Shem

Also Sem. Literal meanings are named or renown (father of the Semitic races -
Shemites). The sons of Shem were:
(1) Elam "eternity" (sons were Shushan, Machul and Harmon) -
(Elamites, Persians);

(2) Asshur "a step" or "strong" (sons were Mirus and Mokil) -
(Assyrians/Northern Iraqis);

(3) Arphaxad "I shall fail" (sons were Shelach, Anar and Ashcol) -
(Chaldeans/Southern Iraqis, Hebrews/Israelis/Jews
1
, Arabians/Bedouins,
Moabites/Jordanians/Palestinians, and related groups);

(4) Lud "strife" (sons were Pethor and Bizayon) - (Ludim, Lubim,
Ludians, Ludu, Lydians, Chubs, other related groups in Asia Minor and
North Africa);

(5) Aram "exalted" (sons were Uz, Chul, Gather and Mash) -
(Aramaeans/Syrians, Lebanese, other related groups), and remnant
groups throughout Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa.
1 Hebrews descended from Eber (Heber), a great-grandsons of Shem.
Both Sunnite Arabs and Jews are Semites and Hebrews. Six generations
after Heber, Abram (Abraham) was born, so Abraham was both a Hebrew
and a Semite, born of the line of Heber and Shem. Ishmael and Isaac were
born of Abraham. Sunnite Arabs (specifically Arabian Muslims) consider
themselves to be descendants of Ishmael, often calling themselves
Ishmaelites, and thus are both Semitic and Hebrews. Isaac had twin sons
named Esau and Jacob. Esau was firstborn, and thus had the right to
inheritance (as was custom), but instead sold his birthright to Jacob during
a time of hunger. Esau's name was changed to Edom, and Jacob's name
was changed to Israel.

The descendants of Esau (Edom) became known as Edomites, and the
descendants of Jacob (Israel) became known as Israelites. Jacob fathered
12 sons which became the twelve tribes of Israel. Those who interchange
the words "Jew" and Israelite, call Abraham a Jew, though Abraham was
not an Israelite or a Jew. The word "Jew" is not used in the Bible until
nearly 1,000 years after Abraham. One of Jacob's (Israel's) children was
Judah (Hebrew "Yehudah"). His descendants were called Yehudim
("Judahites"). In Greek the name is Ioudaioi ("Judeans"). Most all Bible
translations use the word "Jew," which is a modern, shortened form of the
word "Judahite." A "Jew" in the Old Testament would be a "Judahite;" and a
"Jew" in the New Testament would be a "Judean."




Ham
Also Kham. Literal meanings are hot, burnt or dark (father of
the Mongoloid and Negroid races - Hamites). He was the progenitor of:
(1) Canaan "down low" (sons were Zidon
1
, Heth, Amori, Gergashi, Hivi,
Arkee, Seni, Arodi, Zimodi and Chamothi) - also Canaanites, Cana,
Chna, Chanani, Chanana, Canaana, Kana, Kenaanah, Kena'ani,
Kena'an, Kn'nw, Kyn'nw, Kinnahu, Kinahhi, Kinahni, Kinahna, Kinahne
(Mongols, Chinese, Japanese, Asians, Malayasians, AmerIndians
2
,
Eskimos, Polynesians, Pacific Islanders, related groups
3
);

(2) Cush "black" (sons were Seba, Havilah, Sabta, Raama and Satecha)
- also Chus, Kush, Kosh (Nubians, Ethiopians, Sudanese, Ghanaians,
Africans
4
, Bushmen, Pygmies, Australian Aborignies, New Guineans,
other related groups);

(3) Mizraim "double straits" (sons were Lud, Anom, Pathros, Chasloth
and Chaphtor) - also Misraim, Mitzraim, Mizraite, Mitsrayim (Egyptians,
Copts);

(4) Phut "a bow" (sons were Gebul, Hadan, Benah and Adan) - also
Putaya, Putiya, Punt, Puta, Put, Libia, Libya (Libyans, Cyrenacians,
Tunisians, Berbers, Somalians, North Africans, other related groups).

Tribes in other parts of Africa, Arabia and Asia, aboriginal groups in
Australia, native Pacific Islanders, American Indians and Eskimos were
birthed from descendants of Canaan, Cush, Mizraim, and Phut.
1 Zidon (or Sidon) and his descendants settled on the Mediterranean coast
of present-day Lebanon, then known as the land of Canaan. The Sidonians
called themselves Kena'ani, or Canaanites. Interestingly, the Canaanites
spoke a Semitic language, probably adopted from a large migration of
Semites who came from land and sea, and introduced their language and a
sophisticated maritime technology about 1800 B.C. Historians suggest the
first Cannaanites succumbed to racial and linguistic intermixture with the
invading Semites, which led to the loss of their own ethnic predominance,
as evidenced by modern excavations. They eventually moved westward and
occupied a very narrow coastal strip of the east Mediterranean, building
new cities, and establishing significant trade with neighboring nations. In
fact, the Israelite name for "Canaan" came to mean "traders", though some
suggest the name Canaan is from the Hebrew name Hurrian, meaning
"belonging to the land of red purple."

The Canaanites were known for their red and purple cloth (a purple dye was
extracted from murex snails found near the shores of Palestine, a method
now lost). The Greeks called the land of Canaan "Phoenicia", which meant
"purple". The Phoenicians became a nation of great trade, language, and
culture. Phoenician, Hebrew, and Moabite were a group of west Semitic
languages, all dialects from Canaan, as referred to in Isaiah 19:18. The
writing system of the Phoenicians is the source of the writing systems of
nearly all of Europe, including Greek, Russian, Hebrew, Arabic, and the
Roman alphabet. The Phoenician empire fell under Hellenistic rule after
being conquered by Alexander the Great about 332 B.C. In 64 B.C. the
name of Phoenicia disappeared entirely, becoming a part of the Roman
providence of Syria. At the beginning of the Christian era, remaining
Phoenicians were the first to accept the Christian faith after the Jews.
Zidon's name is still perpetuated in the modern-day city of Sidon (Saidoon
is the Phoenician name, Saida in Arabic) in southern Lebanon.

2 Evidence for diverse migrations into the Americas comes from research
on living American Indian populations, which includes data from
Mitochondrial DNA. These studies have consistently shown similarities
between American Indians and recent populations in Asia, Siberia and
northern Scandinavia. These groups include the Lapps in northern
Europe/Scandinavia, the Yukaghir in Siberia, plus Indians and
Eskimos/Aleuts throughout Canada and America. Ancient skeletal remains
show a range of physical attributes (round-headed) suggesting separate
migrations of different populations from Asia and the South Pacific,
representing 95 percent of all modern American Indian populations. What
of the other 5 percent?

There are exceptions. For example, the Siouan family of tribes (Sioux
Indians), the popular red-skinned tribes having a long-head shape similar
to that of early Italic peoples in Europe. They are thought to be
descendants of Canaanites who intermarried with Indo-Europeans while
migrating across Europe, and subsequently sailing to America. Settling
along the eastern shores of America, and according to tradition, they
populated the Carolinas, then migrated to the regions of Mississippi,
Missouri, and eventually Minnesota and the Dakotas. Many of these tribes
had fortified villages similar to ancient Canaanites. Archaelogical evidence
shows they constructed towns and cities with pyramids and vast road
systems throughout the Mississippi Valley. Many groups migrated
southwest into Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, and eventually Mexico,
establishing the powerful Aztec tribes with their beautiful fortified cities. The
Aztec's traditions and legends are largely ignored by modern scholars as
myths and fables.

The Aztecs, according to their own legends, departed from a region in the
north called Chicomoztoc, a region that is today the areas of Texas,
Oklahoma and New Mexico. They reached the valley of Mexico in the 12th
century A.D. Their language, Nahuatl, was linguistically related to other
native language groups throughout the U.S. southwest and northern
Mexico. Linguists note, for instance, the Shoshoni language in the Utah-
Nevada region was understood by all the tribes from Mexico, without
difficulty. Other related tribes included the Paiute, Hopi, Pima,
Yaqui/Apache, Tepehuan, Kiowas and Mayos. Catholic missionaries in the
1850's established the fact that all of those peoples were of one language
family. While there are other examples of language similarities, studies of
the native languages of the Americas have shown them to be extremely
diverse, representing nearly two hundred distinct families, some consisting
of a single isolated language.

3 The vast aggregate of peoples who are generally classified as Mongoloid,
who settled the Far East, have been a question as to where they fall into
the Table of Nations. The evidence shows they are Hamitic, even though
some have incorrectly reasoned that the Chinese were of Japhetic stock,
and the Japanese were either Japhetic or Semitic. There are two names
which provide clues. Two of Canaan's sons, Heth (Hittites) and Sin
(Sinites), are presumed to be the progenitors of Chinese and Mongoloid
stock. The Hittites were known as the Hatti or Chatti. In Egyptian
monuments the Hittite peoples were depicted with prominent noses, full
lips, high check-bones, hairless faces, varying skin color from brown to
yellowish and reddish, straight black hair and dark brown eyes.

The term Hittite in Cuneiform (the earliest form of writing invented by the
Sumerians) appears as Khittae* representing a once powerful nation from
the Far East known as the Khitai, and has been preserved through the
centuries in the more familiar term, Cathay. The Cathay were Mongoloids,
considered a part of early Chinese stock. There are links between the
known Hittites and Cathay, for example, their modes of dress, their shoes
with turned-up toes, their manner of doing their hair in a pigtail, and so
forth. Representations show them to have possessed high cheekbones, and
craniologists have observed that they had common characteristics of
Mongoloids.

*Khittae has, at times, been incorrectly associated with Kittim or Chittim
(Greek Kition, Roman Citium, Jewish Cethimus), son of Javan, son of
Japheth. Interestingly enough, Javan has been incorrectly interpreted to
mean Japan. History distinctly shows Javan to be the ancestor of the
Greeks and other related Mediterranean people groups.
Sin (or Seni), a brother of Heth, has many occurrences in variant forms in
the Far East. There is one significant feature concerning the likely mode of
origin of Chinese civilization. The place most closely associated by the
Chinese themselves with the origin of their civilization is the capital of
Shensi, namely, Siang-fu (Father Sin). Siang-fu appears in Assyrian records
as Sianu. Today, Siang-fu can be loosely translated, "Peace to the Western
Capital of China". The Chinese have a tradition that their first king, Fu-hi or
Fohi (Chinese Noah), made his appearance on the Mountains of Chin, was
surrounded by a rainbow after the world had been covered with water, and
sacraficed animals to God (corresponding to the Genesis record). Sin
himself was the third generation from Noah, a circumstance which would
provide the right time interval for the formation of early Chinese culture.

Furthermore, those who came from the Far East to trade were called Sin
(Sin) by the Scythians. Ptolemy, a Greek astronomer, referred to China as
the land of Sinim or Sin. Reference to the Sinim in Isaiah 49:12 notes
they came "from afar," specifically not from the north and not from the
west. Arabs called China Sin, Chin, Mahachin, Machin. The Sin were
spoken of as a people in the remotest parts of Asia. For the Sin, the most
important town was Thin, a great trading emporium in western China.
The city Thin is now known as Thsin or simply Tin, and it lies in the
province of Shensi. Much of China was ruled by the Sino-Khitan Empire
(960-1126 A.D.), which Beijing became the southern capital. The Sin
became independent in western China, their princes reigning there for some
650 years before they finally gained dominion over the whole land.

In the third century B.C., the dynasty of Tsin became supreme. The word
Tsin itself came to have the meaning of purebred. This word was assumed
as a title by the Manchu Emperors and is believed to have been changed
into the form Tchina. From there the term was brought into Europe as
China, probably from the Ch'in or Qin dynasty (255-206 B.C.). The Greek
word for China is Kina (Latin is Sina). As well, Chinese and surrouding
languages are part of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Years ago,
American newspapers regularly carried headlines with reference to the
conflict between the Chinese and Japanese in which the ancient name
reappeared in its original form, the Sino-Japanese war. Sinology refers to
the study of Chinese history.

With respect to the Cathay people of historical reference, it would make
sense to suppose that the remnants of the Hittites, after the destruction of
their empire, traveled towards the east and settled among the Sinites who
were relatives, contributing to their civilization, and thus becoming the
ancestors of the Asian people groups. Still others migrated throughout the
region and beyond, making up present-day Mongoloid races in Asia and the
Americas. The evidence strongly suggests that Ham's grandsons, Heth
(Hittites/Cathay) and Sin (Sinites/China), are the ancestors of the
Mongoloid peoples.

4 There are many native African tribes which trace themselves back
traditionally to Ham. The Yoruba, who are black skinned, for example, claim
to be descendants of Nimrod, son of Cush, whereas the Libyans, who are
much lighter skinned, are traced back to Phut. The Egyptians were direct
descendants of Mizraim. Ancient Egyptians have been considered the
greatest technicians in all human history. Other African groups trace their
roots back to Ham or one of his descendants. It is therefore suggested that
all of Africa, despite the different shades of color of its native populations,
was initially settled by various members of this one Hamitic family.

The evidence appears to point consistently in the same direction,
supporting that not only Africa with its black races, but the Far East, the
Americas, and other Island nations with their colored races were all
descendants of Ham. The Hamitic people were the first to reach the far and
distant lands of the world, preparing the way for the future. Their
inventions and discoveries made a significant impact on the world, and
provided inspiration for the Japhethites.




Japheth
Also Diphath. Literal meanings are opened, enlarged, fair or light (father of
the Caucasoid/Indo-Europoid, Indo-European, Indo-Germanic, or Indo-
Aryan races - J aphethites). Japheth is the progenitor of seven sons:
(1) Gomer "complete" (sons were Ashkenaz, Riphath and Togarmah) -
also Gamir, Gommer, Gomeri, Gomeria, Gomery, Goth, Guth, Gutar,
Gtar, Gadelas, Galic, Gallic, Galicia, Galica, Galatia, Gael, Getae,
Galatae, Galatoi, Gaul, Galls, Goar, Celt, Celtae, Celticae, Kelt, Keltoi,
Gimmer, Gimmerai, Gimirra, Gimirrai, Gimirraya, Kimmer, Kimmeroi,
Kimirraa, Kumri, Umbri, Cimmer, Cimmeria, Cimbri, Cimbris, Crimea,
Chomari, Cymric, Cymry, Cymru, Cymbry, Cumber (Caledonians, Picts,
Milesians, Umbrians, Helvetians, Celts
1
, Galatians, Ostrogoths,
Visigoths, Goths, Vandals, Scandinavians, Jutes, Teutons, Franks,
Burgundians, Alemanni, Armenians, Germans
2
, Belgians, Dutch,
Luxembourgers, Liechensteiners, Austrians, Swiss, Angles, Saxons,
Britons, English, Cornish, Irish, Welsh, French, and other related
groups);

(2) Magog "land of God" (sons were Elichanaf, Lubal, Baath, Jobhath
and Fathochta) - also Gog, Gogh, Magug, Magogae, Mugogh, Mat Gugi,
Gugu, Gyges, Bedwig, Moghef, Magogian, Massagetae, Dacae, Sacae,
Scyth, Scythi, Scythia, Scythae, Sythia, Scythes, Skuthai, Skythai,
Scythia, Skythia, Scynthia, Scynthius, Sclaveni, Samartian, Scoloti,
Skodiai, Scotti, Skoloti, Skoth-ai, Skoth, Skuthes, Skuth-a, Askuza,
Askuasa, Alani, Alans, Alanic, Ulan, Uhlan (Scythians, Scots, Irish); also
Rasapu, Rashu, Rukhs, Rukhs-As, Rhos, Ros, Rosh, Rox, Roxolani,
Rhoxolani, Ruskolan, Rosichi, Rhossi, Rusichi, Rus, Ruska, Rossiya,
Rusian (Russians
3
, Belarusians, Ukrainians); also Mas-ar, Mas-gar,
Masgar, Mazar, Madj, Madjar, Makr-on, Makar, Makaroi, Merkar, Magor,
Magar, Magyar (Hungarians - also Hungar, Hunugur, Hurri, Gurri,
Onogur, Ugor, Ungar, Uhor, Venger); Finns, Lapps, Estonians, Siberians,
Yugoslavians, Croatians, Bosnians, Montenegrins, Serbians, Slovenians,
Slovakians, Bulgarians, Poles, Czechs, and other related groups);

(3) Madai "middle land" (sons were Achon, Zeelo, Chazoni and Lotalso)
- also Mada, Amada, Madae, Madea, Manda, Maday, Media, Madaean,
Mata, Matiene, Mitani, Mitanni, Megala (Medes
4
, Aryans, Persians,
Parsa, Parsees, Achaemenians, Manneans, Caspians, Kassites,
Iranians, Kurds, Turks, East Indians, Pathans, Hazaras), including the
peoples of Afghanistan, Pakistan, Azerbaijan, Khazachstan,
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikstan and Kyrgyzstan, and other related
groups;

(4) Javan "miry" (sons were Elisha, Tarshish, Kittim and Dodanim) -
also Jevanim, Iewanim, Iawan, Iawon, Iamanu, Iones, Ionians, Ellas,
Ellines, El-li-ness, Hellas, Hellenes, Yavan, Yavanas, Yawan, Yuban,
Yauna, Uinivu, Xuthus (Grecians, Greeks, Elysians, Spartans, Dorians,
Britons
5
, Aeolians, Achaeans, Myceneans, Macedonians, Carthaginians,
Cyprians, Cretans, Basques, Latins, Venetians, Sicanians, Italics,
Romans
6
, Valentians, Sicilians, Italians, Spaniards, Portugese, other
related groups);

(5) Tubal "brought" (sons were Ariphi, Kesed and Taari) - also Tabal,
Tabali, Tubalu, Tbilisi, Tibarenoi, Tibareni, Tibar, Tibor, Sabir, Sapir,
Sabarda, Subar, Subartu, Thobal, Thobel, Tobol, Tobolsk (Georgians,
Albanians, other related groups);

(6) Meshech "drawing out" (sons were Dedon, Zaron and
Shebashnialso) - Me'shech, Mes'ek, Meshekh, Meskhi, Mushch,
Muschki, Mushki, Mishi, Muski, Mushku, Musku, Muskeva, Muska,
Muskaa, Muskai, Maskali, Machar, Maskouci, Mazakha, Mazaca,
Massagatae, Mtskhetos, Modar-es, Moskhi, Moshkhi, Mosher, Moshch,
Moschis, Mosoch, Moschi, Moschian, Mo'skhoi, Moschoi, Mosochenu,
Mosochean, Mossynes, Mosynoeci, Moskva, Moscovy, Moscow
(Muscovites, Latvians, Lithuanians, Romanians, other related groups);

(7) Tiras "desire" (sons were Benib, Gera, Lupirion and Gilak) - also
Tiracian, Thracian, Thirasian, Thuras, Troas, Tros, Troia, Troi, Troy,
Trajan, Trojan, Taunrus, Tyrsen, Tyrrhena, Rasenna, Tursha, Tusci,
Tuscany, Etruscan, Eturscan, Erul, Herul, Heruli, Erilar, Vanir, Danir,
Daner, Aesar, Aesir, Asir, Svear, Svea, Svie, Svioner, Svenonian,
Urmane, Norge (Trojans, Etruscans, Pelasgians, Scandinavians
7
,
Varangians, Vikings, Swedes, Norwegians, Danes, Icelandics, other
related groups).

The Japhetic people are, in general, the peoples of India and Europe
(Indo-European stock), with which any demographer is familiar
8
.
1 The whole Celtic race has been regarded as descended from Gomer,
though history suggests modern Celts are descended from both Gomer and
Magog. Archaeologists and ethnologists agree that the first Indo-European
group to spread across Europe were Celts. The Irish Celts claim to be to the
descendants of Magog, while the Welsh Celts claim to be to the
descendants of Gomer. Irish chronicles, genealogies, plus an extensive
number of manuscripts which have survived from ancient times, reveal
their roots. The Irish were descendants of Scythians, also known as
Magogians, which is strongly supported by etymological evidence.
Archaeological evidence shows that both the Celts (from Gomer) and
Scythians (from Magog) freely shared and mingled cultures at their earliest
stages. Russian and eastern European excavations plainly reveal the
blending of these two groups. Their geographical locations (what is now
eastern Europe, southern Russia and Asia Minor) were referred to by the
Greeks under the name of Celto-Scythae, which was populated by the Celts
to the south and west, and the Scythians to the north.

The ancient Greeks first called the northern peoples by the general name of
Scythae; but when they became acquainted with the nations in the west,
they began to call them by the different names of Celts, including the Celto-
Scythae. Celts and Scythians were considered essentially the same peoples,
based on geography, though many independent tribes of Celts and
Scythians existed. The Latins called them the Galli, and the Romans
referred to them as the Gauls. Later names used by Greeks were the
Galatai or Galatae, Getae, Celtae, and Keltoi. In the third century before
Christ (about 280 B.C.), the Gauls invaded Rome and were ultimately
repelled into Greece, where they migrated into the north-central part of
Asia Minor (Anatolia). Known as fiercely independent peoples, they
conquered the indigenous peoples of that region and established their own
independent kingdom. The land became known as Galatia. The Apostle Paul
wrote his famous epistle to their descendants, the Galatians. Jewish
historian Flavius Josephus wrote that the Galatians or Gauls of his day (93
A.D.) were previously called Gomerites.

Early Celtic tribes (from Gomer) settled much of the European theater,
including present-day Spain, France, England and Germany, prior to contact
with Scythians. For many centuries France was called Gaul, after the Celtic
descendants of Gomer, whom ceded the territory to Romans and
Germanic/Teutonic Franks (whence France) in the 4th century A.D.
Northwest Spain is called Galicia to this day. Some of the Gomerites
migrated further to what is now called Wales. The Welsh claim their
ancestors "first landed on the Isle of Britain from France, about three
hundred years after the flood." The Celtic language survives intact today
mainly in the two variants of Welsh and Irish/Scottish Gaelic. The Welsh call
their language Gomeraeg (after Gomer). The Celts of today are
descendants of Gomer, and of the blended tribes of Magog and Gomer.

2 Present-day Germanic people groups are descendants of both Japheth
and Shem, and there are several references from recent and ancient
history. Recent history records the descendants of Gomer migrated and
settled in the region that is now northern Europe (Germany and
Scandinavia). These tribes became the Goths, Ostrogoths, Visigoths,
Teutons and Burgundians, descendants of some of the first peoples to
migrate to northern Europe from ancient timesthe Askaeni. The Askaeni
were descendants of Ashkenaz, son of Gomer, son of Japheth. When the
Askaeni arrived in northern Europe, they named the land Ascania after
themselves, which later translated Scandia, then Scandinavia. Later in
history, we find the Askaeni being referred to as Sakasenoi, which became
Sachsen, and finally Saxon. The Saxons played an big part in European and
English history. Ashkenaz has been one of the most well preserved names
throughout European history.

Semitic peoples also migrated to central Europe (southern Germany,
Austria and Switzerland). These people were the descendants of Asshur,
son of Shem, and is where the name "German" originates. Asshur is well
known in history as the father of the Assyrians. The Assyrians occupied a
Mesopotamian city on the lower Tigris River called "Kir" and placed captive
slaves there (also referenced in 2 Kings 16:9). The city was populated by
the Assyrians for many years, and the inhabitants became known as "Kir-
men". The Assyrian "Kerman" were driven from their land shortly after their
fall about 610 B.C. They migrated into central Europe where they were
called "German" or "Germanni", a general name used by the Romans to
represent all Assyrian tribes.

The known Assyrian tribes were the Khatti (also Hatti, Hessians)Chatti is
still the Hebrew term for German, and Khatti was often used by the Romans
to represent Germanic tribes; the Akkadians (Latins called them Quadians);
the Kassites (or Cossaei); and the Almani (or Halmani, Allemani was the
Latin name). Today, Germans refer to themselves as the "Deutschen",
which is derived from the Saxon word for an "Assyrian". Their country
name is Deutschland. The Romans referred to the Deutschen as Teutons.
Ancient Hindu literature uses both the word "Asgras" and "Daityas" to refer
to the Assyrians. "Daityas" is a Sanskrit word for "Deutsch"a name
applied to the Assyrians over 1500 years before the birth of Christ.

3 Ancient peoples known as the Sarmatians (not to be confused with the
Samaritans) and Alans lived in the area around the Caspian Sea from about
900 B.C. Sarmatian and Alani tribes were later called Scythians (Slavs of
today), who were also known as the Rukhs-As, Rashu, Rasapu, Rosh, Ros,
and Rus.

There is no debate that they were the inhabitants of southern Russia, and
the existence of the names of rivers, such as the "Ros", refer to Rus
populations. Much later, about 739 A.D., the word Rus appears again in
eastern Europe, interestingly, from a different source. Finnish peoples
referred to Swedes as "Ruotsi", "Rotsi" or "Rus" in contrast with Slavic
peoples, which was derived from the name of the Swedish maritime district
in Uppland, "Roslagen", and its inhabitants, called "Rodskarlar". Rodskarlar
or Rothskarlar meant "rowers" or "seamen". Those Swedish conquerers
(called Varangians [Vikings] by the Slavs), settled in eastern Europe,
adopted the names of local tribes, integrated with the Slavs, and eventually
the word "Rusi", "Rhos" or "Rus" came to refer to the inhabitants.

Russia means "land of the Rus." Scholars continue to debate the origin of
the word Rus, which has derived from two sources: the Ruotsi or Rhos, the
Finnish names for the Swedes, and earlier from the Scythians called the
Rashu or Rosh in southern Russia.

4 The Aryans first come into historical view about a thousand years before
Christ, invading India and threatening Babylonia. Historians of old reference
an Aryan chief called Cyaxeres, king of the Medes and Persians. The Medes
and Persians seem to have been tribes of one nation, more or less united
under the rule of Cyaxeres. Elam (son of Shem) is the ancient name for
Persia. Elamites are synonymous with Persians. The Persians are thus
descended from both Elam, the son of Shem, and from Madai, the son of
Japheth. The Medes and Persians had settled in what is now modern Persia,
the Medes in the north, the Persians in the south. The most notable
Persians of today are the Iranians. Interestingly, the word Iran is a
derivative of Aryan. The Medo-Persian people groups are divided into
hundreds of clans, some sedentary and others nomadic. All speak Indo-
European languages, and some groups have pronounced Mongoloid physical
characteristics and cultural traits, derived from Mongolian invasions and
subsequent cultural integration. An example today would be the Uzbeks of
Uzbekistan, and remnant groups living in Afghanistan and parts of Central
Asia.

5 The history of Britain can be traced back to the sons of Japheth.
Historical evidence strongly suggests the first inhabitants of the British isles
were the descendants of Javan (from his sons Elisha and Tarshish), and of
Gomer and Magog. Gomerites are today's modern Welsh. Traditional Welsh
belief is that the descendants of Gomer arrived about three hundred years
after the flood, and the Welsh language was once called Gomeraeg. The
Welsh (Celts) are thought to have created Stonehenge. Additionally, the
descendants of Tarshish (Elisha's brother) apprear to have settled on the
British Isles in various migrations about the same time.

Genesis 10:4 refers to Tarshish as those of "the isles of the Gentiles". The
Phoenicians traded silver, iron, tin and lead with them (Ezekiel 27:12), and
even mention the incredible stone monuments at Stonehenge. Around 450
B.C., ancient historian Herodotus wrote about shipments of tin coming from
the "Tin Isles" far to the north and west. There is no question that the
British isles, including the northern coast of Spain, were the seat of the tin
trade. King Solomon acquired precious metals from Tarshish (1 Kings
10:22). English historians assert that British mines mainly supplied the
glorious adornment of Solomon's Temple, and in those days the mines of
southwestern Britain were the source of the world's supply of tin.

The name Briton originated from Brutus (a descendant of Elisha), the first
king on Britain's mainland, arriving about 1100 B.C. Two sons of Brutus,
Kamber and Albanactus, are referenced in English pre-history. From
Kamber came Cambaria and the Cambrians (who integrated with the
Gomerites [mostly Celts] and became the present-day Welsh). The
descendants of Albanactus were known as the Albans (or the Albanach
whom the Irish commonly called them). Geographers would later call the
land Albion. The Britons, Cambrians and Albans populated the British Isles,
which later endured multiple invasions, beginning with successive waves of
Celts about 700 B.C. The Celts (or Gaels) called the land Prydain, their
name for Briton. Those Celts (descendants of Gomer) integrated with the
descendants of Elisha and Tarshish (sons of Javan), creating what some
scholars called "a Celticized aboriginal population" in the British Isles.

Some of the invading people groups were Scythians, descended from
Magog, who became known as the Skoths or Scots. The name for the Celts
or Cymru was "Weahlas", from Anglo-Saxon origins, meaning "land of
foreigners"Wales. The Welsh still call themselves Cymru, pronounced
"Coomry". Later the Romans referred to the land as Britannia, invading
there about 50 years before the birth of Christ. By the third century A.D.,
Jutes, Franks, Picts, Moors, Angles, Saxons and other groups were invading
from surrounding Europe. In the sixth century A.D., Saxons called the land
Kemr (Cymru), and the language Brithenig (Breton). The Angles eventually
conquered Britannia, renaming the territory Angleland, which became
England. Vikings invaded in the 9th century, and the Normans (or
Northmenformer Danish Vikings) conquered England in 1066. Today, the
British isles are settled by the ancestors of those people groups, which
included Gomer and Javan (first inhabitants), plus Magog (later invasions
by various people groups).

6 What of Romans and pre-Roman peoples? Migrating nomadic peoples
came from across the Alps and across the Adriatic Sea to the east of the
Italian peninsula. They were primarily herdsmen, and were technologically
advanced. They worked bronze, used horses, and had wheeled carts. They
were a war-like people and began to settle the mountainous areas of the
Italian peninsula. Historians called these people Italic, and they include
several ethnic groups: the Sabines, the Umbrians and the Latins, amongst
others. Rome was, in part, founded by these agrarian Italic peoples living
south of the Tiber river. They were a tribal people and the social logic of
tribal organization dominated Roman society in both its early and late
histories.

The date of the founding of Rome is uncertain, but archaeologists estimate
its founding to around 753 B.C., although it existed as a village or group of
villages long before then. As the Romans steadily developed their city,
government and culture, they imitated the neighboring civilization to the
north, the Etruscans (former Trojans). Romans are sometimes referred to
as "Etruscanized Latins". Roman legend states that Aeneas, the founder of
the Roman race, was a prince of Troy who was forced to flee that city at the
close of the Trojan war against Greece. Rome's founder, Romulus, had a
latinized Etruscan name. The Etruscans dominated central Italy, and had
already founded many cities, having arrived some 500 years earlier after
leaving the city of Troy around 1260 B.C. The Etruscans were greatly
influenced by the Greeks, and the Etruscans brought that influence to the
city of Rome. The Romans called Etruscans the Tusci, and Tuscany still
bears the name. The first two centuries of Rome's growth was dominated
by the Etruscans. After many battles with the Etruscans, the city of Rome
identified itself as Latin, eventually integrating the Estruscans and
remaining peoples in the region. Rome became a kingdom, then an
empire.

7 Scandinavian predecessors have a unique history. Scholars agree that
Scandinavians (Danes, Norwegians, Swedes) came from early Germanic
people groups, including the Goths, Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Teutons and
Burgundians (descendants of Gomer). Ashkenaz, son of Gomer, is ancestor
of those Germanic peoples. The descendants of Ashkenaz have many
historical references. Known as the Askaeni, they were some of the first
peoples to migrate to northern Europe, naming the land Ascania. Latin
writers and Greeks called the land Scandza or Scandia (now Scandinavia).
Roman records describe a large city on the southern shore of the Caspian
Sea (about 350 A.D.) where a chain of mountains begins, and runs
eastward along the shore and beyond it, forming a natural boundary. Those
mountains were called the Ascanimians, the region was called Sakasene (a
form of Ashkenaz), and the dwellers of the city were the Saki. The Saki
tribes had been migrating north to Europe for some time.

The Saki called themselves the Sakasenoi, which we know as the Sachsens
or Saxons. Around 280 A.D. the Romans tell of the employment of Saxons
to guard the eastern British coasts against barbarians. About 565 A.D., the
Saxons battled over territory in the Baltic region with another powerful
people, the Svear. Historical records indicate that descendants of Tiras also
settled in Scandinavia, a people called the Svear. The Svear are
descendants of the first inhabitants of the ancient city of Troy, a people
then known as the Tiracians (also Thracians, Trajans or Trojans). They were
described as a "ruddy and blue-eyed people". The city of Troy was
destroyed around 1260 B.C. after a succession of wars with the Greeks.
Thousands of Trojans resettled abroad, which included Trojan warriors who
sailed across the Black Sea to the Caucasus region in southern Russia. One
of the most documented of Trojan settlements is along the mouth of the
River Don on the Black Sea. The locals (Scythians) named those Trojan
settlers the "Aes", meaning "Iron" for their superior weaponry. Later, the
inner part of the Black Sea was named after them, called the "Iron Sea" or
"Sea of Aesov" in the local tongue. Today, the name continues as the "Sea
of Azov".

The Aes or Aesir, traveled from the Caucasus region to the Baltic Sea in
Scandinavia around 90 B.C., which is supported by several scholars and
modern archaeological evidence. A tribe that migrated with them were the
Vanir. The Aesir clans traded with local Germanic tribes, including the
Gutar. Romans called the Gutar "Goths", the Aesir "Svear"Swedes, and
the Vanir "Danir/Daner"Danes. The Svear and Daner populations were
described specifically as taller and fairer (blonde) than other people groups
in the Baltic region. The Svear population flourished, and with the Goths
they formed a powerful military alliance of well-known seafarers. The
Romans noted that Svear people together with the Goths were, from the
3rd century A.D., ravaging the Black Sea, Asia Minor and the
Mediterranean, using the same type of weapons as their Trojan ancestors.

The Svear and Goths dominated the Russian waterways, and by 739 A.D.
together they were called Varyagans or Varangians (from the Swedish
Vaeringar), according to written records of the Slavs near the Sea of Azov.
Like their ancestors, Scandinavians lived in large communities where their
chieftains would send out maritime warriors to trade and plunder. Those
fierce warriors were called the Vaeringar, which literally meant "men who
offer their service to another master". We later know them by their
popularized name, the Vikings. Further evidence of Aesir (Asir) settlements
in the Baltic region came from their Thracian language, which not only
influenced, but is very close to the Baltic and Slavic (Balto-Slavic)
languages of today. By the 9th century A.D., the Svear state had emerged
as the major power in Scandinavia. The Svear, Daner and Goths, along with
other Germanic tribes, settled in what is now present-day Sweden, Norway,
Denmark and other parts of the Baltic region. They were forefathers of the
Scandinaviansthe descendants of both Gomer and Tiras.

8 Early history shows the Japhethites split into two groups. One group
settled in the region of present-day India and Central Asia, and the other
group in the European theater. Indo-European languages originate from
those people groups who migrated throughout western Eurasia (Europe, the
Near East, Anatolia, and the Caucasus). Together they form what is known
as the "Indo-European" family of nations. Both of these divisions trace their
ancestry back to Japheth. For example, early Aryans knew him as
Djapatischta (chief of the race), Greeks referred to Japheth as Iapetos or
Japetos, East Indians called him Jyapeti or Pra-Japati, Romans used Ju-
Pater or Jupiter, the Saxons perpetuated his name as Iafeth, subsequently
transliterated as Sceaf (procounced "sheef" or "shaif"and recorded his
name in their early genealogies as the son of Noah, the forebear of their
various peoples), and the variant Seskef was used by early Scandinavians.
All of these peoples, we must remember, were pagans whose knowledge or
even awareness of the book of Genesis had been lost, or was non-existent