The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Functions of Bones Support of the body Protection of soft organs Movement due to attached skeletal muscles Storage of minerals and fats Blood cell formation Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The adult skeleton has 206 bones Two basic types of bone tissue Compact bone Homogeneous Spongy bone Small needle-like pieces of bone Many open spaces Figure 5.2b Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Figure 5.1 Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones Long bones Typically longer than wide Have a shaft with heads at both ends Contain mostly compact bone Examples: Femur, humerus Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone Diaphysis Shaft Composed of compact bone Epiphysis Ends of the bone Composed mostly of spongy bone Figure 5.2a Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structures of a Long Bone Periosteum Outside covering of the diaphysis Fibrous connective tissue membrane Sharpeys fibers Secure periosteum to underlying bone Arteries Supply bone cells with nutrients Figure 5.2c Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structures of a Long Bone Medullary cavity Cavity of the shaft Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults Contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants Figure 5.2a Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones Short bones Generally cube- shape Contain mostly spongy bone Examples: Carpals, tarsals Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones Flat bones Thin and flattened Usually curved Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones Irregular bones Irregular shape Do not fit into other bone classification categories Example: Vertebrae and hip Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Osteon (Haversian System) A unit of bone Central (Haversian) canal Opening in the center of an osteon Carries blood vessels and nerves Perforating (Volkmans) canal Canal perpendicular to the central canal Carries blood vessels and nerves Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Figure 5.3 Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Lacunae Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes) Arranged in concentric rings Lamellae Rings around the central canal Sites of lacunae Detail of Figure 5.3 Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Canaliculi Tiny canals Radiate from the central canal to lacunae Detail of Figure 5.3 Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Bone Cells Osteocytes Mature bone cells Osteoblasts Bone-forming cells Osteoclasts Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings BONE MARKINGS PROJECTIONS Tuberosity - large rounded projection; maybe roughened ex. Radial tuberosity Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Crest - narrow ridge of bone, usually prominent ex. Iliac crest Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Line - narrow ridge of bone less prominent than a crest ex. Intertrochanteric line Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Trochanter - very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process ex. Greater trochanter Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Tubercle - small rounded projection or process ex. Greater and lesser tubercle of the humerus Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Epicondyle - raised area on or above a condyle ex. Medial epicondyle of radius Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Spine - sharp, slender, often pointed projection ex. Spinous process of the vertebrae Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Head - bony expansion carried on a narrow neck ex. Head of femur
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Facet - smooth, nearly flat articular surface ex. Facet of vertebrae
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ramus - arm like bar of bone ex. Ramus of mandible Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings BONE MARKINGS- DEPRESSIONS AND OPENINGS Meatus - canal-like passageway ex. External acoustic meatus Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sinus - cavity within a bone - filled with air and lined with mucous membrane
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fossa - Shallow basin-like depression serving as articular surface ex. Iliac fossa
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fissure - Narrow slit-like opening ex. Orbital fissure
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Foramen -Round or oval opening ex. Foramen magnum
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Groove - Furrow ex. Radial groove Intertubercular groove
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Divided into two divisions Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Axial Skeleton (80 Bones) Forms the longitudinal part of the body Skull Vertebral column Bony thorax Auditory Ossicles Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Axial Skeleton Figure 5.6 Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Skull Two sets of bones Cranium - encloses and protects the brain Facial bones - hold the eyes in an anterior position - allow facial muscles to show our feelings Bones are joined by sutures Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings CRANIAL BONES 8 Large Flatbones - 1 Frontal - 2 Parietal - 2 Temporal - 1 Occipital - 1 Ethmoid - 1 Sphenoid Figure 5.7 Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Frontal bone Forehead, bony projection of the eyebrows, and superior part of the orbit
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Parietal Bone Superior and lateral walls of the cranium Sagittal sutures Parietal bones meet at the center Coronal sutures Parietal bone meets the frontal bone
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Temporal Bone Inferior to parietal bone Squamous suture Temporal bone joins parietal bone
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Temporal Bone Inferior to parietal bone Squamous suture Temporal bone joins parietal bone
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bone Markings External auditory meatus Leads to eardrum and middle ear Styloid process Attachment of neck muscles Zygomatic process/arch Bridge of bone that joins the cheekbones Mastoid process Mastoid sinuses, attachment of neck muscles Jugular foramen Passage of jugular vein, junction of occipital and temporal bones
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Human Skull, Inferior View Occipital Bone Floor and back wall of skull Lambdoid suture Occipital bone meets parietal bones Foramen magnum allows spinal cord to connect with brain Occipital condyles rest on the first vertebra
Figure 5.9 Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Human Skull, Inferior View Occipital Bone Floor and back wall of skull Lambdoid suture Occipital bone meets parietal bones Foramen magnum allows spinal cord to connect with brain Occipital condyles rest on the first vertebra
Figure 5.9 Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sphenoid Bone Part of the floor and lateral portion of the cranium, and part of the eye orbit Extends at the center of the skull, wings extend to the sides of the skull Sella turcica or Turks saddle Pituitary gland
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ethmoid Bone Roof of the nasal cavity, and medial wall of the orbit Crista galli or cocks comb attachment of covering of the brain Cribriform plates allows fibers carrying impulses from the olfactory receptors
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings FACIAL BONES 14 facial bones 6 paired Mandible and vomer (single) Maxillae Palatine Bones Zygomatic bones Lacrimal Bones Nasal Bones Inferior Conchae Figure 5.11 Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Maxillae/Maxillary bones Upper jaw Keystone Join all facial bones except mandible Palatine process Anterior part of hard palate Cleft palate
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Palatine Bone Posterior part of hard palate
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Zygomatic Bones Lateral walls of the orbit cheekbones
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lacrimal Bones forms the medial wall of the orbit Fingernail-sized bone Lacrimal groove
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nasal Bones Rectangular bones forming the bridge of the nose
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Vomer Single bone in the median line of the nasal cavity Nasal septum
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inferior Nasal Conchae Thin curved bones projecting from the lateral walls of nasal cavity
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mandible Largest and strongest bone of the face Forms the only movable joint in the face with temporal bone Horizontal part forms chin Upright bars called rami connect with temporal bone
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hyoid Bone
Only bone not directly articulated with another bone Suspended in the midneck region Anchored by ligaments to the styloid process of temporal bone 1.Movable base of the tongue 2.Attachment point for neck muscles Horseshoe-shaped Body Horns or cornua
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Auditory Ossicles Malleus or hammer Incus or anvil Stapes or stirrup
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Vertebral Column Axial support Extends from skull to pelvis Vertebrae 26 Cervical vertebrae 7 Thoracic vertebrae 12 Lumbar vertebrae 5 Sacrum (5 fused bones) 1 Coccyx (4 fused bones) 1 Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Vertebral Column or Spine Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs The spine has a normal curvature Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location Figure 5.14 Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Primary curvatures Thoracic Sacral Secondary curvatures Cervical Lumbar
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thoracic and Sacral curves - termed Primary Curvatures - present during fetal life Cervical and Lumbar curves - termed Compensatory or Secondary Curvatures - developed after birth Cervical curve - formed when the child is able to hold up its head (at 3 or 4 months) and to sit upright (at 9 mos.) Lumbar Curve - formed at 12 or 18 mos. when the child begins to walk
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Common Features of Vertebrae 1. Body or centrum - disc like, weight bearing part 2. Vertebral foramen - canal through which the spinal cord passes 3. Transverse processes - two lateral projections
Figure 5.16 Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 4. Spinous process - single projection - arises from posterior aspect of vertebral arch 5. Superior and inferior articular processes - paired projections - allow vertebra to form joints with adjacent vertebrae
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cervical Vertebrae C 7 C1-Atlas - superior surface of transverse processes with depression - no body , no spinous process C2-Axis - Odontoid process/dens - Joint formed bet. C1 and C2 allows head to rotate
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
C3 C7 - Branched spinous process - Transverse processes contain opening (transverse foramen) Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thoracic Vertebrae T12
- with 2 demifacets (articulating surfaces) on each side - spinous process are long and hooks sharply downward Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lumbar Vertebrae L5
L1 L5 Massive block-like body Hatchet-shaped spinous process Sturdiest of the vertebrae
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sacrum S1 formed by fusion of 5 vertebrae Wing-like alae Posterior wall of pelvis Sacroiliac joint Sacrum meets the iliac bone of the pelvis
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Median sacral crest Fused spinous processes Sacral canal Continuous with vertebral canal
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Coccyx C1
Human tailbone Fusion of 4 bones or 3-5 bones
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Bony Thorax Made-up of three parts Sternum Ribs Thoracic vertebrae Figure 5.19a Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bony Thorax/Thoracic Cavity Sternum (breastbone) 1 Manubrium Body of the sternum Xiphoid process Attached to the first 7 pairs of ribs Ribs 24 True ribs first 7 pairs attached to the sternum by costal cartilage False ribs next 5 pairs Attached indirectly to the sternum Last two are floating ribs (lack sternal attachments) Thoracic vertebrae
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Appendicular Skeleton Limbs (appendages) Pectoral girdle Pelvic girdle Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle Composed of two bones Clavicle collarbone Scapula shoulder blade These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PECTORAL GIRDLE Clavicle or collarbone Slender, doubly curved bone Articulates with manubrium of sternum medially o Sternoclavicular joint Articulates with acromion of scapula laterally o Acromioclavicular joint
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Scapula/ Shoulder Blades Triangular, wing-like bone Spine Acromion articulates with clavicle laterally Coracoid process anchors muscles Borders Superior, vertebral (medial), and axillary (lateral) Fossae Supraspinous ,Infraspinous and Subscapular Glenoid cavity or fossa receives head of humerus
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Upper Limb The upper arm is formed by a single bone Humerus Head received by glenoid cavity Greater and lesser tubercle muscle attachment Deltoid tuberosity midpoint of shaft Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Upper Limb Trochlea distal, medial end Capitulum distal, lateral end (round) Coronoid fossa anterior Olecranon fossa posterior Medial and lateral epicondyle
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bones of the Upper Limb Upper Limb The forearm has two bones Ulna Radius Radius Lateral bone Head disk-shaped Radial tuberosity attachment of tendon of biceps brachii Styloid process
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Upper Limb Ulna Medial bone Coronoid process anterior Olecranon process posterior Trochlear notch separates coronoid and olecranon processes Articulates with trochlea pliers-like manner
Figure 5.21ab Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Upper Limb The hand Carpals wrist Metacarpals palm Phalanges fingers Figure 5.22 Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carpals wrist Scaphoid or navicular Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Trapezium or Greater multiangular Trapezoid or Lesser multiangular Capitate Hamate
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Metacarpals Bones of the palm Phalanges Proximal Middle absent in thumb Distal
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Pelvic Girdle Hip bones (Coxal Bone/ Ossa Coxae) Composed of three bones fused bones Ilium Ischium Pubic bone The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis Protects several organs Reproductive organs Urinary bladder Part of the large intestine Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Pelvis: Right Coxal Bone Ilium Large flaring bones Connects with sacrum sacroiliac joint Iliac crest Anterior superior spine Posterior superior spine
Figure 5.23b Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ischium Sitdown bone Ischial tuberosity Ischial spine Superior to ischial tuberosity Narrows the outlet of pelvis thru which the baby must pass Greater sciatic notch
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pubis Most anterior Obturator foramen - serves as passageway of b.v and nerves Pubic symphysis Acetabulum
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Differences of Male and Female Pelvis Female Larger and more circular Shallower, lighter and thinner Flares more laterally Sacrum is shorter and less curved Ischial spines are shorter and farther apart
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Lower Limbs
Femur thigh bone Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges
Figure 5.24ab Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Femur or thigh bone Head Greater and lesser trochanter Intertrochanteric crest Gluteal tuberosity Lateral and medial condyles Articulate with tibia and patellar surface Intercondylar fossa
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Lower Limbs The leg has two bones Tibia Fibula Figure 5.24c Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Tibia Larger and more medial shinbone Medial and Lateral Condlyles Tibial Tuberosity Articulate with distal end of femur Kneejoint Medial Malleolus Process forming inner bulge of the ankle
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fibula Thin and sticklike no part in forming the kneejoint Lateral Malleolus Process forming outer bulge of the ankle
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Lower Limbs The foot Tarsus ankle Metatarsals sole Phalanges toes Figure 5.25 Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Lower Limbs
Tarsal bones Composed of 7 bones Talus and calcaneus are the largest tarsals
Figure 5.25 Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Lower Limbs Figure 5.25
Metatarsals Bones of the sole of the foot Phalanges Proximal Middle absent in great toe Distal 14 bones