TurbulentFlows Pope Chapter5Figures
TurbulentFlows Pope Chapter5Figures
TurbulentFlows Pope Chapter5Figures
Turbulent Flows
Stephen B. Pope
Cambridge University Press, 2000
c Stephen B. Pope 2000
fluid
supply
nozzle
d
U
r
W
U
V
x
quiescent
surroundings
J
Figure 5.1: Sketch of a round jet experiment, showing the polar-
cylindrical coordinate system employed.
1
CHAPTER 5: FREE SHEAR FLOWS
Turbulent Flows
Stephen B. Pope
Cambridge University Press, 2000
c Stephen B. Pope 2000
0 10 20
0.0
0.1
0.2
U/U
J
x/d = 30
x/d = 60
x/d = 100
r/d
Figure 5.2: Radial proles of mean axial velocity in a turbulent round
jet, Re = 95, 500. The dashed lines indicate the half-width, r1
2
(x),
of the proles. (Adapted from the data of Hussein et al. (1994).)
2
CHAPTER 5: FREE SHEAR FLOWS
Turbulent Flows
Stephen B. Pope
Cambridge University Press, 2000
c Stephen B. Pope 2000
0.5
1.0
0.0
0.0
1.0 2.0
r/r
1/2
U
U
0
Figure 5.3: Mean axial velocity against radial distance in a turbulent
round jet, Re 10
5
; measurements of Wygnanski and Fiedler
(1969). Symbols: , x/d = 40; , 50; , 60; , 75; , 97.5.
3
CHAPTER 5: FREE SHEAR FLOWS
Turbulent Flows
Stephen B. Pope
Cambridge University Press, 2000
c Stephen B. Pope 2000
0 40 80 120
0
5
10
15
20
25
x/d
U
J
U
0
(x)
Figure 5.4: Centerline mean velocity variation with axial distance in a
turbulent round jet, Re = 95, 500: symbols, experimental data of
Hussein et al. (1994), lineEq. (5.6) with x
0
/d = 4, B = 5.8.
4
CHAPTER 5: FREE SHEAR FLOWS
Turbulent Flows
Stephen B. Pope
Cambridge University Press, 2000
c Stephen B. Pope 2000
0.0 1.0 2.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
f
r/r
1/2
0.0 0.1 0.2
r/(x-x
0
)
Figure 5.5: Self-similar prole of the mean axial velocity in the self-
similar round jet. Curve t to the LDA data of Hussein et al.
(1994).
5
CHAPTER 5: FREE SHEAR FLOWS
Turbulent Flows
Stephen B. Pope
Cambridge University Press, 2000
c Stephen B. Pope 2000
1.0 2.0
-0.02
0.00
0.02
V/U
o
r/r
1/2
Figure 5.6: Mean lateral velocity in the self-similar round jet. From
the LDA data of Hussein et al. (1994).
6
CHAPTER 5: FREE SHEAR FLOWS
Turbulent Flows
Stephen B. Pope
Cambridge University Press, 2000
c Stephen B. Pope 2000
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
u
i
u
j
U
0
2
r/r
1/2
u
2
v
2
w
2
uv
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3
1
2
/Uin
the self-similar round jet. From the curve t to the experimental
data of Hussein et al. (1994).
8
CHAPTER 5: FREE SHEAR FLOWS
Turbulent Flows
Stephen B. Pope
Cambridge University Press, 2000
c Stephen B. Pope 2000
0.0 1.0 2.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
r/r
1/2
uv
uv/k
0.0 0.1 0.2
T
^
0.0 0.1 0.2
U
s
<U>
plane wake
y
U
c
x
U
s
boundary layer
y
x
U = U
c s
Figure 5.14: Sketch of plane two-dimensional shear ows showing the
characteristic ow width (x), the characteristic convective veloc-
ity U
c
, and the characteristic velocity dierence U
s
.
14
CHAPTER 5: FREE SHEAR FLOWS
Turbulent Flows
Stephen B. Pope
Cambridge University Press, 2000
c Stephen B. Pope 2000
0.0 0.1 0.2
U
l
+0.1(U
h
-U
l
)
y
0.1
y
0.9
U
h
U
c
U
l
U
l
+0.9(U
h
-U
l
)
y
0.4
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-0.4
f()
Figure 5.21: Sketch of the mean velocity U against y, and of
the scaled mean velocity prole f(), showing the denitions of
y
0.1
, y
0.9
and .
17
CHAPTER 5: FREE SHEAR FLOWS
Turbulent Flows
Stephen B. Pope
Cambridge University Press, 2000
c Stephen B. Pope 2000
x = 39.5 cm.
x = 49.5 cm.
x = 59.5 cm.
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
f ()
U
U
s
Figure 5.24: Scaled mean velocity prole in self-similar plane mixing
layers. Symbols, experiment of Bell and Mehta (1990) (U
/U
h
=
0.6); solid line, DNS data for the temporal mixing layer (Rogers
and Moser 1994); dashed line error-function prole with width
chosen to match data in the center of the layer.
20
CHAPTER 5: FREE SHEAR FLOWS
Turbulent Flows
Stephen B. Pope
Cambridge University Press, 2000
c Stephen B. Pope 2000
1 0 1
0.000
0.015
0.030
n
u
i
u
j
U
s
2
u
2
/U
s
2
v
2
/U
s
2
1 0 1
0.015
0.000
0.015
n
w
2
/U
s
2
uv/U
s
2
u
i
u
j
U
s
2
Figure 5.25: Scaled Reynolds stress proles in self-similar plane mixing
layers. Symbols, experiment of Bell and Mehta (1990) (U
/U
h
=
0.6); solid line, DNS data for the temporal mixing layer (Rogers
and Moser 1994).
21
CHAPTER 5: FREE SHEAR FLOWS
Turbulent Flows
Stephen B. Pope
Cambridge University Press, 2000
c Stephen B. Pope 2000
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
0
1
f ()
0.5
1.0
u /U
2
1/2
S
w /U
2
1/2
S
v /U
2
1/2
S
0.0
Figure 5.28: R.m.s. velocity proles in a self-similar axisymmetric
wake. Experimental data of Uberoi and Freymuth (1970).
24
CHAPTER 5: FREE SHEAR FLOWS
Turbulent Flows
Stephen B. Pope
Cambridge University Press, 2000
c Stephen B. Pope 2000
0.0 -3.0 3.0
0.0
G
a
i
n
L
o
s
s
Mean Flow
Convection
Production
Dissipation
Turbulent
Transport
Figure 5.29: Turbulent kinetic energy budget in a self-similar axisym-
metric wake. Experimental data of Uberoi and Freymuth (1970).
25
CHAPTER 5: FREE SHEAR FLOWS
Turbulent Flows
Stephen B. Pope
Cambridge University Press, 2000
c Stephen B. Pope 2000
U
h
y
0
U
c
Figure 5.30: Sketch of the mean velocity prole in homogeneous shear
ow.
26
CHAPTER 5: FREE SHEAR FLOWS
Turbulent Flows
Stephen B. Pope
Cambridge University Press, 2000
c Stephen B. Pope 2000
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
0.003
0.002
0.001
0
x / h
u u
i j
U
c
2
Figure 5.31: Reynolds stresses against axial distance in the homoge-
neous shear ow experiment of Tavoularis and Corrsin (1981): ,
u
2
; , v
2
; , w
2
.
27
CHAPTER 5: FREE SHEAR FLOWS
Turbulent Flows
Stephen B. Pope
Cambridge University Press, 2000
c Stephen B. Pope 2000
M
M
d
Figure 5.32: Sketch of a turbulence generating grid composed of bars
of diameter d, with mesh spacing M.
28
CHAPTER 5: FREE SHEAR FLOWS
Turbulent Flows
Stephen B. Pope
Cambridge University Press, 2000
c Stephen B. Pope 2000
10
4
10
3
10
500
x/M
U
0
2
u
2
()
f()
Figure 5.34: Normalized mean velocity decit f() and scalar, () =
/
y=0
in the self-similar plane wake. Symbols (solid f,
open ) experimental data of Fabris (1979); solid line, f() =
exp(
2
ln 2); dashed line, () = exp(
2
T
ln 2) with
T
= 0.7.
30
CHAPTER 5: FREE SHEAR FLOWS
Turbulent Flows
Stephen B. Pope
Cambridge University Press, 2000
c Stephen B. Pope 2000
0.0 1.0 2.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
y=0
1/2
r/r
1/2
0.0 0.1 0.2
1.0
0.5
0
0 1 2
y / y
is the
half-width. From the experimental data of LaRue and Libby (1974,
1976).
36
CHAPTER 5: FREE SHEAR FLOWS
Turbulent Flows
Stephen B. Pope
Cambridge University Press, 2000
c Stephen B. Pope 2000
1.0
0.5
0.0
(a) (b)
y/y
'
1/2
2
'
T
0.0 1.0 2.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Figure 5.41: Comparison of unconditional and turbulent mean (a) and
r.m.s. (b) scalar proles in the self-similar plane wake. From the
experimental data of LaRue and Libby (1974).
37
CHAPTER 5: FREE SHEAR FLOWS
Turbulent Flows
Stephen B. Pope
Cambridge University Press, 2000
c Stephen B. Pope 2000
viscous
superlayer
U
s
O
s
s=0
E
Figure 5.42: Sketch of a turbulent round jet showing the viscous super-
layer, and the path of a uid particle from a point in the quiescent
ambient, O, to the superlayer, E.
38
CHAPTER 5: FREE SHEAR FLOWS
Turbulent Flows
Stephen B. Pope
Cambridge University Press, 2000
c Stephen B. Pope 2000
U
T
U
N
U
U
U
S
0
1.0
1 -1 0
0.5
Figure 5.43: Proles of the intermittency factor , the unconditional
mean axial velocity U and the turbulent U
T
and non-turbulent
U
N
conditional mean velocities in a self-similar mixing layer.
From the experimental data of Wygnanski and Fiedler (1970).
39
CHAPTER 5: FREE SHEAR FLOWS
Turbulent Flows
Stephen B. Pope
Cambridge University Press, 2000
c Stephen B. Pope 2000
u
2
T
2
(u' )
N
2
(u' )
u
2
U
S
2
-1 0 1
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
Figure 5.44: Proles of unconditional u
2
, turbulent (u
T
)
2
and non-
turbulent (u
N
)
2
variances of axial velocity in a self-similar mix-
ing layer. From the experimental data of Wygnanski and Fiedler
(1970).
40
CHAPTER 5: FREE SHEAR FLOWS
Turbulent Flows
Stephen B. Pope
Cambridge University Press, 2000
c Stephen B. Pope 2000
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
0.1
0.2
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
0.1
0.2
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
0.1
0.2
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.3 0.3
0.3
f
^
u
f
^
w
f
^
v
f
^
V
1
V
3
V
2
(a) (c)
(b)
(d)
Figure 5.45: Standardized PDFs of (a) u, (b) v, (c) w and (d) in
homogeneous shear ow. Dashed lines are standardized Gaussians.
(From Tavoularis and Corrsin (1981).)
41
CHAPTER 5: FREE SHEAR FLOWS
Turbulent Flows
Stephen B. Pope
Cambridge University Press, 2000
c Stephen B. Pope 2000
-2
-1
-2
-1
-2
-1
1
0 3 -2 -3 -1 1 2
0 3 -2 -3 -1 1 2
0 3 -2 -3 -1 1 2
2
1
2
1
2
V
1
V
1
V
2
V
2
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 5.46: Contour plots of joint PDFs of standardized variables
measured in homogeneous shear ow: (a) u and v, (b) and v,
(c) u and . Contour values are 0.15, 0.10, 0.05 and 0.01. Dashed
lines are corresponding contours for joint-normal distributions with
the same correlation coecients. (From Tavoularis and Corrsin
(1981).)
42
CHAPTER 5: FREE SHEAR FLOWS
Turbulent Flows
Stephen B. Pope
Cambridge University Press, 2000
c Stephen B. Pope 2000
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
1
2
0
f ()
= 0 = 0.22
= 0.43
= 0.65
= 0.86
Figure 5.47: PDFs of a conserved passive scalar in the self-similar
temporal mixing layer at dierent lateral positions. From direct
numerical simulations of Rogers and Moser (1994).
43
CHAPTER 5: FREE SHEAR FLOWS
Turbulent Flows
Stephen B. Pope
Cambridge University Press, 2000
c Stephen B. Pope 2000
y/y
0.0
-1.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
S
S
T
0.0 1.0 2.0
1.0
3.0
5.0
7.0
9.0
K
K
T
Figure 5.48: Proles of unconditional (S
, K
(mm) 60
50
40
30
0
f (Hz)
Figure 5.53: Mixing layer thickness, , against axial distance, x, for dif-
ferent forcing frequencies, f. (From Oster and Wygnanski (1982).)
48