the red feathers are representative of Busiris, Osiris's cult center in
the Delta.
Khepresh
The blue crown was a ceremonial crown often worn in battle.
Deshret
The Red Crown. This was the crown that represented Lower Egypt (northern).
Djew
Which means mountain, the symbol suggests two peaks with the Nile valley in
the middle. The Egyptians believed that there was a cosmic mountain range
that held up the heavens. This mountain range had two peaks, the western peak
was called Manu, while the eastern peak was called Bakhu. It was on these
peaks that heaven rested. Each peak of this mountain chain was guarded by a
lion deity, who's job it was to protect the sun as it rose and set. The mountain
was also a symbol of the tomb and the afterlife, probably because most
Egyptian tombs were located in the mountainous land bordering the Nile
valley. In some texts we find Anubis, the gaurdian of the tomb being referred to
as "He who is upon his mountain." Sometimes we find Hathor takeing on the
attributes of a deity of the afterlife, at this time she is called "Mistress of the
Necropolis." She is rendered as the head of a cow protruding from a
mountainside.
Fetish
An animal skin hanging from a stick, this is a symbol of Osiris and Anubis.
Ka
The ka is usually translated as "soul" or "spirit" The ka came into existence
when an individual was born. It was believed that the ram-headed
god Khnum crafted the ka on his potter's wheel at a persons birth. It was
thought that when someone died they "met their ka". A persons ka would live
on after their body had died. Some tombs included model houses as the ka
needed a place to live. Offerings of food and drink would be left at the tomb
entrance so the ka could eat and drink.
Khet
This symbol represents a lamp or brazier on a stand from which a flame
emerges. Fire was embodied in the sun and in its symbol the uraeus which spit
fire. Fire also plays a part in the Egyptian concept of the underworld. There is
one terrifying aspect of the underworld which is similar to the christians
concept of hell. Most egyptians would like to avoid this place with its fiery
lakes and rivers that are inhabited by fire demons.
Leb
This symbol represents a heart. The Egyptian believed the heart was the center
of all consciousness, even the center of life itself. When someone died it was
said that their "heart has departed." It was the only organ that was not removed
from the body during mummification. In the Book of the dead, it was the heart
that was weighed against the feather of Maat to see if an individual was worthy
of joining Osiris in the afterlife.
Maat
Maat's Feather
Represents truth, justice, morality and balance. It was pharaoh's job to uphold
Maat. When a pharaoh died, Maat was lost and the world was flung into chaos,
only the coronation of a new pharaoh could restore Maat.
Maat
Represents truth, justice, morality and balance. Deities are often seen standing
on this symbol, as if standing on a foundation of Maat.
Menat
This symbol represents a heavy beaded necklace with a crescent shaped front
and a counter piece at the rear. It was a symbol associated with the
goddess Hathorand her son, Ihy. In fact , Hathor was known as the "Great
Menat". We often see Hathor using the Menat as a conduit through which she
passes her power. It was representative of the ideas of joy, life, potency,
fertility, birth, and rebirth. It was not uncommon in the New Kingdom, to see
the king offering the Menat to Hathor. This probably meant to represent the
king symbolically with the goddess' son, Ihy. This idea of divine assimilation
was common, although the best examples are of the king representing the
falcon god, Horus.
Naos
Shrine in which divine statues were kept, especially in temple sanctuaries. A
small wooden naos was normally placed inside a monolithic one in hard stone;
the latter are typical of the Late Period, and sometimes elaborately decorated.
Also used as a term for temple sanctuary.
Nebu
This symbol represents gold which was considered a divine metal, it was
thought to be the flesh of the gods. Its polished surface was related to the
brilliance of the sun. Gold was important to the afterlife as it represents aspects
of immortality. By the New Kingdom, the royal burial chamber was called the
"House of Gold."
Nekhbet
A goddess portrayed as a vulture. Protrectress of Upper Egypt.
Nemes
A striped headcloth worn by Pharaohs.
Palm Branch
The Egyptians would put a notch in a palm branch to mark the passing of a year
in the life of a pharaoh. It symbolized the 'measure of time.'
Pet
This symbol depicts the sky as a ceiling which drops at the ends, the same way
the real sky seems to reach for the horizon. This sign was often used in
architectural motifs; the top of walls, and door frames. It symbolizes the
heavens.
Ra - Re
The sun was the primary element of life in ancient Egypt, we find this
importance reflected in the art and religion. Some of the most popular gods had
a solar connection. The sun was first worshipped as Horus, then as Ra and later
as Amun-Ra There are many other representations of the sun, including Khepri,
the great scarab who symbolizes morning and the ram-headed god Khnum
representing evening. During the reign of Akhenaten, the sun was worshipped
as the Aten. A form of the sun disk with its rays depicted as arms holding ankh
signs. Another common form that the sun takes is that of Horus Behudety, the
winged sun disk flanked by uraeus.
Rekhyt
This bird is called the Lapwing, it is identified by its head crest, It's wings are
pined back preventing it from flying. This symbol signifies a group of people.
It is often seen below the feet of a ruler to signify that the people are subjects of
that ruler.
In the New Kingdom, the symbol develops human arms which are held in the
act of giving praise. In this form it can be interpreted to mean "a group of
people giving praise."
Sa
This symbol means protection. Its origins are uncertain, but it is speculated that
it represents either a rolled up herdsman's shelter or a papyrus life-preserver
used by ancient egyptian boaters. Either way it is clearly a symbol of
protection. From early times the sa plays an important part in jewelry design. It
is often used in conjunction with symbols, particularly the ankh, was and djed
signs. We often find Taurt, the hippopotamus goddess of childbirth, resting her
paw on a standing sa sign.
Scarab
Called the dung beetle because of its practice of rolling a ball of dung across
the ground. The Egyptians observed this behavior and equated it with the ball
of the sun being rolled across the sky. They confused this balled food source
with the egg sack that the female dung beetle laid and buried in the sand. When
the eggs hatched the dung beetles would seem to appear from nowhere, making
it a symbol of spontaneous creation. In this role it was associated with the
sunrise. Khepri was the scarab headed god.
Sekhem
This is a symbol of authority.
Sema
This is a rendering of the lungs attached to the windpipe. As a hieroglyph this
symbol represents the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt. Other symbols
are often added to further illustrate unification.
Sema bound with two plants, the papyrus and the lotus. The papyrus represents
Lower Egypt and the lotus represents Upper Egypt.
In other representations we find two gods binding the Sema together using
papyrus and lotus.
Sesen
A Lotus Flower. This is a symbol of the sun, of creation and rebirth. Because at
night the flower closes and sinks underwater, at dawn it rises and opens again.
According to one creation myth it was a giant lotus which first rose out of the
watery chaos at the beginning of time. From this giant lotus the sun itself rose
on the first day. A symbol of Upper Egypt
She
Shen
A loop of rope that has no beginning and no end, it symbolized eternity. The
sun disk is often depicted in the center of it. The shen also seems to be a
symbol of protection. It is often seen being clutched by deities in bird form,
Horus the falcon, Mut the vulture. Hovering over Pharaohs head with their
wings outstretched in a gesture of protection. The word shen comes from the
word "shenu" which means "encircle," and in its elongated form became the
cartouche which surrounded the king's name.
Sistrum
The sistrum was a sacred percussion instrument used in the cult of Hathor. The
sistrum consisted of a wooden or metal frame fitted with loose strips of metal
and disks which jingled when moved. This noise was thought to attract the
attention of the gods. There are two types of sistrum, an iba, was shaped in a
simple loop, like a closed horse-shoe with loose cross bars of metal above a
Hathor head and a long handle. The seseshet had the shape of a naos temple
above a Hathor head, with ornamental loops on the sides. The rattle was inside
the box of the naos. They were usually carried by women of high rank.
Tiet
The exact origin of this symbol is unknown. In many respects it resembles an
ankh except that its arms curve down. Its meaning is also reminiscent of the
ankh, it is often translated to mean welfare or life. As early as the Third
Dynasty we find the tiet being used as decoration when it appears with both the
ankh and the djed column, and later with the was scepter. The tiet is associated
with Isis and is often called "the knot of Isis" or "the blood of Isis." It seems to
be called "the knot of Isis" because it resembles a knot used to secure the
garments that the gods wore. The meaning of "the blood of Isis" is more
obscured but it was often used as a funerary amulet made of a red stone or
glass. In the Late Period the sign was associated with the goddesses
Nephthys, Hathor, and Nut as well as with Isis. In all these cases it seems to
represent the ideas of resurrection and eternal life.
Uraeus
The cobra is an emblem of Lower Egypt. It is associated with the king, and
kingdom of Lower Egypt. It is also associated with the sun and with many
deities. The cobra represented the "fiery eye of Re", in which two uraei can be
seen on either side of a winged solar disk. Starting in Middle Kingdom The
uraeus appears as a symbol worn on the crown or headdress of royalty. It is
used as a protective symbol, the Egyptians believed that the cobra would spit
fire at any approaching enemies.
Ushabtis
Literally translated it means "to answer." It is a small mummiform figure
placed in tombs to do work in the afterlife on behalf of the deceased. In some
tombs of the late New Kingdom whole gangs of ushabti workers were included
with different tools for doing different work. A complete collection would
consist of 401 Ushabti: one for each day of the year, 365 plus 36 foreman.
Was
This is a symbol of power and dominion. The Was scepter is carried by deities
as a sign of their power. It is also seen being carried by kings and later by
people of lesser stature in mortuary scenes.