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Archaeology Magazine - January - February 2013 (Gnv64)
Archaeology Magazine - January - February 2013 (Gnv64)
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ARCHAEOLOGY January/February 2013 8
LETTERS
Desecration at Banganarti?
I read with great interest Pilgrimage to
Sudan (November/December 2012). In
the portrait of St. Damian in the table
of contents, what, at rst glance, look
like stylized, elongated irises are actually
scratched-o areas where someone has
deliberately scraped away the paint. This is
an act of contempt by a persons enemies.
There is also another deliberate-looking
scratch on the center of St. Damians
forehead. This is the location of the third
eye of wisdom and higher consciousness.
The vandal may have been implying that
St. Damian wasnt a wise or enlightened
man. On page 50, in the image of the king
accompanied by the Archangel Raphael,
the paint has been scraped o both eyes of
both gures. Since much of Banganarti is
so well preserved, these desecrations were
probably the work of a lone vandal.
Amanda Russell
Beverly Hills, CA
Mourning the Loss of Community
In your Letter From India (November/
December 2012), I read with dismay about
the termination of community activity at
the Hampi Bazaar in the medieval city of
Vijayanagara, India. The article was infor-
mative and fairheartbreaking. While a
huge percentage of the world struggles to
make ends meet, a place of community life
and commerce was demolished and turned
into a sterile ruin. It seems the Archaeo-
logical Survey of India, in the name of
preservation and progress, threw the baby
out with the bathwater.
Kathleen Dooley
Joplin, Missouri
Correction
Our November/December 2012 cover
image was misidentied as the Temple
of the Inscriptions. It is actually a photo
of the Temple of the Cross.
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3051, or e-mail letters@arch a eology.org.
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our acknowledging individual letters.
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LATE-BREAKING NEWS AND NOTES FROM THE WORLD OF ARCHAEOLOGY
P
ity poor Richard. Last of
the House of York, last
king of the Plantagenet
line, last English monarch to
die in battle. Richard III (r.
14831485) carries the most
damning of reputations. His
image as a villaindeformed of
body and twisted of mindhas
been rmly established, rst
by historians loyal to his suc-
cessors (the Tudors), and later
in literature and on the stage
and screen. He is known to
have seized the throne from
his young nephews after the
death of his brother, and it is
rumored that he even had them
killed. Thomas More, the Tudor
historian, described him as ill
featured of limes, croke backed,
his left shoulder much higher
then his right. Later, a century
after his death, Shakespeare gave
him few redeeming qualities,
and this to say of himself: And
thus I clothe my naked villainy /
With odd old ends, stoln out
of holy writ / And seem a saint,
when most I play the devil.
A reputation so bad practi-
cally begs for a re evaluation. Five
hundred years after his death,
Richard III nally seems to have
passionate defenders and a good
press team. Philippa Langely is a
screenwriter and member of the
Richard III Society, a group dedicated to rehabbing the kings
shabby image. To that end, she spent several years raising
funds for the excavation of a parking lot in Leicester thought
to have been the site of Greyfriars, the long-demolished fri-
ary where Richard III was supposedly buried. University of
Leicester Archaeological Services (ULAS) was commissioned
for the dig, and the eld evalua-
tion and excavations took place
in September 2012.
In rapid succession, archae-
ologists found a trail of clues to
what may be one of the more
signicant discoveries in Eng-
lish archaeology: the remains of
a notorious, anointed King of
England. The ndspunctu-
ated by a dramatic series of press
releasesattracted worldwide
notice. I found the project an
interesting one, if Im honest,
because of the opportunity to
learn more about the site of
the Franciscan friary in which
Richard III was said to have
been buried, rather than actu-
ally nding the remains of the
king, which I thought was a
long shot, says Richard Buckley,
director of ULAS. Of course
nding Richard III would be
the icing on the cake, but given
that we had no reliable infor-
mation about the layout of the
friary buildings, let alone the
position of the church, and a
very restricted area available for
trenching, it did not look likely.
Even before anything was
found, the excavation drew
enormous public and media
interest, leading the University
of Leicester, the Leicester City
Council, and the Richard III
Society to keep the press and public apprised almost daily
an atypical practice in a eld in which time, research, and
analysis are often needed to understand nds. It was unusu-
al to be watched so closely by the pressI never expected
there to be so much interest and was completely taken by
surprise by the numbers of journalists who appeared on-site
Te Rehabilitation of Richard III
www.archaeology.org 9
vv
FROM THE TRENCHES
ARCHAEOLOGY January/February 2013 10
on the launch day, says Buckley,
who has excavated in the city
for 30 years. In some ways,
this is what drove the strategy
for regular updates as the work
proceeded.
For those who follow archaeo-
logical discoveries, the nds came
with breathless speed. On Sep-
tember 5, archaeologists reported
they had found traces of the
friary church, including a tiled
oor, walls, and architectural
fragments. Then, on September
7, they reported nding fragments of
window tracery thought to be from the
church, as well as paving stones from a
garden that occupied the area after the
friary had been demolished in the 1530s.
In 1612, this garden was reported to
have held a stone pillar that identied it
as the burial place of Richard III.
And then, on September 11, came
news that they had found human
remains. These were uncovered in what
is thought to have been the choir, the
specic part of the friary church where
Richard III was said to have been
buried. The skeleton is that of an adult
male with scoliosisa spinal deformity
consistent with historical accounts of
the kings physical state. And, perhaps
most tellingly, the remains exhibit battle
wounds, including a puncture on the
top of the head, the cleaving of the rear
part of the skull, and a small piece of
iron embedded in the spine. Richard
III died in the Battle of Bosworth Field
as he fought forces aligned with Henry
Tudor, who became Henry VII. The
caseat this stage still circumstan-
tialfor these remains being those of
Richard III is hard to ignore.
Conrmation of the remains as Rich-
ard IIIs will have to wait for the results
of mitochondrial DNA tests comparing
the skeletons genetic material with that
of Michael Ibsen, a Canadian who is
a seventeenth great-grand-nephew of
the king. The results are likely to be
announced in conjunction with a tele-
vision special produced alongside the
excavation. ULASs seasoned archaeo-
logical team has very clearly stated that
the discovery of Richard IIIs remains
has always been more a hope than an
expectation. They accept the risk that
the early press coverage will prove to
be only hype if the remains are shown
not to be the kings. I think the public
enjoy the detective-story element of
archaeology, in particular the process
of oating ideas and interpretations,
some of which can then be tested by
more detailed scientic analy-
sis, says Buckley. There were
no real drawbacks [to involving
the public in this way] and it
was immensely rewarding to
have so much interest in our
workgreat for the archaeol-
ogy of Leicester and also for the
discipline in general.
Further analysis of the skel-
eton will include radiocarbon
dating and bone analysis to
learn about its pathology, diet,
age, stature, and origins. If it
is indeed shown to be Richard IIIs,
Langley says the work might help
provide specics on the kings physi-
cal condition, his death at Bosworth
Field, and how his body was treated
before burial. A realistic picture of
the man, she says, might help dispel
some of the mythsin particular the
oft-told tale that his remains were
exhumed and scattered in the River
Soar during the Reformation.
The manner in which the nds
were reported certainly raised a few
eyebrows. But according to Richard
Hodges, archaeologist and president of
the American University of Rome, who
has worked with Buckley before, the
archaeology behind the press releases can
be trusted to root out the truthas well
as attract a little positivity. I should be
far from certain that Richard III will be
found, says Hodges, but U.K. archae-
ology has gained a great deal of valuable
attention at a time of austerity!
SAMIR S. PATEL
U
nder a third-century A.D. Roman fortress near the
village of Ilsu in southeastern Turkey, archaeologist
Erkan Atay and his team from the Mardin Museum
recently uncovered two theater masks of a type rarely found
in Turkey. Atay believes that the masks, one of which is
made of bronze and the other of iron, were not intended
for formal theatrical performances, but may have been used
by young male actors entertaining during sporting events.
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FROM THE TRENCHES
S
cientists have recently uncovered
evidence of a couple of instances
of ingenious dental work in the
ancient world. A team led by Federico
Bernardini of the International Center
for Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy,
used a variety of techniques including
CT scans and mass spectrometry
to show that a 6,500-year-old
skull found at the site of Lonche
in Slovenia contains a cracked tooth
that had been lled with beeswaxthe
oldest dental lling yet discovered
(below, on left). A similarly inventive
technique was used on an Egyp-
tian man whose
mummied body dates to around 2,100
years ago. Andrew Wade of the Univer-
sity of Western Ontario led a group of
researchers who found that the man
had numerous cavities, the largest of
which had been packed with linen.
Unfortunately, the idea of using
woven plant bers to make dental
oss was still millennia away.
ZACH ZORICH
Fixing Ancient Toothaches
Saint Thomas has its share of
delightsbeaches, food,
snorkelingbut it is also home to
the only urban archaeological dig in
the Caribbean. The Magens Site is a
house compound in the Kongens
Quarter of Charlotte Amalie, the
capital and largest city in the U.S.
Virgin Islands. The walled compound
dates to the early nineteenth century
and rests among other historic
properties in the area known as
Blackbeards Hill. In the 1820s, the
site was home to Major Joachim
Melchior Magens II, a Danish colonial
official, and his children and other
relatives. Douglas V. Armstrong, an
archaeologist from Syracuse
University, is examining the material
culture left by the Magens family
and their tenants and servants for
insight into life in a bustling
Caribbean port town. Because the
compound was completely intact
and so little of it had been altered
since the nineteenth century, it is an
excellent site for archaeological
investigation, Armstrong says.
The site
Spread across 23 terraces, the
Magens property consists of several
historic buildings, including the
kitchen, tenant quarters, slave/servant
quarters, and two houses occupied
by clerks and managers, as well
as the ruins of the Magens
House, where Magens
and his family lived.
The house is, in
fact, the only
building from
the complex
that is no longer
intactit was destroyed by Hurricane
Marilyn in 1995. (Plans are underway
to rebuild the house based on
archaeological evidence.) The Magens
compound and the harbor can be
viewed from an overlook down the
hill from Skytsborg Tower (popularly
known as Blackbeards Castle).
The propertys current owner,
Michael Ball, has restored many of
the nineteenth-century buildings
and offers heritage tours. In 2007,
Armstrong and his team began their
excavations, which revealed a diverse
community and a complex port
economy. Artifacts include everything
from high-status items, such as Danish
porcelain, to a range of local and
regionally produced earthenware
and Moravian ware pottery
used by the servants. The
laborers also operated
their own cottage
industry producing
bone buttons from
animal ribs, and
hundreds of bone button blanks have
been recovered.
While youre there
If you can peel yourself away from the
beach, Saint Thomas is full of historic
sights and wonderful shopping. Check
out the 99 Steps, which were built in
the mid-1700s, using ballast stones
from Danish ships. Fun fact: There are
actually 103 steps! Other sights include
the historic synagogue of Beracha
Veshalom Vegmiluth Hasidim. Built
in 1796, it is the oldest synagogue in
continuous use under the American
agand it is probably the only one
in the United States with a sand oor.
French impressionist painter Camille
Pissarro, who was born on Saint
Thomas, and his father were members
of its congregation. When youre ready
to take a break from sightseeing,
the restaurants nestled in the citys
hillsides provide breathtaking views of
the harbor at night.
MALIN GRUNBERG BANYASZ
derico
enter
Italy,
ng
e
(below, on left). A similarly inventive
technique was used on an Egyp-
tian man whose
researc
had n
whic
Un
w
nagers, as well
Magens
gens
d.
porcelain, to a range o
regionally produce
and Moravian w
used by the
laborers a
their ow
indust
bone
ani
ARCHAEOLOGY January/February 2013
Obsidian
and Empire
T
hree small and apparently unre-
markable pieces of obsidian,
found in the palace courtyard
of the ancient city of Urkesh in mod-
ern-day Syria, are changing ideas about
trade networks at the height of the
Akkadian Empires power. Urkesh sits
near a mountain pass by the border
between the Bronze Age Hurrian and
Akkadian empiresputting it in a
natural position to be a trading cen-
ter. According to Ellery Frahm of the
University of She eld and Joshua
Feinberg of the University of Min-
nesota, decades of studies had shown
that nearly all of the obsidian used in
Urkesh and sites throughout Mesopo-
tamia came from volcanoes in what is
now eastern Turkey. Frahm, however,
tested this by analyzing the magnetic
properties of 97 pieces of obsidian
found throughout the city and learned
that three of the pieces came from a
volcano located much farther away, in
central Turkey. These pieces were dated
to around 2440 b.c., about the time
that Emperor Naram-Sin expanded the
Akkadian Empire to its peak inuence.
Frahm believes that the Akkadians
were expanding their trade networks
into new territory. The three pieces
of obsidian may have been from items
traded along with more valuable goods,
such as metals. According to Frahm,
It shows that they were tapping into
a trade network at that time that they
werent using before or after.
Zach Zorich
www.archaeology.org 13
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Discover the Past, Share the Adventure
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FROM THE TRENCHES
ARCHAEOLOGY January/February 2013 14
T
o the naked eye, the pendant
once looked like solid gold, but
anthropologist David Peter-
son of Idaho State University knows
its secret. Using a powerful scanning
electron microscope at the Center for
Archaeology, Materials and Applied
Spectroscopy, Peterson discovered that
more than 3,500 years ago, a craftsman
in the Russian steppes made the orna-
ment appear to be solid gold by using a
miniscule amount of the precious metal
and a great deal of chemical knowledge.
Peterson believes that the Late Bronze
Age metalworker, a member of the
Srubnaya people, employed a tech-
nique known as depletion gilding. The
pendant was made with a core of (now
corroded) copper, which was covered
with a very thin foil of electrum (a mix-
ture of gold and silver). Before or after
wrapping the pendant, the surface of the
foil may have been covered for several
days in a solution of salt and/or other
minerals that are corrosive to silver. The
silver would have become a black scale
that was then washed awayleaving a
micrometers-thick layer of gold on the
surface, burnished to look even richer.
Depletion gilding has been found in
artifacts from the third-millennium B.C.
royal cemetery of Ur in Mesopotamia
and the pre-Columbian Andes. How-
ever, the pendant, which was excavated
in the 1990s in a young girls grave at
the site of Spiridonovka II, would be
the earliest known example from the
Eurasian steppes. Petersons research
on ancient Eurasian steppe metallurgy
began while he was a member of the
Samara Valley Project, sponsored by
Hartwick College and the Institute
for the History and Archaeology of the
Volga. Evidence of depletion gilding at
this time in this area is a big surprise
and stands to greatly impact our under-
standing of the technical sophistication
of Srubnaya pastoralists, says Peter-
son. A kind of technological sleight
of hand or dissembling was used in
covering the copper ornaments with a
very thin gold and silver foil, and then
altering the surface to make it look
more like pure gold, a strong indication
of the high valuation of gold.
Depletion gilding has been di -
cult to identify because the principle
usedthe removal of material rather
than its additiondiers from mod-
ern gold plating, which uses chemicals
or electrolysis to deposit gold on an
objects surface. The technique also
diers from other ancient gilding prac-
tices, such as hammering gold foil onto
an object without additional prepara-
tion, or diusion bonding (used by the
Greeks and Romans), which involves
attaching gold through the application
of heat and pressure.
JARRETT A. LOBELL
Ancient Alchemy?
Kidnapped in Copenhagen
K
ongens Nytorv, a major square in Copenhagen, has oered evidence of a dark
chapter in the exploration of the northern latitudes, according to Jens Winter
Johannsen, an archaeologist at the Museum of Copenhagen. Excavations in the
square uncovered a piece of a Thule bird spear from Greenland in what was once a moat
around the city. There is one obvious way the seventeenth-century spear prong could have
made it across the North Atlantic: kidnapping. It wasnt uncommon for European explorers
to bring home natives, often against their will, as novelties or to prove tales of discovery.
The fragment, made of bone, could have been a mariners souvenir, but also could have
belonged to one of the 19 Greenlanders known to have been forcibly kidnapped by Danes
that century. According to Johannsen, The small implement found at Kongens Nytorv thus
illustrates a cruel story of some of the consequences of Danish ambitions as a great power.
SAMIR S. PATEL
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FROM THE TRENCHES
A
new technique for sequencing
ancient DNA has allowed a
multinational research team to
reconstruct the genome of a person who
lived in Siberias Denisova Cave between
30,000 and 82,000 years agowith the
same level of accuracy as genomes from
modern people. This new DNA sequence
gives researchers a clearer picture of how
early hominins such as the Denisovans
and Neanderthals were related to modern
humans and to each other.
The analysis showed that Deniso-
vans were much more closely related to
Neanderthals than to Homo sapiens, and
that in spite of coming from a small
population, they managed to contrib-
ute genes to modern populations in
Island Southeast Asia and Australia.
According to David Reich, a geneti-
cist at Harvard Medical School and a
member of the research team, the new
DNA sequence also shows that Native
Americans and people from East Asia
have more Neanderthal DNA, on
average, than Europeans. Archaeolo-
gists have long thought that the largest
population of Neanderthals lived in
Europe, so the nding complicates
the picture of the way modern people
and Neanderthals are related. Either
there was a separate event in which
Neanderthals interbred with people
in Asia, or the genetic contribution of
Neanderthals in Europe was diluted by
later migrations of Homo sapiens.
Zach Zorich
Denisovan DNA
I
n the remote mountains of southwestern Oregon,
researchers have uncovered a preCivil War battleeld
that was lost for more than a century and a half. The
Battle of Hungry Hill was a pivotal ght during the Rogue
River Wars of 1855 to 1856, a conict between Oregon settlers
and Native Americans. The battle, a defeat for the U.S. Army
and a local militia, prompted the government to evict the
native population from Oregons Rogue and Umpqua Valleys.
For years, pioneer family stories led researchers searching
for evidence of the battle in the wrong direction. However,
archaeological surveys, according to Mark Tveskov, an archae-
ologist with Southern Oregon University, eventually identied
the location where it had been fought. During the research,
which began in 2009, Tveskov found previously unknown
primary documentation, including a front-page article in the
New York Herald, published 12 days after the battle concluded
on October 31, 1855, and eyewitness accounts. This led the
team to 24 square miles of the Grave Creek Hills, several
miles northwest of the spot where the battle was previously
thought to have taken place.
In September, the team turned up three artifacts that
match weaponry used by the U.S. Army during the mid-
nineteenth centurytwo .69 caliber lead musketballs and a
lead stopper from a gunpowder container. Tveskov hopes to
uncover more details, which might, among other things, cor-
roborate two historical accounts of a Native American sniper
picking o the majority of the Armys 39 casualties.
Jude Isabella
Site of a Forgotten War
www.archaeology.org 21
F
or years, archaeologists and geneti-
cists have been troubled by the fact
that their time lines for key events
in human evolution dont always match up.
While archaeologists rely on the dating of
physical remains to determine when and
how human beings spread across the globe,
geneticists use a DNA clock based on
the assumption that the human genome
mutates at a constant rate. By comparing
dierences between modern and ancient
DNA, geneticists then calculate when
early humans diverged from other species
and when human populations formed dif-
ferent genetic groups.
The DNA clock is a powerful tool, but
its conclusionsfor example, that mod-
ern humans rst emerged from Africa
about 60,000 years agocan disagree
with archaeological evidence that shows
signs of modern human activity well
before that date at sites in regions as far-
ung as Arabia, India, and China.
Now, new work, based on observa-
tion of the genetic dierences between
present-day parents and children, sug-
gests that the genetic clock may actually
run about twice as slowly as previously
believed, at least for the last million years
or so of primate history. In their review
paper in the journal Nature Reviews Genet-
ics, Aylwyn Scally and Richard Durbin of
the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute in
Hinxton, England, propose much earlier
dates for watershed events in human evo-
lution, which could help bring the genetic
and archaeological records in line. For
instance, a slower clock places the migra-
tion of modern humans out of Africa at
around 120,000 years ago, which is more
consistent with archaeological evidence.
The revised clock also supports
archaeological signs of modern human
activity from more than 60,000 years
ago at sites such as Jwalapuram, India
(Stone Age India, January/February
2010), and Liujiang, Chinaevidence
that has often been dismissed by geneti-
cists as impossible. While more work is
needed to conrm the ndings, Scally
says that archaeologists who work on
such sites should be excited: It can no
longer be said that the genetic evidence
is unequivocally against them.
KATHERINE SHARPE
Turning Back
the Human
Clock
CAPITAL CITIES
OF THE MAYA:
Copan, Tikal, Bonampak, Palenque
ARCHAEO-ASTRONOMY
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EASTERN TURKEY
With Profs. Jeremy & Maud McInerney
May 18 - June 2, 2013
THE ENDURING MAYA
Tikal to Chichicastenango
With epigrapher Stanley Guenter
May 25 - June 6, 2013
BOLIVIA
With Dr. John Janusek
June 4 - 19, 2013
SRI LANKA
With Professor Michael Coe
August 16 - September 3, 2013
CENTRAL ASIA
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan
With Professor John E. Woods
September 28 - October 18, 2013
BALI
With Dr. Leo Howe
September 27 - October 12, 2013
and much more!
England Scotland India China Myanmar
Cambodia & Laos Cyprus & Malta Iran Italy
France Egypt Easter Island Mongolia Israel
JOURney into the heart of History
CAPITAL CITIES
OF THE MAYA:
Copan, Tikal, Bonampak, Palenque
With Professor Peter Mathews
March 1-11, 2013
Co-sponsored by UCLA Extension
ARCHAEO-ASTRONOMY
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Chankillo, Kuelap, Machu Picchu
With Dr. E.C. Krupp
June 8-23, 2013
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who desire a deeper
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WORLD ROUNDUP
ARCHAEOLOGY January/February 2013 22
VIRGINIA: The Battle of Fred-
ericksburg in December 1862
was a major Confederate vic-
tory. An archaeological dig
preceding construction of a new
courthouse has revealed the
foundations and intact carbon-
ized oorboards of a building
likely destroyed near the end of
the battle. Finds insideinclud-
ing bullets and metal uniform
insignias indicating Company C
of a regiment designated with a
2suggest that Union soldiers
took shelter in the row house.
CALIFORNIA: At 7.9 on the Richter scale,
the 1906 earthquake in San Francisco and
the resulting res destroyed 80 percent
of the city, including its imposing city hall,
which was completed just 10 years before.
Workers digging recently under the side-
walk on Hyde Street to plant a tree uncov-
ered bricks and mortar from the structure.
While remains of this building often turn
up in the area, preservation specialists
were surprised to nd such large portions
of its foundations still intact.
SENEGAL: Flooding in the Dakar suburb of Ouest-Foire
has revealed hundreds of shell beads, pieces of pottery,
stone and iron tools, and other Neolithic artifacts that
could date to 3000 B.C. The items were found by accident
while a local archaeologist was examining a construction
site damaged by torrential rains. The site is now heavily
disturbed and further excavation will be difcult because
of the rapid, anarchic pace of building around the capital.
IRELAND: An
Gorta Mr (The
Great Hunger), as
the 1840s famine
is known in Irish,
led to the deaths
of 1.5 million peo-
ple and the emigration of two million more. The
famine was caused by Phytophthora infestans,
a microorganism that causes the plant disease
known as potato late blight. Researchers have
now extracted genetic data for the pathogen
from ground-up, rotten potato samples from
19th-century experiments. They found that the
same lineage of P. infestans was responsible for
another epidemic 30 years later, and are now
sequencing the whole genome to see how it
changed over time.
CANADA:
Parks Canada
archaeologists
have, for several
years now, been
searching for
evidence of Sir John Franklins doomed
1840s expedition to traverse the North-
west Passage, including the remains
of his ships, HMS Erebus and Terror.
Another season has passed without sign
of the ships, but on land, archaeologists
have continued to nd artifacts. At a
previously excavated site on Erebus Bay,
where the expedition crew was stranded
and around 20 of them died, research-
ers found more pieces of human bone,
buttons, scraps of cloth, and a bone-
handled toothbrush.
23
By Samir S. Patel
www.archaeology.org
TANZANIA: A case of child-
hood anemia indicates
that early humans relied
on meat as part of their
diets as many as 1.5 million
years agoand sometimes
did not get enough. In
fragments of the skull of
a two-year-old hominin,
researchers found evidence
of porotic hyperostosis, a
condition associated
with nutritional
deciencies
related to a
lack of meat
consumption.
The scientists conclude
that people must have
been hunting at the time,
as scavenging would not
have yielded enough meat
to make it such an essential
dietary need.
JAPAN:
The radio-
active
carbon
isotope
14
C
decays at a
predictable rate. By measur-
ing the carbon in ancient
organic materials, you can
tell how long the
14
C has
been decaying, and there-
fore how old the object
isradiocarbon dating. But
the atmospheric concentra-
tion of
14
C has not always
been constant, so knowing
past
14
C concentrations is
essential to rening accu-
racy. Tree rings, corals, and
marine sediments are used
for this. Now researchers
have another resourcethe
sediments at the bottom
of Lake Suigetsu are so
clearly layered, year by
year, that they will help
improve the accuracy of
radiocarbon dating for
objects between 10,000
and 52,000 years old.
CAMBODIA: The monuments
of Angkor Wat include thou-
sands of sandstone blocks
but where did they come
from? Researchers recently
undertook a study of the quarries used by the builders
and identied more than 50 of them, active in different
phases, about 20 miles northeast of the site, at the foot
of Mt. Kulen. The team also investigated a canal-river
system visible in satellite images, which they believe
was used to transport the blocks to the site efciently.
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uring a car ride through
Frances Dordogne depart-
ment, it doesnt take long to
realize that youre no longer in wine
country. Signs and billboards bearing
words like Cro Magnon and Prehis-
torie and Grotte (French for cave)
are stationed along the highways and
winding roads. Here, the claim to
fame isnt the terroir, but a prepon-
derance of Paleolithic sites, such as
Lascaux, Pech Merle, and Font-de-
Gaume, all of which hold some of
Europes earliest cave paintings.
New York University archaeolo-
gist Randall White has spent the bulk
of the last 18 years here investigat-
ing two collapsed rock shelters once
inhabited by some of Europes rst
modern humans. Abri Blanchard and
its neighbor to the south, Abri Casta-
net, sit along a cli face in the Castel
Merle Valley, just beyond the quiet,
190-person commune of Sergeac.
Abri Blanchard, perched to the
left, and Castanet, to its right, once
housed extended families who con-
gregated here in the winter, possibly
for the purpose of nding mates,
group hunting, and other activities
necessary for survival. At Abri Casta-
net, a steep slope covered by a pile of
fallen rocks, soil, and debris extends
to the top of the cli. Immediately
to the south is a vast clearing. White
says that occupation might have
extended south along the cli face and
deep into the clearing. Today, the eld
is part of Castel Merle, a tourist des-
Structural Integrity
Nearly 20 years of investigation at two rock shelters in southwestern France
reveal the well-organized domestic spaces of Europes earliest modern humans
by Nikhil Swaminathan
LETTER FROM FRANCE
www.archaeology.org 55
Abri Blanchard, the southern end of which
is seen tarped in the distance, is one
of two collapsed rock shelters in Frances
Castel Merle Valley believed to have
been inhabited at one time by some of the
first modern humans in Europe.
ARCHAEOLOGY January/February 2013 56
the exchange of objects and materi-
als with their neighbors. The wealth
of evidence uncovered points to the
development of a highly structured
domestic space with distinct areas
for various activities. Some of those
practices, such as the manufacture
of ornamental beads worn to signify
social standing and the creation of
public art, were likely introduced to
Europe by modern humans.
That was the rst engraved block
to come out of Abri Blanchard since
1911, White says about the plaque
bearing the aurochs. The fact that
Ren was actually there at a place
that 100 years earlier his father
had been excavating and nding
engraved blocks was a rather moving
thing for everybody.
F
orty thousand years ago,
Europe was undergoing the so-
called Middle Upper Paleolithic
transition. As many as 5,000 years
earlier, modern humans, or Homo sapi-
ens, began to enter the continent from
Africa. Other hominins, specically
Neanderthals, were already in Europe.
Over the next 15,000 years, modern
humans ventured further west onto
the continent. Their encroachment
scattered Neanderthals to the Ibe-
rian Peninsula in the west and into
the Caucasus Mountains in the east.
Neanderthals eventually died out
roughly 30,000 years ago.
There is no archaeological evi-
dence pointing to any Neanderthal
occupation in the rock shelters of
Castel Merle Valley. Additionally,
White and his colleagues hypothesize
that there might have been only a rel-
atively short window of time between
formation of the rock shelters from
climatic and geologic processes and
their collapse.
White believes the area was a
wide-open steppe with about 10 per-
cent forest cover. The Vzre River
is less than 200 yards away from the
rock shelters and a freshwater spring
still ows just in front of them. The
average temperature in the region
would have been anywhere from ve
Ph.D. student at the University of
Arizona, told me. She was right.
After removing the slab from the
ground, Whites team determined
that the engraving was of an aurochs,
an ancestor of modern cattle. White
suspects the artwork is about 35,000
years old, though lab results wont
conrm his hunch until early 2013.
Nevertheless, the depiction is likely
one the earliest pieces of art ever
made in Europe.
Among those there for the dis-
covery was 88-year-old Ren Casta-
net, who owns a home a few hundred
yards away in the main section of
Sergeac. His father, Marcel, was the
rst man to excavate Abri Blanchard
back in 1910. Marcels work and
the subsequent modern excavations
led by White produced evidence
suggesting that, almost 40,000
years ago, Abri Blanchard and Abri
Castanet played host to families of
hunter-gatherers who spent the win-
ter huddled around res, engaging in
tination where visitors get the oppor-
tunity to practice throwing an ancient
spear called an atlatl at a hay bale with
a picture of a reindeer on it. White
says, This was Grand Central Sta-
tion for reasons that are not very clear
except for these deep rock shelters.
A few hours after my rst glimpse
of the sites this past July, White and
10 members of his team crammed
themselves under a tarp overhang in
a northern sector of Abri Blanchard.
Excavation director Romain Mensan,
a geoarchaeologist at the University
of Toulouse-Le Mirail, assisted two
graduate students in extracting a
one-foot limestone slab embedded in
the shelters oor. The day before, an
adjoining piece of this block had been
recovered. On its underside was an
engraving of what appeared to be the
rear of an animal. The team hoped
this next piece would provide the rest
of the illustration.
You picked the right time to
visit, team member Amy Clark, a
Archaeologist Randall White (above,
in orange) and Ren Castanet (above
right), whose father Marcel was
the first person to excavate at Abri
Blanchard a century ago, look on as a
fragment of the first engraved block
(left) found at the site in 100 years is
recovered.
www.archaeology.org 57
A
ccording to White, it was
Marcel Castanets discovery
of an ivory bead in a foxhole
at Abri Blanchard that prompted the
rst excavation of this particular cli
face, back in 1909. Castanet owned a
farm overlooking the cli, where the
Auberge de Castel Merle hotel now
stands. He contacted Louis Didon,
to 20 degrees cooler than the roughly
50 degrees Fahrenheit it is today.
The hunter-gatherers who
assembled at Abri Castanet and Abri
Blanchard would have primarily eaten
reindeer, the bones of which make up
more than 90 percent of the animal
remains found. White speculates
they would have been hunted one at
a time. The rock shelters were likely
one of many sites occupied during
what White calls the typical hunter-
gatherer pattern of aggregation and
dispersal. Were a little perplexed
about why all these symbolic activi-
ties are here, White explains. Its a
rather inhospitable place to live. He
notes that Castel Merle would have
had cold air currents, causing it to be
a few degrees cooler than the rest of
the Vzre River valley.
The preponderance of reindeer
near the Vzre might have lured
early Aurignacian people during the
winter because the animals hides
would have made ideal coverings and
clothing. Summer occupation sites
may have been as far ung as Bras-
sempouy, 150 miles southwest, near
Frances Atlantic coast. That site,
famous for its Venus, the head of an
ivory gurine dating back 25,000
years, includes some of the same
ornamentation found at the Castel
Merle sites. Faunal remains at Bras-
sempouy are of reindeer, as well as
horses and bovids, such as sheep,
goats, and wild oxen.
We dont have these peoples
seasonal trajectory gured out, says
White, noting that the evidence
of bead production seen at Abri
Blanchard and Abri Castanet far
outstrips that seen at other contem-
porary sites, like Brassempouy. Much
of the material used to make beads
and other ornamentation comes from
far away. Soapstone from the central
Pyrenees Mountains and seashells
from both the Atlantic Ocean and the
Mediterranean Sea have been found
at Castel Merle. Theres no evidence
that mammoths roamed southwest-
ern France, so ivory could have come
from southern Germany.
an amateur archaeologist and hotel
owner who lived in Prigueux, 30
miles away, to take out a lease on the
site. By June of 1910, Castanet was
digging on Didons behalf.
As Castanet dug, he wrote reports
on what hed found, which he would
(continued on page 60)
Abri Castanet (top), which was first excavated in 1911, is buried by up to 40 feet of
rocks and debris at some points along its 100-foot expanse. Randall White has led
digs at a 300-square-foot section at the sites southern end (above) for 15 years.
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AIA Conservation and Site Preservation Committee Announces
Winners of Best Practices Award
Excavating (top) at the Kuche Palace, Kaxil
Kiuic. Main pyramid (above) at the Yaxche
Palace, Kaxil Kiuic.
Ongoing excavation (top) and conservation
work at La Blanca. Workshop (above) for local
staff members at La Blanca.
Local residents visit a photo exhibit celebrat-
ing 10 years of partnership between the town
and the Kaxil Kiuic project.
66
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oociv n.s viv.sv . new
application for smartphones
called Field Trip that includes
AIAs maps of Archaeological Sites in
the United States and Canada and an
Archaeological Ieritage Map of Ire-
land, in the Iistoric Ilaces & Events
category. As stated on the website for
the product, Field Trip runs in the
background on your phone and when
you get close to something interesting,
it pops up a card with details about
the location. No click is required. If
you have a headset or are Bluetooth
connected, it can even read the info to
you. Te data is sorted into several
categories: Architecture, Iistoric
Ilaces & Events, Lifestyle, Oers &
Deals, Food Drinks & Fun, Movie
Locations, Outdoor Art, and Obscure
Ilaces of Interest around you.
AIA Google Earth Map Layers Featured in Google Field Trip
T
nv AIA n.s viv.sv a 2013 calendar, A Year
of Archaeology, which features photos from the
2011 Ihoto Contest and of AIA Site Ireserva-
tion funded sites. Te calendar can be purchased from
the AIA online store: http://archaeology.k-online
.biz/:loadItem=AIACAL2013. All proceeds from
the sale of this calendar will go directly to the AIA
Site Ireservation Irogram, which works to safeguard
the worlds archaeological heritage for future genera-
tions through direct preservation, raising awareness of
threats to sites, education, and outreach, as well as by
facilitating the spread of best practices. Join the AIA in
preserving the past by purchasing the calendar:
AIA 2013 Calendar Features
Winners of 2011 Photo Contest and
Site Preservation Sites
AIA Second Annual Photo Contest
T
nv svcox .xxu.i AIA Online Ihoto Con-
test was held in October 2012. Contestants
submitted photographs that were divided into
four categories: Archaeological Sites, Excavation,
Field Life, and Fun Finds. AIA members and the
general public were invited to vote for their favorite
photos. Thousands of votes were cast over a seven-
day voting period. A winner was chosen from each
category and each winner received a complimentary
year of AIA Membership.
Two of the winning entries from the 2012 AIA Online Photo Contest: winner of the Archaeological Sites category (above left) , Matthew Piscitellis
Clouds Over Cerro Baul, and (above right) winner of the Excavation category, Nate Ramsayers Getting An Early Start at Tell es-Safi. To see the
other two winning images and more contest entries, visit www.archaeological.org/outreach/photocontest
call: 800-748-6262 web site: www.aiatours.org email: [email protected]
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Travelers visiting the Broch on sle of Mousa, Shetland slands, Scotland
ARTIFACT
68 ARCHAEOLOGY January/February 2013
A
rchaeological artifacts create not only a record of human behavior, but
can also record past environmental conditions. By identifying the teeth
of 19 dierent shark species that Gilbert Islanders used to make
weapons, conservation biologist Joshua Drew of Columbia Uni-
versity discovered that two species of sharks that once swam in the surrounding
waters are no longer found within several thousand miles of the islands.
Drew is certain that spotn and dusky sharks were once local, since there
is no ethnographic, linguistic, or material evidence for long-distance trade
between the Gilbert Islands and any other place where the sharks might
have lived. He is less clear about what
caused their disappearance from these
waters, but suggests it may have been
depopulation as a result of the
practice of nning, the removal
of the animals n. Sharks are
particularly susceptible to
overshing as they have long
gestation periods and only
a few pups are born with
each pregnancy. If we hadnt
looked into these collections,
says Drew, our perception of
what a healthy coral reef in the
southern Pacic would have
looked like would be totally
dierentand wrong. We would
have had no idea these sharks were
ever even there.
WHAT IS IT?
Trident
DATE
ca. 1855
MATERIAL
Palm wood, shark
teeth, vegetal ber,
human hair, shark or
stingray skin
FOUND
Collection assembled
in the Gilbert Islands,
Republic of Kiribati
DIMENSIONS
28.03 inches long
CURRENTLY LOCATED
The Field Museum,
Chicago
ARCHAEOLOGY Ja
artifacts create not only a record of human behavior, but
d past environmental conditions. By identifying the teeth
shark species that Gilbert Islanders used to make
ervation biologist Joshua Drew of Columbia Uni-
cies of sharks that once swam in the surrounding
hin several thousand miles of the islands.
and dusky sharks were once local, since there
or material evidence for long-distance trade
d any other place where the sharks might
ut what
m these
e been
l
ld
were
Byzantine to Baroque (12 days)
Travel from Assisi to Venice with Prof.
Ori Z. Soltes, Georgetown U., as we trace
the development of art and history in both the
Eastern and Western Christian worlds. After
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Throughout we will experience the sources of
visual inspiration for a thousand years of art.
Journey back in time with us. Weve been taking curious travelers on fascinating historical study tours for the
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2013 tours: Turkey Sicily & Southern Italy Ethiopia Southern India Morocco Ancient Rome Balkans China Peru
Egypt Bulgaria Malta, Sardinia & Corsica Bhutan & Ladakh Scotland Caves & Castles Cyprus & Crete ...and more
Great Museums: Berlin,
Hildesheim & Hannover
(10 days)
View the Egyptian, Classical
and Near Eastern collections
in the great museums of
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cities. We will also visit major collections
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Indonesia (20 days)
Discover the lush tropical islands of Java,
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Northern Illinois U. Highlights include
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Prehistoric to Medieval
Ireland (18 days)
Explore Irelands prehistoric and early
Christian sites with Prof. Charles Doherty, U.
College Dublin. Touring will span thousands
of years as we study Neolithic and Bronze
Age monuments and artifacts, Celtic defensive
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prehistoric Newgrange and Knowth; Dun
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of Kerry; Clonmacnoise monastic settlement;
Dublin and Belfast. Our tour is enhanced by
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archaeological tours
LED BY NOTED SCHOLARS
superb itineraries, unsurpassed service
Classical Greece (16 days)
Tour the major Mycenaean, Classical and
Byzantine sites of mainland Greece with
Prof. Gerald Schaus, Wilfrid Laurier U.
Beginning in Athens we explore the
Panhellenic sanctuary of Olympia, Byzantine
Mistra, the great healing center at Epidauros
and the Bronze Age sites of Tiryns and
Mycenae. Traveling north, highlights
include Meteoras monasteries,
Delphi, Thessalonikis
fabulous museum and the
many monuments associated
with Philip and Alexander.
Archaeological Tours
led by noted scholars
Invites You to Journey Back in Time
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