Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction To Right To Information
Introduction To Right To Information
Module I
Chapter 1
Evolution of Freedom of Information / Right to
Information:
An International Perspective
1
Chapter Scheme
2
List of Abbreviations / Acronyms
United Nations
FoI Freedom of Information UNESCO Educational Scientific
and Cultural
Organisation
International Covenant UNGA United Nations General
ICCPR on Civil and Political Assembly
Rights
RTI Right to Information USA United States of America
UN United Nations - --
3
RTI a Worldwide Occurrence…
Legislations granting or facilitating ‘Freedom of
Information’ (FoI) or Right to Information (RTI)
are a fairly worldwide phenomenon today.
5
Contd.
RTI a Worldwide Occurrence….…...III
Many countries like the United States of America
(USA), Canada and Australia, have laws
governing access to public documents at regional
(provincial) level in addition to having a law at
national / federal level.
6
Contd.
RTI a Worldwide Occurrence….…....IV
A basic principle behind most FoI / RTI laws is
that the burden of proof falls on the body to
which information is asked, not the person asking
for it.
7
Contd.
RTI a Worldwide Occurrence……….....V
FoI / RTI is expected to lead to an informed
citizenry and transparency of information, which
are vital to the functioning of a democracy.
8
Contd.
RTI a Worldwide Occurrence…..…...VI
Chronology of Some National FoI Legislations in the World
Sweden 1766
Colombia 1888
Finland 1951
France 1978
Canada 1983
9
FoI / RTI in International
Covenants…
The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), in
its very first session in 1946, adopted Resolution
59 (I), which states:
10
Contd.
FoI / RTI in International
Covenants.......................................................II
Article 19 of the ‘Universal Declaration of Human
Rights’, a UNGA Resolution 217 (III) A of 1948
recognises Freedom of Expression (FoE) including
FoI and Free Press as a Fundamental Human
Right.
11
Contd.
FoI / RTI in International
Covenants ....................................................III
Article 19 (2) of the ‘International Covenant on
Civil and Political Rights’ (ICCPR), a UNGA
Resolution 2200A(XXI) of 1966 states:
12
Contd.
FoI / RTI in International
Covenants .....................................................IV
Article I of the UN Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) Declaration on
‘Fundamental Principles concerning Contribution
of Mass Media to Strengthening Peace and
International Understanding, to Promotion of
Human Rights and to Countering Racialism,
Apartheid and Incitement to War’ [1978] states:
14
Contd.
FoI / RTI in International
Covenants .....................................................VI
Article 13 of the ‘UN Convention against
Corruption’, adopted by the UNGA on 31
October 2003 identifies:
15
Contd.
FoI / RTI in International
Covenants ...................................................VII
16
Contd.
FoI / RTI in International
Covenants ..................................................VIII
Article 10 of the ‘UN Convention against
Corruption’ states:
18
Contd.
FoI / RTI in International
Covenants ......................................................X
Principle III of the Recommendations on Access
to Official Documents adopted by the
Committee of Ministers of the Council of
Europe in October 2002 provides:
19
Contd.
FoI / RTI in International
Covenants ....................................................XI
The World Conference on Human Rights, held
in Vienna in 1993 had declared that the Right
to Development adopted by UNGA is a
universal and inalienable right and an integral
part of fundamental human rights.
20
Contd.
FoI / RTI in International
Covenants ...................................................XII
It goes on to say that:
The right to seek, receive and impart
information is not merely a corollary of
freedom of opinion and expression; it is a right
in and of itself.
As such, it is one of the rights upon which free
and democratic societies depend.
It is also a right that gives meaning to the
Right to Participate which has been
acknowledged as fundamental to the
realization of the Right to Development.
21
RTI & Good Governance…
These Covenants aim at making governmental
activity is transparent, fair and open
22
Contd.
RTI & Good Governance.....................II
Information is crucial for good governance as it
reflects and captures Government activities and
processes.
It becomes the oxygen of democracy. If people
don’t know of the goings-on in their society, and of
actions of the government, then they can’t take a
meaningful part in societal affairs.
Access to information promotes openness,
transparency and accountability in administration
and facilitates active participation of people in the
democratic governance process.
23
Contd.
RTI & Good Governance ..................III
24
Contd.
RTI & Good Governance ...................IV
25
References on the Web…......................I
Note:
26
Contd.
References on the Web.................II
[To access any of this resource, copy the link, open a new browser window
and paste it. Do not close the existing window.]
www.freedominfo.org
http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/1/ares1.htm
http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/033/10/IMG/
NR003310.pdf?OpenElement
http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml#a19
http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm#art19
http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-
URL_ID=13176&URL_DO=DO_PRINTPAGE&URL_SECTION=201.html
http://untreaty.un.org/english/notpubl/corruption_e.pdf
http://www.achpr.org/english/declarations/declaration_freedom_exp
_en.html
https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?id=1377737&Site=CM
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End of Chapter 1
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