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Tnese walls depends upon their weIght tor stability. The walls are usually
'~onstroctedof plain conCt'ete (or) !viasO'tUi.Such walls are economical for small height.
Size ot the section ot' a retaining wall may be reduced 11a small am01mtof
reinforcement is provided nem-the back face. Suchwallf: are 1moW'1as semi gravity
walls. '
CanDlever retainiDg walls are made ot'reintorced Cement cQncrete. The wall
consists of st~m, and a base fJIab cast monolithicaUy. This type of wall is found to be
~wnomi~al up 10 a hl;iighlof 6 108m.
Coumer tOrt reiamtng wall w1l1 have thm vertical slabs known as counter forts
across the vertical stem at regular mtervals. The CO\U1terfort tie the vertical stem
with th~ b~ lIiab. 'fh1;)pUl~ of providirig th~ ~owu~r foIl ililO r~u~~ thl;i
sheartorce and bending moments m the vertIcaJ stem and thl~ ba.'ie sJab. The
counterfort retaining walls are economical for a hcight more than 6to8m.
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8. What Is pt:IUJtlcequilibrium'!
Whenever taliure ISmunmem only m a smaH pomon ot the mass such that produced
by the yielding of retaining structure in the soil mass adjacent to it. Such a situation is
~fmc:d io as loca1swe of plastic equilibrium
.rhe pressure exerted by the sol1on the retaining wall. UluSmaking tile waU10
making the wall to mow away from the back filled soilmass is knownas activeearth
pn:sSUI'C.Active pn:sSUI'ClCllds W Iurcich(expands) horizonlally.
The lateral earth preS8U1"Cis called at rest pressure wilen the sou mass IS nm subjected
to any lateral yi~lding(or) mowment.this case occurs when the retaining waU is finn1y
fixc:d al ils lOp and is nol aUowc:d w rowc;(or)move latc:ra11yBridge abutmenl wall
which is res1ramed at its top by bridge slab.
The coefficient ot" earth pressure at resi is the ratio of the intensity ot"earth pressure at
rest to the vertical stress at a specified depth(ko}.
~=oh/GV
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gIVen by (4,+w/2)
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Thus the angle made by the t,1l1ure piane Wl111tIlC hOnzonta118 (4:>-ql/:L}tor the paSSIVe
c3fle.
The backtill gets submerged due to rise ot' groundwater leveL ,Forthe submerged
portion of the backfill, the lateral pN6SU1'Oat any depth is the awn of .
(i) A~tivc:earth pre:ssUl'C'du~ to subme:rgc:dunit wc:igbtof the;soil mass and
(ii) HydroslatJc pressure '
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The tnangular mass at'solls between tbe ropiure plane and the backat the wan is
known as failure wedge.
Bettressed walJ5 are similar to counteJport walls expept Brackets (or) buttress walls
are provided on the opposite Side of the backfill.
The vlanes carrying major and minor piincipal stresses are called conjugaie planes.
Both planes arc perpcndict4ar to cadi other. In soil problems, the miUorprincipal stress
is the verticalsIRSS d,"" 10
(I) selt weight at'the saiL
(ii) Super imposed l~d
The)minor principal iSIRSSis Ihe)hOlimnla1sIRss du~ lo
(i) selt"weigbt ot"tbe soil
(ii) 6upe!'imporied load
In soil problems,botb major and minor principal stresses are tenned as conjugaie
stresses. The planes canying both the stresses are called conjugate stre6&eS.
Th" major priIt~ipall1lr~s8is ill~ vC1fucalsIRss du~ 10
(J}settweight ot the soil.
(ii)Supcr imposed load
Th~ minor principal slrc:ssis Ih~hori4lontalslrells ~ lo
(i) scJfwcigbt of the soil .
(ii) super imposed load.
,.----
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27. passIVe earth pressure will always be greater titan actiVe earth
pressure.
2iS. The coetIiClenI oi'eanh pressurc'lS detined as tqe rano
between horizontal stress to vertical me!!!! ." .
32. RetaUU11g
strUCtW"earc mostly designed tar active pressure.
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33. Earth {)I'CSSUfe
at rest IS greater than the active pressure.
I
, ~= 4cl"{rka
where c= cohesion,.
y= unit weight.
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