Indrani K Thesis

COMPARI TI VE EVALUATI ON OF ANTI PYRETI C
ACTI VI TY OF TWOPREPARATI ONS OF MRI THYUNJ AYA

RASA (BHAI SHAJ YA RATNAVALI ) I N EXPERI MENTALLY
I NDUCED PYREXI A I N ALBI NO RATS
BY
Dr. I NDRANI . K.
Dissertation submitted to the
RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, KARNATAKA,
BENGALURU

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

AYURVEDA VACHASPATI
(Doctor of Medicine)
In
RASASHASTRA

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Dr. M.S.JAGADEESH
B.S.A.M, B.A.M.S, M.D.(Ayu),
Professor & H.O.D
Department of P.G. Studies in Dravyaguna
G.A.M.C, BENGALURU.

DEPARTMENT OF RASASHASTRA
GOVT. AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE,
BENGALURU -560009
2011

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH
SCIENCES, BANGALORE.

DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

I hereby declare that this dissertation entitled Comparative evaluation of
antipyretic activity of two preparations of Mrithyunjaya rasa (Bhaishajya
ratnavali) in experimentally induced pyrexia in albino rats is a bonafide and
genuine research work carried out by me under the guidance of Dr. M.S.
Jagadeesh, B.S.A.M, B.A.M.S, M.D.(Ayu), Professor & H.O.D, Dept. of P.G.
Studies, in Dravyaguna, G.A.M.C, Bengaluru.

Date: Signature of the candidate

Place: (Dr. INDRANI.K.)

GOVERNMENT AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE
Department of P.G.Studies in Rasashastra,
Dhanwanthari Road,
Bangalore 560 009

CERTIFICATE BY THE GUIDE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled Comparative evaluation of
ratnavali) in experimentally induced pyrexia in albino rats is a bonafide
research work done by Dr.Indrani.K, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for
the degree of AYURVEDA VACHASPATI, (DOCTOR OF MEDICINE) IN
RASASHASTRA.

Signature of the Guide
Date: Dr. JAGADEESH, B.S.A.M, B.A.M.S, M.D. (Ayu),
Professor & H.O.D.
Place: P.G. Dept. of Dravyaguna,
G.A.M.C, Bengaluru.

GOVERNMENT AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE
Department of P.G.Studies in Rasashastra,
Dhanwanthari Road,
Bangalore 560 009

ENDORSEMENT BY THE HOD, PRINCIPAL
/ HEAD OF THE INSTITUTION

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled Comparative evaluation of
ratnavali) in experimentally induced pyrexia in albino rats is a bonafide research
work done by Dr. INDRANI.K, under the guidance of Dr. JAGADEESH, B.S.A.M,
B.A.M.S, M.D.(Ayu), , Professor & H.O.D., Dept. of P.G. Studies, in Dravyaguna,
G.A.M.C, Bengaluru.

Dr. Shobha. G. Hiremath
M.D. (AYU) . Phd(R.S)
Dr. S. G. Mangalagi
MD. (Ayu)

PROFESSOR & H. O. D Principal
P. G Dept. of Rasashastra G.A.M.C Bengaluru.
G.A.M.C Bengaluru.

Date: Date:
Place: Place:

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH
SCIENCES, BANGALORE.

DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

I hereby declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Science,
Karnataka shall have the rights to preserve use and disseminate this dissertation
in print or electronic format for academic / research purpose.

Date: Signature of the candidate

Place: Dr. INDRANI.K.

ABSTRACT
Title: Comparative evaluation of antipyretic activity of two preparations of
Mrithyunjaya rasa (Bhaishajya Ratnavali) in experimentally induced pyrexia in
albino rats.
Introduction:
Role of a universal antipyretic drug is the need of every physician in every
system of medicine.
There are many antipyretic formulations having miraculous actions mentioned
in Ayurvedic literatures. Many of such formulations are going out of practice gradually
because their role, importance and efficacy is not documented scientifically.
Mrithyunjaya rasa is one such formulation which is claimed by classical texts as an
universal antipyretic formulation which is said to relieve fever of any kind. Bhaishajya
Ratnavali available in the market, mentions of two preparations of Mrithyunjaya rasa
which have very few ingredients, easily economical in cost and most of the ingredients
are known to be having antipyretic action.
There is no reference for any work on the experimental evaluation of antipyretic
activity of Mrithyunjaya rasa though there are plenty of references in Ayurvedic literature
for its use in any kind of jwara and is widely used.
Objectives:-
1) To prepare two formulations of Mrithyunjaya rasa according to the procedures laid
down in Bhishajya ratnavali.
2) To analytically study the prepared Mrithyunjaya rasa (1&2) as per pharmacognistical
and pharmaceutical standards (AFI)
3) To evaluate the efficacy of Mrithyunjaya rasa (1&2) for their antipyretic action in
albino rats.
4) To compare the efficacy of antipyretic actions of two types of Mrithyunjaya rasa
prepared and also to compare the same with that of control and standard.
Methodology:
Pharmaceutical Study:
Mrithyunjaya rasa (1&2) will be prepared according to the procedures laid down in
Bhishajya ratnavali.
Hingulotta Parada Done according to the procedures laid down in Rasatarangini.
Shodhana of Gandaka will be done according to the procedures laid down in
Rasaratnasamucchaya.
Shodhana of Tankana will be done according to the procedures laid down in
Rasatarangini.
Shodhana of Dattura will be done according to the procedures laid down in
Rasatarangini.
Analytical study:
Physico-chemical evaluations of Mrithyunjaya rasa (1&2) were done by
Organoleptic Characters (Except taste) qualitative and quantitative analysis.
Experimental study:-
Pilot study was conducted by selecting a group of albino rats to assess the dose(fatal, LD
50 dose, therapeutic dosage) frequency, vehicle as well as mode and route of
administration.
Pyrexia was induced by subcutaneous injection of1ml of 15% of Brewers yeast
suspension in saline solution intra peritoneally.
Wister rats (150-200g) will be selected and divided into 5 groups, each group
consisting of 6 animals. After 18hour of yeast injection, three different doses of
Mrithyunjaya rasa(1&2)based on pilot study will be administered orally to each group as
a suspension . Paracetamol (200mg/kg) will be used as standard drug for comparison of
antipyretic activity and all the control animals will receive the solvent. Rectal
temperatures will be recorded at 60 min intervals.
The difference between the rectal temperatures before and after giving antipyretic
drug (recorded at 60 min intervals) was recorded. The maximum reduction in rectal
temperatures in comparison to the control group was calculated. The results were
compared with the effect of standard drug. Then efficacy of antipyretic actions of the
prepared Mrithyunjaya rasa (1) with Mrithyunjaya rasa (2) in albino rats was compared
and analyzed statistically by student Newman Kuels Test.
Conclusion: It is proved that the trail drugs Mrithyunjaya rasa(1&2) are having
significant role in reducing the pyrexia condition, in artificially induced pyrexia in
experimental animals.

Key words: Mrithyunjaya rasa (1&2), artificially induced pyrexia
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I pray and bow before almighty for having given me this unique opportunity.
I express my deep sense of gratitude with profound respect to my benevolent
guide Dr.J agadeesh, B.S.A.M, B.A.M.S, M.D(Ayu). H.O.D. and Professor, Department
of Post graduate Studies in Dravyaguna, G.A.M.C, Bengaluru, for his valuable guidance
and kind cooperation throughout my study.
I am very much thankful to Dr .M. C. Chandrasekhar MD (Ayu), Asst Registrar,
RGUHS, Bengaluru for suggesting this work and his guidance.
It gives me pleasure to express my gratitude with profound respect to Dr. T.R.Dattatri
B.S.A.M, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu). Asst proff Dept. of P.G. studies in Rasashastra, GAMC,
Bengaluru for his scholarly guidance, constant suggestion and help throughout my study.
I am blessed to have precious supervision and constant help of Dr. Shobha.G.Hiremath
M.D Proff & HOD, Department of Post graduate Studies in Rasashastra, G.A.M.C,
Bengaluru.
I wish to express my thanks to our honorable and respected Principal
Dr.Mangalagi M.D. (Ayu) for his valuable support and co-operation.
I express my sincere respect and immense gratitude to is my privilege my co-guide
Mr.Rajendra.S.V.,M.pharma,Professor,Department of Pharmacology,S.C.S.college of
pharmacy,Harapanahalli,for the functional freedom, guidance and encouragement & for
providing me all the facilities in carrying out my work throughout the study
Its my privilege to thank Mr.Prabhu Principal, S.C.S college of pharmacy,
Harapanahalli for their valuable support throughout my work
I feel great pleasure in expressing my deep and profound sense of gratitude to
Dr. Prashant. J adar, Dr. N.B.Sridhar M.V.sc, Ph.D. and all mentors who have
helped throught my work.
I could not forget to thank Dr.Gurumurthy & Dr.Shivakumar, Dept of Solid State
structural Chemistry IISc, Bengaluru, for XRD scan and analyzing the results.
I am thankful to Dr. Revati, Banglore test house for conducting the analysis as
requested.
My sincere thanks to Dr. K.P.Suresh who helped me in the statistical analysis.
I wish to express my respect & thanks to my friends Dr.Sudarshan.Achar,
Dr.Ambujakshi V.M, Dr.Sadaguna.D.N, Dr. J yothi varatti and Dr.Naveenkumar.H.M
for their help, cooperation and support in dissertation work.
With lots of love and regards I respect the boundless encouragement of my
husband Mr.Krishnaraja kavoor, My father Mr.Krishnananda, my mother Mrs. Latha
and all other family members for rejuvenating support, love and affection towards me,
which kept me always going on.
In short and as a whole, I thank each and every one who helped me directly or
indirectly in completing this dissertation work.

Dr. I ndrani. K.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
A.C. Abhinavachinthamani
A.H. Astangahridaya
A.K. Anandakanda
A.P. Ayurvedaprakasha
A.R.P Arkaprakasha
A.S. Astangasangraha
B.R. Bhaishajya Ratnavali
B.R.R.S. Brihathrasarajasundara
B.V. Bhavaprakasha
C.S. Charakasamhitha
D.N. Dhanvantharinighantu
K.N. Kaiyadevanighantu
R.C. Rasendrachintamani
R.Chi Rasendra chintamani
R.D.P. Rasadhatuprakasha
R.H.T. Rasahridayatantra
R.J. Rasajnana
R.J.N. Rasjalanidhi
R.K Rasendra ratnakosha
R.K. Rasakamadhenu
R.K.L Rasakalpalatha
R.K.Y. Ratnakaraoushadhayoga
R.Kou Rasakoumudhi
R.L Rasarajalaxmi
R.M. Rasamanjari
R.M.M Rasaratnamanimala
R.Ma. Rasendramangala
R.Mi. Rasmitra
R.Mr. Rasamritha
R.N. Rajanighantu
R.N.V. Rasarnava
R.P. Raspaddathi
R.P.S. Rasaprakashasudhakara
R.Pa Rasapaddathi
R.Pra Rasapradeepa
R.Pu. Rasendrapurana
R.R Rasaratnakara
R.R.H. Rasarajahamsa
R.R.S. Rasaratnasamucchaya
R.S. Rasendrasampradaya
R.S.S Rasendrasarasangraha
R.Sa Rasashankara
R.Si Rasarajashiromani
R.Su Rasopanishat
R.Su Rasarajasundara
R.T. Rasatarangini
Rbo Rasabhodha Chandrodaya
S.K.D. Shabdhakalpadruma
S.S Susruthasamhitha
Vai.Chi Vaidya chintamani
W.I. The wealth of India
Y.chi Vaidyachintamani
Y.M Yogamaharnava
Y.R. Yogaratnakara
Y.T.T Vriddayogatarangini

LIST OF CONTENTS

Sl.No Contents Page Number
I. Introduction 1-3
II. Aims& Objectives 4
III. Review of literature 5-89
Formulation review 6-12
Drug review 13-54
Disease review 64-84
Pharmaceutical review 55-56
Analytical review 57-63
Experimental review 85-89
IV. Materials & methods 90-141
Pharmaceutical study 93-110
Analytical study 111-122
Experimental study 123-141
V. Discussion 142-152
VI. Conclusion 153
VII. Summary 154
VIII. Limitations of the study 155
IX. Scopes for further study 156
X. Bibliography 156-170
XI. Annexure
LISTS OF TABLES
Table.
No
Contents of table Page
.No.
1. Showing different Mrithyunjaya rasa1-2 6
8. Showing Grahya Parada Lakshanas according to different texts 15
9. Showing Ashudda Parada doshas according to different texts 16
10. Showing Ashudda Gandaka doshas according to different text 21-22
11. Showing Gandaka Shodhana according to different texts 22-23
12. Showing Rogagnatha of Gandaka according to different texts 24
13. Showing Ashudda Hingula doshas according to different texts 27
14. Showing Hingula Shodhana according to different texts 28
15. Showing Rogagnatha of Hingula according to different texts 29
16. Showing Hingulotta Parada according to different texts 31-32
17. Showing Tankana Shodhana according to different texts 35
18. Showing Tankana karmas according to different texts 35
19. Showing Shodhana of Vathsanabha according to different texts 40
20. Showing Shodhana of Dattura according to different texts 44
21. Showing Rasa Panchaka of Gomutra 51
22. Showing Chemical Composition of Gomutra 51
23. Showing Rasa Panchaka of Godugdha 52
24. Showing Compositions of Milk and their Percentage 52
25. Showing Rasa Panchaka of Nimbuka 53
26. Showing the Types and Causes of Fever 65
27. Showing the Purvaroopa of Jwara 67
28. Showing The Vishishta purvaroopa of jwara 68
29. Showing Causes of Fever 78
30. Showing results of Hingula shodhana 94
31. Showing Physical examination of Hingula before and after shodhana 95
32. Showing Physical examination of Tankana before and after shodhana 97
33. Showing Observations during Kajjali nirmana 100
34.
Showing Observations during Gandhaka Shodhana by Swedana
102
35.
Showing observation of before and after Gandhaka Shodhana
102
36.
Showing observation during Gandhaka Shodhana by Dalana
103
37.
Showing details of Vathsanabha shodhana
104
38.
Showing observation during Dattura Shodhana by Swedana
106
39.
Showing observation of before and after Dattura Shodhana
106
40.
Showing Physical characteristics of Mrithyunjaya rasa(1)
108
41. Showing Physical characteristics of Mrithyunjaya rasa(2) 110
42.
Showing Diurnal variation of temperature in Albino rats
126
43.
Showing Comparison of temperature in control and test group in
Albino rats
127
44.
Showing Observation of Acute Toxicity Study in Albino rats
130
45. Showing ancient parameters of Mrithyunjaya Rasa(1)and
Mrithyunjaya Rasa(2)
112
46.
Showing percentage of ash values
112
47. Showing the values of acid insoluble ash in percentage 113
48. Showing the values loss of drying at110
0
in percentage 113
49. Table No49.: Shows Particle size of Mrithyunjaya rasa(1&2) 114
50. Showing Uniformity of the weight of Mrithyunjaya rasa(1&2) 114
51. Showing Disintegration time of Mrithyunjaya rasa(1&2) 115
52. Showing Percentage of Mercury in Mrithyunjaya rasa 116
53. Showing Percentage of Sulphur in Mrithyunjaya rasa 116
54. Showing Percentage of Borax in Mrithyunjaya rasa 116
55. Comparative Evaluation of Interventional treatment on Temperature 137
56. Showing pair wise comparison of Temperature (difference) 137-138
57. Showing pair wise comparison of Temperature (p value) 138
58. Showing Comparative Evaluation of Interventional treatment on
Temperature
140
Temperature(difference and p value)
140
Temperature (A Comparison between group A and group C)
141

LISTS OF GRAPHS

Graph
no
Contents of Graph Page
number
1) Showing XRD Analysis of Mrithyunjaya rasa(1)
118
2) Showing XRD Analysis of Mrithyunjaya rasa(2)
120
3) Showing Pair wise comparison of Temperature for
Pyrogen standardization
128
4) Showing Comparative Evaluation of Interventional
treatment on Temperature

5) Showing Pair wise comparison of Temperature (Group1
&2)

6) Showing Pair wise comparison of Temperature
(GroupA
1
&A
2
)

7) Showing Pair wise comparison of Temperature
(GroupC
1,
C
2
&C
3
)

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO CONTENTS
1.
Hingula before Shodhana
2.
Nimbuka rasa
3.
Hingula after Shodhana
4.
Damaru yantra for Urdvapatana
5.
Black suit after Urdvapatana
6.
Unburnt Hingula after Urdvapatana
7.
Parada after Urdvapatana
8.
Parada with haridra
9.
Parada
10.
Gandhaka before Shodhana
11.
Gandhaka Shodhana in Dolayantra
12.
Gandhaka after Shodhana
13.
Kajjali
14.
Tankana Before Shodhana
15.
Tankana after Shodhana
16.
Vathsanabha before Shodhana
17.
Gomutra
18.
Vathsanabha after Gomutra sthapana
19.
Vathsanabha after removing of outer covering
20.
Dattura beeja before Shodhana
21.
Dattura Swedana in Dolayantra
22.
Dattura After Shodhan
23.
Milk After Dattura Shodhana
24.
Pippali
25.
Maricha powder
26.
Shunti powder
27.
Dattura moola
28.
Mrithyunjaya rasa(red)
29.
Mrithyunjaya rasa(Black)
30.
Mrithyunjaya rasa(red) vati
31.
Mrithyunjaya rasa(Black) vati
32.
Gum Acasia solution
33.
Feeding needle with syringe
34.
Filling of trial drug into syringe
35.
Feeding to the rats
36.
Brewers Yeast solution
37.
Injecting Brewers Yeast solution
38.
Faces bent downwards suggesting the fatigue resulted
due to raise in temperature
39.
Furs erected suggesting the raise in temperature
40.
Recording the rectal temperature

Introduction
I NTRODUCTI ON

Page 1
A COMPARITIVE EVALUATION OF ANTIPYRETIC ACTIVITY OF TWO PREPARATION OF
MRITHYUNJAYA RASA IN EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED PYREXIA IN ALBINO RATS
INTRODUCTION
Ayurveda is the repository of safe and therapeutically efficacious remedies and
Ayurvedic physicians manage diseases with great success. Ayurvedic recipes are
formulated only after centuries of trial and experience, and these are well known to be
free from toxicity. In Ayurvedic therapeutics, three categories of drugs are used viz. (1)
Herbal products, (2) Animal products, and (3) Metals including minerals, gems and
precious stones. Apart from their therapeutic efficacy in minute doses, Rasa ausadhis
were found very effective for the preservation and promotion of positive health and
prevention of diseases which are the primary aim of Ayurveda, given by Acharya
Gopalkrishna Bhatta. Rasasastra, the ancient alchemical science, a branch of Ayurveda
originated with the twin aim of attaining Deha Siddhi and Loha Siddhi. But in the due
course of time, this science became more oriented towards Deha Siddhi and for
therapeutic purpose. For curing obstinate and incurable diseases, minerals and mercury
have been employed since Samhita period. But none of the ancient Acharya have
mentioned Iatrogenic effects.
JVARA is considered as the first and foremost and the king of all the diseases.

A very important disease affecting the human beings

and also one of the causes for death.
It is the common disease encountered in the universe, which spares no human being,
affecting at any point of time throughout the life time, from birth to death. Role of a
universal antipyretic drug is the need of every physician in every system of medicine.
There are many antipyretic formulations having miraculous actions mentioned in
Ayurvedic literatures. Many of such formulations are going out of practice gradually
because their role, importance and efficacy are not documented scientifically.
Mrithyunjaya rasa is one such formulation which is claimed by classical texts as a
universal antipyretic formulation which is said to relieve fever of any kind. Bhaishajya
Ratnavali mentions of two preparations of Mrithyunjaya rasa which have very few
ingredients, easily available in the market, economical in cost and most of the ingredients
are known to be having antipyretic action.

There is no reference for any work on the experimental evaluation of antipyretic
activity of Mrithyunjaya rasa though there are plenty of references in Ayurvedic literature
for its use in any kind of Jvara and is widely used. So the present study is taken up for a
I NTRODUCTI ON

Page 2
comparative evaluation of antipyretic effect of two preparations of Mrithyunjaya rasa
(Bhaishajya Ratnavali) in experimentally induced pyrexia in albino rats.
Introduction:
Deals with general Introduction of Rasa Shasta and the need of the present study
Aims and Objectives:
To prepare two formulations of Mrithyunjaya rasa according to the procedures laid down
in Bhaishajya Ratnavali.
To analytically study the prepared Mrithyunjaya rasa (1&2) as per pharmacognistical
and pharmaceutical standards (AFI)
To evaluate the efficacy of Mrithyunjaya rasa (1&2) for their antipyretic action in albino
rats.
To compare the efficacy of antipyretic actions of two types of Mrithyunjaya rasa
prepared and also to compare the same with that of control and Standard.
Review of Literature:
It is presented as a review of Mrithyunjaya rasa and all ingredients of Mrithyunjaya rasa
(1&2) and other associated drugs for Shodhana; review of disease Jvara; review of
pharmaceutical procedure adopted; review of analytical methods adopted and reviews of
antipyretic study in albino rats. In drug review Ayurvedic literature and relevant modern
literatures regarding all ingredients of Mrithyunjaya rasa (1&2) and drugs used for
Shodhana such as Nimbuka, Gomutra, and Godugdha. In disease review Jvara is
reviewed. In the review of pharmaceutical procedure about Shodhana, Bhavana,
Swedana, Dalana, Urdvapatana processes are reviewed.
Methodology:
Pharmaceutical Study:
Parada was extracted from Hingula by Urdvapatana procedure.
Shodhana of Gandhaka by Dalana procedure.
Shodhana of Tankana by Nirjalikarana procedure.
Shodhana of Dattura by Swedana procedure.
Mrithyunjaya rasa (1&2) will be prepared by adding all Shoditha ingredients.

I NTRODUCTI ON

Page 3
Analytical study:
Physical properties, qualitative and quantitative analysis of two preparations of
Mrithyunjaya rasa are carried out.
Pyrexia was induced by subcutaneous injection of1ml of 15% of Brewers yeast
suspension in saline solution intraperitonially.
Wister rats (150-200g) will be selected and divided into 5 groups, each group consisting
of 6 animals. After 18
th
hour of yeast injection, three different doses of Mrithyunjaya rasa
(1&2) based on pilot study will be administered orally to each group as a suspension.
Paracetamol (200mg/kg) will be used as standard drug for comparison of antipyretic
activity and all the control animals will receive the solvent. Rectal temperatures will be
recorded at 60 min intervals.
The difference between the rectal temperatures before and after giving antipyretic drug
(recorded at 60 min intervals) was recorded. The maximum reduction in rectal
temperatures
In comparison to the control group was calculated. The results were compared with the
effect of standard drug. Then efficacy of antipyretic actions of the prepared Mrithyunjaya
rasa (1) with Mrithyunjaya rasa (2) in albino rats was compared and analyzed statistically
by student Newman Kuel's Test.
Discussion
This includes possible explanations about observation, findings and results.
Conclusion and Summary-
In this part conclusion drawn is presented with summary of whole study

Aims&
Objectives
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

Page 4

Aims and Objectives
Pharmaceutical:-
To prepare two formulations of Mrithyunjaya rasa (1&2) according to the
procedures laid down in Bhaishajya Ratnavali.
Analytical:-
To analytically study the prepared Mrithyunjaya rasa (1&2) as per
pharmacognistical and pharmaceutical standards (AFI).
Experimental:-
To evaluate the efficacy of Mrithyunjaya rasa (1&2) for their antipyretic action in
albino rats.
prepared .
with that of control and standard.

Review of
Literature
DRUG REVIEW

Page 5

REVIEW OF LITRATURE
The literary review related to particular study is the backbone for every research. In the
present study, review is carried out under following headings.
1. Formulation review
2. Drug review
3. Disease review
4. Pharmaceutical review
5. Analytical review
6. Experimental review
1. Formulation review
MRITHYUNJAYA RASA
1,2

DRUG REVIEW

Page 6

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1
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2

DRUG REVIEW

Page 7

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3
-
5

DRUG REVIEW

Page 8

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6
-
8

DRUG REVIEW

Page 9

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DRUG REVIEW

Page 10

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1
5

DRUG REVIEW

Page 11

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DRUG REVIEW

Page 12

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Page 13

Drug Review
Under this caption, the all ingredients of Mrithyunjayarasa and their related Shodhana
dravyas are reviewed.

PARADA
3-17

Yatha rasastathata hi atma , yathahi atma thatha rasaha
Atmavid rasavicchaiva dvamimou sookshmadarsini
Rasopanishat quotes that as soul plays an important role in body, like wise
Parada is the soul of Rasashastra and without Parada, existence of Rasashastra could
not be imagined.
History:
There is no such direct evidence of Parada in Vedic age. But in Atharvaveda the
reference. The word Pakshijayanyacould be inferred as Parada, likewise in Yajurveda
the word Shivatamo rasa." can be interpreted as Parada.
In Smruti text also indirect evidence of Parada could be traced. The Commentator of
Smruti opines that "Katuswarnavyavahari" could be the preparation of gold artificially by
Parada. In Samhita like Charaka, Susruta and Astanga there are ample evidences of
Parada. Therapeutic uses of Parada for external purpose have been recommended by
Charaka, whereas Susruta and Vagbhatta have indicated its use for both internal as well
as for external use. But the proper utilization of Parada for Deha vada and Loha vada
started from 8th Century A.D. onwards. Thereafter, Parada has become an impeccable
part of Rasashastra.
Mythological Origin:-
During the Rasatantrika period the Shaiva Siddhas, Nathayogis and the 84 Siddhas
attached the story of the origin of Parada and Gandhaka to a mythological legend. The
mythology reflects that when Lord Siva was in cohabitation with Goddess Parvati,
whatever drops of the seminal fluid fell on the earth they got converted into Parada and as
such Parada is also known as Shivavirya, Siva retasa, Sivateja,etc

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Synonyms:-
1) Dehavadatmaka - Rasayana, Amrtam, Mrtyunasana, jaiva, dehada, parata ,
mrithyunasana, paramatmritha.
2) Dhatuvadatmaka - Maharasa, Rasottama, Suta,divyarasa,rasa rasaesha, rasendra,.
3) Visista Gynantmaka - Ananta, Suksma, Saubhagya
4) Darsana Rupatmaka - Jivah, Divya, Acintyah
5) Swarupatmaka - Galad, Raupyanibhama, Mahateja, Sivavirya
6) Devatmaka - Harabija, Sivabijam, Hararet, Siva Rudraja,Trilocanama
7) Gatyatmaka - Chapala, Khecara
Vernacular ames:-
Samskrta - Parada
Hindi - Parada
Gujarati - Paro
Marathi - Para
Latin - Hydrargyrum
English - Mercury, Quick silver
Prapti Sthana (Occurrence of Parada :-)
As explained in classics, Parada available in 100 yojana depth.
In western part of Himalaya there is a Girindra parvatha near to that mountain there is
round well having Parada.
In Native form: Rarely occurs in the form of single drops or small pools as
Disseminated in globules embedded in the rock. It also occurs in small quantities as
amalgam and halogen compound.
In combine form : Brazil, Peru, New Alma den, Almader (Spain), etc.
In India: Punjab
Classification of Parada:-
In Kaideva Nighantu Parada has been categorized in Dhatuvarga.
Dhanvantari Nighantu has classified it as Suvarnadivarga.
Most of all the Rasashastra texts have considered Parada in Rasa Varga.
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According to modern mineralogy- Parada is found in both forms - native as Well as in
ores.
Parada generally forms three types of Compounds viz. mercuric compounds, Mercurous
compounds and Amalgam.
Types of Parada :-
According to Colour:- 1. Sweta Vipra According to Caste :-1. Vipra
2. Aruna Ksatriya 2.Ksatriya
3. Haridrabha Vaisya 3. Vaisya
4. Krsna Ksudra 4. Ksudra
According to Origin:- 1. Rasa According to avalilabilty :1.Koopaja
2.Rasendra 2.Khanija
3.Suta
4. Parada
5. Misraka
Nirukthi:-
It is called as parada because it rescues the man who is trapped in the swamps of
diseases It is called as rasa because it engulfs all the metals.
It is called as rasendra because it is superior among rasa, maharasa, uparasa.
It is called as sutha because it brings about dehasiddi and lohasiddi.
It is called as misraka because it has luster of all metals concentrated in it.
Table no8-showing Grahya Parada lakshanas according to different texts
Grahyalakshana RM,YR RK RNV RT RPa
Antasunilo + +
Bahirujvala + +
Madyahna suryapratima prakasha +
Hiranyakadyuthisamkasha +
Parpatikabhasa +
Galadroopyanibha +
Bahyabyantara swetha +
Bahala kanchukavritha +
Suryaprabha +
Shyama +
Antabahirujvala +

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Agrahyalakshana:-
Doomra
Paripandura
Chitra
Dosas of Parada

:
Doshas
Naisargika Yaugika Aupadhika
Visa Naga Bhumija Malakari
Vahni Vanga Girija Andakari
Mala Varija Dhvankshi
Dravi

Properties of Suddha Parada:-
Rasa Sadarasa,kashaya
Guna - Sara, Guru,snigdha,yogavahi
Virya - --
Vipaka - --
Dosaghnata - Tridosaghna
Prabhava - Vrsya, Balya, Rasayana
Karma - Sarvarogajita, Sodhana, Ropana, Krmighna
Table no9-showing Ashudda parada doshas according to different texts
Dosha RK RNV RDP RSS
Vidaha + + +
Krimi + +
Kusta + + +
Mandagni + +
Aruchi + +
Vami + +
Jadya + + +
Marana + + + +
Vrana +
Veeryanasha +
Spota +

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Page 17

MERCURY
18

Nearly all foods contain traces of mercury causing a normal intake of about 20ug. daily,
under average conditions a healthy man excretes (Buckle et al 1946) daily about 5 ug
90 and up to 2 360 ug, in workers exposed to mercury.
Ores :- The important ore of mercury is cinnabar or meta cinnabar in which, it is in
sulphide form. The other important ore is calomel, it is in chloride form. The important
ores Stonite and Worsenite contains antimony and Sulphur.
Physical Properties :-
1. Atomic No. - 80
2. At. Wt. - 200.61
3. Symbol - Hg
4. Sp. Gr. - 13.595 at 250C
5. Boiling Point - 3570 C
6. Freezing point - (-38.90C)
7. Place in periodic table - Transition elements of d. orbitals
8. Configuration - 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 2
9. Co-ordination no. - 4
10. Valency - +1:+2
11. Occupied outer orbitals - 5d
12. State - metal in liquid form
13. Colour - Shining Silver white
Metabolism :-
Elemental mercury is absorbed primarily in vapour form through the lungs. Absorbed
mercury is lipid soluble and readily crosses the blood brain barrier and placenta. The half
life of elemental mercury is 60 days. Inorganic mercury is absorbed through G.I. tract and
percutaneously. The half life of inorganic mercury is approximately 40 days. Organic
mercury is absorbed readily through the intestine and skin. The half life of organic
mercury is about 70 days.

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Page 18

Chemical Properties :-
1. It does not undergo oxidation in air. At ordinary temperature, it tarnishes in air
containing traces of H
2
S.
2. It is not acted upon by diluted or concentrated HCl.
3. It dissolves in hot concentration H
2
SO
4
to form mercuric sulphate.
4. It also dissolves in fairly dilute cold HNO
3
, to form mercurous nitrate.
5. It form mercuric nitrate with hot HNO
3
.
6. It has no action on alkalies.
7. It easily reacts with organic matters to produce complex compound.
8. It forms amalgam with metals.

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Page 19

GANDHAKA
19-41

In Rasashastra Gandhaka stands next to Parada in importance. It is also considered as an
essential agent for the various process of Parada such as Murcchana and Jarana etc. It is
believed to impart many desirable properties to Parada and reduces its toxic effects.
Probably because of this, Parada is mostly administered internally in association with
Gandhaka, as Parada preparation without Gandhaka are considered to be more toxic. In
addition to its value for making the Parada therapeutically useful, it is also used for
Bandhana.
History :-
Use in Gandhaka for therapeutic purpose can be found from Samhita period. Its detail
description is found in Rasashastra classics. It holds an important place in Rasashastra as
can be observed from its wide use.
Mythological Origin :-
When Parvati Devi was playing near Ksirabdhi, she got menstruated. The cloth which
was wet with Rajah was washed in the Ksirasagara, that Rajah mixed with water and
converted in to Gandhaka. When Deva and Danava started Samudra Manthana at that
time Gandhaka came out along with Amrta. The smell of Gandhaka pleased Deva and
Danava very much, so they gave it the name Gandhaka to it.
At first, king Bali used it for Balaprapti and so the name Balivasa was given to
Gandhaka.
Nirukthi
,
:-
Substance which has strong smell called Gandaka.
All the gods and demons pleased with its fragrance and named as Gandaka
Synonyms:-
Swarupa Vacaka- Navanita, Gandhapasana, Gandhopala,vasaraka
Gandha Vacaka- Gandhaka, Kruragandha, Divyagandha, Putigandha,sougandika.
Karma Vacaka- Kitaghna, Kitari, Lekhi, Kitanasana.
Rogaghnata Vacaka- Kusthari, Pamari
Utpati Vacaka -Gauripuspabhavah, Gauribija, Lailitaka, Bali
Dhatukarma Vacaka- Sulvari, Sulvaripu, Rasagandhaka, Sutasatru, Dhartumari.
Varna Vacaka- Sukapicchakya, Sukapuccha, Sukapicchasamacchayo,Pita Gandhaka.

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Page 20

Vernacular Names :-
Samskrta - Gandhaka
Hindi - Gandhaka
Gujarati - Gandhaka
Marathi - Gandhaka
English - Brime stone sulphur
Prapti Sthana :-
In native form In Italy, Sisily region, Spain, Texas, Japan etc.
In combined form Russia, Japan, Burma, Iceland, U.S.A., Chile, Philippines etc.
In India Bihar Simhabhuma district, Rohitas district, Rajasthan, Kumayu , Assam etc.
Classification of Gandhaka :-
Raja nighantu, Madana vinoda nighantu -Suvarnadi varga
Dhanvantari nighantu-Candanadi varga
Bhava prakash -Dhatu varga; uparasa
All Rasasastra Texts Uparasa varga
Gandhaka is found in both forms- Native as well as Ores
Types of Gandhaka
,
:-
Sukacuncunibho -
Pita varna -
Sukla varna
Rakta
krishna-
Acc.Colour :- 1. Rakta - According to Caste :- 1. Vipra
2. Pita - 2. Ksatriya
3. Sweta - 3. Vaisya
4. Krsna 4. Ksudra

2- 1. Amalasara 2-1.Loniya
2. Nenitaka Rmi 2.Amalasara-BRRS,RPu
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Grahyalakshana:-
Japakusumasamkasa-For lohavada
Pitha_for rasayana
Swetha-for bheshaja kusta
Krishna- for Kustadi lepa,lohamarana,paradakarma,jaramrityunasha
Rakta- for Lohamarana,Paradakarma,Hemakriya
Sitha for Vranadilepa
Nila-for vrana.
Other- Shukapicchasamacchaya, Navaneethaprabha, Masruna, Katina, Snigdha, Nirmala
Rajanisamaprabha, Komala.
Table no10showing Ashudda Gandaka doshas according to different texts
Dosha BP RPH YR AP,RSS RJN RT
Kusta + + + +
Tapa + + +
Vishamasharira +
Raktavikara + + +
Druthibalavrisha shaktihari + + + +
Brama + +
Daha +
Klama +
Pittaroga +
Tvakroga +
Shopha +
Ojokshaya + +
Shukrakshaya + +
Ruchipranuth +
Pittaruja +
Roopahani + +
Sukhahani + +
Veeryahani + +
Shilachoorna + +
Visha +
Tanothi tanum +
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Page 22

Chittavibrama +
Prabhahani +

Table no11showing Gandaka Shodhana according to different texts
Ref Drug used Yanta used Procedure Duration
AK,RT,RM Milk+ghee Bhoodara Laghuputa
AK Kanguni,sarsapa
Eranda,Kushmanda
Meshiksheeragritha
Godugdha, aranala --Any
one
Bhoodara Laghuputa
AK Brihathi,Ashvaganda
Dattura,Tilaparna-Any
one
Ghee
Ajaksheera
Khalva

Darvi

Mardana

Pachana
Dalana

AK Datturadrava
Karanja taila,erandataila
Gokshira
Mathsyapitta,bringaraja
drava,koshataki beeja
Jala
Ghee
Bringaraja
Khalva
Bhoodara

Khalva

Bhavana
Laghuputa

Bhavana

Kshalana
Pachana
Dalana
1day

7 each
RNV Karanja taila,erandataila
Ajadugda,unmatta niryasa
Jalini beeja ,matsyapitta
Darvi
---
Khalva
Draveekarana
Dalana
Bhavana

3each
RNV Bringaraja rasa
Jala
Ghee
Bringaraja rasa
Khalva
---
Darvi
-----
Bhavana
Prakshalana
Draveekarana
Dalana
7days
RNV Bringaraja rasa
Ksheera
Sringaverarasa
Nimbukarasa
Shodana

7times
RPa, RRC
Rmi,RPu
Ghee
Godugda
Darvi

Draveekarana
Dalana

RC
AP BRRS
Ghee
Kanji
Darvi

Draveekarana
Dalana

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YR;AP Rp, RT Godugda Bhoodhara koormaputa
RDP Ghee Godugda
Bringaraja rasa
Nimbukarasa
Dolayantra Svedana
RJN
RMi
----
Bringaraja rasa
Bringaraja rasa
Darvi

Dolayantra
Draveekarana
Dalana
Svedana
2times
RJN Jambavari Kshalana
RJN
RRC
Tankana_1\4
Mathulunga
Erandataila
Khalva Bhavana
AP Ghee
Godugda
Lohapatra

Draveekarana
Dalana
3times
AP
BRRSRMi
Ghee
Bringaraja rasa
Draveekarana
Dalana

RT Bringaraja rasa Dalana 7times
RT

Sarsapa
Tila,Kusumbataila
Godugda
Darvi

Draveekarana
Dalana

RT Damaru pachana 4yama

Gunakarma:-
Rasa-
Katu,tikta,kashaya-KN,AP,YR,BP
Katu,tikta-DN
Katu-RMi
Madura RRSAP,RSS,RC
Guna-sara,yogavahi,snigdha
Veerya-usna
Vipaka-madura-,RMi
Katu- KN,AP,YR,BP,AK,RRS
Doshagnata-Pittala,vatakapahara- KN,AP,YR,BP
Tridoshagna-AK
Vatakapahara-RMi
Karma-Vishagna,rasayana,balya,deepana,pachana,vrishya
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Table no12showing Rogagnatha of Gandaka according to different texts
Roga DN KN,AP RN AK YR,BP Rmi
Kusta + + + + + +
Kandu + + + + +
Tvakdosha + +
Visarpa + + +
Kshaya + + +
Pleeha + +
Krimi + + + +
Gulma +
Akshiroga +
Arthi +

SULPHUR
42

Sulphur occurs in nature as a lemon coloured powder, as spherical or globular masses and
in crystals. Its colour varies from yellow to yellowish brown, greenish grey etc. according
to the character and amount of impurities it contains.
Physical Properties :-
1) Appearance - Crystals, Granular, Fibrous stelactitic masses.
2) Form - Orthorhombic, Bipyramidal
3) Cleavage - Indistinct
4) Colour - Usually yellow
5) Symbol - S
6) At. No. - 16
7) At. Wt. - 32.064
8) Sp. Gr. - 1.9 2.1
9) Valency - +2
10) Configuration - 2, 8, 6
11) Melting point - 112.8 o C
12) Boiling Point - 444 0 C
13) Hardness - 1.5 2.5
14) Action on heat Non conductor of Heat
Chemical Properties:-
1) In soluble in water and acid.
2) Soluble in CS
2
, turpentine oil and in chloroform.
3) It imparts blue colour to the flame.

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Page 25

Physiological Ingredients :-
1) In human body sulphur is found as Keratin in hand appendages like hair, nails etc.
2) In cartilage and nervous tissue as sulphur lipids & in glycoproteins as mucin.
3) It is found in almost all cells as glutathions.
4) In enzymes such as rennin, lipase & phosphatase.
5) In insulin harmone and heparin.
Sulphur is considered as a bitter astringent in taste, with a peculiar strong
smell. It increase bile, acts as a laxative and alternative and itspreparations are diuretic
and insecticide also. (Indian material medica)
After oral-administration, it has very little effect either in the mouth or in stomach.
Reaching the intestine it is partly converted into sulphide, which mildly irritates the
intestine, especially the large intestine and acts as purgative. The stools are soft and
offensive due to the presence of sulphurated Hydrogen. Evacuation takes place after 10-
15 hrs, and without any gripping or colic. So least objectionable of all the laxatives in
haemorrhoids. The Hydrogen sulphide formed is disinfectant and Sulphur is used against
oxyuris infestations.
Externally Sulphur possess the reputation being parasiticide, but by itself it is not very
toxic to micro-organisms but acts as fungicide which is attributed to the formations of
Hydrogen sulphide and pentationic acid.
When applied to the skin, pure Sulphur has no effect, but if it is mixed with any greasy
substance (Sebacious substance), some of it is converted into sulphide which acts as a
mild irritant and parasiticide and causes death of itch insect. When it is brought into
contact with open wound, more sulphide is formed which causes more severe irritation to
raw surfaces and sometimes destruction of tissues. (Textbook of Pharmacology and
therapeutic by Ghose page No. 41)
In the colon, Sulphur is acted upon by bacteria to produce hydrogensulphide. After
absorption the hydrogen sulphide is excreted in the expired air and in the sweat to which
it imparts the typical rotten egg odour. During its excretion in the breath, it may
exercise an antiseptic and stimulant action in chronic bronchitis and asthma.

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Page 26

HINGULA
43-70

Hingula accepted as one of the sadharana rasa by most of the Rasagranthas.
History:-
In Koutilya arthashastra there is reference of hingula which is used to discolour Gold.
There are lots of references available in Rasashastra text books under maharasa or
sadaranarasa.
Mythological origin:-
Expelled from the mouth of Agni, the parada being haevey, in Darada desha and
remained there mixed with mud which was called as Hingula.
Nirukti:-
As it having the colour of vermilion called as hingula.
Synonyms:-
Svaroopa vachaka- Choorna parada,chitranga,kuravinda,valukitha.
Varna vachaka- Hingula,raktha,suvarna,manigara,suranga,shukathunda hamsapada,
rakthakaya,krounchalohitha,gairika.
Karma vachaka- Ranjana,marana,ranjaka,lohagna.
Utpatti bhodhaka- rasodbhava,rasagarbha,rasasthana.
Prapthisthana bhodhaka- Darada,mleccha,chinapista,barbara.
Other- Kapishusraka,charmara,ghandikaratna,laghukandarasa.
Vernacular names:-
Hindi -Singaraph
Kannada -Ingalika
Marati - Ingalika
Gujarat -Ingulo
Bengali - Hingula
Telugu -Inguleeyakam
English -Cinnabar
Occurrences:-
According to classics-Darada desha,Mleccha.
Presently available in two forms-Native and artificially prepared.
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Naturally available in Spain Italy, France Germeny,China ,Japan.
In India-bank of Chitrala river Northern part of India.
It is synthesized in large quantity in Culcutta and Surath.
Classification:-
Dhatuvarga DN,KN
Maharasa- RNV,RHT
Uparasa - AP,RM,RSS,AK,RChu,RRC
Sadaranarasa Rasop,RC,RRS,RT,RJN,RCha

Types :-
According to occurance-1. Khanija, According to Appearance- 1. Charmara
2. Kritrima, 2. Shukatunda,
3. Hamsapada
Grahya lakshana:-
Pita\Shukatuna - for Tikshna marana
Hamsapada\japakusuma for Tarakarma,Rasayana, Rasaranjana, Svarnaloha Marana
Other:- Swetharekha,Pravalabha,Hamsapada- all Rasashastra texts Bimbabha- RSS
Japakusuma varna, Sumanohara on peshana, Mahajvalo, Barapoorna- RT
Table no13showing Ashudda Hingula doshas according to different texts
Dosha BRRS,RMi AP,YR RT
Kusta +
Klaibya +
Klama + + +
Brama + +
Moha + + +
Andhya + +
Kshainya + +
Meha + +
chittavibrama +

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Table no14showing Hingula Shodhana according to different texts
Ref Drug used Yantra
used
Procedur
e
Duration
RT,RMi Sringaverarasa Khalva Bhavana 7times
RT Lakuchambu Khalva Bhavana 7times
RT,Rma,RRS,RK,YR,BRRS,
RMa,RJN,RRC,RPu,RCha
Meshidugda
Amlarasa
Khalva Bhavana
Bhavana
7times
7times
RT Nimbukarasa
Jala
Khalva Bhavana
Kshalana
7times
Several times
RRS,RJN Amlavarga
Mahishiksheera
Khalva Bhavana
Bhavana
7times
7times
RRS,RJN Jambeeradrava
Ajamootra
Dolayantra Svedana
Bhavana

RRS,RJN,BRRS,AP,RPu Lakucha Khalva Bhavana 7times
RRS,RJN,BRRS,AP,RPu Ardraka Khalva Bhavana 7times
BRRS,RJN Jayanthi rasa
Gomootra
Kanji
Nimbuneera
Dolayantra Pachana 3times
RRSam Beejapoorarasa Khalva Bhavana 3times
RPS Kooshmanda
rasa
Lakucha rasa
Dolayantra Svedana

RNV Gomamsa
Mahishimootra
Dadhyamla
Tilataila
Shikhipitta
Dolayantra

Pachana
Pachana
Pachana
Pachana
Bhavana

3times
Gunakarma:-
Rasa Madura ,tikta-DN,RN
Tikta- KN,RNV,RRci,
Tikta,kashaya,katu AP,BRRS
Guna- Laghu
Veerya- Ushna
Vipaka - Katu
Karma - Vrishya, balamedha agnideepana, pachana, rasayana,
Doshagnata Vatakapahara DN,RN
Pitta kapapranuth KN,RRS
Tridoshagna RMi
Kapapittahari AP,RT,BRRS
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Table no15 showing Rogagnatha of Hingula according to different texts
Roga DN KN RNV RN RMi BRRS RRCi AP RT
Visha +
Kusta + + + + + + +
Visarpa + +
Tvakdosha +
Tridoshaja daruna jvara + +
Netrarthi + + + +
Meha + + +
Hrillasa + +
Jvara + + +
Kamala + + +
Pleeha + + +
Amavata + + +
Paritapanasha + + +

CINNABAR
71

Cinnabar also called as cinnabarite or native vermilion.It is an ore of Mercury.The name
comes from Greek word Kinnabari used by Theophrastus.In Latin it was sometimes
known as minium, meaning also Red lead. It is a compound of Mercury and Sulphur.It
is also called as Chinese red.Chemical composition: Mercury-86.2%, Sulphur-13.78%
Physical characteristics :-
Colour Bright scarlet or cinnamon red to brick red
Luster Adamantine to submetalic
Transparency Translucent to transparent
Crystal system - Trigonal
Cleavage - Perfect
Fracture - Uneven
Hardness 2-2.5
Specific gravity 8.1
Steak - Red
Associated minerals Realgar, pyrite, dolomite, quartz, stibnite, mercury
Identification:
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It does not have any taste and smell
Insoluble in water.
Does not undergo oxidation (when exposed to environment)
Not attacked by HNO
3
or cold Hcl
Insoluble in aquaregia with separation of sulfur.
Soluble in warm Hcl with evolution of H
2
S.
On heating it gives blue flame with smell of Sulfur and Mercury is originated with a
white-colored small particles.
Types:
(1)Ordinary:
(a) Crystalized: (b) Massive: (c) Earthy:
(2) Hepatic: Liver brown colour with some times a brownish streak occassionally scaly
in structure though commonly granular or compact.
Physical Property:
Cinnabar is a Red or White lines with red colored mineral.
Trigonal or Rhombohedral usually massive, granules.
Sometimes Brownish Red colored Cinnabar is also seen.
It is opaque or sub transparent and adamantine luster.
Chemical property
Insoluble in water and acids but dissolves in aqua regia (mixture of HCl and
HNO
3
) forms mercuric chloride.
On heating mercury gets separated and sulfur evaporates as sulfur dioxide
HgS + O
2
Hg + SO
2

When ignited in air it decends into metal and sulfur the latter burning to SO2.

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Page 31

HIGULOTTA PARADA
72-82

Table no16 showing Hingulotta Parada according to different texts
Ref Drug used Yantra used procedure Duration
RP Paribadra rasa or
jambhavari
--------------------
Snuhi,tilataila
Kanji
Khalva
Urdvapatana
Lohapatra
Mardana
Patana
Samskara
1day
RSR Jambeerarasa Khalva
Urdvapatana
Mardana
Patana

RR Gomootra mahishamootra
Tilataila,Suranala
Sikhipitta
----------------
Kanya,Triphala
Lohapatra

Khalva
---------
Khalva

Pachana

Bhavana
Patana
Mardana
Patana
7days

1day
(7times
whole
proedure)
RNV Gomamsa mahishamootra
Dadimamla Tilataila
Sikhipitta
---------------

Adahpatana
Pachana

Bhavana
Patana
3days each

AP Nimbapatrarasa,Nimburasa
-----------------

Urdvapatana
Mardana
Patana
1yama
YR,
RRSam
Nimburasa Khalva
Urdvapatana
Pistikarana
Patana
1prahara
RNV,
RRS,AK
Adahpatana Patana
RPS Nimburasa
Damaruyantra
Mardana
Patana
4yama
4yama
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RSS Paribadrarasa /jambhavari

Patanayantra
Peshana
Patana
1yama
RT Paribadra rasa,
jambeerarasa or changeri

1\16nishachoorna or
amla+patu
Chathurguna vastra

Urdvapatana

Mardana

Patana
Mardana

Chalana

2days

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TANKANA
83-101

It is very important drug in Rasashastra. Its use not only as antitode for sthavaravisha also
importanat for parada samskara and vividha loha satvapathana.
History:-
There are plenty of references in charaka, susruta,astanga sangraha,astanga hridaya,
kalyanakaraka, gadanigraha.It plays an important place in Rasashastra as can be observed
from its wide use.
Nirukthi:-
Binding ,tying ,numberof people ,a species of horse
Synonyms:-
Karma vachaka tankana,tanka, tanga,dravaka,dravi ,lohashuddikari, rasashodana,
pachanaka,lohadravi; lohasleshaka, svarnapachaka.,dhathuvallabha
Ksharatva vachaka tankanakshara, rangakshara, kanakakshara.
Prapthi vachaka - malathitheerasambhava
Roopa vachaka - varthula
Other subhaga , soubhagya
Vernacular names:-
English - borax
Hindi- suhaga
Kannada - tankana
Latin sodium pyro borate
Occurrence:-
it is available on the bank of malthi river.-DN
A kind of mud containg tankana is found in the beds of dried lakes in upper part of India
and Tibet. this mud is called tankal. It is to be dissolved with water filtered in usual way
and dried up by heat leaving crystals of borax deposited in the bottom. RJN
Occurs in the form of large transparent monoclinic prisms often dulled on the surface.
WT
Available in Puga valley which extends from Rasphu district in western Kashmir.
Associating with salt and sulphur emanating from hot springs and produced in hundus
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region by laxivating the soil from dried beds . the bitterns of sambhar lakes of rajputana
contain 0.5%borax.
USA is the largest producer of crude borate and borax materials.
Borax occurs naturally in evaporite deposits produced by the repeated evaporation of
seasonal lakes. The most commercially important deposits are found in Turkey, Boron,
California, and Searles Lake, California. Also, it has been found at many other locations
in the Southwestern United States, the Atacama desert in Chile, and in Tibet and
Romania. Borax can also be produced synthetically from other boron compounds.
Classification:-
Sathapuspadi varga -DN
Dhatuvarga - KN
Pippalyadi varga - RN
Uparasa - BRRS
Kshara traya,kshara panchaka, mitra panchaka ,dravaka gana - all rasashastra texts.
Types:-
1) Pindakya-which is malinaswetha
2) Sadamaka - which is swethaprabha RJN
1) Tankana kshara
2) Swethatankana RN
3) Spatikabha
4) Gudaprabha
5) Pandur\nilaka -RDP,BRRS
1) Tankana
2) Nilakanta tankana
Ashudda doshas:-
Vanthi
Branthi

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Table no17 showing Tankana Shodhana according to different text
Ref Drug used Yantra used procedure duration
BRRS Jambeera rasa Khalva Bhavana Ahoratri
BRRS Gomaya Avarana
BRRS,Rsam,RT Agnitapa Till phullitha
RSS Kanjikamla

Naramootra
Gomootra
Jambeeramla
Narikelapatra
Marichachoorna
Jala

Roudrayantra

Kshepana
Bhavana
Kshepana

Kshepana
Kshalana

1day

Guna karma:-
Rasa- katu
Guna tikshna ,laghu , sara, rooksha
Verya - usna
Vipaka -amla
Table no18 showing Tankana karmas according to different text
Karma RDP DN KN RK RN BRRS AP RT RSS YR
Sthavaradi vishagna + + +
Rookshana +
Agni deepana + + + + + + +
Agni bhedaka +
Dravini + + +
Bhedini + + +
Vishahari + + +
Jvarapah +
Svarnaroopya shodhana + + + +
Hridya + + +
Saraka + + +
Kapavisleshaka + +
Steepuspajanana + +
Balya + +
Vrananasha + +
Moodagarbha
pravarthaka
+ +
Rechana + + +

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Doshagnatha:-
Kapanashaka DN,KN,AP,RSS
Anilahaa - DN
Pittadooshaka - DN
Pittakrith - RDP,RT
Anilapittakrith KN,AP
Sleshmanilahara - RK
Rogagnatha:-
Kasa ,svasa, gulma, pleeha, agmana, jvara ,shoola.

BORAX
102

Physical properties:-
Crystal structure - monoclinic
Colour white sometimes blue or grey tinge
Streak white
Luster - vitreous sometimes dull
Solubility soluble in water
Hardness 2-2.5
Sp.gravity 1.17
Chemical properties:-
Borax is also easily converted to boric acid and other borates, which have many
applications. Its reaction with hydrochloric acid to form boric acid .
If left exposed to dry air, it slowly loses its water of hydration and becomes the white and
chalky mineral tincalconite .
When borax is added to a flame, it produces a yellow green color. This property has been
tried in amateur fireworks,
[
but borax in this use is not popular because its waters of
hydration inhibit combustion of compositions and make it an inferior source of the boron
which is responsible for most of the green color, and which is overwhelmed by the
yellow contributed to the flame by sodium.
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However, commercially available borax can be mixed with flammables such as methanol
to give the characteristic green flame of boron when ignited, which then slowly gives
way to the characteristic yellow-orange flame of the sodium.
Uses:-
Sodium borate is used in biochemical and chemical laboratories to make buffers,A
mixture of borax and ammonium chloride is used as a flux when welding iron and steel.
Borax is replacing mercury as the preferred method for extracting gold in small-scale
mining facilities.. When a borax-water solution is mixed with PVA glue (wood glue), a
rubbery precipitate is formed which is the result of cross-linking in the polymer.
[4]
Borax,
as a food additive in some countries but is banned in the United States. Sodium borate is
an ingredient in the vaccine Gardasil, manufactured by Merck

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VATSHANABHA
103-110

Nirrukthi:-
As it is like cows udder called as vathsanabha.
Synonyms:-
Prapthisthana vachaka nepali, nepalasringi
Karma vachaka- amritha, visha
Other sveda
Vernacular names:-
Assamee : Mithavish, Bish
Bengali : Kathavish
English : Aconite
Gujrati : Vachhanaag, Basanaag
Hindi : Bisa, Meethabisha, Bachhnaag, Teliya Bish
Kannada : Basanalli, Vatsanabha, Vatsanabhi, Vachanaga
Kashmiri : --
Malayalam : Vatsanabhi
Marathi : Bachnaga
Oriya : Tahara, Mahura, Mithvisa
Punjabi : Mitha Visha, Mithatelia
Tamil : Vasanaavi, Vatsanabhi, Nabhi, Vasanabhi
Telugu : Vatsanaabhi, Naabhi
Urdu : Bachnak, Mithalelia, Beesh, Atees
Grahana vishaya:-
Tuber poisons are to be taken out only when their fruits have ripened when they are still
fresh and heavy and have not been yet deterioted by anti poisonous agencies as wind etc.
thus procured are to be kept wrapped up in the clothes saturated with oil of red mustered
seeds. RJN
Collection should be done in sheetha samaya or vasantha RT

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Types:-
1) Shukla
2) Krishna RJN,AP
1) Krishna
2) Kapisha
3) Pandu RT
Classification:-
Dhatvadi varga - BP
Misrakadi varga -DN
Pippalyadi varga - RN
Soumya visha - BRRS
Mahavisha Rasashastra texts
Swaroopa:-
Nirgundi patra varna
Absence of trees in its suroundings
Sinduvara patra
Nilapuspa
Hastsa dvayonchitha kshupa
Vatsanabha consists of dried roots of Aconitum chasmanthum Stapf. ex Holmes Fam.
Ranunculaceae); plant is an erect, perennial herb, occurs in subalpine and alpinezones of
the western Himalayas, in high plateaus between 2000-4000 m, roots aregenerally
collected late in September.
Grahyalakshanas:-
Vathsanabhanibha, Bangura kandavath
Panchangula deerga, 5-7 angula deerga, 1-1\2angula yvasa
Gosthana sthoola, Amoolachoola kramasho sthoola, Deerga moola sthoola kanda, sthoola
Pandura, Nava, guru ,snigdha, Keetadi abhakshita

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Description:-
Roots paired, occasionally separated due to breakage, ovoid, conical, small portions of
stem sometimes attached, tapering downwards to a point, 2-4.5 cm, rarely 5cm long, 0.4 -
1.8 cm thick, gradually decrease in thickness towards tapering end;wrinkled
longitudinally and transversely, rough due to root scars; dark brown toblackish-brown;
fracture, cartilaginous, hard and white within the cambium ring andbrownish outside
cambium; odour indistinct, taste, slightly bitter followed by a strong tingling sensation,
poisonous.
Ashudda dosha:-
Visha, daha, moha, hrith gathirodhana ,Mrithyu
Table no19 showing Shodhana of Vathsanabha according to different texts
Ref Drug used Yantra used Procedure Duration
RMi,RJN,RT,RSS
YR,Rsam,AP
Gomootra
Jala
Sooryatapa
Kshalana
3days
RMi,,RT,RSS, YR,AP Ajadugda or
Godugda
Dolayantra

Svedana

1yama
RJN Tripalaquatha
Chagiksheera
Dolayantra

Svedana

1day
RJN Gomootra Dolayantra Svedana 8yama
Rpu rakthasarshapa vastra lepana
Rpu,AP Godugda Dolayantra Svedana 5ghatika
Rpu,AP,YR Mahishimala Pachana 1yama
BRRS Jala,ksheera
Ajadugda
Dolayantra

Svedana
Bhavana

RT
RSS Gomootra Bhavana 3days
RDP RSS Tripalaquatha

Pachana

RDP RSS Tripalaquatha
Chagiksheera
Pachana

RDP RSS Gomootra Pachana
YR Jala,ksheera Svedana 1prahara

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Guna karma:-
Rasa : Madhura(RN) katu tiktha(RJN) katu tiktha kashaya(RT,YR)
Guna : Vikasi, Vyavayi, Laghu, Ruksha, Yogavahi, ashukari,
Virya : Usna
Vipaka : Madhura
Karma : Rasyana, sheethashamaka, deepana, brihmana, medya, mootrala,
vedanagna,malarechaka
Doshagnatha:-Tridoshagna,pittashantakaraka
Rogagnatha;-Kusta,sannipatha roga sarvavyadi ,abhighataruja, visarpa, amavatha,
sannipathajvara, hridroga ,pleeha, agnimandya,udara,vatarakta,svasa, kasa, gudamaya,
grahani, gulma, pandu, jvara, netraroga,karnaroga.
Anti-oxidant and Anti-inflammatory activity: Swatinine and a benzene derivative
along with four known alkaloids, delphatine, lappaconitine, puberanine and N-
acetylsepaconitine isolated from aerial parts of A. leave Royle were subjected to
biological studies. Swatinine and delphatine, alkaloids isolated from aerial parts of A.
leave Royle showed fair good antioxidant activity of 54.1% and 55.4%, respectively,
when evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging activity and comparing with 1 mM BHA
(92.1%) as standard. Anti-inflammatory activity was exhibited by all the isolated
compounds but lappaconitine and puberanine showed best and significant anti-
inflammatory activity among all the other alkaloids (Shaheen et al., 2005). In another
study, anti-oxidant activity of flavanoids, quercitin and kaempferol derivatives was
screened via three in vitro assays namely DPPH radical scavenging, total antioxidant
capacity and lipid peroxidation assay using quercitin as standard. All the analyzed
compounds revealed meek activity towards lipid peroxidation assay but ten folds lesser
than the standard. Quercitin derivative showed values higher than kaempferol derivatives
in other two assays, which suggests that quercitin derivative was the most active amongst
all and can be capably utilized in various anti-oxidant medications (Mariani et al., 2008).
Neurological studies: Effect of several Aconitum alkaloids on central nervous system
was screened by Ameri (1998) after dividing them in three different groups comprising of
highly toxic, less toxic and reduced toxic alkaloids on the basis of their structure. The
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pharmacology and therapeutic v/s toxic potential of these alkaloids has been highlighted
and discussed which is of great importance.
It has been reported that aconitine cause persistent activation of Na
+
channels in heart,
skeletal muscles, CNS by blocking their inactivation (Wang and Wang, 2003). Ameri and
Simmet (1999) further observed extracellular recordings of stimulus evoked population
spikes and field excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) in rat hippocampal slices for the
evaluation of antagonistic activity of aconitine (activates voltage dependent Na
+
channel)
against lappaconitine (blocks voltage dependent Na
+
channel) and ajacine which revealed
that the inhibitory and antiepileptiform effect of ajacine and lappaconitine is mediated by
a frequency-dependent inhibition of the voltage-dependent sodium channel, thereby
decreasing the excitability.
Songorine, a diterpene alkaloid from the genus Aconitum was showed to enhance the
excitatory synaptic transmission in rat hippocampus and concluded as a novel non-
competitive antagonist in the GABAA receptor in rat brain (Zhao et al., 2003). Biological
activity of 11 alkaloids isolated from A. coreanum illustrated myorelaxant activity with
Isoatisine and coryphine to be the most active (Dzhakhangirov and Bessonova, 2002

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DATTURA
111-123

History:-
There is references of kanaka in charaka
Synonyms:-
Karma vachaka unmatta,madakari, svaradooshana
Roopa\varna vachaka kanaka,kanakaphala,gantapuspa,kantakita
Devatha vachaka haravallabha,shivashekara,devatha,madana
Other dattora doortha,kitava,tarala thoori,kharjughna,matulaputraka
Vernacular names:-
Assami : Dhatura
Bengali : Dhutura, Dhutra
English : White Thorn Apple
Gujarathi. : Dhaturo
Hindi. : Dhatura
Kannada : Umbe
Malayalam : Ummam
Marati : Dhatra
Punjabi : Dhatura
Tamil : Oomattai, Umattai
Telugu : Ummettha, Erriummetta
Urdu : Dhatura
Classification:-
Karaveeryadivarga - DN
Oushadadivarga KN
Upavisha Rasashastra texts
Types :-
1) Swetha
2) Krishna.
3) Nila
4) Pita
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5) Raktha
Occurrence :-
Dhattra consists of dried seeds of Datura metel Linn.; Syn. D. fastuosa L., D.alba Ramph;
D. cornucopaea Hort. (Fam. Solanaceae); occurring wild throughout the country.
Grahyalakshana
,
:-
Seed reniform, compressed, flattened, surface finely pitted; 0.6 cm long, 0.4 cmwide;
light brown to yellowish-brown in colour; thicker towards the curved edge, which is
rugose; large, pale strophiole near micropyle; odourless; taste, bitter.
Constituents: -
1.0.7 % of alkaloids
2. Hypo-cyamine
3. Acropine
4. Apotropine
5. Belladonnine
6. Scopolamine
7. Resin
8. Daturine (a mixture of Hyoscyamine and Atropine).
Total alkaloid content of the leaves is 0.426%, which is mainly atropine. The seeds
contain 0.426% alkaloids, which is mainly hyoscyamine. The roots contain 0.35%
hyoscyamine.
Table no20 showing Shodhana of Dattura according to different texts
Ref Drug used Yantra used procedure Duration
RMi Godugha Svedana 1yama
BRRS,AP
YR,RPu
Gomootra Ushitha
Nisthusha
4yama
RMi Gomootra
Godugha
Ushitha
Pachana
Nisthusha
4yama
1yama
RT,RDP Godugha Svedana 1yama
RT,RDP Gomootra Svedana 1yama
RDP Uttaravaruni
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Gunakarma:-
Rasa : MadhuraTikta, Kashaya(KN,RJN,Rmi), Katu(DN,RT),
Guna : Guru, Teeshna,Kantikari,Rooksha
Virya : Usna
Vipaka : Katu
Doshagnatha : Pittanashaka
Rogagnatha:-Vrana,Arthi,Kusta,Jvara,Tvakdosha,Kriccha kandu ,Brama, Krimi,
Visha,Sleepada ,Shatha,Svasa, Amavatha ,Sannipathajvara, Visarpa.
Used in modern medicine as antispasmodic and bronchodilatar for asthmatic patients.
Hyoscine depresses vomiting center in the brain, useful to control motion sickness.
Caution: causes dry mouth and throat

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SHUNTI
124

Dried rhizome of Zingiber officinale Roxb. (Fam.Zinglberaceae), widely cultivated in
India, rhizomes dug in January-February, buds and roots removed, soaked overnight-in
water, decorticated, and some times treated with lime and dried.
SYNONYMS
Sanskrit :, Nagara, Visva, Visvabheshaja, sringavera,
Vernacular names:-
Assamese : Adasuth, Aadar Shuth
Bengali : Suntha, Sunthi
English : Ginger root, Ginger
Gujrati : Sunth, Sundh, Suntha
Hindi : Sonth
Kannada : Shunthi
Kashmiri : Shonth
Malayalam : Chukku
Marathi : Sunth
Oriya : Sunthi
Punjabi : Sund
Tamil : Sukku, Chukku
Telugu : Sonthi, Sunti
Urdu : Sonth, Zanjabeel
Discription:-
Rhizome, laterally compressed bearing short, flattish, ovate, oblique, branches on upper
side each having at its apex a depressed scar, pieces about 5-15 cm long, 1.5-6.5cm wide
(usually 3-4 cm) and 1-1.5 cm thick, externally buff colored showing longitudinal
striations and occasional loose fibers, fracture short, smooth, transverse surface
exhibiting narrow cortex (about one-third of radius), a well-marked endodermis and a
wide stele showing numerous scattered fibro-vascular bundles and yellow secreting cells,
odor agreeable and aromatic, taste, agreeable and pungent.

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Constituents-
Essential oil, pungent constituents (gingerol and shogaol), resinousmatter and starch.
Gunakarma:-
Rasa : Katu
Guna : Laghu, Snigdha
Virya : Ushna
Vipaka : Madhura
Karma : Anulomana, Deepana, Hridya, Pachana, Vatakaphapaha,
Therapetuetic uses- Agnimandya, svasa kasa

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MARICHA
125

Marica consists of fully mature dried fruit of Piper nigrum Linn. (Fam. Piperaceae); a
climber, cultivated from Konkan Southwards, especially in North KonkanKerala, and
also in Assam; fruits ripen from December to March, depending uponclimatic conditions;
fruits harvested from December to April.
Synonyms : -
Vellaja, Kan,Ushana.
Verncular names:-
Bengali : Golmorich, Kalamorich, Morich
English : Black Pepper
Gujarath : Kalimori
Hindi. : Kalimirch
Kannada : Karimonaru, Menaru
Malayalam : Kurumulaku
Marathi : Kalamiri
Punjabi : Galmirich, Kalimirch
Tamil : Milagu
Telugu : Miriyalu, Marichamu
Urdu. : Filfil Siyah, Kalimirich
Description: -
Fruits greyish-black to black, hard, wrinkled, 0.4-0.5 cm in diameter.; odor is
aromatic;taste is pungent.
Constituents:
Alkaloids (Piperine, Chavicine, Piperidine, Piperetine) and Essential Oil.
Gunakarma:-
Rasa : Katu, Tikta
Guna : Laghu, Ruksha,
Virya : Ushna
Vipaka : Katu
Karma : mahara, Dpana, Medohara, Pittakara, Chedana, Jantungana, Chedi.
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PIPPALI
126

Pippali consists of the dried, immature, catkin-like fruits with bracts of Piper longum
Linn. (Fam. Piperaceae), a slender, aromatic climber with perennial woody
roots,occurring in hotter parts of India from central Himalayas to Assam upto lower hills
ofWest Bengal and ever green forests of Western ghats as wild, and also cultivated in
NorthEast and many parts of the South.
Synonyms :-
Kana, Magadhi, Magadha.
Venacular names :-
Assamese : Pippali
Bengali : Pipul
English : Long Pepper
Gujrati : Lindi Peeper, Pipali
Hindi : Pipar
Kannada : Hippali
Malayalam : Pippali
Marathi : Pimpali, Lendi Pimpali
Oriya : Pipali, Pippali
Punjabi : Magh, Magh Pipali
Tamil : Arisi Tippali, Thippili
Telugu : Pippalu
Urdu : Filfil Daraz
Discription:-
Fruit greenish-black to black, cylindrical, 2.5 to 5 cm long and 0.4 to 1 cm
thick,consisting of minute sessile fruits, arranged around an axis; surface rough
andcomposite; broken surface shows a central axis and 6 to 12 fruitlets arranged around
anaxis; taste, pungent producing numbness on the tongue; odour, aromatic.
Constituents:--:
Pepper contains volatile oil, the crystalline alkaloids: piperine, piperidine and piperettine,
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and a resin. Long pepper contains the alkaloid piperine (about 6%), which is slightly
higher than that in black pepper, Essential Oil and Alkaloids.
Gunakarma:-
Rasa : Madhura, Katu, Tikta
Guna : Laghu, Snigdha
Virya : Anusna
Vipaka : Madhura
Karma : Dpana, Hridya, Kaphahara, Rucya, Rsayana, Rcana

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GOMUTRA
127-131
Utility: Shodhana of Vatsanabha
Charaka: Mutrashtaka

Sushruta: Mutra Varga

Bhava Prakash: Mutra Varga

English name: Cows urine
Table no21 showing Rasa Panchaka of Gomutra
Rasa
Panchaka
Rasa Guna Veerya Vipaka Karma
Katu,
Tikta,
Kashaya
Tikshna,
Laghu
Ushna Katu Pachana
Table no22 showing Chemical Composition of Gomutra

Sl.No Composition Formula Sl.No Composition Formula
1. Nitrogen N
2
1. Lactose C
6
H
12
O
6

2. Sulphur S 2. Water H
2
O
3. Ammonia NH
3
3. Creatinine C
4
H
6
N
2
O
2

4. Copper Cu 4. Iron Fe
5. Urea CO (NH
2
)
2
5. Uric acid C
4
H
4
N
4
O
3

6. Manganese Mn 6. Carbolic acid HCOOH
7. Phosphate P 7. Hippuric acid CHO-NH-CH
2
-
COOH

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GODUGDHA
132-138

Utility: Shodhana of Gandhaka,Dattura.
Caraka: Gorasa Varga

Sushruta: Kshreera Varga

Bhava Prakash: Dugdh Varga

Table no23 showing Rasa Panchaka of Godugdha

Rasa
Panchaka
Madhura Guru,Snigdha,
Alpabhisyandi
Sheeta Madhura Rasayana,Brihmana.
Balya,Medya
Physical properties of Properties of Cows milk

1) pH : 6.5 to 6.7
2) R.I. of Milk : 1.3440-1.3485 at 200C
3) Viscosity : 2.0 Cp at 25
0
C
4) Surface Tension : 50 dyn/cm at 20
0
C
5) Specific gravity : 1.029 to 1.035
6) Freezing point : -0.58 to 0.54C
Chemical properties of Milk

1) Air and oxygen greatly increase the solubility of copper, whereas carbon dioxide does
not and sucrose acts only slightly.
2) Solubility in boiled milk is influenced by temperature.
3) Pasteurized milk dissolves more metal than raw.
Table no24 showing Compositions of Milk and their Percentage

Sl.No Constituents Percentage Sl.No Constituents Percentage
1. Solids 12.63 1. Solids (not fat) 08.94
2. Proteins 03.14 2. Fat 03.69
3. Lactose 04.82 3. Ash 0.71
4. Potassium 23.54 4. Sodium 11.44
5. Calcium 22.57 5. Magnesium 2.84
6. Iron 00.31 6. Phosphorus 27.68
7. Chlorine 15.01

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NIMBUKA
139-142

Utility: Shodhana of Hingula
Charaka: Phalavarga, Amlavarga

Sushruta: Phalavarga

Vagbhatta: Phalavarga

English name: Lime
Botanical name : Citrus Acida
Family:- Rutaceae
Venacular names:
Sankrit-Nimbuka English -Lime
Hindi-Nimbu Kannada-Limbay
Telugu Nimmapandu Tamil -Elumichhai
Marathi Limbu
Synonyms :
Amlajambira Dantaghna
Jantumari Shodhana
Amlasara Jambeera
Nimbuka Rochana
Habit :
Fruit: Usually small, Globose or ovoid, rindthick or thin, pulp pale, very acidic.
Habitat:It is available throughout India
Table no25 showing Rasa Panchaka of Nimbuka
Rasa
Panchaka
Amla Laghu,Tikshna Ushna

Amla Deepana,Rochaka,
Anulomana,
Pachaka,Krimighna
Doshagnata : Kaphavatashamaka,Pittavardhaka
Rogaghnata:- Agnimandhya, Trishna, Udarashoola, Chhardi, Aruchi, Vibandha,Kasa,
Shwasa,krimi.
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Page 54

Chemical composition: Lemon juice contains citric acid 7-10%, Phosphoric and malic
acids. Also citrates of potassium and otherbases.Sugar, Mucilage, and Ashes.Cellulose,
Vitamin-A, Vitamin-C, Citrine 76%, Cirtrol-7-8% and Sulphuric acid.

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Page 55
PHARMACEUTICAL REVIEW:-
Bhavana:- Concept of Bhavana
143,144
:
The word Bhavana literary means causing to be effecting, promoting or the act of
producing
Definition:
The process by which drugs are powdered and triturated with suitable liquids like
Swarasa, Kashaya etc till the liquid portion dries up is known as Bhavana. Bhavana vidhi
is clearly explained as the drug in the suitable drava is kept for one night and is triturated
and dried under shade on the next day. This process should be repeated for 3-7 days.
Quantity of drava for Bhavana: There are two versions regarding the quantity of
Bhavana drava.
(a) It should be sufficient to soak the powdered drug.
(b) It should be sufficient to immerse the powdered drug completely.
In case of preparation of Kwatha for Bhavana, 1 part of the drug in the form of coarse
powder is taken, boiled with 8 parts of water and reduced to 1/8th and it can be used for
Bhavana karma.
Process and uses of Bhavana:
Sufficient quantity of swarasa or kashaya is added to mix the powder or choorna,
after proper mixing product should be kept as such for the whole night and allowed to dry
in shade during day time. The process is repeated for 3-7 times.
After this Bhavana process the entire physical, chemical properties of each
mineral drug gets changed and becomes more potent. It can be used for various medicinal
preparations. Mardana is performed to disintegrate the material to smaller and smaller
particles so that impregnation of liquid can take place easily. Hence the time, weight,
place, speed and heat produced during trituration are the important factors to enhance the
drug efficacy.
Dhalana
145
:-
Dritha dravyasya nikshepo drave tat Dhalanam matam
The process in which a melted metel is poured in any liquid is called as dhalana.
Yantra Review:

PHARMACEUTICAL REVIEW

Page 56
Khalva yantra
146
:
Yantrum dronyakaram peshanopayogi yantram.
It is hollow ,round ,or boat shaped apparatus made up iron,stone glassor
porcellinas per need.For mercurial operations,Khalvas made out of iron are preferred
while for preparing pistis,bhasmas and formulations,shodhana of certain Rasadravyas
Khalvas made out of stone are preffered.
Generally Khalvas are two types i, e Vartula and Dronyakriti.
Vartula Khalva is made of porcelain or stone.It should be 12 angula in radious,4 angula
in depth and 8 angula in lenth.
Dronyakriti or boat shaped Khalvas are generally used for Mercury processing and made
of iron or stone.Their height varies from 9 to 16, length 16 to 24, breadth 9 to 10,
depth 6 to 7 and thickness of their edges is 2.
Uses: It is used for grinding, rubbing, triturating or mixing of drugs and liquids.
In the present study mortar and pestle made of stone were used for trituration of Hingula
with Nimbu swarasa.

ANALYTICAL REVIEW

Page 57

3. ANALYTICAL REVIEW
147-150

Physico- chemical tests:
Ash value, Acid insoluble ash, loss on drying pH value are some physicochemical tests,
employed in the present study. The brief review of the same is made herewith as under.
1) Determination of Ash value:
Definition of Ash: The residue remaining of incineration is the ash content of the drug,
which represents the inorganic salts naturally occurring in drug or adhering to it or
deliberately added to it as a form of adulteration.
Method:
Total ash is designed to measure the total amount of material produced after complete
incineration of the ground drug at as low temperature as possible to remove all the
corbons,2 to 3 gms of the air dried crude drug has to be accurately weighed in the tarred
platinum or silica dish and incinerate at a temperature not exceeding 450 C until free
from corbon.Cool and weigh.If a corbon free ash cannot be obtained exhausts the charged
mass with hot water,residue to be collected on ash less filter paper,incinerate the residue
and filter paper until the ash is white or nearly so.Percentage of ash to be calculated with
reference to the air- dried drug.
Applied aspect:
Controlled incineration of crude drug,results in ash residue consisting of inorganic
material.Total ash value represents the inorganic salts naturally occurring in drug or
adhering it or deliberately added to it as a form of adulteration.This value varies within
fairly wide limits and therefore an important parameter for the purpose of evaluation of
crude drugs.The total ash usually consists of carbonates,Phosphates,silicates and
silica.High value is indicative of contamination,substitution,adulteration or carelessness
in preparing the drug.

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Determination of Acid insoluble ash
Definition: Acid insoluble ash is a part of total ash insoluble in dilute hydrochloric
acid.This is a ttest to find out adhering dirt, silica material and sand.
Method: The ash obtained by the above procedure should be boiled with 25ml of dilute
Hcl for 5 minutes, the obtained insoluble matter is to be collected on Whatmans filter
paper no.42 and washed with hot water.The residue to be taken in a crucible, dried and
ignited allowed to cool in a desiccators and weighed.The percentage of acid insoluble ash
is calculated with reference to the air dried drug.
Applied aspect: This ash value is used particularly to determine adhering dirt,silica
material and sand.
DETERMINATION OF LOSS ON DRYING AT 110
0
C:-
Method:-
Weigh accurately about 2g of sample material in a silica crucible and dry in a hot air
oven at 110
0
c till a constant weigh is obtained. The difference in two weigths gives the
loss on drying. Calculate the percentage of loss on drying.
Fineness of particles:
The degree of fineness of a powder is expressed by reference to the nominal mesh
aperture size of the sieves for measuring the size of the powders.
Weigh required quantity of sample to be examined and transfer it to the sieve having a
close fitting receiving pan and cover. Shake the sieve in a rotary horizontal direction and
vertically by tapping on a hard surface for not less than twenty minutes or until sifting is
practically complete. Weight accurately the amount on the sieve and in the receiving pan
and calculate the percentage passed through the sieve.
Uniformity of weight of the tablets:-
The average weight is determined by weighing 20 Tablets. The tablets are also weighed
singly. The deviation from average weight in each case is Calculated and expressed in
percentage. Not more than two of the tablet deviate from average weight by a greater
percentage than that shown in the table and no tablet deviates by more than double that
percentage.

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If 20 tablets are not available 10 may be used for the determination.; not more than one
tablet deviate from average weight by a greater percentage than that shown in the table
and no tablet deviates by more than double that percentage.
Average weight Percentage deviation
0.12g or less 10%
More than0.12g and less than 0.3g 7.5%
0.3g and more 5%
Disintergration test:-
Apparatus:-
A glass or plastic tube 80-100mm long with an internal diameter of about 28mm and an
external diameter 30-31mm fitted at lower end with adisk of dust proof wire gauge
complying with requirements for no 10 sieve is suspended in a volume of water having
the depth of not less than 15 cm and at the temperature between 35 and 39 in such away
that it can be raised and lowered repeatedly in a uniform manner through a distance of
75mm at the heighest point of tube the gauge first breaks the surface of water and at the
lowest position the upper rim of the tube remains clear of water . the tube may be
manuplated by hand or mechanically.
Method:-
Place 5 tablets in the tube and raise and lower the tube in such a manner that the
compleate up and down movement is repeated thirty times in a minute. The tablets are
disintergrates when no particle remains above the gauge which would not readily pass
through it. The time required for disintergration of 5 tablets in the manner described is
not more than 15minutes.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy:
Definition:
Atomic absorption spectroscopy is an absorption method where radiation is absorbed by
non-excited atoms in the vapour state.
Principle:
This technique involves the study of absorption of radiation (in ultra violet visible region)
by neutral atoms in the gaseous state. The sample first converted into an atomic vapour
ANALYTICAL REVIEW

Page 60

and then absorption of atomic vapour to be measured, at a selected wavelength, which is
characteristic of each individual element.
Instrumentation:
For all types of atomic absorption spectrometer, the following components are required.
Radiation source:
In Atomic absorption spectroscopy, gaseous discharge lamps are also used. These contain
an inert gas at low pressure and a metal or metal salt. These lamps are useful for the
alkali metals, zinc, cadmium and mercury.
Chopper:
A rotating wheel is interposes between the hollow cathode lamp and the flame.
Production of atomic vapour:
Total consumption burner or pro-mixed burners are used to converting the liquid sample
into the gaseous state and for conversion of the molecular entities into an atomic vapor.
Nebulisation of the liquid sample:
Formation of small droplets from the liquid sample called as nebulisation and it is carried
through backman total consumption burner.
Mono Chromators:
In atomic absorption measurements, the most common monocharamators are firms and
gratings.
Detectors:
For Atomic Absorption spectroscopy the photomultiplier tube used as it has good
stability if used with a stable power supply.
Ultimately, Amplifier and read-out device is used.
Amplifier:
The electric current from detector fed to the amplifier, which amplifies the electric
current many times.
Preparation of samples:
The samples are to be analyzed are used in the form of solution. The best results
obtained when the metal under analysis produces the absorption between 20-80 percent
(i.e., observance between 0.1 and 0.7).
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In atomic absorption analysis, the elements being determined, are reduced to an
elemental state and vaporized, imposed in the beam of radiation from source. This
process, frequently accomplished wiyh drawing a solution of the sample as a fine mist,
into a suitable flame.
The flame thus serves as a function analogous to that of the cell and solution in
conventional spectroscopy.
Applications:
1) Atomic absorption spectroscopy has its wide application in mineralogy,
biochemistry metallurgy, soil analysis, and ceramics.
2) Qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements can be determined.
3) Multi component analysis of elements carried simultaneously.
4) The Metallic elements are determined from biological materials.
5) The metallic elements are determined in food industry.
Advantages:
1) Minute amount of an element can be determined in the presence of high concentration
of other element.
2) It is technique used for qualitatively determination of elements.
3) It is rapid & requires only small amount of materials.
4) Highly specific, because of, the atoms of a particular element can only absorb
radiation of their own characteristic wavelength.
X- ray diffraction:
It is a special and sophisticated technique for conducting the analysis in a non-
destructive fashion. A variety of X-Ray techniques and methods are in use. The main
three categories in which all the methods are classified are:
i. X-Ray Absorption Methods
ii. X-Ray Fluorescence Methods
iii. X-Ray Diffraction Methods
As we have adopted the X-Ray Diffraction method, we will go into the essential details
of this method only.
Principle:
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X-Ray Diffraction Method

When a beam of X-radiation is incident upon a substance, the electrons
constituting the atoms of the substances become as small oscillators. These oscillate at
the same frequency as that of incident X-radiation. These scattered waves come from
electrons, which are arranged in a regular manner in a crystal lattice and then travel in
certain directions. If these waves undergo constructive interference, then these are
diffracted from that crystal plane. Every crystalline substance scatters the X-rays in its
own unique diffraction pattern producing a fingerprint of its atomic and molecular
structure. The following methods used in the X-ray Diffraction Technique.
1) Laue Photographic Method
2) Bragg X-ray Spectrometer Method
3) Rotating Crystal Method
4) Powder Method
We have adopted the Bragg X-ray Spectrometer method. When X-rays fall on a sample,
they are diffracted as per the Bragg's equation:-
Where, = Wavelength of X-rays
d = Spacing between the layers of atoms
= Angle of incident X-rays
Materials and Methods:
X-ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns were obtained using a Shimadzu XRD-6000
diffractometer with Cu-Kas target with 40 KV voltages and 30 MA current.
Sample Preparation:-
The powdered sample was placed in a sample holder and analysis was carried out in a
static position with the detector moving through 2 3 to 70.
Characterization:
The X-ray diffraction of the sample is matched against the standard reference spectra
library of software for phase identification. The method gives certain emission peaks,
which are characteristic of elements contained in the target. The wavelengths of the peaks
can be related to the atomic number of the elements producing them, so they provide a
means of identifying elements present in the target sample. Furthermore, under controlled
ANALYTICAL REVIEW

Page 63

conditions, the intensity of the peaks can be used to determine the amounts of the various
elements present. This is the basis of "electron probe microanalysis", in which a small
target area of the sample in pinpointed for examination. This has important applications
in metallurgical research and in determining the metallic elements in biological materials
(if present)
Advantages:
1. It is rapid and accurate method in identifying the crystal structure.
2. Ease of sample preparation
3. It is large library of known crystalline structure.
4. It is a non-destructive method.

Limitations:
1. XRD cannot help in the case of amorphous solids.
2. Trace element detection is often difficult.
Applications:
Characterizing the crystallographic structure and characterizing heterogenous solid
mixtures.
It is used in determining relative abundance and actual state of chemical combination.
It is only a method, available for determining polymorphs of a substance.
The effect of polymorphism on solubility is particularly important from pharmaceutical
point of view.
Used for differentiation among various oxides. For e.g. difference between FeO, Fe
2
O
3
&
Fe
3
O
4
can be identified.

DISEASE REVIEW

MRITHYUNJAYA RASA IN EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED PYREXIA IN ALBINO RATS Page 64

DISEASE REVIEW
151-164
Ayurvedic Disease Review
As per Ayurvedic principle diseases are caused by Dosha Vaishamya. Normal
balanced state of dosha maintains body in health.
In Ayurveda Jwara has been considered as an independent disease as well as a
symptom of disease .It appears as a symptom of other diseases too. The classical books of
Ayurveda have postulated a mythological story in relation to the origin of Jwara.Jwara is
the lord of diseases born from sin, feeds on ojas, and leads to death. Jwara is originated
from the upper eye of Rudra who destroyed the yagna of Daksha by Wrath (insulted). All
living creature become subject to jwara from at the time of birth to death. Since jwara
attacks the body at the time of birth, it is proper to consider this disease as first. It is said
that man is born and die with fever because it affects the whole body and the mind from
birth to death..
Nirukti of Jwara
The disease which produces Santapa to the body,Indriya and manas is called as
Jwara.
The disease in which kaya and manas are succeptible for taapa is called Jwara.
The disease in which all the three symptoms namely Swedavarodha, Santhapa
and Sarvanga Grahana simultaneously appear is called Jwara.
Historical Background
Vedic Period
Ayurveda is an Upaveda of Atharva Veda. Most of the factors explained in
Ayurveda are compiled from Atharvaveda. Lot of referencec is available in Atharvaveda
regarding Jwara which is termed in Takman or Takma.
Mythological descriptions found in Atharvaveda about Takaman are:
Which mainly afflicts the vital part in the body and shira.
Which troubles body and mind etc.
Atharvaveda has mentioned various synonyms of Jwara like Aruchi, Vigeda,
Vyala, Rudra, Papma,Tapu ,Shoka etc.The description of 9 types of Takamana has been
DISEASE REVIEW


explained in 7
th
Khanda of Atharva veda .By all above reference it may be said that Jwara
is a well known entity from the Vedic period
Samhita Period
In Brithtrayees Jwara is explained elaborately with its Nidana, Samprapti,
Purvaroopa, Roopa and Chikitsa.Laghutrayees like Madava Nidana., Sharangadhara
samhita and Bhavaprakasha samhitha have also described Jwara in detail.Amongest them
madhavakara has stressed upon nidana panchaka of Jwara ,while Sarangadhara and
Bhavamishra concentrated over the treatment aspect.
Nidana
Vitiated tridoshas are responsible for Jwara. Doshas are vitiated by improper
Ahara,Vihara,Asathmindriyartha samyoga, prjnaparadha, parinama or aganthuka
Karanas. While describing the Jwara ,Acharya Charaka says that it appears in the human
body due to eight causes namely Vata, Pitta, Kapha,Vata-Pitta, Pitta-Kapha, Kapha-
Vata,Vata-Pitta-Kapha and aganthuja. Later he named the types of Jwara according to
the causative factors. It can be concluded that vitiated thridoshas individually or in
combinaed act as the general causes of Jwara in which pitta takes with major role. The
factors which Vitiates these doshas are considered as Jwara nidanas. It enlists the nidanas
individually which are tabulated as follows.
Table no26 showing the Types and Causes of Fever
Types Nidana
Vata
Excessive indulgence in rooksha, laghu, sheeta dravyas, overemesis, purgation,
suppressing natural urges, fasting, trauma, excessive or improper, sexual
indulgence anxiety, grief etc.
Pitta Excessive in take of Ushna, Amla, Lavana, Ksharadi katu dravyas,
adhayashana, exposure to severe sun heat, fire, over work, anger etc.
Kapha Excessive consumption of snigdha, guru, madhura, picchila, sheeta, amla and
lavana dravyas, day sleeping, lack of exercise.
Dwandwaja Intake of corresponding Vitiating factors mentioned above.
Aganthuja External trauma, influence of evil spirit, curse of elders, guru etc.Paapa karma.

DISEASE REVIEW


Samprapti
Ayurveda consider that Jwara is manifested due to some disturbance in the
digestive tract mainly in Amashaya. The seat of pitta includes Amashaya. The pitta
vitiated by its own etiological factors causes mandagni. There will be agnimandya in
amashaya and from amashaya Agni is removed. This replaced and vitiated Agni goes to
rasadhatu and along with rasadhatu it circulates all over the body resulting in the
obstruction to the channels of rasadhatu. It drives the Agni to the exterior ie skin and
other tissues and moving along increase heat of the body. Thus jwara is generated.
248
.
The obstruction of the channels of sweat gland is occurs by doshas mixed with ama.
There will be an increase in body temperature and decreasing in sweating.
Chart No. 1 : The Samprati of Jwara
Nidana sevana

Dosha Sanchaya

Dosha Prokopa

Amashaya Pravesha

Agnimandya

Rasa dhatu Anusarana

Sarva shareera sancharana

Swedovaha srothorodha
Ushma sanchaya----- Santhapa--------- Jwara

DISEASE REVIEW


Purva Roopa
Acharya charaka has described the poorvaroopas of jwara in both nidana sthana
and chikitsa sthana. In nidana sthana, he has mentioned dyspepsia, heaviness of limbs,
agitation of eyes, lacrymation, hypersomnia, giddiness, yawning, flexion, tremours,
fatigue, horrpillation etc.
In the context of premonitory symptoms-Madhavakara, Acharya sushruta and
Acharya Bhavamisra have described specific premonitory symptoms of jwara according
to their variety separately. Acharya vagbhata has given only general premonitory
symptoms. All such has been tabulated and is shown here.
Table no27 showing the Purvaroopa of Jwara According to the Different Texts
Sl No Purvaroopa C.S S.S A.H M.N B.N
1 Alasya + - + - -
2 Arathi + + + + +
3 Jrumba + + + + +
4 Guruta + + + + +
5 Vairusya + + + + +
6 Aruchi + + + + +
7 Avipaaka + - + - -
8 Baktadvesha + - + - -
9 Atinidra + - + - -
10 Klama + - + - -
11 Nayanaplava - + - + +
12 Pindikodwestna - - + - -
13 Shrama + + - + +
14 Tamaha - - - + +
15 Vivrnatha - + - + +

Charaka has described the following premonitory symptoms additionally. They
are anannabhilasha, Brahma, pralapa, Jagarana, Dantaharsha, Avipaka, Daurbalya,
Sadana, Bala Varna Hani etc
DISEASE REVIEW


The premonitory symptoms reveal the types of jwara. Jwara which is due to vata,
show the premonitory symptom of excess yawning. In pitta jwara burning sensation of
eyes and in kaphaja jwara aversion towards food for predominant symptoms of two or
three doshas will appear in jwara due to combination of two or three doshas respectively.
Table no28 showing The Vishishta purvaroopa of jwara.
Purva roopa C.S. S.S. A.H. M.N. Sh.S B.N.
Vataja- Jrimba - + - + - +
Pittaja-Akshidaha - + - + - +
Kaphaja-Anannabhilash - + - + - +

Roopa
Numerous symptoms occurring the jwara have been described in classics
according to the type of Jwara.Charaka says that the cordinal symptom of jwara, the rise
in tapa of the body and mind.Acharya Bhavamishra and Madhavakara have given three
cordinal symptoms of Jwara namely:
Swedavarodha Obstruction of sweat
Santapa Rise in tapa
Sarvanga graham pain all over the body.
While other acharyas described various symptoms according to the variety of the
diseases.
Stages of Jwara
Taruna Jwara------ Upto 7 days
Madyama Jwara----8 to 12 days
Poorna Jwara--------After 12 days
Samprathi Ghataka of Jwara
1. Dosha - Tridosha mainly Pitta Dosha.
2. Doshya - Rasa Dhatu
3. Srotas - Annavaha, Rasavaha, Swedavaha.
4. Sroto Dusti Prakara - Sanga.
5. Mala - Sweda
6. Agni - Jataragni
DISEASE REVIEW


7. Ama - Jataragni Mandyajanya
8. Udbhava sthana - Amashaya, Grahani
9. Sanchara stana - Sarva Deha
10. Vyaktha stana - Sarva Deha.
Upashaya Anupashaya
Elaborate description of upashaya and anupashaya of Jwara has not been
mentioned in classics.Vagbhata has stated in brief that the causative factors like
Katu,Tiktarasa,Vishamashana etc. are the anupashaya of vataja jwara.Amla lavana and
krodha etc.are anupashaya for pittaja jwara.Madhuara ,Amla and diva swapna are
anupashaya for Kaphaja Jwara.Contrary to above mentioned etiology ,the antagonizing
factors of gunas of doshas are the upashaya for vatadi Jwaras.
Pathya Apathya
As jwara bears a complicated picture of its own, pathyas and apathyas also differ
according to these varieties. Charaka samhita has given description of pathyas and
apathyas of jwara according to the conditions of the diseases and the diseased.
The fever patient should avoid indulging in articles of food and drink that are
irritantans, heavy disagreeable and antagonistic; they should also avoid exertion, baths,
over eating and sexual indulgence.
Acharya Bhavamishra has described common Pathyas for jwara as:
Patient of Jwara should be kept in nirvata sthana.
Patient should be covered with heavy and warm cloths.
Patient should drink boiled water frequently.
The patient of the taruna jwara should avoid Parisheka, Pradeha, Snehapana,
Samshodhana, Divaswapna, Vyayama, Vyavaya, Krodha, and kashaya rasa prayoga etc.
Jwara Muktha Lakshana
Laghutwa in body
Sweda darshana
Kandu
Appearance of the appetite
Elimination of doshas
DISEASE REVIEW


Mukha Paka
Kshavathu
Anannabhilasha
JWARA CHIKITSA
Treatment of diseases may be classified under the following headings
General treatment
Specific treatment.
All the texts have discussed the line of treatment of jwara in detail
Chikitsa sutra given by Acharya Charaka in chikitsa sthana, in the first stage of
jwara langhana is prescribed. It is not indicated in the jwara caused by aggrvation of vayu
by fear; anger, grief and physical exertion. Langhana alleviates the aggravated doshas and
stimulates Agni. After dosha pachana by langhana, swedana, Yavagu and tiktarasa drugs
are prescribed.. These help in the pachana (Metabolic transformation) of apakva doshas.
At the end of jwara verichana is advised.
Generaly depending upon the involment of doshas the patient is to be
administered with Sneha, Sweda, Pradeha, Pariseka, Vamana Virechana etc. according to
the stages of Jwara. It may also be noted that jwara chiktsa is a model set up for treatment
of other disease.
Mode of Action of Jwaraghna Dravyas
The drug performs its action by virtue of its properties .Viz: Rasa, Guna, Virya,
Vipaka and Prabhava. These inherent properties play a vital role in assigning therapeutic
action acoording to Samanya Vishesha Sidhanta. The dravyas which are administered
as medicine provide the gunas which are lacking in the body and reduces the gunas those
are increased.
The line of treatment for jwara as explained by charaka contains many therapeutic
measures like laghubhojana, langhana, pachana, kashaya paana, Sweda, Pradeha,
Parisheka, Lepaetc.
Vamana,Virechana, Basti Shamanoushadha, Nasya Dhoomapana, Anjana, Dugdha are
pathya. These formulation are to the prepared by using Jwaraghna Dravyas.Many
jwaraghna dravyas are named in our classics under different headings like Jwaraghna,
DISEASE REVIEW


Santhapahara, Amapachana,Vishama jwaraghna, Dahashamana, Jwaraprashamana etc.
These drugs relieve Jwara by virtue of Deepana, Pachana, Santapahara and
Srothoshodana property or by their Prabhava.
Jwaraghna dravyas possess Tikta, Kasaya, Madhura rasa and Laghu ruksha,
Snigdha gunas and Deepana - pachana karma. Tikta Rasa is having property of
Jwaraghna and its site of action is Amashaya. Tikta rasa corrects the srotodusti, does
Amapachana by its Laghu ,Ruksha properties.Madhura Rasa Moistens and smoothens
the surface of the srotas due to its Guru and Snigdha properties and Kashaya rasa due to
its ruksha guna, absorbs the Vidhgdhatha of pitta dosha , the main deranged dosha. All
these Rasa are sheetha Virya and helps in reducing temperature. Pitta dosha is
responsible for the normal and abnormal temperature in the body. The action of pitta
passifying properties acts at the level of Agni, Dhatu, Mala, Dosha and performs the
Jwaragna action.
Body temperature is regulated by the pitta Ushma. In its normal state temperature
of the body will be normal. But when the disturbance due to some causative factors like
infections, diseases, toxins of the body or of some other foreign body, it may result in its
abnormal function creates the rising of temperature known as jwara.
Hence the Jwaraghna action carried out by various forms.
Some drugs act as Jwaraghna by producing Sweating
Eg:Patola, Saireyaka,Tulasi , Dronapushpi.
Some drugs do the vasodilation and result in Jwaraghna like Vathsanabha,
Anjana.
Some drugs which act on the heat regulating system:-Like Karpura, Tulasi,
Bhunimbha and Vathsanabha.
Drugs which do Amapachana and results in Jwaraghna like Kiratatikta, Patola,
Pippali and Shunti.
Some drugs are acting against and destroying the microbes and its toxins.
Eg:- Sapthaparna, Kiratatikta, Karanja.
Some drugs act as Vishamajwaraghna.
Eg: Saptaparna, Bhunimbha, Kiratatikta, Latakaranja.
DISEASE REVIEW


Some drugs control and dicrease the activity of heat regulating system.
Eg:-Guduchi, Chandana, Katuki, Pata, Moorva.
Jwara is mainly caused by pitta.So Jwaraghna dravyas should posess pittahara,
Srothoshodhaka, Deepana, Pachana and Sweda janana properties.
Jwaraghna Gana as told in Charaka samhita is Sariva, Sharkara, Paata, Manjista,
Parushaka, Pilu,Draksha, Abhaya,Amlaki and Vibhitaki. The other groups of dravyas
which act as Jwaraghna are Patolodi Varga,Guduchyadi Varga, Aragwadhadi Varga,
Sarivadi Varga and Pitta Samshamana Vargaetc.
Jwarahara Dravys
Santapahara
Sahadevi, Vastanabha, Anjana, Vetasa, Sariva, Pata, Draksha, Abhaya, Manjista,
Vibhitaki, Parpata, Pilu, Sharkara, Jalanimba.
Amapachana Dravyas
Shunti, Patola, Chandana, Trayamana,Kiratatikta, Guduchi, Katuki, Parijata,
Karavellka and Tikta skandha dravyas.
Dahashamana Dravyas
Kamala, Uthpala,Chandana, Ushira, Sariva, Gambhariphala, Priyangu, Ela,
Laja, Shaivala.
Niyatakalika Jwara Pratibhandhaka : (Anti periodic)
Latakaranja , Sapta parna, Karaveera, Tulasi and Drona Pushpi.
Sarivadi ganadravyas
Sariva, yastimadhu, chandana, Rakthachandana, Padmaka, Gambhariphala,
Madukapushpa,Ushira.
Patoladhi Gana: Patola, Chandana, Rakta chandana, Moorva, Guduchi, Paata, Katuki.
Shamanoushadas for internal use
1) Sanjeevini vati
2) Sudharshana choorna
3) Guduchi ghanavati
4) Guduchyadi kwatha
5) Patoladi kwatha
6) Amrutharista .
DISEASE REVIEW


7) Amruthothara kashsya
8) Dashamoladikatutrayadi kashaya
MODERN DISEASE REVIEW
Fever is an ancient term, but in the last century after the introduction of the
clinical thermometer, it came to mean a raised body temperature. To describe the whole
disease without particular emphasis on the raised temperature, this is one of its future.
The word fever is derived from a Latin word febris meaning elevation of the
body temperature above the normal. The normal temperature taken orally varies from 36
0

C to 37
0
C (96.6
0
F to 99.6
0
F). It differs in every individual.
Physiology of Thermoregulation :-
Body temperature is controlled by thermoregulatory center, which is present in
hypothalamus. It acts as a thermostat. Body temperature is controlled by nervous
feedback mechanism with the help of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. Human
body is considered to have a shell and a core. Skin and subcutaneous tissue constitute
the shell and all other internal structures are called core. The core temperatures is about
37
0
C or slightly more and skin temperature may drop in cold environment to as low as
15
0
C and that is not necessarily harmful, that is generated inside the body as a result of
cellular metabolism and is lost by many measures like conduction and evaporation .
Temperature is not equal in all the individuals and also it is not static through out
the day .In morning it is less as the time passes it increases and again gradually starts to
decline. The normal range of temperature is considered as 96.6
0
F and 99.6
0
F or 36
0
C

37
0
C. When recorded orally. Rectal temperature reflects body core temperature closely.
Rectal temperature is usually some 0.5
0
C more than that of the oral temperature.
The factors influencing the heat production in the body are
Rate of cellular metabolism.
Increased metabolism due to the effect of hormones like thyroxin, growth
harmone, testosterone, epinephrine etc.
Extra metabolism caused due to muscular activity.

DISEASE REVIEW


Heat is lost in following ways
Radiation - lost to surrounding
Conduction - lost to objects.
Evaporation - In the form of sweat.
Heat generated in deeper tissue is brought to blood and lost in the form of sweat.
A temperature of 100
0
F regarded as slight fever.
102
0
F

Moderate
104
0
F high.
105
0
F up word regarded as hyper pyrexia. In hyperpyrexia core temperature
more than 41C
0
may result fatality with causes damage to the nerve cells in the brain.
However core temperature below 40.5
0
C is generally well tolerated by most individuals.
HYPOTHALAMUS

Fig. No. 1 : Hypothalamus
The area of the brain which forms the floor and part of the third ventricle is called
hypothalamus. It is composed of many nuclei scatterd in this area.Hypothalamus being
the key region for maintenance of homoeostasis forms a very important part of the CNS.
DISEASE REVIEW


It is intimately invoved in regulation of many vital function and is also related with
endocrine regulation. It not only acts as the head ganglion of the ANS but also ensures
co-ordination between autonomic and somatic responses as in emotional expressions.
Nuclei of the Hypothalamus:-
A. Preoptic group
B. Medial preoptic nucleus.
C. Supraoptic group
Suproptic Nuclear
1. Dorsomedial nucleus
2. Arcuate nucleus
3. Posterior nucleus
C. Tuberal Group
1. Ventromedial nucleus
2. Dorsomedial nucleus
3. Arcuate nucleus
4. Postrior nucleus.
D. Mammillary Group
1. Medical mammillary nucleus
2. Lateral Mammillary
3. Premammillary nucleus
4. Supramammillary nucleus
To hypothalamusAfferent Connection
1. Corticohypothalamic fibres
2. Pallidohypothalamic fibres connect pallidum to hypothalamus.
3. Thalamo-hypothalamic fibres come through the periventricular path.
4. From amygdale via stria termimalis.
5. From hippocampus via fronix.
6. Fibres from olfactory area and from different parts of limbic cortex via the
medial forebrain bundle.
7. From midbrain via mammillary peduncle.
8. From reticular activating system.
DISEASE REVIEW


Fibres from medulla come as :
a. Serotonergic fibers from raphe nucles.
b. Noradrenergic fibers from locus coeruleus.
c. Other adrenergic fibers.
d. Also fibers from nucleus tracts solitorius.
e. Collateral from the lemniscal system.
f. From habenular nucleus.
From HypothalamusEfferet Connection
1. Mamillothalamic tract.
2. To limbic cortex via medial forebrain bundle.
3. To hippo campus via fornix.
4. To reticular formation of midbrain via mammillothalamic tract.
5. To thalamus.
6. To pitutay via hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract.
7. To various brainstem centers
8. To spinal cord.
Role of Hypothalamus in the Regulation of body Temperature
Hypothalamus acts as a thermostatic centre. Body fixes a normal temperature
known as set point. If body temperature falls this will stimulate the cold receptors present
in the skin. From the cold receptors impulses are transmitted to the hypothalamus.
Hypothalamus takes up the corrective measures. It will increase sympathetic activity,
increase the secretion of adrenaline, increase rate of cellular metabolism and inturn heat
production. Hypothalamus also increases secretion of thyroxin, cellular metabolism and
inturn heat production. Hypothalamus initiates shivering, produces increased muscular
contraction and increase heat production. Hypothalamus produces vasoconstriction, this
will reduce the flow of blood and flow of heat energy to the skin suppose the body
temperature increases and it will stimulate warm receptors of skin. From these receptors
impulses of are transmitted to hypothalamus. Hypothalamus detects the body temperature
if is more than set point and initiates corrective measures.

DISEASE REVIEW


1. Sympathetic discharge decreases, It may produce the following-
Decreased cellular metabolic rate, decreased heat production
Decreased secretion of adrenaline, decrease in metabolic rate, and decrease in
heat production.
Increase in vasodilatation of blood vessels of skin .This will increase blood
flow to skin, increase heat flow to skin, increase heat loss from skin.
2. Decreased the secretion of thyrotrophic releasing factor, decreased TSH secretion from
anterior pituitary, decreased thyroxin secretion from thyroid, decrease in metabolic rate
and decreased heat production.
3. Increase sweating. Sweat gets evaporated. This increases heat loss. All these actions
together bring down the body temperature to normal.
Causes of Fever
Infections of all kinds like bacterial, viral, fungal or parasitic tend to cause fever
of greater or lesser degree.Fever is one of the most characteristic signs of infection.
Inflammatory conditions, Hemorrhage, Immunologic disorers, Infraction, Trauma etc.
The body temperature rises slightly if the metabolic rate is increased, as in throtoxicosis
or vigorous excrcise. Heat stroke and Malignant hyperthermia cause sudden and
danferous pyrexia.

DISEASE REVIEW


Table no29 showing Causes of Fever
Viral
Protozoal
Fungal Bacterial
Influenza
Viralencephal
itis
Chikenpox
Amoebiasi
s
Malarial
Kala-Azar
Actinomyco
sis
Histoplasmo
sis

Specific
infection
Local Infections

Tuberculosis
Typhoid
Pneumococci
E.Coli
Brucellosis
Paratyphoid
Septicemia
Bact.
Endocarditis

With pus
formation
Without
pus formation
Sinusitis.
Mastoiditis.
Dental
Abscess.
Mammary.
Abscess.
Pyosalpinx.
Hepatic
Abscess
Cholecystitis.
Pyonephorsis.
Lung
Abscess.
Bronchiectasi
s.
Brain
Abscess.
etc.
Cystitis
Phlebitis
Inflamed piles
Ulcerative
colitis.

DISEASE REVIEW


Non- Infectious Cause of Fever
1. Neoplasm: Hodgkins disease, Hypernephroma, Hepatoma etc.
2. Blood Diseases : Leukaemia,Agranulocytosis etc.
3. Collagen Diseases: Rheumatic fever, Rheumatoid Arthritis etc.
4. Vascular Diseases: Temporal Artertis, Cranial Artertis Cerebro vascular accident
pulmonary Thrombo embolism etc.
5. Trauma: Crush injury, Head injury etc.
6. Metabolic Diseases: Gout, Porphyria etc.
7. Endocrine Diseases: Thyrotoxicosis, Addisons diseases etc.
8. Hyper sensitivity reactions: Serum sickness, Drug fever i.e. due to
Sulphonamides, morphine etc.
9. Skin disease: Pemphigus, Bullous dermatosis etc.
10. Heat fever: It occurs during summer months, especially in young children and
old peoples.
11. Miscellaneous causes: Cirrthosis of liver, Dehydration, etc.
Etio-Pathogenesis
Fever is usually caused by pyrogens that stimulate the heat center in the brain. Few
factors responsible for disturbance of hypothalamic thermoregulatory function are;
Toxins
Infection
Brain Lesions
Environmental condition.
Human body temperature is not constant through out the day. It fluctuates which is
called, as circadian temperature rhythm. It is usually highest in the afternoon or in the
evening and least at around 5 a.m. in the morning. The difference is about 0.5
0
C or
slightly more.
Pyrogens
The substances that induce the fever are called pyrogens. The term comes from
the Greek Pyro- fire and gen to be born. The word pyrogen introduced by Bur nod
Sanderson in 1876, which denotes fever producing substances.
DISEASE REVIEW


Pyrogens bias response of the temperature since to neurons. It leads to rise in set
point of hypothalamic thermostat resulting in elevation of temperature. Generally
pyrogens are following groups.
Protein.
Breakdown products of protein.
Lip polysaccharide toxins released from bacterial cell membrane.
End toxins of gram negative bacteria.
Proteins released from degenerating tissue of the body.
Pyrogens are grouped into two
Endogenous pyrogens.
Exogenous pyrogens.
Endogenous pyrogens are the proteins released by degenerating tissues, factors
released from injured cells, polypeptides produced by a variety of host cells.
Exogenous pyrogens are those, which are produced by invading organisms.
Some of the exogenous pyrogens are:
Microorganisms like bacteria, virus, protozoan and other infective agents.
Toxins released by infective agents.
Lip polysaccharides found in cellular membrane of gram negative bacteria.
Lipo teichoic acid and peptidoglycons found in cell membrane of gram-
positive bacteria.
Generally Exogenous pyrogens act primarily by inducing the formation of
endogenous. By stimulation of the host cells i.e. monocytes and macrophages.
Endogenous pyrogens are produced host itself. Its production is triggered by
infection or inflammation. These are produced either systematically or locally and enter
to the circulation. By disturbing thermoregulatory centre of hypothalamus and produces
fever.
Some of the Endogenic Pyrognes are
Cytokine.
Intralukin l
12 - 1
DISEASE REVIEW


Tumor necrosing factor (TNF)
Chart No. 2 : Mechanism of Pyrexia

Brain Lesion Infection Environmental

Bacterial cell wall

Arachildonic Exogenous Lipo Polysaccharides
+ Pyrogens +
Cyclo oxygenose Neutrophills

Prostaglandins Prostaglandins

[PGD
2
, PGE
2

PGF
2

Hypothalamus

Thermoregulatory Centre

Fever
DISEASE REVIEW


Types of Fever
Pathological pyrexia may be classifed into three types based on the duration of
infection such as
1. Continuous fever: When the fever does not fluctuate more than 1
0
F during 24hrs but at
no time touches the normal, it may be described as a continuous fever.
2. Remettent fever: When the daily fluctuations exceed 2
0
F it may be known as remittent
fever.
3. Intermittent fever: When the fever is present only for several hours during the day, it
may be called as intermittent fever.
Accordingly to Sevills text of medicine the classification of pyrexial disorders
may conveniently based upon the results of examination namely the Eruptions if present
and the course of temperature. So pyrexia may be classified as
Eruptive fever.
Continuous fever
Intermittent fever.
The text book of medicine Dr.Golwala has classified pyrexia under
following:
a) Continuous fever: High temperature throughout the day with a difference between
maximum and minimum daily temperatures being less than 2
0
F. Following are
Typhoid.
Miliary tuberculosis.
Bacterial Endocarditis
Viral pneumonia
Hepatic amoebiasis
b) Intermittent fever : High peaks of fever with subsidence to normal or subnormal levels as
in
Malaria
Filariasis
Septicemia
Local & General pyrogenic infections.
DISEASE REVIEW


Acute pyelonephritis
c) Periodic fever
Rat bite fever
Relapsing fever
Brucellosis
Hodgkins disease
d) Double rise fever
Kala Azar
Typhoid Pulmonary tuberculosis
Liver abscess
Line of Treatment:-
There is no general sigle line of treatment for all fevers classified. Broadly
speaking the fever should be treated according to the cause; eg. Fever of the bacterial
infection origin should be treated suitable antibiotics and in the case of viral infection it is
advised to treat the cause of viral infection.
Antipyretics are very much useful in all types of pyrexial disorders. As the fever
produces dangerous side effects in the body, along with the causative treatment,
symptomatic treatment also is essential.
Fever may appear as an individual entity and also as a symptom, complication, and
premonitory symptom of other disease. So line of treatment also varies depending on the
manifestation of fever.
The antipyretics reduce the temperature by following ways:
Through increasing loss of heat by acting on thermogenic centre in
cropusstriatum. eg: Amidopyrine, Acetanilide, Phenazone etc.
By dilating the cutaneous blood vessels and thus augmenting radiation.
eg: Nitrosin, Salicylates.
Through increasing the amount of perspiration and causing loss of heat by
evaporation.
DISEASE REVIEW


Through obstructing heat, cold bath, cold wet pack, cold sponging, local irrigation
with cold-water compress and evaporating lotions are agents by which we can
obstruct heat and thus increasing heat loss.
By neutralizing or destroying any specific poison causing pyrexia, such as quinine
in malarial fever, sulpha drug in fever due to bacterial infection.
Antipyretic Action
In fever the thermostatic mechanism is set at a higher level even though it is not
completely derrnged. Drugs act centrally and reset this mechanism at the normal level
and there by bring down the temperature. They do not show any demonstrable antipyretic
activity in a normal individual. Antipyretics act by inhibiting brain PG synthesis and
release. Increase dissipation of heat mainly by producing cuteneous vasodilatation.
Accompanying sweating assists the reduction of body temperature.They does not affect
the heat production and pathological process.
Classification of Antipyretics
Central antipyretics which produces loss of heat by acting on heat regulating
centre in hypothalamus.eg:-Asiprin. Sodium salicylate.
Specific antipyretics---Which reduces fever by removing the cause of fever eg;--
Antimalarialcure malarial fever.
Diaphoreticswhich produces loss of heat by increasing sweating.eg: Pilocarpins
and physostigmins.
Physical method---Lower temperature either by abstracting heat by producing
vasodilatation.
Vasodilator----By dilating cutaneous blood vessels and augmenting heat radiation.
eg:Alcohal and opium.

EXPERIMENTAL REVIEW

Page 85
EXPERIMENTAL REVIEW:-
165-175

Introduction
In olden days all the leading authors of Ayurveda have stressed the importance of
four main pramanas to obtain the real knowledge of any padartha. These four pramanas
served as different methods to prove truthfulness of a matter. They are prathyaksha,
anumana, yukti and aptopadesha.
In present era modern people believemore in proved facts and require rationality
behind facts. All the facts have to be proved by scientific methods and establish the facts
through experimental trial.
Animal testing or animal research is the use of non-human animals in scientific
experimentation.
Tatra chaturvida Bhutagramah, Sansvedaja, Andaja Audbhida Sangnah.

Tatra purusha pradanam, Tasyopakaranam Anyat

Man occupies a supreme position among all the living creatures. Hence for experimental
trial, other animals should be utilized as experimental models.While describing Anna
Raksha vidhi, the effects of food contaminated with poison on various animals and birds
are described. These instances make it clear that, animal experimention was undertaken
in ancient time also, though antedilution communication techniques were different from
those of the present day.
In the present study,it is an attempt in determining the toxicity of Shuddha Hingula under
the heading of experimental study.Before toxicological studies can begin, experimental
review of animal speices used,Study types,group size,dose selection and route of
administration are the general issues studied wide infra.
Species selection:
The choice of species for use intoxicological studies is a compromise between what is
required or desired,and what is practical,Naturally when performing any toxicity study it
would be ideal to use a species with the same metabolism,Pharmacokinetics and organ
susceptibibility as man

EXPERIMENTAL REVIEW

Page 86
The rats-Animals used in the present study:
The most widely used strains of rat are Sprague-Dawley and Wistr,the latter is a slightly
smaller animal which may offer an advantage for some studies. The animals must be well
examined which is free not only from common diseases but also free from all pathogenic
organisms. such SPF animals are usually Caesarian derived and then maintained under
specially barrier conditions. To minimize the biological variation it is usual, when
conducting toxicological studies, to use genetically homogeneous SPF animals.
On arrival in the facility:
The animals should be marked for identification purposes and allowed to acclimatize to
their new environments and diet. During this time various pretest measurements can be
made.
Age of Rats:
It is desirable to commence toxicology studies in young rodents, six or seven weeks old,
the animals should be about six weeks old and fully weaned on arrival.
Recording weight:
The rats should be weighed on several occasions before the study begins ,and those
failing to gain weight at a normal rate or outside a normal weight range for their age
should be rejected.
Steps to be followed before starting the experiment.
1. Adequate number of animals should be available for study.
2. Each animal must be individually tested.
3. Injuries, abnormalities and lesions should be rejected.
4. Record the weight of all animals
Behaviour:
Rats are usually friendly and amenable animals if handled gently,although there are some
strain differences.Rats have a tendency to be nocturnal.Feeding,srinking and mating all
usually occur at night.Their eyesight is poor,and blind rats will behave as if perfectly
normal.
Housing:
Rats may be kept in metal or plastic cages.if mesh floors are used,care must be taken to
ensure that the mesh is small enough that young animals do not fall through it.solid
EXPERIMENTAL REVIEW

Page 87
bottomed cages are best and wood shavings,wood chips or paper may be used as
bedding.Cages should be clearly marked,with an individual label for each animal.Cages
should be arranged on racks in such a way as to distribute animals from different groups
evenly in the various positions in the rack and around the animal room.All these steps can
overcome the animal placement effect.
Standard diet:
Rats like all rodents,are coprophagic.They can be fed adlibitum for restricted time on a
complete palleted rodent diet,from hoppers suspended abovev the floor of the cage.The
diet should contain 20-27% protein.Rats will eat 5g feed per 100gm body weight daily.
Water:
Water may be provided by sipper tubesor by automated watering systems.The water may
need to be acidified or chlorinated to reduce contamination.particularly for
immunocomprosed rats.Rats will drink 5ml per 100gm body weight daily.
Environment:
Rats are less sensitive to temperature changes than mice,but should be kept between 21 +
2 c.The humidity should be 40-70%.A 12-hour light period is adequate for rats,but being
nocturnal,bright light is deleterious particularly for albino rats and results in retinal
degeneration.The level should be less than 400 IX or 100 IX for albinos.photopoeriod
affects the oestrus cycle,and 12-16h light is best for optimal breeding.Housing
Environment has been observed to influence the toxicity of some drugs.
Breeding:
Puberty occurs at 50-60days,and breeding begins at 3 months when female weigh 250g
and makes 300g.They breed until they are 12-18 months old.Oestrus occurs every 4-5
days.Mating usually occurs at night,and a copulatory plug of gelatinous material is left in
the vagina of 12-24 hours,which then falls out and can be detected to confirm that mating
has occurred.Gestation lasts 21-23 days.
Growth:
Male rats exhibit prolonged growth,and bones do not become fully ossified until their
second year.

EXPERIMENTAL REVIEW

Page 88
Group sizes:
The minimum number of in treatment groups in dictated by the regularizes authorities.It
may be advisable to increase the number of Experimental animals as there is a desire of
accuracy and sensitivity.Normally 6-10 rats in a group is appropriate.
Gum acacia:
It is vehicle drug and as a control. This is the dried gummy exudates obtained from the
stems and branches of Acacia Senegal or other African species of Acacia.It has no
pharmacological action and inert.This is as a suspending agent for the oral administration
of the trial drug and as a control drug in 1% strength.
Controls:
A concurrent control group which is identical in every aspect to the treated groups,
expect for exposure to the test substance,should be used.
Statical Methods:
Descriptive statistical analysis has been carried out in the present study results on
continuous measurements are presented on Mean + SD(min-max) and results on
categorical measurements are presented in number(%).Significance is assessed at 5%
level of significance.Analysis of variance has been used to find the significance of study
parameters between the groups,Student t test has been used to find the significant changes
of parameters with in each group
Route of administration:
As a general rule drug administration in animals must include include the route to be used
in human dosing as well, usually, as the oral route.The method of dosing are dependent
upon the circumstances of the study. When rodents are used the drug is usually given as a
suspension or solution by gavage. Dosing by gavage also has its problems. It requires
skill on that part to avoid dosing accidents.High doses of hypertonic irritants can cause
toxicity in the in the respiratory tract by reflux from the oesophagus to the trachea.Such
problems can be minimized by using suitable catheters.
Antypyretic Study:-
Ayurveda also acceptes the importance of visible facts. So it is essential to prove
all the Ayurvedic theories and drug efficacy scientifically. From among all the disorders
fever deserves to be described first, being the foremost of all somatic diseases. Fever or
EXPERIMENTAL REVIEW

Page 89
pyrexia can be defined as raised somatic temperature. Raise of temperature mainly is due
to changes in thermo regulatory centre situated in the hypothalamus. Due to etiological
factors thermo regulatory set point may rise due to which body temperature increases.
Methods for inducing pyrexia in experimental animals are as follows:
i. T.A.B. Vaccine Method
This method of inducing pyrexia is adopted only in rabbits. T.A.B. Vaccine is
used as a pyrogen in this method. T.A.B.Vaccine is a combined vaccine used to produce
immunity against the disease typhoid, paratyphoid- A Paratyphoid B, 5ml of T.A.B.
Vaccine is taken and diluted with normal saline in the ratio 1:15. This solution is given
intra peritoneally. Generally after 3 hrs. temperature rises to peak point.
ii. Chemical Induction Method
This method also can be adopted only in rabbits. Pyrogen used in this method is
Tetra hydro B-napthyle amine. This chemical is administered in rabbits in the dose of
40mg/kg body weight which shows significant rise of temperature.
iii. Yeast Induced Method
Method is explained by Gujaral et.al.1995 and also by poonam et.al. 1989. In this
procedure yeast known as Brewers yeast is used as a pyrogen.20% yeast solution is
prepared in normal saline and injected subcutaneously in the dose of 1ml/100gm body
weight. It induces pyrexia in 1hr. This method is adopted if the experimental animals are
albino rats.

Materials &
Methods
MATERIALS AND METHODS

Page 90
COMPARITIVE EVALUATION OF ANTIPYRETIC ACTIVITY OF TWO PREPARATION OF
Aim:
To carry out two types of preparations of Mrithyunjaya rasa.
Objectives:
Shodhana of ingredients of two types of Mrithyunjaya rasa.
Preparations of two types of Mrithyunjaya rasa.
Physico-chemical analysis of two preparations of Mrithyunjaya rasa.
Evaluation of antipyretic activity of two types of Mrithyunjaya rasa.
Comparative evaluation of antipyretic activity of two types of Mrithyunjaya rasa.
Materials:
This includes:-
1. Major raw drugs required for preparations of Mrithyunjaya rasa.
2. Associated raw drugs for Shodhana of ingredients.
3. Equipments
Major Drug:
Parada, Gandhaka, Hingula, Vatsanabha, Tankana, Trikatu, Dattura beeja and moola
for preparations of Mrithyunjaya rasa(1&2) were purchased from authenticated sources
and also observed Grahya-Agrahya Lakshanas mentioned in classics.
Associated raw drugs: - Drugs required for major ingredients Shodhana like Nimbuka,
Gomutra, Godugdha, Gogritha and Haridra Choorna were collected from recognised
authenticated sources.
Equipments:
Fuel Used- LPG stove
Khava yantra.
Accessory equipments as Spatula, weighing machine, measuring jar, vessel,
etc.


Page 91
Methodology:
Pharmaceutical:-
Shodhana of Hingula by Bhavana procedure.
Extraction of Parada from Hingula by Urdvapatana method.
Shodhana of Gandaka by Dalana procedure.
Shodhana of Tankana by Nirjalikarana procedure.
Shodhana of Dattura by Swedana procedure.
Preparation of Mrithyunjaya rasa (1&2) accordingly.
Experimental:-
Pilot study will be conducted by selecting a group of albino rats to assess the
dose (fatal,
LD 50 dose, therapeutic dosage) frequency, vehicle as well as mode and route of
administration.
Experimental induction of pyrexia:-

Pyrexia will be induced by subcutaneous injection of1ml of 20% of Brewers yeast
suspension in saline solution.
Wister rats (150-200g) will be selected and divided into 5 groups, each group
consisting of 6 animals.
After 18hour of yeast injection, three different doses of Mrithyunjaya rasa
(1&2) based on pilot study will be administered orally to each group as a suspension.
Paracetamol (200mg/kg) will be used as a standard drug for comparison of antipyretic
activity and all the control animals will receive the solvent. Rectal temperatures will be
recorded at 60 min intervals.
Group1: This group serves as control.
Group2: This group will be administered with Paracetamol (200mg/kg) orally.
Group3: This group will be administered with test drug Mrithyunjaya rasa (1) with Low
dosage which is determined during the Pilot study.
Group4: This group will be administered with test drug Mrithyunjaya rasa (1) with
Medium dosage which is determined during the Pilot study.
Group5: This group will be administered with test drug Mrithyunjaya rasa (1) with High
dosage which is determined during the Pilot study.

Page 92
The same protocol will be followed to test the Mrithyunjaya rasa (2) also.
Statistical evaluation
The difference between the rectal temperatures before and after giving antipyretic drug
(recorded at 60 min intervals) will be recorded. The maximum reduction in rectal
temperatures
in comparison to the control group will be calculated. The results were compared with the
effect of standard drug. Then efficacy of antipyretic actions of the prepared Mrithyunjaya
rasa (1) with Mrithyunjaya rasa (2) in albino rats will be compared and analyzed
statistically by Student Newman Kuels Test.


Page 93
Pharmaceutical study
Practical No. 1
Name of the Practical: Hingula Shodhana
Reference: Rasatarangini 9/12
Date of Starting: 15-4-10
Date of Completion: 23-4-10
Materials: (1) Raw Hingula: 475gms
(2) Nimbu Swarasa: 280ml
Method: Bhavana
Apparatus: Weighing machine, Mortar with pestle, Spatula, Vessel, Cloth, Measuring
Cylinder etc.
Procedure:
Raw Hingula was weighed exactly 475 gms and kept in a mortar.
First, fine powder was made.
Lemon juice was collected.
For first Bhavana, 70 ml of nimbu rasa, the quantity sufficient to immerse the
Hingula Choorna was added.
The mixture was subjected for continuous and cautious trituration till Swarasa was
dried up.
When the powder was totally dried up, it was consider as the completion of first
Bhavana
Then again sufficient quantity of Swarasa was added and mixture was triturated.
The same process was repeated for 6 times and in total 7 Bhavanas were given.
Every time fresh Swarasa was used.


Page 94
Table no30 showing Details of Hingula shodhana
No of Bhavana Weight of Hingula Quantity of Lemon juice Date Time duration
1 475gms 70 ml 15-4-10 5 hrs
2 295gms 40 ml 16-4-10 4
1\2
hrs
3 ---- 35 ml 17-4-10 4 hrs
4 ----- 35 ml 17-4-10 4 hrs
5 ------ 35 ml 19-4-10 4 hrs
6 ------ 35 ml 19-4-10 4 hrs
7 ---- 30 ml 22-4-10 4 hrs

Observations :
For first Bhavana the quantity of lemon juice required was quite more than the
subsequent Bhavana.
The colour of Raw Hingula was shining dull red which was changed after every
Bhavana.
Lemon juice was yellowish in colour.
Characteristic smell of lemon was appreciated during trituration.
Time required for giving Bhavana changes according to the surrounding temperature.
Time required for Bhavana given in afternoon, was comparatively less than the time
required for Bhavana given in morning.
The quantity of Lemon juice decreased as Bhavana continued.
Time required for completion of Bhavana also decreased as Bhavana continued.
The colour of Hingula became brighter and brighter; and particle size reduced after
each Bhavana.
Precautions :
The quantity of Lemon juice taken for every Bhavana should be sufficient
enough for the immersion of Hingula Choorna.
Mardana (Trituration) should be done continuously and cautiously especially
when the Swarasa was added.

Page 95
Initially when the powder became more wet, at that time, trituration should be
done slowly so as to avoid the expulsion of material from the mortar.
Also at the end of every Bhavana trituration should be done slowly, as the
material became more sticky.
Khalava should be kept covered when the process is not in progress.
When the material was totally dried up by trituration then only it should be
called as the completion of one Bhavana and then only fresh Swarasa should be
added for next Bhavana.
Result:
Time taken for practical: 9 days.
Quantity of Hingula taken: 295 gms.
Quantity of Hingula obtained: 325 gms.
Wt. gain: 30 gms.
Table no31 showing Physical examination of Hingula before and after shodhana
Tests Before Shodhana of Hingula After Shodhana of Hingula
Consistency Shining blocks Lusterless powder
Colour Whitish red Dark red
Touch Hard Solid Soft Fine
Smell No specific smell Lemon smell
Taste ----- Sour

Practical No. 2
Name of the Practical :Tankana Shodhana
Reference :Rasatarangini 13\77-78
Date of Starting : 28-4-10
Date of Completion : 28-4-10
Materials : (1)Raw Tankana : 200 gms
Method : Nirjalikarana\ Strongly heating.
Apparatus : Weighing machine, Gas-stove, Vessel, Mortar and pestle etc.

Page 96
Procedure :
Firstly the big pieces of Tankana were crushed into smaller ones and was spread
into the vessel which was kept on fire.
Tivragni was given.
When watery portion present in Tankana was completely evaporated and Tankana
was blossomed up fully, it was then subjected for self-cooling.
After self-cooling, Tankana was taken out, powdered and weighed.
Observations:
Initially Raw Tankana was whitish, crystalline, heavy, smooth and
brittle in nature.
After 10 min of heating Tankana was started to melt.
Watery portion was started to evaporate giving rise to a bubbling sound.
At the end of 2hrs, Tankana was blossomed up fully and became light and
"puspavat
Precautions:
Pieces of Tankana should be smaller.
Vessel should be having bottom proportionate to the quantity of Tankana
Tivragni should be given.
Results:
Total time taken : 1 day
Total heating time : 2hrs
Weight of Tankana taken : 200 gms
Weight of Tankana obtained : 115 gms
Weight loss : 75 gms


Page 97

Table no32 showing Physical examination of Tankana before and after shodhana
Tests Before Shodhana of Tankana After Shodhana of Tankana
Colour Whitish White puspavat
Form Crystalline Powder opaque
Weight Heavy Light
Surface touch Smooth slippery Fine
Taste --------- Kshara, katu
Practical No. 3
Name of the Practical : Hingulotta Parada vidhi
Reference :Rasatarangini 5\38-42
Date of Starting : 20-4-10
Date of Completion :6-5-2010
Step-1:-
Materials : Nimbuka rasa marditha Hingula : 180gms
Method : Urdvapatana by Damaruyantra
Heating Time : 7 hrs.(as per advice of guide)
Equipments : Damaruyantra, Vessels, Heating system etc.
Procedure :
In a pot Shoditha Hingula was taken and spread equally inside lower part of the
pot.
Over this another equal sized pot was kept invertedly.
Sandhibhandana was done with multani mitti smeared cloth with quantity
sufficient cloth and allowed to dry.
This apparatus was kept over stove and continuous heat of 750
0
c given for 7 hrs.
To ovoid the heating of upper pot a wet cloth kept frequently over the top of the
upper pot.
Then apparatus kept for svangasheetha.
After svangasheetha Sandhibhandana was removed carefully.

Page 98
Globules of Parada adhered to inner surface of upper pot were collected carefully
and filtered.
Observations:
After 1hr of heating, sulphur smell was appreciated\smelt.
Initially change of wet cloth was not so oftenly required but later it was.
Globules of Parada were adhered to inner surface of upper pot.
Reddish orange coloured powder was seen in lower pot.
Blackish suit which was smooth and minute seen over the inner surface of upper
pot.
The colours of the outer surface of both pots were changed.
The collected Parada was bright and slightly covered with Blackish suit.
Precautions:
Damaruyantra including Sandhibhandana should be properly made.
Heating should be proper and was well maintained.
Change of wet cloth should be done frequently over the top of the upper pot.
After svangasheetha Sandhibhandana should be removed.
Removing Sandhibhandana should be done properly without disturbing the inner
contents.
Globules of Parada adhered to inner surface of upper pot should be collected
carefully.
Step-2:-
Materials :Extracted Parada:-64 gms
Haridra choorna:-4gms
Method : Mardana
Duration: 3-5-20106-5-2010
Equipments: Weighing machine, Mortar with pestle, Spatula, Vessel, Cloth
Procedure:-
Extracted Parada weighed exactly -64 gms was taken in a Mortar.
Haridra Choorna was added and triturated for16hours.

Page 99
Then the power was filtered with a 4 folded cloth and bright shining Parada was
collected.
Observations :
After 1\2 hrs colour became greenish yellow later brilliant green.
Parada slowly turned to droplets and mixed with Haridra completely.
Characteristic smell of Haridra was appreciated during tricturation.
Collected Parada was bright shiny and resembled like Madyahna soorya prakasha
pratima.
Collected Haridra was brilliant green after filtration.
Precaution:-
Trituration should be done slowly and cautiously to check the loss of Parada.
Genuine Haridra Choorna should be used.
Results :
Total time taken : 7 days
Shuddha Hingula taken : 180gms
Material obtained from upper pot : 74 gms
Incompletely burnt residue obtained from lower pot : 75gms
Total Hg obtained in 180 gm of Shuddha Hingula : 74gms
Mercury obtained after Mardana : 64gms
Total loss of Hg :106 gms
Practical No:-4
Name of the Practical: Dviguna Kajjali preparation
Reference: Rasatarangini 6/168-176
Date of Starting: 6-5-2010
Date of Completion: 12-5-2010
Materials: Hingulotta Parada: 64gm.
Shuddha Gandhaka: 128 gm.
Method: Mardana
Equipments: Khalva Yantra, Spatula, Steel plate,

Page 100
Procedure:
Gandaka was made into fine powder.
Hingulotta Parada was added and trituration done.
Parada slowly turned to droplets.
Gradually the white colour of Parada and yellow colour of Gandhaka disappear
and a black powder was formed.
Trituration was continued till the powder became black in colour and very fine
like Kajjali and fulfilled all the criteria of Kajjali.
At the end of 45 hrs,the entire powder became fine, black, smooth, lusterless and
Kajjalabha.
Table no33 showing Observations during Kajjali nirmana
Hrs Observations :
0 Parada +Gandaka
5 Tailing of Hg.
30 Turned to yellowish to platinum grey colour.
2 Platinum grey colour
21\2 50% parade was disappeared.
6 Platinum grey colour.
16 Shiny particles of Parada were disappeared.
20 Black fine powder.
22 Rekhapoornatha but still shiny particles present.
30 Shiny particles present.
45 Nischandratha observed.

Precautions:
To prepare proper Kajjali, Gandhaka should always be taken in a fine powder
form.
Trituration should be done slowly and cautiously to check the loss of Parada.


Page 101
Results:
No. of days taken : 10 days
Total time taken for Kajjali: 48 hrs.
Wt. of Parada and Gandhaka : 292 gms
Wt. of Kajjali obtained : 280 gms
Total wt. loss: 12gms.
Physical examination:
Appearance:-Fine powder
Colour: - Black
Touch: - Smooth
Smell:-No specific smell

Practical No:-5
Name of the Practical: Gandhaka Shodhana
Reference: Rasaratnasamucchaya 3\20-22
Date of Starting: -24-4-10
Date of Completion: -27-4-10
Materials: Raw Gandhaka-200gms
Milk -1000ml
Ghee-30ml
Hot water-for washing
Step:-1
Method: - Swedana
Equipments:-Weighing machine; Gas-stove, Vessel, Mortar and pestle, Rod, Cloth;
Earthen pot
Procedure:
Gandaka was made into powder and tied into pottali.
Pottali tied to rod and placed over pot containing milk.
Heating done in mandagni for one hour.
After svangasheetha pottali removed out and Gandaka was collected.

Page 102
After the procedure Gandhaka was washed with hot water to remove the remnants
of milk from it and dried in shade.
Observations:
All mud particles and dust which were present in Gandhaka was separated out.
Shoditha Gandhaka was of bright yellow coloured with greenish tinge & shiny.
The number of hours taken for Shodhana was 3hrs.
Table no34 showing Observations during Gandhaka Shodhana by Swedana
Date Quantity of
milk taken
Weight of
Gandhaka
taken
Weight of
Shuddha
Gandhaka
obtained
Time taken
for
procedure
Time taken
for Swanga
sheeta
24.04.2010 1 liters 200 gms 190gms 1 hours 2hours

Table no35 -Showing observation of before and after Gandhaka Shodhana
Particulars Before Shodhana After Shodhana
Smell of milk characteristic Smell of Sulphur
Colour of milk White Yellow
Colour of Sulphur Yellow Bright yellow
Precautions:-
Should be boiled in Mandagni only.
Care should be taken to add milk frequently as it evaporates on boiling .
of milk from it.
The pottali should not touch the bottom\sides of the pot.
Result:
Initial weight of Gandhaka - 200 gms
Weight of Gandhaka after Swedana - 190gms
Loss of weight after Swedana - 10 gms


Page 103
Step 2:-
Method: - Dalana.
Equipments:-Weighing machine; Gas-stove, Vessel, Ladle, Spatula Cloth.
Procedure:
Dugdha shodhita Gandhaka was then taken in a Loha patra.
30ml of Gogritha was added and kept on a gas stove and was heated till it melts.
The melted Gandhaka was then poured into a vessel through a Cora cloth.
The bolus of Gandhaka which was in the bottom of vessels was then collected.
Then washed several times in hot water and dried in shade.
Table no36 - showing observation during Gandhaka Shodhana by Dalana
Date Quantity of
Gritha taken
Weight of Dugdha
Shoditha
Gandhaka taken
Weight of
Shuddha
Gandhaka
obtained
Time taken for
procedure
26.04.2010 30 ml

190gms 185gms 1 hours
Observation:
The Gandhaka settles at bottom forming a bolus mass.
The unctuousness of Gritha was seen more with Gandhaka.
The dust particles get separated by Cora cloth while pouring through Cora cloth.
Gandhaka was melted at 110
0
c.
The melted Gandhaka turns reddish yellow colour.
It takes about 20 min to melt completely, and during the process smell of
Gandhaka was appreciable.
Precaution:-
Care should be taken not to over melt.
of Gritha from it.
Care should be taken not to heat more, as Gandhaka catches fire.


Page 104
Result:
Initial weight of Dugdha Shodhita Gandhaka - 190gms
Weight of Gandhaka after Shodhana in Gritha - 185gms
Loss of weight after Shodhana in Gritha - 5 Gms
Total Loss of weight after Shodhana of Gandhaka - 15gms
Practical No:-6
Name of the Practical: Vathsanabha Shodhana
Reference: Rasatarangini24\19-22
Date of Starting: -27-4-2010.
Date of Completion: -1-5-2010.
Materials: Raw Vathsanabha -200gms.
Gomutra- 1500ml.
Method: - Sthapana
Equipments:-Weighing machine; Mud pot, Motor and Pestle, Knife.
Procedure:
Vathsanabha were cut into small pieces.
These pieces were kept in a mud pot.
Gomutra was poured to dip these pieces.
Then pot was kept open in Sunlight.
Next day Gomutra changed and kept in sunlight.
After three exposures, the external skin was peeled off.
Then dried in shade.
Table no37 - showing details of Vathsanabha shodhana
Date Amount of Gomutra Duration of exposure to Sunlight
27-4-2010 600ml 6hours
28-4-2010 500ml 51\2hours
29-4-2010 400ml 61\2hours


Page 105
Observation:
It is very difficult to make Vathsanabha into pieces.
The colour of Gomutra was yellow which became brownish yellow.
Pieces of Vathsanabha became soft.
After three days it became easier to peel off the external skin.
The smell of Gomutra was appreciated during removal of the external skin.
Irritation of hands observed during removal of the external skin.
After drying also, smell of Gomutra was appreciated from Vathsanabha.
Precaution:-
Pot should be kept Bright Sunlight.
Every day fresh Gomutra should be used.
After Exposure to sunlight, the pot should be kept closed till next exposure.
During removal of the external skin hand glove should be used.
After removal of the external skin, it should be dried in shade.
Results:-
Initial weight of Raw Vathsanabha - 200gms
Weight of Vathsanabha after Shodhana - 120gms
Loss of weight after Shodhana - 80Gms

Practical No:-7
Name of the Practical: Dattura Shodhana
Reference: Rastarangini24\346-347
Date of Starting: -27-4-2010.
Materials: Raw Dattura -200gms.
Godugdha-1500ml.
Method: - Swedana.
Equipments:-Weighing machine; Mud pot, Gas-stove, Vessel, , Rod, Cloth.


Page 106
Procedure:
Genuine Dattura seeds weighed and tied into a pottali.
Pottali tied to a rod and placed over the pot containing milk.
Heating was done in mandagni for three hours.
After Svangasheetha, pottali removed out and Dattura was collected.
After the procedure, Dattura was washed with hot water to remove the remnants
of milk from it and dried in shade.
Observations:
All mud particles and dust which were present in Dattura was separated out.
During Swedana, the characteristic smell of Dattura was appreciated.
The seeds became soft, bulged and dull colour.
Table no38 - showing observation during Dattura Shodhana by Swedana
Date Quantity of
milk taken
Weight of
Dattura
taken
Weight of
Shuddha
Dattura
obtained
Time taken
for
procedure
Time taken
for Swanga
sheeta
27.04.2010 1 liters 200 gms 195gms 3 hours 3Hours
Table no39 -Showing observation of before and after Dattura Shodhana
Particulars Before Shodhana After Shodhana
Smell of milk characteristic Smell of Dattura
Colour of milk White Coffee brown
Colour of Dattura Brown Dull brown
Precautions:-
Should be boiled in Mandagni only.
Care should be taken to add milk frequently as it evaporates on boiling.
After the procedure, Dattura was washed with hot water to remove the remnants
of milk from it.
The pottali should not touch the bottom\sides of pot.


Page 107
Result:
Initial weight of Dattura - 200 gms
Weight of Dattura after Shodhana - 195gms
Loss of weight after Shodhana - 5 gms
Preparation of Mrithyunjaya rasa (1):-8
Name of the Practical: Mrithyunjaya rasa(1)
Reference: Bhaishajya ratnavali5\500-509
Date of Starting: -.10-5-2010
Materials :
1. Jambeera rasena shodita hingula :-54gms
2. Shuddha Gandaka :- 26gms
3. Shuddha Tankana :- 26gms
4. Gomutra shodhita Vathsanabha :- 26gms
5. Maricha :- 26gms
6. Kana :-26gms
Method:-Bhavana.
Equipments:-Weighing machine; Mortar with pestle, Spatula, Vessel, Cloth, Measuring
Cylinder etc
Procedure:-
Hingula was taken in Khalva yantra and pounded into powder.
Gandhaka was added to it and trituratiation was done.
To that Tankana was added and trituratiation was done.
Then other ingredients were added and trituratiation was done.
After pounded into fine powder, Nimbu Swarasa was added and trituratiation was
done.
Then Mudga pramana vati were prepared.
Vaties were dried and stored.


Page 108
Observation:-
After trituration of Hingula, Gandaka and Tankana the colour turned into
whitish red.
On continued trituration by adding all ingredients, the colour turned into pale
brick.
After adding Nimbuka rasa and continued trituration turned into dark brick
red.
After adding Vathsanabha, the characteristic odour of Gomutra was
appreciated.
After adding Maricha and Kana, the characteristic odour of Maricha and
Kana were appreciated.
After vati preparation also, the characteristic odour of Maricha and Kana
were appreciated.
Table no40 -Showing Physical charecteristics of Mrithyunjaya rasa(1)
Appearance Vati
Colour Brick red to reddish
Touch Fine, smooth
Odour characteristic odour of Maricha and Kana
Taste Astringent, pungent
Precaution:-
Mardana (Trituration) should be done continuously and cautiously.
Khalava should be kept covered when the process was not in progress.
Rasadravya should be triturated first then other drugs.
Only Shoditha rasa dravyas are to be used.

Result:-
Initial weight -182gms
After preparation weight -180gms


Page 109
Preparation of Mrithyunjaya rasa (2):-9
Name of the Practical: Mrithyunjaya rasa (2)
Reference: Bhaishajya ratnavali5\510-511
Date of Starting: -14-5-2010
Date of Completion: -16-5-2010
Materials:
1. Kajjali :-6gms
2. Shuddha Tankana :- 8gms
3. Gomutra shodhita Vathsanabha :- 16gms
4. Maricha :- 21gms
5. Kana :-21 gms
6. Shunti :-21gms
7. Dattura :-32gms
8. Dattura moola Swarasa for Bhavana
Method:-Bhavana.
Equipments:-Weighing machine; Mortar with pestle, Spatula, Vessel, Cloth, Measuring
Cylinder etc
Procedure:-
Kajjali was taken in Khalva yantra and to that Tankana was added and trituratiation
was done.
Then other ingredients were added and trituratiation was done.
After pounded into a fine powder, Dattura moola Swarasa was added and
trituratiation was done.
Then Masha pramana vati was prepared.
Vaties were dried and stored.


Page 110
Observation:-
After trituration of Kajjali and Tankana the colour turned to whitish black.
On continued trituration by adding all ingredients, the colour turned to pale
black colour.
After adding Dattura moola Swarasa and continued trituration turned into
black colour.
After adding Vathsanabha, the characteristic odour of Gomutra was
appreciated.
After adding Trikatu, the characteristic odour of Trikatu were appreciated.
After vati preparation also, the characteristic odour of Trikatu were
appreciated.
Table no41 -Showing Physical charecteristics of Mrithyunjaya rasa(2)
Appearance Vati
Colour Black
Touch Fine, smooth
Odour characteristic odour of Trikatu
Taste Astringent, pungent
Precaution:-
Mardana (Trituration) should be done continuously and cautiously.
Rasadravya should be triturated first then other drugs.
Only Shoditha dravyas are to be used.
Result:-
Initial weight -126gms
After preparation weight -120gms

ANALYTICAL STUDY

Page 111

Analytical Study:-
Drug analysis consists in the estimation of purity and quality for drugs used in the
pharmaceutical preparations. The drugs that are manufactured should be understood well
and vividly interpreted in the light of modern chemistry. A quality control programme for
pharmaceutical industries involves, batch to batch uniformity of the products ensuring
that the final product posses desired characteristics of identity, purity, potency,
uniformity, safety, efficacy and stability with in established levels which meet all the
legal, professional and company standards. When these things applied to Ayurvedic
formulations, helps in standardizing the drug in total, for better understanding &
interpretation of physic-chemical changes occurring in processings and also ensure the
safety and efficacy of the drug.
In the present study analytical stud y was done for the following two samples i.e.
Aims and Objectives:
To analyze Physico-chemical properties of Mrithyunjaya Rasa(1&2).
To carryout quantitative estimation of Mercury ,Sulphur and Borax in
Mrithyunjaya Rasa(1&2).
To carryout X-Ray diffraction studies on Mrithyunjaya Rasa(1&2).
Materials and methods
Ancient parameters of Mrithyunjaya Rasa(1&2)were conducted at P.G. Dept of
Rasashastra, GAMC, Bengaluru.
Modern physical and chemical tests were conducted at Bengaluru test house,
Bengaluru and Government Central Pharmacy, Bengaluru.
X-Ray diffraction study was conducted at Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru
Methods: Physical tests:
Ancient parameters:
The ancient parameters such as Varna, Sparsha, Gandha were studied at post graduate
department of Rasa shastra, G.A.M.C, Bangalore.
The following results were obtained
ANALYTICAL STUDY

Page 112

Table No45.: Showing ancient parameters of Mrithyunjaya Rasa(1)and
Lakshanas Mrithyunjaya
Rasa(1)
Mrithyunjaya
Rasa(2)
Varna Brick red to reddish Black
Sparsha Fine, smooth Fine, smooth
Gandha characteristic odour of
Maricha and Kana
characteristic odour of
Trikatu
Rasa Astringent, pungent Astringent, pungent

Modern parameters;-
DETERMINATION OF TOTAL ASH
Determination of Total Ash:-
Materials:
Silica crucible,Electronic weighing machine, Electric furnace.
Procedure:
Total ash is designed to measure the total amount of material produced after complete
incineration of the ground drug at as low temperature as possible (out 450
0
) to remove all
the carbons.2-3gms of air dried crude drug has to be accurately weighed in the tarred
platinum or silica dish and incinerate at a temperature not exceeding 450
0
c until free
from carbons. Cool and weigh. If a carbon free ash cannot be obtained exhausts the
charged mass with hot water, residue to b e collected on ash less filter paper, increate the
residue and filter till the ash is white or nearly so. Percentage of ash to be calculated with
reference to the air dried drug.
Results
Table No46.: Showing percentage of ash values

S.N. Samples Values in ./.
1 Mrithyunjaya rasa(Red) 15.1
2 Mrithyunjaya rasa(Black) 8.15
ANALYTICAL STUDY

Page 113

DETERINATION OF ACID INSOLUBLE ASH
Material:
Silica crucible, Burner, What man filter Paper, Electronic weighing machine
Dil HCl - 25ml, conical flask,
Method:
The ash obtained by the above procedure should be boiled with 25ml of dilute Hcl for 5
minutes, the obtained insoluble matter is to be collected on Whatsman filter paper no.42
and washed with hot water. The residue to be taken in crucible .dried and ignited allowed
to cool in a desiccators and weighed. The percentage of acid insoluble ash is calculated
with reference to air dried drug.
Results :-
Table no47 - showing the values of acid insoluble ash in percentage
S.N. Samples Values in ./.
1 Mrithyunjaya rasa(Red) Negligible
2 Mrithyunjaya rasa(Black) Negligible

DETERMINATION OF LOSS ON DRYING AT 110
0
C:-
Materials:
Silica crucible, Electronic weighing machine, Electronic air oven
Method:-
Weigh accurately about 2g of sample material in a silica crucible and dry in a hot air
oven at 110
0
c till a constant weight is obtained. The difference in two weights gives the
loss on drying. Calculate the percentage of loss on drying.
Table no 48- showing the values loss of drying at110
0
in percentage

S.N. Samples Values in. /.
ANALYTICAL STUDY

Page 114

Fineness of particles:
The degree of fineness of a powder is expressed by reference to the nominal mesh
aperture size of the sieves for measuring the size of the powders.
Weigh required quantity of sample to be examined and transfer it to the sieve having a
close fitting receiving pan and cover. Shake the sieve in a rotary horizontal direction and
vertically by tapping on a hard surface for not less than twenty minutes or until sifting is
practically complete. Weight accurately the amount on the sieve and in the receiving pan
and calculate the percentage passed through the sieve.
Table No49.: Showing Particle size of Mrithyunjaya rasa(1&2)
Sl.no samples Result Impression
1
Mrithyunjaya
rasa(Red)
100% of the sample passes
through 180 micron mesh
Super fine powder
2
Mrithyunjaya
rasa(Black)
100% of the sample passes
through 180 micron mesh
Super fine powder

Uniformity of the weight of Tablets:-
Materials:- Silica crucible, Electronic weighing machine
Procedure:-
The average weight is determined by weighing10Tablets of Both Mrithyunjaya rasa. The
tablets are also weighed singly. The deviation from average weight in each case is
Calculated and expressed in percentage.
Table No50.: Showing Uniformity of the weight of Mrithyunjaya rasa(1&2)
Average weight of
Mrithyunjaya rasa(red)
Average weight of
Mrithyunjaya rasa(black)
Percentage deviation
0.18g 0.17g 7.5%

ANALYTICAL STUDY

Page 115

Disintegration test:-
Apparatus:-
A glass or plastic tube 80-100mm long with an internal diameter of about 28mm and an
external diameter 30-31mm fitted at lower end with disk of dust proof wire gauge
complying with requirements for no 10 sieve is suspended in a volume of water having
the depth of not less than 15 cm and at the temperature between 35 and 39 in such away
that it can be raised and lowered repeatedly in a uniform manner through a distance of
75mm at the highest point of tube the gauge first breaks the surface of water and at the
lowest position the upper rim of the tube remains clear of water . The tube may be
manipulated by hand or mechanically.
Method:-
Place 5 tablets in the tube and raise and lower the tube in such a manner that the complete
up and down movement is repeated thirty times in a minute. The tablets are disintegrates
when no particle remains above the gauge which would not readily pass through it. The
time required for disintegration of 5 tablets in the manner described is observed.
Table No51.: Showing Disintegration time of Mrithyunjaya rasa(1&2)
Determination of mercury:-
Procedure:
Dissolve about 0.3 g of the sample in 5 ml of aquaregia and add 100 ml of water. Add 40
ml of 0.05 M EDTA, 5 ml of Ammonia Buffer Solution and 0.5 ml of Solochrome Black
Indicator. Titrate the solution with 0.05 M Zinc Sulphate until the blue colour changes to
purple (do not overshoot the end point); add 3 g of Potassium Iodide, swirl to dissolve.
Allow to stand for two minutes. Then, continue the titrations with Zinc Sulphate Solution
to the same end point as before. Each ml of Zinc Sulphate Solution required after
addition of Potassium Iodide = 0.0103 Hg.
S.N. Samples Disintegration time
1 Mrithyunjaya rasa(Red) 10minute
2 Mrithyunjaya rasa(Black) 11minute
ANALYTICAL STUDY

Page 116

Table No52: Showing of Percentage of Mercury Mrithyunjaya rasa
S.N. Name of the sample Percentage of
Mercury
2 Mrithyunjaya rasa(Black) .98
Determination of sulphur: Estimation of sulphur by eschka method (Gravimetrically)
Materials:
Eschka mixture and other reagents, Electronic weighing machine, Crucible
Whatman filter paper
Method: 1 gm of sample is ground to pass 80 mesh sieves and 3 gm of Eschka mixture
(2 parts of calcined magnesium oxide and 1 part of anhydrous sodium carbonate) is
added. Intimately mix in a crucible and cover with another 2 grams of Eschka mixture.
Ignite the content till all the carbon is burnt. Cool the crucible.
Add 10% borium chloride solution with constant stirring, to precipitate all the
sulphates and a small excess. Filter the Solution with whatman filter paper and collect
the precipitate and weigh it as Barium Sulphate.
Calculation: Wt. of BaSO4 x 0.1373x100 = % of Sulphur.
Amt. of sample
Table No53: Showing of Percentage of Sulphur in Mrithyunjaya rasa
S.N. Name of the sample Percentage of
Sulphur
Determination of Borax
Table No54: Showing of Percentage of Borax in Mrithyunjaya rasa
S.N. Name of the sample Percentage of Borax
1 Mrithyunjaya rasa(Red) 18

ANALYTICAL STUDY

Page 117

Chemical analysis:
II.1. X-ray Diffraction Study:
Materials:
Agate mortar and pestle, XRD analyser.
Mrithyunjaya rasa(1&2) - each 1 gm.
Method:
It is carried out by using JEOL JDX8p X-ray diffractometer. The samples were
characterized by powder X-ray diffraction using PANalytical Xpert pro diffractometer
with Cu K (=1.5418A
o
) radiation equipped with Xcellerator 40kV and 30mA
The 2-theta value and intensity of the peak (counts) are represented on X and Y-
axis respectively. Higher the value of counts represents higher the crystallanity of the
phase. For identification of each phase, minimum 3 strong peaks were chosen and
compared with standard Joint Committee Powder Diffraction File (JCPDF). The
standard JCPDF number, identified phase and composition are also given.
D-spacing value in XRD of the samples:
Below mentioned table shows the Diffrction values of the samples. This values
are compared with standard values and crystal structure of perticular substance is
identified.
X-ray Diffraction Study:
Measurement Conditions: (Bookmark 1)
Measurement Date / Time 11/30/2010 2:56:20 PM
Operator Administrator
Raw Data Origin XRD measurement (*.XRDML)
Scan Axis Gonio
Start Position [2Th.] 5.0170
End Position [2Th.] 79.9600
Step Size [2Th.] 0.0330
Scan Step Time [s] 74.9300
Scan Type Continuous
PSD Mode Scanning
ANALYTICAL STUDY

Page 118

PSD Length [2Th.] 2.12
Offset [2Th.] 0.0000
Divergence Slit Type Fixed
Divergence Slit Size [] 0.4785
Specimen Length [mm] 10.00
Measurement Temperature [C] 25.00
Anode Material Cu
Generator Settings 40 kV, 30 mA
Goniometer Radius [mm] 240.00
Dist. Focus-Diverg. Slit [mm] 91.00
Incident Beam Monochromator No
Spinning No
Main Graphics, Analyze View: (Bookmark 2)

Position [2Theta]
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Counts
0
100
200
300
400
MNJ Black.xrdml
ANALYTICAL STUDY

Page 119

Peak List: (Bookmark 3)

Pos. [2Th.] Height [cts] FWHM
[2Th.]
d-spacing
[]
Rel. Int. [%]
23.3488 39.57 0.3897 3.80992 11.83
24.6011 36.53 0.1948 3.61875 10.92
26.6315 334.50 0.1948 3.34729 100.00
30.8458 43.11 0.7793 2.89890 12.89
33.0650 81.76 0.1299 2.70923 24.44
43.8546 96.93 0.2598 2.06448 28.98
52.0786 71.65 0.6336 1.75472 21.42
54.7097 18.10 0.2857 1.67777 5.41
70.4742 17.41 0.3093 1.33620 5.20
72.3700 1.00 0.1500 1.30580 0.30
This is the simple example template containing only headers for each report item and the
bookmarks.
Modify it according to your own needs and standards.
Measurement Conditions: (Bookmark 1)
Measurement Date / Time 11/30/2010 3:22:40 PM
Operator Administrator
Raw Data Origin XRD measurement (*.XRDML)
Scan Axis Gonio
Start Position [2Th.] 5.0170
End Position [2Th.] 79.9600
Step Size [2Th.] 0.0330
Scan Step Time [s] 74.9300
Scan Type Continuous
PSD Mode Scanning
PSD Length [2Th.] 2.12
ANALYTICAL STUDY

Page 120

Offset [2Th.] 0.0000
Divergence Slit Type Fixed
Divergence Slit Size [] 0.4785
Specimen Length [mm] 10.00
Measurement Temperature [C] 25.00
Anode Material Cu
Generator Settings 40 kV, 30 mA
Goniometer Radius [mm] 240.00
Dist. Focus-Diverg. Slit [mm] 91.00
Incident Beam Monochromator No
Spinning No
Main Graphics, Analyze View: (Bookmark 2)

Position [2Theta]
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Counts
0
500
1000
MNJ Red.xrdml
ANALYTICAL STUDY

Page 121

Peak List: (Bookmark 3)

Pos. [2Th.] Height [cts] FWHM
[2Th.]
d-spacing
[]
Rel. Int. [%]
19.4523 66.11 0.1299 4.56340 4.69
22.0513 38.08 0.1299 4.03107 2.70
23.2279 357.73 0.1299 3.82948 25.38
24.9280 51.40 0.2598 3.57202 3.65
25.4555 88.91 0.1299 3.49919 6.31
26.6455 1239.87 0.1948 3.34555 87.97
27.1558 139.48 0.1299 3.28384 9.90
27.8657 91.79 0.1624 3.20177 6.51
28.3272 402.56 0.1624 3.15065 28.56
28.8357 52.27 0.1299 3.09623 3.71
31.3492 1409.37 0.1948 2.85349 100.00
36.1285 12.18 0.3897 2.48623 0.86
37.1719 38.95 0.1299 2.41880 2.76
37.9490 89.36 0.1948 2.37104 6.34
43.8030 203.68 0.2922 2.06679 14.45
44.8354 70.66 0.3247 2.02157 5.01
45.9415 259.93 0.2273 1.97544 18.44
47.9517 30.18 0.2598 1.89722 2.14
51.9002 144.34 0.1948 1.76179 10.24
52.8376 165.74 0.2273 1.73272 11.76
54.8062 191.68 0.2598 1.67505 13.60
58.4153 40.36 0.3247 1.57987 2.86
59.1923 39.21 0.2598 1.56097 2.78
65.1256 42.01 0.2598 1.43237 2.98
70.0773 61.86 0.2598 1.34279 4.39
72.4861 52.11 0.3247 1.30399 3.70
ANALYTICAL STUDY

Page 122

75.7065 33.96 0.4752 1.25529 2.41
Results:-
Both have major phase of mercuric chloride having peaks of 1.6777.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY


Fever is a disease condition in which heat regulating mechanism of the body is impaired,
leading to raise in temperature above normal. Higher temperatures have deleterious
effects on living body, which has to be brought down immediately with help of
antipyretics.
Locale of the study:
The experimental trial was conducted in the department of Pharmacology, S.C.S. College
of pharmacy, Harapanahalli.
Source of animals:
Animals were procured from central animal house, Indian Institute of Science,
Bengaluru.
Selection of animal species:
The preferred rodent species is the rat; both male and female species are used for
Antipyretic studies.
Housing conditions:
Animals were kept in polypropylene cages with paddy husk bedding. The temperature in
the experimental room was around 24
0
c (+3).Lighting was natural, the sequence being
12hdark/light cycle.
Feeding schedule:
Animals were provided standard food pellets and water. The animals were fed with 15-
20gm of rat pellet daily.
Maintenance:
All the experimental animals were maintained at animal house, department of
pharmacology, S.C.S. College of pharmacy, Harapanahalli.
Preparation of cages:
All the cages used for the experiment were cleaned before the commencement and during
the experimentation; they were cleaned once in 4 days till the end of the experiment. The
cages were labeled with the number of animals and dosage groups.
Preparation of animals:
The animals were randomly selected, marked to permit individual identification and kept
in their cages for at least 5days prior to the initiation of dosing to allow for
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY


acclimatization to the laboratory conditions.
Grouping of animals:
Before grouping the inclusion and exclusion criteria was fulfilled.
Inclusive criteria:
Adult normal albino rats
Rats weighing 150-200gms
Albino rats aged between 90-120 days were included.
Exclusive criteria:
Unhealthy albino rats
Weighing below 150 and above 250gms
Albino rats below 90days and above120 days were excluded.
The remaining animals were randomly selected, equally divided into groups. Each group
animals were kept in separate polypropylene cages.
Examination of the animals prior to the experiment:
All the Wister albino rats were subjected to general check up for sex and weight.
The animals with abnormal behavior and health were excluded.
Animals of 2-3 months of age as specified by the breeders were selected.
Sex is determined by looking at external genital organ.
Weight of each rat was checked by using spring balance counted as number of
beats per minute by feeling the heart rate by thumb.
Respiratory rate was counted as number of inspiration and expiration per minute
observing the movement of abdomen.
Temperature was checked by inserting the digital thermometer in the rectum of the
animals and recorded.
Group specific marking was done by coloring the extremities by using the
permanent markers.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY


Requirements for the study:-
1. Adult Healthy albino rats weighing 150-200gms and aged between 90-120 days
2. Electronic thermometer
3. Brewers yeast
4. Distilled water
5. Normal saline
6. gum acasia
7. Paracetamol
8. Syringes, needles
9. Feeding cannula
10. Glove
11. Mrithyunjaya Rasa(1)
12. Mrithyunjaya Rasa(2)
Pilot study:
To determine Diurnal variation of temperature in Albino rats
To determine standard pyrogenic agent
To determine acute toxicity
To select the appropriate initial dose for the main study.

Diurnal variation of temperature in Albino rats:-
Diurnal variation of temperature was noted in Albino rats. For this, 3 rats from either sex
were taken. They were randomly selected with equal weights, marked and their
temperature was noted from 9am to 5am.In each hour the temperature was noted 3times.
Likewise the temperature was noted for 3days.The means of temperature were taken and
were found to be 33.8
0
c .
The temperature of rats increased during the noon till 2pm. The increase was about .2
0
c
from initial temperature.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY


Table no42 -Showing Diurnal variation of temperature in Albino rats
Hour Time Means of temperature of 3days
taken thrice
Mean of
3rats taken
in 3days
Grand mean
Rat no.1 Rat no.2 Rat no.3
1. 9am 34.5
0
c 33.9
0
c 33.8
0
c 34
0
c

33.8
0
c
2. 10 am 34
0
c 33.9
0
c 33.6
0
c 33.8
0
c
3. 11 am 33.5
0
c 34
0
c 33.4
0
c 33.6
0
c
4. 12am 35
0
c 34.2
0
c 33.8
0
c 34.3
0
c
5. 1pm 36
0
c 33.6
0
c 34.1
0
c 34.5
0
c
6. 2 pm 34.5
0
c 34.1
0
c 33.9
0
c 34.1
0
c
7. 3 pm 32.1
0
c 33.9
0
c 33.5
0
c 33.1
0
c
8. 4 pm 33.2
0
c 33.9
0
c 33.3
0
c 33.4
0
c
9. 5 pm 34
0
c 33.8
0
c 33.5
0
c 33.7
0
c

Standardization of Brewers yeast:-
A reproducible standard pyrogenic agent is necessary throughout the whole experiment.
So to evaluate the reproducibility of Brewers yeast induced pyrexia, a preliminary
investigation was needed to standardize the yeast.
That includes:-
a)Collection of Brewers yeast:-
Brewers yeast was purchased in a authentitic source.
b)Preparation of Brewers yeast:-
Standard pyrogenic agent is prepared by adding .5% of Methyl Cellulose and 20% of
Yeast solution in normal saline (20 grams yeast in 100ml of normal saline).
c)Method of Standardization:-
Healthy Albino rats, maintained in standard laboratory condition in the animal
house were selected. These rats were selected randomly of either sex. 12 Rats were
classified into two equal groups containing 6 rats in each groups and weights were
recorded of each rats.
Rats were marked for their individual identification by using colouring at various
parts of the body, like head body tail and so on. Both groups were kept in separate cages,
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY


marked as groupG
1
, group G
2
. Food was withdrawn 18hrs before the commencement of
the experiment but drinking water was provided.
By using a Electronic thermometer, rectal temperature of each rat was recorded
before the commencement of the experiment. Before injecting the yeast, rats of group
1(G
1
) were kept as control group and the rats were injected with distilled water,
subcutaneous in the region of thigh with the dose of 1ml/100gm body weight.
Animals of group 2(G
2)
were kept as trial group and injected with 20% solution of
Brewers yeast with the dose of 1ml/100gm body weight and procedure is similar as that
G
1
and both groups were kept under similar atmosphere condition in laboratory. Rectal
temperatures of both the groups were recorded for successive 18 hrs.
Observation:-
In G
2
group increase in temperature was noted for 1
st
hour, after 2 hrs, it was
noticed that all animals of G
2
, started trembling, furs erected and face bent down.
Regarding body temperature, it is observed that after 3 hrs of inducing yeast there was
rise in body temperature by 2
o
C. Temperature gradually increased up to 8
th
hour. Similar
symptoms were observed during night time and also animals found to be much tiered.
Meanwhile in G
1
there is no significant change except weakness due to starvation and
slight variation temperature due to diurnal change of temperature.
Results:-
Mean rectal temperature of both the group were calculated and tabulated in the table and
represented graphically.

Table no43 -Showing Comparision of temperature in control and test group in
Albino rats
Initial
temperature
1
st

hour
2
nd

hour
3
rd

hour
8
th

hour
10
th

hour
14
th

hour
16
th

hour
18
th

hour
Group1 33.3
0
c 33.6
0
c 33.5
0
c 33.6
0
c 33.6
0
c 33.3
0
c 33.3
0
c 33.2
0
c 33
0
c
Group2 33.5
0
c 34.6
0
c 35.5
0
c 36
0
c 35.3
0
c 34.7
0
c 34.2
0
c 34
0
c 34.1
0
c

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY


The mean temperature of G
2
showed a gradual increase in temperature up to 8
th
hour
from beginning of the experiment. In G
1
, showed slight elevation, which was almost like
a straight elevated line in graphical representation.
This shows that the collected sample of yeast is potent enough to produce pyretic
effect and can be used as a pyrogen for the study.

ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY
Introduction
A toxicity study is conducted to assess the systemic exposure achieved in animals
and its relationship to dose level and duration of treatment. Toxicity testing is of
paramount importance while screening drugs. The testing was performed to assess the
drugs safety. Acute toxicity study is conducted to determine the median lethal dose (LD
50,LD100 the dose required to kill 50% or 90% respectively) of laboratory animals.
Observations are made of the effects of the drugs on important physical function, such as
locomotion, behavior, respiration, convulsion and tremors for 24hrs.
The purpose of study are a) Estimation probable calculated the dose in human
being. b) to alert the untoward reaction of new drug molecule.c) to eliminate poison as
substances from the drug, which is to be used in clinical study.
Materials and Methods
Materials: Wister albino rats
Drugs and chemicals:
Mrithyunjaya rasa(1)
Gum acasia
31.5
32
32.5
33
33.5
34
34.5
35
35.5
36
36.5
Intial 1st
hour
2nd
hour
3rd
hour
8th
hour
10th
hour
14th
hour
16th
hour
18th
hour
Group1
Group2
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY


Normal saline
Equipments:
Digital animal weighing balance.
Milligram digital weighing machine.
Mortar and pestle.
Tuberculin syringe (1ml).
Gavage needle for intragastric oral administration.
Methods:
Pre-procedures
Rats were grouped.
Weighed.
General examinations of rats were done.
The animals were fasted overnight prior to the experiment
Vehicle for administration of drug:
As the drugs are insoluble, 2.5gms of Acacia dissolved in 50ml of distilled water.
Trial drugs and standard drug was made suspension in a ratio of 300miligrams in1ml.
Administration of drugs:
Drug was administered through intragastric tube using 1ml syringe fitted with 18 gauze
needle made of steel provided with number infant feeding tube to avoid injury to the rats
during administration. prescribed dose of suspended drug was loaded in syringe and the
tube was inserted into the esophagus. After confirming that the tube was inside the
oesophagus, drug was pushed slowly to reach the gastrum
Procedure
Group the animals into 6 groups, having a minimum of 3 rats in each group.
Introduce 5.625mg\kgbody weight of Mrithyunjaya rasa (1) orally in 1
st
group. Observe
the mice for 24 hours.
nd
group. Observe
rd
group. Observe
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY


th
group. Observe
th
group. Observe
th
group. Observe
Observation
There was no death recorded,
They were active and took food and water properly.
Table no44 -Showing Observation of Acute Toxicity Study in Albino rats
Dose mg/kg Dose of rat Group Death
recorded
62.25mgof of Mrithyunjaya rasa(1) 5.625mg/kg 1 No
125mg of Mrithyunjaya rasa(1) 11.25mg/kg 2 No
62.25mg of Mrithyunjaya rasa(2) 5.625mg/kg 4 No

Conclusion
Rats were observed for 24 hours. It was found that no death recorded. Rats were
active and abnormal symptoms were not noticed. The drug was safe and that was
sufficient for new drug. So Mrithyunjaya rasa (1&2) was safety and non-toxic for internal
use.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY


Method of Evaluating the Antipyretic Property of the Trial Drug:-
The drug selected for this experimental work is Mrithyunjaya rasa(1&2)was
prepared as per classical direction and evaluated for its antipyretic effect experimentally.
Materials and Methods:-
Collection of the Trial Drug:-
The both drugs were prepared for the present study in Department of P.G. Studies in
Rasashastra GAMC Bengaluru
Materials: Wister albino rats
Drugs and chemicals:
Gum acasia
Normal saline
Equipments:
Digital animal weighing balance.
Milligram digital weighing machine.
Mortar and pestle.
Tuberculin syringe (1ml).
Gavage needle for intragastric oral administration.
Electronic thermometer.
Methods:
Pre-procedures
Rats were grouped.
Weighed.
General examinations of rats were done.
The animals were fasted overnight prior to the experiment.
Vehicle for administration of drug:
As the drugs are insoluble, 2.5gms of Acacia dissolved in 50ml of distilled water.
Trial drugs and standard drug was made suspension in a ratio of 300miligrams in1ml.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY


Administration of drugs:
Drug was administered through intragastric tube using 1ml syringe fitted with 18 gauze
needle made of steel provided with number with infant feeding tube to avoid injury to the
rats during administration. Prescribed dose of suspended drug was loaded in syringe and
the tube was inserted into the esophagus. After confirming that the tube was inside the
oesophagus, drug was pushed slowly to reach the gastrum.
Procedure:
Dose Fixation of the Trial Drug:-
Recommended human dose of decoction according to Ayurvedic Classics
62.5-250mg.
This dose is converted into rat dose by using the formula:-
Rat dose =Human dose x 0.018/200 gms of body weight.
Example-Human dose of 62.5mg
Rat dose =62.5mg x 0.018 x5
=5.625mg\kg
Rat dose having 250grams weight =1.40625mg
Brewers Yeast
20% of suspension of Brewers yeast is prepared in normal saline. This
suspension is used to induce pyrexia in all the groups. Dose of Brewers yeast suspension
is 1ml/100gms of body weight.
Standard Drug
Paracetamol (I.P) Suspension is used as standard drug for the experiment. The
suspension was administered orally. After referring the human dose, rat dose was fixed as
0.75ml/100gms of body weight.
Foot note:
According to the weight of the rat the dose was calculated and administered.
After administration the behavioral changes, clinical signs and symptoms were observed
and recorded.
Selection of Animals
Healthy albino rats of either sex weighing 150-200gms were selected and
grouped into eight. Each group contained 6 rats and each group of rats were kept in
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY


separate cages. Each group named as A, B, and C
1
, C
2
, C
3
in group C. Rats of different
groups marked with different colours with marker pen for their individual identification.
G1 -------- Control group
G2 -------- Standard group
GC -------- trial group Mrithyunjaya rasa (1) with different dosages.
C
1
half dose
C
2
Normal dose
C
3
Double dose
GA -------- Trail group Mrithyunjaya rasa (2) with different dosages.
A
1
half dose
A
2
Normal dose

Procedure
All the healthy albino rats which were selected for the experiment were kept
under fasting for 18 hours before to the commencement of the experiment. Initial normal
rectal temperature of all the animals was recorded by using a Electric thermometer and
recorded. Fever was induced by using 20% of Brewers yeast solution was injected
subcutaneously at the region of thigh in all the albino rats in the dose of 1ml/100gms
body weight and were replaced in the cages. Then the rectal temperature of each rat was
noted 1hr. after inducing the fever. This temperature was noted to confirm the pyrexia.
After 18hour of injection of yeast, the rectal temperature of each rat was noted.
Then corresponding test drugs were to be administered for all the groups.
Rats of group G1 which was administered with distilled water 1ml/100gmsof
body weight.
Animals of group G2 were administered with Paracetamol suspension at the dose
of 0.75ml/100gms of body weight by using the feeding syringe.
Similarly rats of group 3
rd
in that group C
1
were administered with Mrithyunjaya
rasa (1) at the dosage of 5.625mg\kgbody weight, group C
2
was with dosage of
11.25mg\kgbody weight and group, C
3
were administered with dosage of 22.50mg\kg
body weight.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY


Similarly rats of group 4
th
in that group A
1
were administered with Mrithyunjaya
rasa (2) at the dosage of 5.625mg\kgbody weight, group A
2
was with dosage of
11.25mg\kgbody weight and group, After administering corresponding drugs to each
group hourly rectal temperature of each rat was noted.
Observation
After the administration of Brewers yeast all the animals were observed for their
behavior and changes. All the symptoms are mentioned below are the confirmed that rats
are suffering from fever.
Temperature of all albino rats increased after induction of pyrogen.
Trembling is noted after 1 hour of Brewers yeast injection.
Fur erected.
Face of all animals bent down.
Passed loose stools often.
Fasted animal became weak during end hours of the experiment.
Observation of Group-1-Control
All the symptoms of pyrexia were observed after inducing fever and the average
initial temperature was 34
0
c
Temperature increased from the initial temperature and reached 34.8
0
c after
18hours.
There was fluctuation of temperature seen.
It attained 36.5
0
c at the end of 4
th
hour after giving distilled water temperature not
reached normal.
Observation of Group-2Standard
All the signs and symptoms which were in observed and the average initial temperature
was 33.8
0
c
Temperature increased from the initial temperature and reached 34.5
0
c after 18hours.
The temperature showed variation from34.5c -34.8c.
After 2
nd
hour temperature gradually started to decline and by the end of 3
rd
hour it
reached33.6
0
c.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY


Observation of Group-C
1
-Trial drug-half Dose
All the symptoms of fever were noted and the average initial temperature was34.4
0
c.
The temperature increased and reached 35.4
0
c at the end of 18
th
hour.
After 3
rd
hour the temperature gradually started to decline and by the 4
th
hour it
reached34.2
0
c.
2
Trial drug-Normal Dose
All the symptoms of fever were noted and the average initial temperature was
34.1
0
c
The temperature was increasing and at the end of the 18
th
hour it reached 35
0
c.
After 2
nd
hour temperature started decreasing and at the end of 3
rd
hour it
reached 34.3
0
c.
3
-Trial drug-double Dose
Signs and symptoms of fever were noted and the average initial temperature
was34.46
0
c.
th
hour it reached 36.5
0
c
The temperature started to decrease from 2
nd
hours
After 3
rd
hours slowly attained normal level
At the end of the 4
th
hour it reached34.1
0
c which is below normal.
Observation of Group-A
1
-Trial drug-half Dose
All the symptoms of fever were noted and the average initial temperature was33.7
0
c.
The temperature increased and reached 34.6
0
c at the end of 18
th
hour.
After 2
nd
hour the temperature gradually started to decline and by the 3
rd
hour it
reached33.5
0
c.
Observation of Group-A
2
Trial drug-Normal Dose
All the symptoms of fever were noted and the average initial temperature was
32.9
0
c
th
hour it reached 34.2
0
c.
After 2
nd
hour temperature started decreasing and reached 33.1
0
c.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY


Statistical Methods: Descriptive statistical analysis has been carried out in the present
study. Results on continuous measurements are presented on Mean SD (Min-Max) and
results on categorical measurements are presented in Number (%). Significance is
assessed at 5 % level of significance. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) has been used to
find the significance of study parameters between three or more groups of patients ,
Student t test ( two tailed, independent) has been used to find the significance of study
parameters on continuous scale between two groups Inter group analysis) on metric
parameters, e and Student t test (two tailed, dependent) has been used to find the
significance of study parameters on continuous scale with in each group
1.Analysis of Variance: F test for K Population means
Objective: To test the hypothesis that K samples from K Populations with the same mean.
The mathematical model that describes the relationship between the response and
treatment for the one-way ANOVA is given by

where Y
ij
represents the j-th observation (j = 1, 2, ...n
i
) on the i-th treatment (i = 1, 2, ..., k
levels)
Limitations: It is assumed that populations are normally distributed and have equal
variance. It is also assumed that samples are independent of each other.
Method. Let the j
th
sample contain n
j
elements(j=1,2,K). Then the total number of
elements is
nj N
nj
xij
j x.

K N
j x x
S
n
i

1
1
2
2
1
) . 1 (

1
) .. . (
1
1
2
2
2
K
x j x nj
S
n
i

F=S
2
2
/S
1
2
Which follows F distribution (K-1, N-K)
2.Tukey test
D=Q
J N
MSE
/
, N is the total number of subjects and MSE is the mean square error in
ANOVA, J is the number of groups to be compared
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY


3. Student t test (Two tailed, independent)

) 2 / 1 1 / 1 (
) ( ) (
2
2 1
2 1
n n s
x x
t

Where
2 2 1
) 2 2 ( ) 1 2 ( ) 1 1 ( ) 1 1 (
2
1
2 2
1
1 2

n n
x x n x x n
s
n
i
n
i

4. Student t-test for paired comparisons

Objective: To investigate the significance of the difference between single population
means. No assumption is made about the population variances

n s
x x
t
/
) 2 1 (

where
1 / ) (
2
n d di s
and di is the difference formed for each pair of observations
5.Significant figures
+ Suggestive significance (P value: 0.05<P<0.10)
* Moderately significant ( P value:0.01<P 0.05)
** Strongly significant (P value : P0.01)
Statistical software: The Statistical software namely SAS 9.2, SPSS 15.0, Stata 10.1,
MedCalc 9.0.1 ,Systat 12.0 and R environment ver.2.11.1 were used for the analysis of
the data and Microsoft word and Excel have been used to generate graphs, tables etc.
Acknowledgement:
Dr.K.P.Suresh, Scientist (Biostatistics), National Institute of Animal Nutrition &
Physiology, Bangalore-560030

Study design: A Comparative Evaluation study
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY


Table 55: Comparative Evaluation of Interventional treatment on Temperature
Group Baseline Treatment period Difference
at 4
th
hour
P value
Initial Ind. Of
Pyrexia
1 hour 2 hour 3 hour 4 hour
Group
I(Control)
34.000.45 34.920.58 35.470.64 35.750.61 35.980.66 36.420.49 2.42 <0.001**
Group II
(Standard)
33.870.45 34.550.12 34.460.35 34.030.26 33.850.31 33.680.38 0.18 0.058+
Group A1 33.781.23 34.601.36 34.531.03 33.761.19 33.631.17 33.501.18 0.28 0.016*
Group A2 32.900.86 34.250.8 33.881.35 33.181.29 32.880.87 32.400.55 0.38 0.191
Group C1 34.470.61 35.470.55 35.120.56 34.70.64 34.530.45 34.350.52 0.12 0.220
Group C2 34.470.41 36.50.45 35.400.3 35.030.33 34.530.37 34.450.38 0.017 0.611
Group C3 34.130.29 35.080.58 34.670.4 34.280.25 34.130.29 33.850.31 0.28 0.023*
P value 0.006** <0.001** 0.011** <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** - -

Table 56: pair wise comparison of Temperature (difference)
Group
Baseline Treatment period
Initial
Ind. Of
Pyrexia
Group I-II 0.13 0.37 1.01 1.72 2.13 2.73
Group I-A1 0.22 0.32 0.93 1.99 2.35 2.92
Group I-A2 1.10 0.67 1.58 2.57 3.10 4.02
Group I-C1 -0.47 -0.55 0.35 1.05 1.45 2.07
Group I-C2 -0.47 -1.58 0.07 0.72 1.45 1.97
Group I-C3 -0.13 -0.17 0.80 1.47 1.85 2.57
Group II-A1 0.08 -0.05 -0.07 0.27 0.22 0.18
Group II-A2 0.97 0.30 0.58 0.85 0.97 1.28
Group II-C1 -0.60 -0.92 -0.66 -0.67 -0.68 -0.67
Group II-C2 -0.60 -1.95 -0.94 -1.00 -0.68 -0.77
Group II-C3 -0.27 -0.53 -0.21 -0.25 -0.28 -0.17

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY


Table 57: pair wise comparison of Temperature (p value)
Group
Initial
Ind. Of
Pyrexia
Group I-II 1.000 0.974 0.331 0.006** <0.001** <0.001**
Group I-A1 0.998 0.988 0.363 0.002** <0.001** <0.001**
Group I-A2 0.108 0.691 0.016* <0.001** <0.001** <0.001**
Group I-C1 0.897 0.843 0.984 0.219 0.009** <0.001**
Group I-C2 0.897 0.010* 1.000 0.649 0.009** <0.001**
Group I-C3 1.000 1.000 0.545 0.027* <0.001** <0.001**
Group II-A1 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.996 0.997 0.998
Group II-A2 0.211 0.991 0.869 0.455 0.216 0.022*
Group II-C1 0.732 0.330 0.785 0.719 0.558 0.503
Group II-C2 0.732 0.001** 0.411 0.269 0.558 0.338
Group II-C3 0.993 0.861 0.999 0.997 0.988 0.999

Group
Initial
Ind. Of
Pyrexia
Group A1 33.781.23 34.601.36 34.531.03 33.761.19 33.631.17 33.501.18
Group A2 32.900.86 34.250.8 33.881.35 33.181.29 32.880.87 32.400.55
Difference (A1-A2) 0.88 0.35 0.65 0.58 0.75 1.10
P value (A1-A2) 0.304 0.980 0.755 0.860 0.500 0.073+

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY


Group
Initial
Ind. Of
Pyrexia
Group C1 34.470.61 35.470.55 35.120.56 34.70.64 34.530.45 34.350.52
Group C2 34.470.41 36.50.45 35.400.3 35.030.33 34.530.37 34.450.38
Group C3 34.130.29 35.080.58 34.670.4 34.280.25 34.130.29 33.850.31
Difference
Group C1-C2 0.00 1.03 0.28 0.33 0.00 0.10
Group C1-C3 0.33 0.38 0.45 0.42 0.40 0.50
Group C2-C3 0.33 1.42 0.73 0.75 0.40 0.60
P value
Group C1-C2 1.000 0.205 0.995 0.986 1.000 1.000
Group C1-C3 0.978 0.968 0.945 0.959 0.937 0.790
Group C2-C3 0.978 0.027* 0.641 0.600 0.937 0.622

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY


Table 60: Comparative Evaluation of Interventional treatment on Temperature (A
Comparison between group A and group C)
Grou
p
Differen
ce at 4
th

hour
P
value Initial
Ind.
Of
Pyrexi
a
Grou
p A
33.34
1.11
34.43
1.08
34.211.
19
33.44
1.22
33.29
1.07
33.00
1.07
0.327 0.015*
Grou
p C
34.350.
46
35.68
0.79
35.06
0.51
34.67
0.52
34.40
0.41
34.22
0.48
0.14
0.009*
*
P
value
0.010*
0.001*
*
0.035*
0.008*
*
0.006*
*
0.004*
*
- -

.

Discussion
DISCUSSION


DISCUSSION
This study entitled with Comparative evaluation of antipyretic activity of two
preparations of Mrithyunjaya rasa (Bhaishajya Ratnavali) in experimentally
induced pyrexia in albino rats is discussed under following headings :-
1. Review of literature
2. Pharmaceutical study
3. Analytical results
4. experimental results
1.Review of literature:-
There are Twenty two Preparations available under name of Mrithyunjaya rasa out
of which Ten are in Jwara adhikara, One each in Prameha adhikara, Athisara Adhikara,
Panduroga adhikara, Udararoga adhikara, Kshayaroga adhikara, Sarvaroga adhikara,
Aristanasha adhikara, Two each in Sannipatharoga adhikara, , Rasayana adhikara.
Many formulations under the name of Mrithyunjaya rasa may be due to their common
properties i.e., quicker action, high potency, ability of curing the diseases without failure.
Among these Mrithyunjaya rasa of Jwaradhikara can be Categorized as -
Kajjali yogas-8
Hingula yogas-2
Haratala having kajjali\hingula yogas-2
Vathsanabha rahitha kajjali\hingula yogas-3
Yogas nothaving kajjali\hingula-1
Almost all are Kharaliya Yogas with showing range of dosage from one Gunja to one
Masha.
Two of the them are explained in Bhishajya rathnavali which has very few ingredients,
easily available in the market and economical in cost. Most of the ingredients are known
to be having antipyretic action
Mrithyunjaya rasa(1) contains 1 part of gomutra shodhita vatsanaba(Aconitum
ferox), shudda gandaka(Sulphur), maricha(Piper longum), shudda tankana(Borax), and
kana(Piper nigrum), 2 part of jambeera rasena shodita hingula(Cinnabar).These drugs
founded into powder in khalva yantra and mudga pramana vati is prepared.It is useful for
all kind of jwara taken along with hoeny.

DISCUSSION


Mrithyunjaya rasa(2) contains 1 part of shudda parada(Mercury), 2 part of shudda
gandaka(Sulphur), 4 parts of shudda tankana(Borax), 8 parts of shudda
vatsanaba(Aconitum ferox), 16 parts of shudda dhatturabeeja(dattura stramonium) 32
parts of trikatu[maricha(Piper longum), adraka(Zingiber offcinale) and kana(Piper
nigrum)].Kajjali is prepared , then powder of these drugs given bhavana with dhattura
moola(dattura stramonium)swarasa and masha pramana vati is prepared It is useful for
all kind of Jvara.
Among these two preparations common ingredients are Gandhaka, Vathsanabha,
Tankana, Maricha, Pippali.
2.Pharmaceutical study:-
Gandhaka Shodhana:
In present study , Gandhaka Shodhana was done by Swedana & Dalana methods, using
milk & Grutha respectively as a Medias for Shodhana. Different Medias have been
mentioned for Gandhaka Shodhana but milk is considered to be best among those
because it helps in minimizing the unwanted teekshna guna of Gandhaka without
destroying its medicinal property by its properties like Madura vipaka, sheetha veerya,
and snigdha guna.
During Swedana, the powdered Sulfur on boiling in milk, it may get purified by removal
of fat-soluble impurities from it. The organic sulphur present in the protein of milk might
have a role in increasing bioavailability of inorganic sulphur. Due to which Gandhaka
will be bio-compatible and nontoxic.
The change in colour of milk from white to yellowish cream and sulphur smell may
indicate the dissolution of fat soluble sulphur content in the milk.
Sulphur can melt at two different temperatures
1. If heated rapidly, it melts at 112.8
0
C
2. But if heated slowly it will melt only at 118.6
0
C
In this case sulfur is melted by steady rise of temperature and crystallizes. Here the
second way of melting takes place.
During Dalana procedure, steady rise in temperature causes Gandhaka to melt and dribble
down through cloth in to vessel, leaving behind physical impurities like mud, stone etc.
DISCUSSION


Due to reaction with air, Liquefied Sulfur will crystallize. The Grutha contains large
amount of fatty acids which is proved to be anti-toxic & this might have helped to
reduce the harmful effect of Gandhaka during the process of melting.
Total amount of loss was 15gms. This is due to elimination of unwanted substances,
dissolution of powdered Gandhaka in milk during Swedana and adherence of Gandhaka
to the cloth during Dalana.
Hingula Shodhana:-
At present study Hingula Shodhana was done by Bhavana method.
By Bhavana as Shodhana procedure along with the elimination of the blemishes present
in the drug, it is possible to reduce particle size of the drug which will help for the quick
absorption. Due to the action of Nimbuka rasa, mild acid soluble impurities may be
removed and increase in the bioavailability of the drug.
There was increase of 20gms after Shodhana may be due to presence of cellulose, sugar,
potassium citrate etc in Nimbuka Swarasa.
Hingulotta Parada:-
At present study Hingulotta Parada was done by Urdvapatana method
An addition of nimbu rasa during Hingula Shodhana, it is observed that there may be
reaction taking place between Mercury sulphide and Citric acid which might have helped
in extraction of chemically detoxifiable impurities from Hingula. In classics it was told
that Mardana of Hingula with Nimbuka Swarasa for Paradavisleshartham.
During the process , advantage of using Hingula power was observed which may be due
to better agnipaka , more availability of surface area and hence maximum amount of
disassociation of mercurial molecules from the processed Hingula.
During the Urdvapatana process , sulphur smell was appreciated due to the release of
SO
2
through micro pores of earthen pot.
For the Urdvapatana procedure, heat was given was750
0
c because,Cinnabar
disassociates at 620
0
c in this process , it needs more than 700
0
cto get the extraction of
mercury accomplished. In this process mercury releases first at 357.5
0
cof heat and get
vaporized which by nature goes upwards and due to lower temperature there, gets its
natural form of small globules or powder and get stuck to the inner portion of the upper
pot. The presence of water on the back of the upper pot brings down the heat and helps in
DISCUSSION


avoiding escaping of mercury and quicker condensation. The water may have to be
changed whenever it gets heated up in order to get faster condensation of mercury.
The colour of Sulphur changes as per the variation of temperature subjected to it.
At 350
0
c it turns black. So the blackish suit which was observed is burnt sulphur.
Total gain of Parada was 74gms. Since it was enough for further study repetition of
procedure to obtain the Parada completely from Hingula was not done.
Vathsanabha Shodhana:-
In present study Vathsanabha Shodhana was done by keeping it in Gomutra in atapa for
3days.
By this method, the impurities dissolved in alkalis can be separated . The ugrata of
vishatava of Vathsanabha may be reduced. It might help in minimizing the unwanted
teekshna guna of Vathsanabha without destroying its medicinal property.
The outer covering of Vathsanabha was easily peeled off and made into small pieces.
Due to influence of Gomutra, the shelf life of Vathsanabha found to be increased.
Dattura Shodhana:-
In present study Dattura Shodhana was done by adopting Swedana in Godugdha.
In milk it may get purified by removal of fat-soluble impurities from it.
It might help in minimizing the unwanted teekshna guna of Dattura without destroying its
medicinal property.
Tankana Shodhana:-
In present study Tankana Shodhana was done by Nirjalikarana procedure.
There was huge loss of weight because of evaporation of water.
3.Analytical study
The Physico-chemical tests like Ash value, Acid insoluble ash and loss on drying will
help to understand characteristic properties of a drug
Atomic absorption spectroscopy, to estimate quantitative and XRD test to know the
complete picture of the compound and element.
Ash value:
The ash value of Mrithyunjaya rasa (red&black) were 15.1% and 8.15% respectively.
Ash value in Mrithyunjaya rasa (black) is less than that of Mrithyunjaya rasa (red) , the
probable reason may be escaping of sulphur and other trace elements as oxides when we
DISCUSSION


burn the drug and difference in organic matter of the formulation.
Acid insoluble ash value:-
The acid insoluble ash value in Mrithyunjaya rasa (red&black) were negligible The
probable reason may be the absence\less percentage of silica like acid insoluble principles
in Mrithyunjaya rasa (red&black). Also signifies the genuinity of the product and
suggests it is best among all the products in terms of solubility and absorption.
Discussion on Loss on drying:
The values of loss on drying of Mrithyunjaya rasa (red&black) were 3.91%and
11.69% respectively. It is a physical test to detect the percentage of least moisture content
and hence the shelf life of the sample. The least loss on drying at 110
0
C the better will be
the drug.
Disintegration test:-
The time taken for disintegration of 5each tablets of Mrithyunjaya rasa (red&black) were
in the manner described was under normal limits.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy
The percentage of Mercury, Sulphur and borax in Mrithyunjaya rasa (Black)was 0.98%,
4.4% and 9.18% respectively and the same values in Mrithyunjaya rasa (red) were
25.01%, 17.03 %and 18% respectively. Change in the percentage of the Mercury Sulphur
and borax in Mrithyunjaya rasa (Black&red) because of change in proportions of
Mercury ,Sulphur and borax in their ingredients.
Pharmacognistical Study
Identification and authentication of drug and preparation of formulation play an
important role in this present study. An authentic formulation gives excellent result in
treatment of diseases.
In the present study Both formulations were possessed Antipyretic properties
4.Experimental results:-
Acute toxicity study was carried out in Albino rats. The procedure of single dose
was followed. Both Mrithyunjaya rasa were administered in three dosages, there was no
mortality occurred within 24hours of observation. So it was found that safe and non
toxic.

DISCUSSION


Pharmacological Screening of Anti pyretic Action
Fever is explained elaborately in Modern medicine. Fever is also known as
pyrexia. fever is considered as a symptom of many diseases. Sometimes it acts as a
defense mechanism of the body. Body temperature is maintained by thermo regulation
center present at hypothalamus .It controls the body temperature by nervous feed back
mechanism by integrating the impulses obtained from the nerve endings. Pathologically
fever is induced by the pyroxenes due to infection. Pyrogens are of two types i.e.
Indigenous and exogenous. Pyrogen stimulates to produce prostaglandins. These
pyrogens increase the production of prostaglandins in hypothalamus. This prostaglandin
inhibits the thermoregulatory function and sets the thermoregulatory set point high
resulting in the condition of fever.
The study is an experimental one, mainly due to the reason that jwara is not
specifically correlated to the fever. With a specific cause but it is mainly considered to be
the rise in temperature only as the main symptom. According to Ayurvedic classics jwara
is considered as a rise in body temperature not specifically correlated to any one type.
Here yeast induced method was selected for screening Antipyretic action in albino rats.
Yeast used as pyrogens for inducing fever and then medicine was administered. Hourly
rectal temperature was recorded and analyzed statistically.
Pilot study was carried out for finding out efficacy of Brewers yeast to produce
pyrexia. Here 12 albino rats were selected and grouped into two. 1 group provided with
distilled water and 2
nd
group was administered 20% of Brewers yeast solution. Hourly
mean temperatures of albino rats were tabulated in Table No.43.
For screening experiment 42 albino rats of either sex were selected randomly and
kept under standard laboratory conditions. Only water was supplied to the rats, 18 hrs
prior to the experiment. Trial drug was prepared as per procedure mentioned in
Ayurvedic classics. Then albino rats are grouped and marked as 1, 2,C
1
,C
2
and C
3
and A
1
and A
2.
They were induced pyrexia with Brewers yeast and there after fed with test drug
in different doses and standard drug in one group. Then control group was fed with
distilled water.
DISCUSSION


The initial normal rectal temperature of all the 42rats was noted. Then 20% of
Brewers yeast solution was injected at the dose of 1ml/100gm body weight
subcutaneously at the thigh region of all the rats to induce fever and kept under
observation. Symptoms like erection of fur, less active, face bent downward were
observed in all the rats. At the end of 18
th
hour rectal temperature was noted, which
confirmed that all rats were having pyrexia.
After administering the corresponding medicine to all the five groups, hourly
rectal temperature was recorded for the next 4hours.By observing the reading; it was
found that marked reduction in temperature was observed in trial drug C
2
,C
3
,A
1
andA
2
and also in standard drug group 2. There was no significant change in control group 1 and
trial drug group C
1
in half dose.
By observing the result it was found that temperature started to decrease gradually
in case C
2
trial drug in normal dose and decrease Rapidly in case of trial drug in double
dose (C
3
) ,A
1
andA
2
,. Temperature started to decline in 2-3hrs hour in case of standard
group and in control group and trial group C
1
temperature was not coming under control.
In case of C
2
and C
3
temperature came nearer to normal by 3
rd
and 2
nd
hr. In case
of C
1
temperature reduced but not came to normal. In-group 1, temperature was not
coming under control even after 4 hour. Comparison between the groups by using
statistical method.

Result
The present study is undertaken to evaluate the Jwaraghna property of
Mrithyunjaya rasa (red&black) 42 albino rats were selected and divided into 7 groups,
each contain 6 rats in groups. The results obtained are documented and tabulated as
follows.
In Control Group it is observed that temperature was 36.5
0
c at the end of 4
th
hour and not
reached normal. This shows that without medicine pyrexia cannot subside.
In Standard Group it is observed that after 2
nd
hour temperature gradually started to
decline and by the end of 3
rd
hour it reached33.6
0
c i.e., to normal temperature, This
shows significant results.
DISCUSSION


In GroupC
1
it is observed that after 3
rd
hour the temperature gradually started to decline
and by the 4
th
hour it reached34.2
0
c i.e., above the normal temperature. So it can be
considered as insufficiency of dosage.
In GroupC
2
nd
and by the 3
rd
hour it reached34.3
0
c i.e., to normal temperature. So it can be considered as
therapeutical dosage.
In GroupC
3
it is observed that temperature started to decrease from 2
nd
hours , after 3
rd

hours slowly attained normal level and at the end of the 4
th
hour it reached34.1
0
c which is
below normal. Albino rats were also found to be very weak. So it cannot be considered
as therapeutical dose.
In GroupA
1
nd
and by the 3
rd
hour it reached33.5
0
c i.e., normal temperature. So it can be considered as
therapeutical dosage.
In GroupA
2
nd
hour temperature started decreasing and reached
33.1
0
c i.e., normal temperature. Albino rats were also found to be very weak. So it cannot
be considered as therapeutical dose.
Table No. 55contains statistical data of all groups shows the statistically significant
results.
Table No. 56contains statistical data of all groups pair wise comparison of Temperature
with control shows statistically significant results of Group2 , C
3
,

and A
2
at 2
nd
hour
and A
1,
C
1
and C
2
at 3
rd
hour. So it can be considered as Trial drugs are having antipyretic
action.
Table No. 56contains statistical data of all groups pair wise comparison of Temperature
with Standard Shows statistically significant results of A
2
at 4
th
hour. So it can be
considered as A
2
having antipyretic action similar to standard.
Table No. 57contains statistical data of comparison between the C showing no significant
results. Table No. 58contains statistical data of comparison between the A showing no
significant results. So it can be considered as Trial drugs are having antipyretic action
irrespective of dosage.

Table No. 59contains statistical data of comparison between the C and A Groups showing
significant results.
DISCUSSION


Mode of Action
On observation the pathology of disease jwara is found that the pathological
condition of jwara is due to Vikrita pitta, ama and Agnimandhya .In literary research it is
found that the trial drug Mrithyunjaya rasa (red&black)) is having property of antipyrexia
or febrifuge. It is having the ingredients which have jwaragna property. So it is found to
cure jwara effectively.
Jwaraghna dravyas are mainly having Tikta, Katu and Madhurarasas, Laghu,
Ruksha, Deepana, pachana, srotovishodhana properties. Depana, Pachana, and
srotovishodhana actions are performed by Laghu guna. In jwara Agni is impaired and
replaced. This Agni added to rasa dhatu. Along with rasadhatu it circulates all over the
body and obstructs the srotus. Due to laghu guna enters srotas and does the Amapachana
and srotoshodhana. Due to Deepana and pachana property increase the Agni, then digests
the Ama, removes the obstruction and corrects the circulation of rasadhatu.
Being tikta rasa Dravya is acts as Deepana, Pachana, Dahashamana, Vishahara,
Jwaragna, Krimihara, Pittahara and Kaphahara. Because of tikta and Kashaya rasa it can
be Sheeta veerya and katu vipaka and contributes for reducing the body temperature and
samprathi vighatana. Due to laghu and Rooksha guna it helps in Amapachana by
increasing agni and srotovishodana. By this property it acts against pyrogen and reduce
the infection. So it acts as antipyretic.
Among these two preparations of Mrithyunjaya rasa common ingredients are
Gandhaka, Vatsanabha, Tankana, Maricha, Pippali.
Vathsanabha having Katu, Tiktha, Kashaya rasa; Lahu, Rooksha, Vyavayi, Tikshna,
Vikasi Guna;Usna veerya; Madhura vipaka ; deepana, , mootrala, vedanaghna
,malarechaka, swedajanana , Pravriddhatapashamana karma. So act as jwaragna.
The antipyretic action of Vathsanabha is due to its action of dilating the blood vessels and
on sweat glands causing increased perspiration.
Pharmacology of Aconite and Aconitine-
Aconite first stimulates and later paralyses the nerves of pain, touch and temperature.
Taken internally aconite acts very notably on the circulation, the respiration and the
nervous system. The action of aconitine on the circulation is due to an initial stimulation
of the cardio-inhibitory centre in the medulla oblongata (at the root of the vagus nerves),
DISCUSSION


and later to a directly toxic influence on the nerve-ganglia and muscular fibres of the
heart itself. The respiration becomes slower owing to a paralytic action on the respiratory
centre and, in warm-blooded animals. Aconite further depresses the activity of all nerve-
terminals, the sensory being affected before the motor. In small doses it therefore tends to
relieve pain, if this be present. The cerebrum is totally unaffected by aconite,
consciousness and the intelligence remaining normal to the last. The antipyretic action
which considerable doses of aconite display is not specific, but is the result of its
influence on the circulation and respiration and of its slight diaphoretic action.
In morden medicine,formerly used in every fever, and even in the septic states that
constantly followed surgical operations in the pre-Listerian epoch, aconite is now
employed only in the earliest stage of the less serious fevers, such as acute tonsilitis,
bronchitis and, notably, laryngitis. The extreme pain and rapid swelling of the vocal cords
- with threatened obstruction to the respiration - that characterize acute laryngitis may
often be relieved by the sedative action of this drug upon the circulation.
Gandhaka having madura rasa ,amomnmochana,deepana ,vishahara, krimihara,pachana
karma.; it act as jwaragna. The antipyretic action of Gandhaka may be due to its
antibiotic ,anti-infective, anti microbial properties.
Tankana having Rooksha, Tikshna guna, deepana karma. So it act as jwaragna. Use of
Tankana in almost all Vastanabha compounds is seen in practice. This must be done as a
precautionary measure as Tankana considered to be the antitode the Vatsanabha.
Borax and boric acid check the action of saliva on starch, but, if anything, they increase
the action of the gastric juice and the pancreatic secretion. Boric acid is rapidly
eliminated in the urine, it is said to increase the urea and the quantity of urine. Large
doses increase the acidity of this fluid. It is also excreted in the saliva, sweat, and
faeces. As it is an antiseptic it has been given internally in typhoid fever and phthisis, but
with doubtful benefit. The antipyretic action of borax may be due to increasing the
amount of perspiration and causing loss of heat by evaporation.
Hingula having Tiktha, Kashaya Katu rasa Paritapanasha, agnijanana, pachana karma.
So it act as jwaragna.
Kajjali as Rasayana, as base for formulation used.
DISCUSSION


Dattura having Tikta, katu Lahu, Rooksha, Vyavayi, Tikshna, Vikasi Guna;Usna
veerya; pittashamaka, Pravriddhatapashamana karma it act as jwaragna
The study was done to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic and ethyl
acetate extracts of root part of Datura in rats. The study was carried out by using
administered dose of 50, 100, 150, 200 mg/kg of ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts by
orally. All extracts showed significant activity at 200 mg/kg dose. As in fever the need of
Anti-inflamatory drug , it may have been included.
Trikatu having deepana pachana karma. So it act as jwaragna.

Conclusion
CONCLUSION


CONCLUSION
From this study following conclusion can be drawn:
The trail drugs both Mrithyunjaya rasa(1&2) are explained in Jvaradhikara of
Bhaishajya Ratnavali.
These two formulations are easily preaparable and does not possess any sort of
toxic effects during its acute toxicity study Hence it is found to be a safe remedy.
Jvara is the most commonly manifested disease affecting all the individuals
irrespective of age sex etc.
The concept of Jvara is not exactly corresponding to the fever or hyper thermia
of modern concept. Even though the test drugs have been found to be
effective in reducing temperature, it cannot be consider as a drug that
cures Jvaras of various etiology. So a final result in their regard may be
obtained after a clinical evaluation of the drug in sufficiently large
population as per statistical methodology.
It is proved that the trail drugs Mrithyunjaya rasa(1&2) are having significant role
in reducing the pyrexia condition, in artificially induced pyrexia in experimental
animals.
125mg and 250mg of Mrithyunjaya rasa(1) showed significant effect in pyrexia
62.5mg dosage of Mrithyunjaya rasa(2) showed significant effect in pyrexia
So it was proved experimentally that trail drugs are efficacious in treating fever
effectively and this drug is to be further evaluated clinically to know their effect
on human beings.

Summary
SUMMARY


SUMMARY

This study entitled with Comparative evaluation of antipyretic activity of two
preparations of Mrithyunjaya rasa (Bhaishajya Ratnavali) in experimentally
induced pyrexia in albino rats is presented in headings of review of literature,
materials and methods and analytical study and experimental study.
Mrithyunjaya rasa is claimed by classical texts as a universal antipyretic formulation
which is said to relieve fever of any kind. Bhaishajya Ratnavali mentions of two
preparations of Mrithyunjaya rasa which have very few ingredients, easily available in
the market, economical in cost and most of the ingredients are known to be having
antipyretic action.

The pharmaceutical study was done at Dept. of P.G Studies in Rasashastra, G.A.M.C
Bengaluru. To prepare Mrithyunjaya rasa, the Shodhana of required ingredients were
carried out at Dept. of P.G Studies in Rasashastra, G. A. M. C Bengaluru. The changes
that observed during each process of Shodhana were explained under appropriate
headings.
Evaluation of Antipyretic activity of two preparation of Mrithyunjaya rasa were
carryout at S.C.S.College of Pharmacy Harapanahalli. The results and interpretations of
experimental study were dealt under appropriate headings.
The Physico-Chemical analysis of two preparation of Mrithyunjaya rasa were
performed with help of Organoleptic characters, XRD and AAS at Dept. of P.G Studies
in Rasashastra, G. A. M. C, Bengaluru, IISc, Bengaluru and Bangalore Test House
Bengaluru serially. The results and interpretations of analytical study were dealt under
appropriate headings.

Limitations
of the study
LIMITATIONS


Limitation of study
It is a time bound research work.
Specific instrumentation and technological accreditation are taken from outside
laboratories.
Instrumental and investigatory methods for our drugs are minimum.
Modern parameters are play minor role in identifying the alteration in the drug
properties after our classical processing.
There was lack of advanced and sophisticated instruments for pharmaceutical
study.
Only rectal temperature was taken as parameter for Antipyretic activity.
Classical Jvara was evaluated in terms of pyrexia and jvarahara action as
antipyretic.

Scopes for
further study
SCOPE FOR FURTHER STUDY


Scope for further study
Advanced analysis like N.M.R (Nuclear magnetic resonance) may be studied for
showing exact composition of Mrithyunjaya rasa.
Clinical evaluation of antipyretic activity of Mrithyunjaya rasa (Bhaishajya
Ratnavali) of both varieties may be taken up.
Clinical evaluation of antipyretic activity of Mrithyunjaya rasa (of Jvaradhikara)
may be taken up.
Comparative clinical evaluation of antipyretic activity of two preparations of
Mrithyunjaya rasa (Bhaishajya Ratnavali) may be taken up.
The Antipyretic activity of other Mrithyunjaya rasa (of Jvaradhikara) can be
assessed both experimentally and clinically may be taken up.
Pharmaco analytical study of Mrithyunjaya rasa prepared by changing Shodhana
procedure of its ingredients may be studied.
Comparative evaluation of antipyretic activity of Mrithyunjaya rasa prepared
with and without Vathsanabha may be carried out.
Comparative evaluation of antipyretic activity of Mrithyunjaya rasa prepared with
and without Dattura in 2
nd
variety.

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Annexure
Figure No1 Hingula before Shodhana

Figure No2 Nimbuka rasa

Figure No3 Hingula after Shodhana

Figure No4 Damaru yantra for Urdvapatana

Figure No5 Black suit after Urdvapatana

Figure No6 Unburnt Hingula after Urdvapatana

Figure No7 Parada after Urdvapatana

Figure No8 Parada with haridra

Figure No9 Parada

Figure No10 Gandhaka before Shodhana

Figure No11Gandhaka Shodhana in Dolayantra

Figure No12Gandhaka after Shodhana

Figure No13 Kajjali

Figure No14 Tankana Before Shodhana

Figure No15 Tankana after Shodhana

Figure No16 Vathsanabha before Shodhana

Figure No17 Gomutra

Figure No18 Vathsanabha after Gomutra
sthapana

Figure No19 Vathsanabha after removing of
outer covering

Figure No20 Dattura beeja before Shodhana

Figure No21 Dattura Swedana in Dolayantra

Figure No22 Dattura After Shodhana

Figure No23 Milk After Dattura Shodhana

Figure No24 Pippali

Figure No25 Maricha powder

Figure No26 Shunti powder

Figure No27 Dattura moola

Figure No28 Mrithyunjaya rasa(red)

Figure No29 Mrithyunjaya rasa(Black)

Figure No30 Mrithyunjaya rasa vati(red)

Figure No31 Mrithyunjaya rasa vati(Black)

Figure No32 Gum Acasia solution

Figure No33 Feeding needle with syringe

Figure No34 Filling of trial drug into syringe

Figure No35 Feeding to the rats

Figure No36Brewers Yeast solution

Figure No37 Injecting Brewers Yeast
solution

Figure No38 Faces bent downwards suggesting
the fatigue resulted due to raise in temperature

Figure No39 Furs erected suggesting the raise
in temperature

Figure No40 Recording the rectal temperature

Graph No-4 -Comparative Evaluation of Interventional treatment on Temperature

29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
Initial Ind. Of Pyrexia 1 hour 2 hour 3 hour 4 hour
I
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l

t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t

o
n

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
Group I Group II Group A1 Group A2
Group C1 Group C2 Group C3
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
s
Group I Group II
Group A1 Group A2
Group C1 Group C2
Group C3
Graph No-5 Pair wise comparison of Temperature

31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
I
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l

t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t

o
n

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
Group I
Group II
32
32.5
33
33.5
34
34.5
35
35.5
36
36.5
37
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
s
Group I
Group II
Graph No-6 Pair wise comparison of Temperature

29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
I
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l

t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t

o
n

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
Group A1
Group A2
31
31.5
32
32.5
33
33.5
34
34.5
35
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
s
Group A1
Group A2
Graph No7Pair wise comparison of Temperature

31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
I
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l

t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t

o
n

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
Group C1
Group C2
Group C3
32.5
33
33.5
34
34.5
35
35.5
36
36.5
37
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
s
Group C1
Group C2
Group C3

Indrani K Thesis

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Indrani K Thesis

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COMPARI TI VE EVALUATI ON OF ANTI PYRETI C

ACTI VI TY OF TWOPREPARATI ONS OF MRI THYUNJ AYA

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