Life Science: Life's Structure and Function, Book A

Chapter 5: Heredity
Punnet Square
1
One cat carries heterozygous, long-haired traits (Ss), and its mate carries
homozygous short-haired traits (ss). Use a Punnett square to determine the
probability of one of their offspring haing long hair.
A
!""#
B
$%#
C
&%#
!
%"#
"
One cat carries heterozygous, long-haired traits (Ss), and its mate carries
homozygous short-haired traits (ss). Use a Punnett square to determine the
probability of one of their offspring haing short hair.
A
$%#
B
%"#
C
&%#
!
!""#
#
One flo'er is heterozygous red ((r) and it is crossed 'ith a homozygous 'hite
(rr) plant. Use a Punnett square to determine the probability of one of their
offspring haing a red color.
A
&%#
B
$%#
C
%"#
!""#
!
$
One flo'er is heterozygous red ((r) and it is crossed 'ith a homozygous 'hite
(rr) plant. Use a Punnett square to determine the probability of one of their
offspring haing a 'hite color.
A
!""#
B
$%#
C
&%#
!
%"#
5
)n a certain species of plant, the color purple (P) is dominant to the color 'hite
(p). *ccording to the Punnett Square, 'hat is the probability of an offspring being
'hite+
A
$%#
B
"#
C
&%#
!
!""#
%
)n a certain species of plant, the color purple (P) is dominant to the color 'hite
(p). *ccording to the Punnett Square, 'hat is the probability of an offspring being
purple+
A
$%#
B
"#
C
!""#
!
&%#
&
)n a certain species of plant, the color purple (P) is dominant to the color 'hite
(p). *ccording to the Punnett Square, 'hat is the probability of an offspring being
'hite+
A
%"#
B
$%#
C
&%#
!
!""#
'
)n a certain species of plant, the color purple (P) is dominant to the color 'hite
(p). *ccording to the Punnett Square, 'hat is the probability of an offspring being
purple+
A
&%#
B
$%#
C
%"#
!
!""#
(
)n a certain species of pine trees, short needles (S) are dominant to long needles
(s). *ccording to the Punnett square, 'hat is the probability of an offspring haing
short needles+
A
%"#
B
$%#
C
&%#
!
!""#
1)
)n a certain species of pine trees, short needles (S) are dominant to long needles
(s). *ccording to the Punnett square, 'hat is the probability of an offspring haing
long needles+
A
$%#
B
%"#
C
&%#
!
!""#
!ihy*rid Crosses: Crosses that in+o,+e "
traits-
,hese type of crosses can be challenging to set up, and the square you
create 'ill be -.-. ,his simple guide 'ill 'al/ you through the steps of soling
a typical dihybrid cross common in genetics. ,he method can also 'or/ for
any cross that inoles t'o traits.

Consider this cross
* pea plant that is heterozygous for round, yello' seeds is self fertilized, 'hat
are the phenotypic ratios of the resulting offspring+
Step !0 1etermine the parental genotypes from the te.t aboe, the 'ord
2heteroyzous2 is the most important clue, and you 'ould also need to
understand that self fertilized means you 3ust cross it 'ith itself.
( r 4 y . ( r 4 y
Step $0 1etermine the gametes. ,his might feel a little li/e the 5O)6 method
you learned in math class. 7ombine the (8s and 4s of each parent to
represent sperm and egg. 1o this for both parents
9ametes after 25O)62
RY, Ry, rY, ry (parent !) and RY, Ry, rY, ry (parent $)
Step :0 Set up a large -.- Punnet square, place one gamete set from the
parent on the top, and the other on the side
Step -0 ;rite the genotypes of the offspring in each bo. and determine ho'
many of each phenotype you hae. )n this case, you 'ill hae < round, yello'=
: round, green= : 'rin/led, yello'= and ! 'rin/led green
So.e Shortcuts
)n any case 'here the parents are heterozygous for both traits (*a>b . *a>b)
you 'ill al'ays get a <0:0:0! ratio.
< is the number for the t'o dominant traits, : is the number for a
dominant?recessie combination, and only ! indiidual 'ill display both
recessie traits.
*nother 'ay to determine the ratios is to do it mathematically
:?- of all the offspring 'ill hae round seeds
:?- of all the offspring 'ill hae yello' seeds
:?- . :?- @ <?!A 'ill hae round, yello' seeds.
Crosses that /n+o,+e " 0raits
7onsider0 ( r 4 y . r r y y
,he square is set up as sho'n
4ou might notice that all four ro's hae the same genotype. )n this case, you
really only need to fill out the top ro', because !?- is the same thing as -?!A
Bame0 CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
1enetic Crosses that /n+o,+e "
0raits 22 Bio,o3y "
)n rabbits, grey hair is dominant to 'hite hair. *lso in
rabbits, blac/ eyes are dominant to red eyes.
99 @ gray hair
9g @ gray hair
gg @ 'hite hair
>> @ blac/ eyes
>b @ blac/ eyes
bb @ red eyes
4e,ated 4esources
*danced 1ihybrids
9uinea Pig 1ihybrids
D 6in/age in 7alicos
Simple 9enetics Problems
!. ;hat are the phenotypes (descriptions) of rabbits that hae the follo'ing genotypes0
9gbb CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC gg>> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
ggbb CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC 9g>b CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
$. * male rabbit 'ith the genotype 99bb is crossed 'ith a female rabbit 'ith the genotype
gg>b ,he square is set up belo'. 5ill it out and determine the phenotypes and proportions
in the offspring.
Eo' many out of !A hae grey fur and blac/ eyes+ CCCC
Eo' many out of !A hae grey fur and red eyes+ CCCCC
Eo' many out of !A hae 'hite fur and blac/ eyes+ CCCC
Eo' many out of !A hae 'hite fur and red eyes+ CCCCC
:. * male rabbit 'ith the genotype 9g>b is crossed 'ith a female rabbit 'ith the genotype
9g>b ,he square is set up belo'. 5ill it out and determine the phenotypes and proportions
in the offspring.
Eo' many out of !A hae grey fur and blac/ eyes+ CCCC
Eo' many out of !A hae grey fur and red eyes+ CCCCC
Eo' many out of !A hae 'hite fur and blac/ eyes+ CCCC
Eo' many out of !A hae 'hite fur and red eyes+ CCCCC
-. Sho' the cross bet'een a gg>b and a 99>b. 4ou8ll hae to set the square up yourselfF


Bame CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
1enetic Crosses that /n+o,+e " 0raits 22 Bio,o3y "A
)n rabbits, grey hair is dominant to 'hite hair.
*lso in rabbits, blac/ eyes are dominant to red eyes.
99 @ gray hair
9g @ gray hair
gg @ 'hite hair
>> @ blac/ eyes
>b @ blac/ eyes
bb @ red eyes
!. ;hat are the phenotypes (descriptions) of rabbits that hae the follo'ing genotypes0
9gbb CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC gg>> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
ggbb CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC 9g>b CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
$. * male rabbit 'ith the genotype 99bb is crossed 'ith a female rabbit 'ith the genotype gg>b ,he
square is set up belo'. 5ill it out and determine the phenotypes and proportions in the offspring.
Eo' many out of !A hae grey fur and blac/ eyes+ CCCCCC
Eo' many out of !A hae grey fur and red eyes+ CCCCCCCC
Eo' many out of !A hae 'hite fur and blac/ eyes+ CCCCCC
Eo' many out of !A hae 'hite fur and red eyes+ CCCCCCC
:. * male rabbit 'ith the genotype 9g>b . 1etermine the gametes produced by this rabbit
(the sperm 'ould hae these combinations of alleles) Eint there are - combinations.
-. Use the gametes from G: to set up the punnet square belo'. Put the male8s gametes on the top
and the female8s gametes do'n the side. ,hen fill out the square and determine 'hat /ind of
offspring 'ould be produced from this cross and in 'hat proportion. Use the bac/ of this page for
more room.

A. *n aquatic arthropod called a 7yclops has antennae that are either
smooth or barbed. ,he allele for barbs is dominant. )n the same
organism, resistance to pesticides is a recessie trait. Ha/e a 2/ey2 to
sho' all the possible genotypes (and phenotypes) of this organism. Use
the rabbit /ey to help you if you8re lost.

&. * 7yclops that is resistant to pesticides and has smooth antennae is
crossed 'ith one that is heterozygous for both traits. Sho' the genotypes
of the parents. CCCCCCCCCCCCCC . CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
I. Set up a punnet square for the cross and sho' the phenotypic ratios.

Check 5our 6nderstandin3
1. An airplane accelerates down a runway at 3.20 m/s
2
for 32.8 s until is
fnally lifts of the ground. Determine the distance traeled !efore ta"eof.
See Answer

#ee solution !elow.

2. A car starts from rest and accelerates uniformly oer a time of $.21
seconds for a distance of 110 m. Determine the acceleration of the car.
See Answer

#ee solution !elow.

3. %pton &huc" is riding the 'iant Drop at 'reat America. (f %pton free
falls for 2.)0 seconds* what will !e his fnal elocity and how far will he
fall+
See Answer

#ee solution !elow.

,. A race car accelerates uniformly from 18.$ m/s to ,).1 m/s in 2.,-
seconds. Determine the acceleration of the car and the distance traeled.
See Answer

#ee solution !elow.

$. A feather is dropped on the moon from a height of 1.,0 meters. .he
acceleration of graity on the moon is 1.)- m/s
2
. Determine the time for
the feather to fall to the surface of the moon.
See Answer

#ee solution !elow.

). /oc"et0powered sleds are used to test the human response to
acceleration. (f a roc"et0powered sled is accelerated to a speed of ,,, m/s
in 1.83 seconds* then what is the acceleration and what is the distance
that the sled traels+
See Answer

#ee solution !elow.

-. A !i"e accelerates uniformly from rest to a speed of -.10 m/s oer a
distance of 3$., m. Determine the acceleration of the !i"e.
See Answer

#ee solution !elow.

8. An engineer is designing the runway for an airport. 1f the planes that
will use the airport* the lowest acceleration rate is li"ely to !e 3 m/s
2
. .he
ta"eof speed for this plane will !e )$ m/s. Assuming this minimum
acceleration* what is the minimum allowed length for the runway+
See Answer

#ee solution !elow.

2. A car traeling at 22., m/s s"ids to a stop in 2.$$ s. Determine the
s"idding distance of the car 3assume uniform acceleration4.
See Answer

#ee solution !elow.

10. A "angaroo is capa!le of 5umping to a height of 2.)2 m. Determine the
ta"eof speed of the "angaroo.
See Answer

#ee solution !elow.

11. (f 6ichael 7ordan has a ertical leap of 1.22 m* then what is his ta"eof
speed and his hang time 3total time to moe upwards to the pea" and
then return to the ground4+
See Answer

#ee solution !elow.

12. A !ullet leaes a ri8e with a mu99le elocity of $21 m/s. :hile
accelerating through the !arrel of the ri8e* the !ullet moes a distance of
0.8,0 m. Determine the acceleration of the !ullet 3assume a uniform
acceleration4.
See Answer

#ee solution !elow.

13. A !ase!all is popped straight up into the air and has a hang0time of
).2$ s. Determine the height to which the !all rises !efore it reaches its
pea". 3;int< the time to rise to the pea" is one0half the total hang0time.4
See Answer

#ee solution !elow.

1,. .he o!seration dec" of tall s"yscraper 3-0 m a!oe the street.
Determine the time re=uired for a penny to free fall from the dec" to the
street !elow.
See Answer

#ee solution !elow.

1$. A !ullet is moing at a speed of 3)- m/s when it em!eds into a lump of
moist clay. .he !ullet penetrates for a distance of 0.0)21 m. Determine
the acceleration of the !ullet while moing into the clay. 3Assume a
uniform acceleration.4
See Answer

#ee solution !elow.

1). A stone is dropped into a deep well and is heard to hit the water 3.,1 s
after !eing dropped. Determine the depth of the well.
See Answer

#ee solution !elow.

1-. (t was once recorded that a 7aguar left s"id mar"s that were 220 m in
length. Assuming that the 7aguar s"idded to a stop with a constant
acceleration of 03.20 m/s
2
* determine the speed of the 7aguar !efore it
!egan to s"id.
See Answer

#ee solution !elow.

18. A plane has a ta"eof speed of 88.3 m/s and re=uires 13)$ m to reach
that speed. Determine the acceleration of the plane and the time re=uired
to reach this speed.
See Answer

#ee solution !elow.

12. A dragster accelerates to a speed of 112 m/s oer a distance of 328 m.
Determine the acceleration 3assume uniform4 of the dragster.
See Answer

#ee solution !elow.

20. :ith what speed in miles/hr 31 m/s > 2.23 mi/hr4 must an o!5ect !e
thrown to reach a height of 21.$ m 3e=uialent to one foot!all feld4+
Assume negligi!le air resistance.
See Answer

#ee solution !elow.

So,utions to A*o+e Pro*,e.s
1.
Given:
a = +3.2 m/s
2
t = 32.8 s vi = 0 m/s
Find:
d = ??
2.
d > i?t @ 0.$?a?t
2
3.
d > 30 m/s4?332.8 s4@ 0.$?33.20 m/s
2
4?332.8 s4
2
,.
d > 1-20 m
$.
/eturn to Aro!lem 1
).

-.
Given:
d = 110 m t = 5.21 s vi = 0 m/s
Find:
a = ??
8.
d > i?t @ 0.$?a?t
2
2.
110 m > 30 m/s4?3$.21 s4@ 0.$?3a4?3$.21 s4
2
10.
110 m > 313.$- s
2
4?a
11.
a > 3110 m4/313.$- s
2
4
12.
a > 8.10 m/ s
2
13.
/eturn to Aro!lem 2
1,.

1$.
Given:
a = -9.8 m t = 2.6 s vi = 0 m/s
Find:
d = ??
vf = ??
1).
d > i?t @ 0.$?a?t
2
1-.
d > 30 m/s4?32.)0 s4@ 0.$?302.8 m/s
2
4?32.)0 s4
2
18.
d > 033.1 m 30 indicates direction4
12.
f > i @ a?t
20.
f > 0 @ 302.8 m/s
2
4?32.)0 s4
21.
f > 02$.$ m/s 30 indicates direction4
22.
/eturn to Aro!lem 3
23.

2,.
Given:
vi = 18.5 m/s vf = 46.1 m/s t = 2.47 s
Find:
d = ??
a = ??
2$.
a > 3Delta 4/t
2).
a > 3,).1 m/s 0 18.$ m/s4/32.,- s4
2-.
a > 11.2 m/s
2
28.
d > i?t @ 0.$?a?t
2
22.
d > 318.$ m/s4?32.,- s4@ 0.$?311.2 m/s
2
4?32.,- s4
2
30.
d > ,$.- m @ 3,.1 m
31.
d > -2.8 m
32.
3Bote< the d can also !e calculated using the e=uation f
2
> i
2
@ 2?a?d4
33.
/eturn to Aro!lem ,
3,.

3$.
Given:
vi = 0 m/s d = -1.40 m a = -1.67 m/s
2
Find:
t = ??
3).
d > i?t @ 0.$?a?t
2
3-.
01.,0 m > 30 m/s4?3t4@ 0.$?301.)- m/s
2
4?3t4
2
38.
01.,0 m > 0@ 300.83$ m/s
2
4?3t4
2
32.
301.,0 m4/300.83$ m/s
2
4 > t
2
,0.
1.)8 s
2
> t
2
,1.
t > 1.22 s
,2.
/eturn to Aro!lem $
,3.

,,.
Given:
vi = 0 m/s vf = 44 m/s t = 1.80 s
Find:
a = ??
d = ??
,$.
a > 3Delta 4/t
,).
a > 3,,, m/s 0 0 m/s4/31.83 s4
,-.
a > 2,3 m/s
2
,8.
d > i?t @ 0.$?a?t
2
,2.
d > 30 m/s4?31.83 s4@ 0.$?32,3 m/s
2
4?31.83 s4
2
$0.
d > 0 m @ ,0) m
$1.
d > ,0) m
$2.
3Bote< the d can also !e calculated using the e=uation f
2
> i
2
@ 2?a?d4
$3.
/eturn to Aro!lem )
$,.

$$.
Given:
vi = 0 m/s vf = 7.10 m/s d = 35.4 m
Find:
a = ??
$).
f
2
> i
2
@ 2?a?d
$-.
3-.10 m/s4
2
> 30 m/s4
2
@ 2?3a4?33$., m4
$8.
$0., m
2
/s
2
> 30 m/s4
2
@ 3-0.8 m4?a
$2.
3$0., m
2
/s
2
4/3-0.8 m4 > a
)0.
a > 0.-12 m/s
2
)1.
/eturn to Aro!lem -
)2.

)3.
Given:
vi = 0 m/s vf = 65 m/s a = 3 m/s
2
Find:
d = ??
),.
f
2
> i
2
@ 2?a?d
)$.
3)$ m/s4
2
> 30 m/s4
2
@ 2?33 m/s
2
4?d
)).
,22$ m
2
/s
2
> 30 m/s4
2
@ 3) m/s
2
4?d
)-.
3,22$ m
2
/s
2
4/3) m/s
2
4 > d
)8.
d > -0, m
)2.
/eturn to Aro!lem 8
-0.

-1.
Given:
vi = 22.4 m/s vf = 0 m/s t = 2.55 s
Find:
d = ??
-2.
d > 3i @ f4/2 ?t
-3.
d > 322., m/s @ 0 m/s4/2 ?2.$$ s
-,.
d > 311.2 m/s4?2.$$ s
-$.
d > 28.) m
-).
/eturn to Aro!lem 2
--.

-8.
Given:
a = -9.8 m/s
2
vf = 0 m/s d = 2.62 m
Find:
vi = ??
-2.
f
2
> i
2
@ 2?a?d
80.
30 m/s4
2
> i
2
@ 2?302.8 m/s
2
4?32.)2 m4
81.
0 m
2
/s
2
> i
2
0 $1.3$ m
2
/s
2
82.
$1.3$ m
2
/s
2
> i
2
83.
i > -.1- m/s
8,.
/eturn to Aro!lem 10
8$.

8).
Given: Find:
a = -9.8 m/s
2
vf = 0 m/s d = 1.29 m vi = ??
t = ??
8-.
f
2
> i
2
@ 2?a?d
88.
30 m/s4
2
> i
2
@ 2?302.8 m/s
2
4?31.22 m4
82.
0 m
2
/s
2
> i
2
0 2$.28 m
2
/s
2
20.
2$.28 m
2
/s
2
> i
2
21.
i > $.03 m/s
22.
.o fnd hang time* fnd the time to the pea" and then dou!le it.
23.
f > i @ a?t
2,.
0 m/s > $.03 m/s @ 302.8 m/s
2
4?tup
2$.
0$.03 m/s > 302.8 m/s
2
4?tup
2).
30$.03 m/s4/302.8 m/s
2
4 > tup
2-.
tup > 0.$13 s
28.
hang time > 1.03 s
22.
/eturn to Aro!lem 11
100.

101.
Given:
vi = 0 m/s vf = 521 m/s d = 0.840 m
Find:
a = ??
102.
f
2
> i
2
@ 2?a?d
103.
3$21 m/s4
2
> 30 m/s4
2
@ 2?3a4?30.8,0 m4
10,.
2-1,,1 m
2
/s
2
> 30 m/s4
2
@ 31.)8 m4?a
10$.
32-1,,1 m
2
/s
2
4/31.)8 m4 > a
10).
a > 1.)2?10
$
m /s
2
10-.
/eturn to Aro!lem 12
108.

102.
Given:
a = -9.8 m/s
2
vf = 0 m/s t = 3.13 s
Find:
d = ??
a. 3B1.C< the time re=uired to moe to the pea" of the tra5ectory is
one0half the total hang time 0 3.12$ s.4
Dirst use< f > i @ a?t
0 m/s > i @ 302.8 m/s
2
4?33.13 s4
0 m/s > i 0 30.- m/s
i > 30.- m/s 330.)-, m/s4
Bow use< f
2
> i
2
@ 2?a?d
30 m/s4
2
> 330.- m/s4
2
@ 2?302.8 m/s
2
4?3d4
0 m
2
/s
2
> 32,0 m
2
/s
2
4 @ 3012.) m/s
2
4?d
02,0 m
2
/s
2
> 3012.) m/s
2
4?d
302,0 m
2
/s
2
4/3012.) m/s
2
4 > d
d > ,8.0 m
/eturn to Aro!lem 13

110.
Given:
vi = 0 m/s d = -370 m a = -9.8 m/s
2
Find:
t = ??
111.
d > i?t @ 0.$?a?t
2
112.
03-0 m > 30 m/s4?3t4@ 0.$?302.8 m/s
2
4?3t4
2
113.
03-0 m > 0@ 30,.2 m/s
2
4?3t4
2
11,.
303-0 m4/30,.2 m/s
2
4 > t
2
11$.
-$.$ s
2
> t
2
11).
t > 8.)2 s
11-.
/eturn to Aro!lem 1,
118.

112.
Given:
vi = 367 m/s vf = 0 m/s d = 0.0621 m
Find:
a = ??
120.
f
2
> i
2
@ 2?a?d
121.
30 m/s4
2
> 33)- m/s4
2
@ 2?3a4?30.0)21 m4
122.
0 m
2
/s
2
> 313,)82 m
2
/s
2
4 @ 30.12,2 m4?a
123.
013,)82 m
2
/s
2
> 30.12,2 m4?a
12,.
3013,)82 m
2
/s
2
4/30.12,2 m4 > a
12$.
a > 01.08?10
)
m /s
2
12).
3.he 0 sign indicates that the !ullet slowed down.4
12-.
/eturn to Aro!lem 1$
128.

122.
Given:
a = -9.8 m/s
2
t = 3.41 s vi = 0 m/s
Find:
d = ??
130.
d > i?t @ 0.$?a?t
2
131.
d > 30 m/s4?33.,1 s4@ 0.$?302.8 m/s
2
4?33.,1 s4
2
132.
d > 0 m@ 0.$?302.8 m/s
2
4?311.)3 s
2
4
133.
d > 0$-.0 m
13,.
3B1.C< the 0 sign indicates direction4
13$.
/eturn to Aro!lem 1)
13).

13-.
Given:
a = -3.90 m/s
2
vf = 0 m/s d = 290 m
Find:
vi = ??
138.
f
2
> i
2
@ 2?a?d
132.
30 m/s4
2
> i
2
@ 2?303.20 m/s
2
4?3220 m4
1,0.
0 m
2
/s
2
> i
2
0 22)2 m
2
/s
2
1,1.
22)2 m
2
/s
2
> i
2
1,2.
i > ,-.) m /s
1,3.
/eturn to Aro!lem 1-
1,,.

1,$.
Given:
vi = 0 m/s vf = 88.3 m/s d = 1365 m
Find:
a = ??
t = ??
1,).
f
2
> i
2
@ 2?a?d
1,-.
388.3 m/s4
2
> 30 m/s4
2
@ 2?3a4?313)$ m4
1,8.
--2- m
2
/s
2
> 30 m
2
/s
2
4 @ 32-30 m4?a
1,2.
--2- m
2
/s
2
> 32-30 m4?a
1$0.
3--2- m
2
/s
2
4/32-30 m4 > a
1$1.
a > 2.8) m/s
2
1$2.
f > i @ a?t
1$3.
88.3 m/s > 0 m/s @ 32.8) m/s
2
4?t
1$,.
388.3 m/s4/32.8) m/s
2
4 > t
1$$.
t > 30. 8 s
1$).
/eturn to Aro!lem 18
1$-.

1$8.
Given:
vi = 0 m/s vf = 112 m/s d = 398 m
Find:
a = ??
1$2.
f
2
> i
2
@ 2?a?d
1)0.
3112 m/s4
2
> 30 m/s4
2
@ 2?3a4?3328 m4
1)1.
12$,, m
2
/s
2
> 0 m
2
/s
2
@ 3-2) m4?a
1)2.
12$,, m
2
/s
2
> 3-2) m4?a
1)3.
312$,, m
2
/s
2
4/3-2) m4 > a
1),.
a > 1$.8 m/s
2
1)$.
/eturn to Aro!lem 12
1)).

1)-.
Given:
a = -9.8 m/s
2
vf = 0 m/s d = 91.5 m
Find:
vi = ??
t = ??
1)8.
Dirst* fnd speed in units of m/s<
1)2.
f
2
> i
2
@ 2?a?d
1-0.
30 m/s4
2
> i
2
@ 2?302.8 m/s
2
4?321.$ m4
1-1.
0 m
2
/s
2
> i
2
0 1-23 m
2
/s
2
1-2.
1-23 m
2
/s
2
> i
2
1-3.
i > ,2.3 m/s
1-,.
Bow conert from m/s to mi/hr<
1-$.
i > ,2.3 m/s ? 32.23 mi/hr4/31 m/s4
1-).
i > 2,., mi/hr
1--.
/eturn to Aro!lem 20
Free Fall with Examples
F477 FALL
5ree fall is a /ind of motion that eerybody can obsere
in daily life. ;e drop something accidentally or
purposely and see its motion. *t the beginning it has lo' speed and until the end it gains speed and
before the crash it reaches its ma.imum speed. ;hich factors affect the speed of the ob3ect 'hile it
is in free fall+ Eo' can 'e calculate the distance it ta/es, time it ta/es during the free fall+ ;e deal
'ith these sub3ects in this section. 5irst, let me begin 'ith the source of increasing in the amount of
speed during the fall. *s you can guess, things fall because of the graity. ,hus, our ob3ects gain
speed appro.imately!"m?s in a second 'hile falling because of the graitation. ;e call this
acceleration in physics gravitational accelerationand sho' 'ith JgK. ,he alue of g is <,Im?sL
ho'eer, in our e.amples 'e assume it !" m? sL for simple calculations. Bo' itMs time to formulize
'hat 'e said aboe. ;e tal/ed about the increase in speed 'hich is equal to the amount of g in a
second. ,hus our elocity can be found by the formula=
893-t 'here g is graitational acceleration and t is the time.
6oo/ at the gien e.ample belo' and try to understand 'hat ) tried to e.plain aboe.
CEample ,he boy drops the ball from a roof of the house 'hich ta/es : seconds to hit the ground.
7alculate the elocity before the ball crashes to the ground. (g@!"m?sL)
Nelocity is=
893-t
891).: s;-#s9#).:s
;e hae learned ho' to find the
elocity of the ob3ect at a gien
time. Bo' 'e 'ill learn ho' to find
the distance ta/en during the
motion. ) gie some equations to
calculate distance and other
quantities. 9alileo found an
equation for distance from his
e.periments.
,his equation is=




Using this equation 'e can find the height of the house in gien e.ample aboe. 6etMs found ho'
height the ball has been dropped+ ;e use !" m?sL for g.



) thin/ the formula no' a little bit clearer in your mind. ;e 'ill sole more problems related to this
topic. Bo', thin/ that if ) thro' the ball straight up'ard 'ith an initial elocity. ;hen it stops and
falls bac/ to the ground+ ;e ans'er these questions no'.
Picture sho's the magnitudes of elocity at the
bottom and at the top. *s you can see the ball is
thro'n up'ard 'ith an initial elocity, at the top
itMs elocity becomes zero and it changes itMs
direction and starts to fall do'n 'hich is free fall.
5inally at the bottom before the crash it reaches
its ma.imum speed 'hich sho'n as NM. ;e hae
tal/ed about the amount of increase in the elocity
in free fall. )t increases <,Im?s in each second due
to the graitational acceleration. )n this case, there
is also g but the ballMs direction is up'ard= so the sign of g is negatie. ,hus, our elocity decreases
in <,Im?s in each second until the elocity becomes zero. *t the top, because of the zero elocity,
the ball changes its direction and starts to free fall. >efore soling problems ) 'ant to gie the
graphs of free fall motion.


*s
you
see
in
the
graphs our elocity is linearly increases 'ith an acceleration JgK, second graphs tells us that
acceleration is constant at <,Im?sL, and finally third graphic is the representation of change in our
position. *t the beginning 'e hae a positie displacement and as the time passes it decreases
and finally becomes zero. Bo' 'e can sole problems using these graphs and e.planations.

CEample Oohn thro's the ball straight up'ard and after ! second it reaches its ma.imum height
then it does free fall motion 'hich ta/es $ seconds. 7alculate the ma.imum height and elocity of
the ball before it crashes the ground. (g@!"m?sL)



CEample *n ob3ect does
free fall motion. )t hits the
ground after - seconds.
7alculate the elocity of the
ob3ect after : seconds and
before it hits the ground.
;hat can be the height it is
thro'n+









,'o e.amples gien aboe try to sho' ho' to use free fall equations. ;e can find the elocity,
distance and time from the gien data. Bo', ) 'ill gie three more equations and finishes !1
Pinematics sub3ect. ,he equations are=


5irst equation is used for finding the elocity of the ob3ect haing initial elocity and acceleration.
Second one is used for calculating the distance of the ob3ect haing initial elocity and acceleration.
,hird and last equation is timeless elocity equation. )f distance, initial elocity and acceleration of
the ob3ect is /no'n then you can find the final elocity of the ob3ect. Bo' letMs sole some problems
using these equations to comprehend the sub3ect in detail.
CEample 7alculate the elocity of the car 'hich has initial elocity $-m?s and acceleration :m?sL
after !% second.
;e use the first equation to sole this question.
CEample ,he car 'hich is initially at rest has an acceleration &m?sL and traels $" seconds. 5ind the
distance it coers during this period.

Pinematics Q.ams

<otion =ith 1raphs> Pre+ ?e@t APhysics For.u,as Free Fa,,:Cheatsheet
,ags0
e.amples of free fall
free fall
free fall problems
free fall samples
graphs of free fall
Projectile Motion with Examples
Artic,e /nde@
Pro3ectile Hotion
Pro3ectile Hotion 7ontinue
*ll Pages
Pa3e 1 of "
P4BC7C0/L7 <B0/B?
;e see one dimensional motion in preious topics. Bo', 'e 'ill try to e.plain motion in t'o
dimensions that is e.actly called Jpro3ectile motionK. )n this type of motion graity is the only factor
acting on our ob3ects. ;e can hae different types of pro3ectile type. 5or e.ample, you thro' the
ball straight up'ard, or you /ic/ a ball and gie it a speed at an angle to the horizontal or you 3ust
drop things and ma/e them free fall= all these are e.amples of pro3ectile motion.











)n pro3ectile motion, graity is the only force acting on the ob3ect. ) 'ill e.plain this sentence 'ith a
picture and e.amples. 5irst, loo/ at the gien picture 'hich sho's the motion path, elocities in
different points and forces acting upon the ob3ect doing pro3ectilemotion.

*s you see in the picture gien aboe, 'e hae a pro3ectile motion and elocity components at
different positions. *t the beginning the ball is thro'n 'ith an angle to the horizontal. N is its
elocity and its direction is northeast. N. and Ny are the D and 4 components of our elocity. )f 'e
loo/ at the forces acting on our ball 'e see only the graity as a force. ;e e.amine our motion in
t'o parts, first one is horizontal motion and second one is ertical motion. ;hen 'e loo/ at the
horizontal motion of the ob3ect 'e see that it loo/s li/e e.ample soled in free fall motion section.
)n ertical as you can see in the picture, our elocity is decreasing in the amount of graitational
acceleration. *t the top 'here it reaches its ma.imum height ertical component of our elocity
becomes zero as in the case of free fall e.amples. *fter Ny becomes zero our ball changes its
direction and ma/e free fall no'. *t the same leels magnitudes of Ny are the same ho'eer,
their signs are opposite. (ight side of our picture has J-Jsign in front of the Ny because its
direction is do'n'ard. 5inally, 'hen the ball hits the ground Ny reaches its beginning magnitude
but opposite in direction. ;e see the effect of graity on ertical motion. Bo', letMs loo/ at the
horizontal part of our pro3ectile motion. ,his part is so easy that you can understand from the
picture, our horizontal component of elocity is constant during the motion. ;hy it is constant+
;hat changes the elocity+ )n preious section 'e learned force concept that causes change in
the state of motion. 6oo/ at our horizontal motion carefully. )s there any force acting on our ob3ect
in horizontal direction RD or SD+ ,he ans'er is actually no. Eo'eer, in S4 direction graity is
acting on our ob3ect 'hich ma/es Ny decrease and becomes zero at the top. *ll these
e.planations say that, 'e hae t'o motions in pro3ectile motion. One of them is constant motion
in horizontal and other one is free fall under the effect of graity in ertical. ;e tried to e.plain
pro3ectile motion 'ith 'ords. Bo' it is time to gie equations of motion under t'o titles.
1- 8ertica, .otion:
)n ertical 'e said that graity acts on our ob3ects and gie it negatie acceleration J-<,Im?sLK.
,his means that, our elocity decreases -<,Im?sL in each second. ;e find the elocity of the free
falling ob3ect by the equation893-t. )f 'e hae initial elocity then, our equation becomes=
898itD3t Ehere acce,eration is 2(,'.:s;
,he distance in free fall is calculated by the equation=

*s in the elocity case our distance is calculated considering the initial elocity of the ob3ect by
the formula=

;e put J-Jsign because direction of g is do'n'ard.

4ou can find distance traeled, time elapsed from this equation.
Bo' ) 'ill sole some e.amples related to the each type of pro3ectile motion.


Projectile Motion with Examples
Artic,e /nde@
Pro3ectile Hotion
Pro3ectile Hotion 7ontinue
*ll Pages
Pa3e " of "

Q.ample )n the gien picture belo', *lice thro's the ball to the RD direction 'ith an initial
elocity !"m?s. ,ime elapsed during the motion is %s, calculate the height that ob3ect is thro'n
and Ny component of the elocity after it hits the ground.



Q.ample Oohn /ic/s the ball and ball does pro3ectile motion 'ith an angle of %:T to horizontal.
)ts initial elocity is !" m?s, find the ma.imum height it can reach, horizontal displacement and
total time required for this motion. (sin%:T@", I and cos%:T@", A)


Q.ample )n the gien picture you see the motion path of cannonball. 5ind the ma.imum height it
can reach, horizontal distance it coers and total time from the gien information. (,he angle
bet'een cannonball and horizontal is %:T and sin%:T@", I and cos%:T@", A)