Introducing Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in Criminal Justice System: Bangladesh Perspective

Introducing Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in Criminal Justice
System: Bangladesh Perspective

Mahua Gulfam

Abstract
Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), which refers to the process of dispute
resolution, denotes the idea of making the system of delivering justice friendly to the
disputed parties and ensuring quick resolution of the cases. For its simplicity the
popularity of this system is increasing day by day. The justice seekers of Bangladesh
are frequently harassed in the area of courts. In this respect ADR can make them
harassment free. Most of the statutory laws including the main procedural law for
civil matters follow this system. The ADR System should be developed more and more
in other main Statutes including the Code of Criminal Procedure. ADR can act a
viable option for resolving disputes between the victim and the offender. This article
explores theoretical concerns underlying contemporary appeals to ADR in the
Criminal Justice System.

Keywords: Alternative Dispute Resolution, Criminal law, Case, Litigation, Justice, Criminal
Procedure, Settlement, Twelve Tables, Conflict.
Introduction
Man lives in a society. With a view to lead a harmonious life in the society, human being
undertakes their social interaction, through the different forms of social process-co-operation,
competition and conflict. Conflict creates Suits cases. Unlike the suits and trial cases,
Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) includes processes that are out of court proceedings.
Due to fact that pendency of court cases and suits have gone through roofs, ADR has gained
paramount significance in almost every civilized dispensation. ADR is generally classified
into at least four types-negotiation, mediation, collaborative law and arbitration. Sometimes a
fifth type, conciliation, is included as well, but for present purposes it can be regarded as a
form of mediation.
The System for resolving dispute alternatively did not evolve in a day or even in a country
rather it has been developed in different times, places, and forms of the need of people. The
provisions of Alternative resolution exist at 450B.C. in the Twelve Tables adopted by the
Romans. According to the rules of Twelve Tables the judges applied their reasonable
discretionary power with respect to the settlement of stipulations arising from the contracts

Lecturer, Dept. of Law, Dhaka International University.

Banglavision
ISSN: 2079-567X
Vol. 13 No. 1 January 2014
206 Banglavision Vol. 13, No. 1, 2014
and the partition of lands acquired by inheritance
i
. However, Alternative Dispute Resolution
(ADR) is a term which is frequently used in civil suits and proceedings. Like many other
countries Bangladesh has also introduced this process in civil litigation system. With regard
to criminal litigation the adoption of the process of ADR has been advocated by some
researchers.
Criminal justice is the system of practices and institutions of governments directed at
upholding social control, deterring and mitigating crime or sanctioning those who violate
laws with criminal penalties and rehabilitation efforts. There are arguments both for and
against with regard to ADR in criminal justice system. Because the criminal justice system
emphasizes the role of the state in resolving offences to ensure peace and to protect the life
and property of its subjects. State can never compromise. However, it should be noted that
many offences do not fall under the category of crimes affecting the state, but affecting only
a particular individual or a group of individuals, ADR can be more effective there.
In spite of the objection with regard to ADR in criminal cases, it has been a revolution for
speedy trial. The Constitution of Bangladesh ensures justice but still there are so many
pending cases because of which it is tough to ensure proper justice and ADR can play a big
role here to speed up the dispute resolution and thus ensure peoples right to justice.
ii

Objectives of the study
All types of Courts in Bangladesh are burdened with litigants. These problems have been
arisen due to the defects of adversarial system. The main objective of this study is to analyze
the significant role of ADR system in Criminal Justice Administration for the speedy
disposal of cases. Also to recognize the concept of ADR in procedural law for criminal
matters. This essay also focuses on the advantages and disadvantages of ADR System and
the development of ADR method in Criminal Justice System.

Methodology of the study
This is a socio-legal research. This essay is Descriptive and suggestive in nature. This study
is based on both primary and secondary data collected from law reports, text-books, journals,
Newspaper, websites, and training workshops on ADR in Criminal Justice. The collected
data have been processed and prepared in the present form in order to make the study more
informative, analytical and useful for the users.

Definition of ADR
ADR is the abbreviation of Alternative Dispute Resolution. When the disputes between the
parties are resolved through means which are alternative to formal litigation, this is called
Alternative Dispute Resolution.
The term Alternative Dispute Resolution includes, in narrow sense, only those processes in
which the decision finally arrived at is with the consent of the parties. In wider sense, ADR
includes arbitration also along with negotiation, mediation and conciliation-because
arbitration constitutes an alternative to litigation .As Arbitration process settles the disputes
Introducing Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in Criminal Justice System 207
outside the Courts it is considered as ADR, as it brings the parties to the negotiation table
,identifying the problems, establishing facts, clarifying issues, developing the option of
settlement and ultimately solving the disputes through award which is binding on the
parties.
iii

ADR is also known as external dispute resolution. It is a term ordinarily used to refer to
formal dispute resolution processes in which the disputing parties meet with a professional
third party who assist them to resolve their dispute. In other words the expression,
Alternative Dispute Resolution is usually used to describe a wide variety of dispute
resolution system which is indeed more economical and a time saving mechanism.
iv

In Bangladesh perspective ADR means a process of dispute settlement outside the formal
judicial system where the parties represent themselves personally or through their
representatives and try to resolve the dispute through a process of mutual compromise. In the
words of Justice Mostofa Kamal ADR is a non-formal settlement of legal and judicial
disputes as a means of disposing of cases quickly and inexpensively. It is not a panacea for
all evils but an alternative route to a more speedy and less expensive mode of settlement of
disputes. It is a voluntary and co-operative way out of the impasses
v

Confucianism of China is considered as the philosophical basis of ADR. Prof. Dr. Mizanur
Rahman, in his Book of Alternative Dispute Resolution said that The Philosophy of
Confucius was, in essence, one of harmony, of peace, and of compromise resulting in a win-
win combination. The Confucian view is that the best way of resolving a disagreement is by
moral persuasion and compromise instead of by sovereign coercion. These are based on the
strong belief that laws are not the appropriate way to regulate daily life and hence should
only play a secondary role
vi

ADR techniques are extra-judicial in character. Many Scholars believe that ADR is evolving
as an alternative to the legal system. However, inclusion of different ADR mechanisms does
not replace the court system, rather strengthens and further legitimate the formal judicial
system.

Characteristics of ADR
Although the characteristics of arbitration, mediation, negotiation and other forms of
community justice vary, all share a few common elements of distinction from the formal
judicial structure. These elements permit them to address development objectives in a
manner different from judicial systems. The common characteristics of ADR are given
below:
1. ADR operates without formal representation.
2. ADR program applied the doctrine of Equity.
vii

3. ADR system includes more direct participation by the disputants in the process.
viii

4. Give opportunity for communication between the disputants.
5. Neutral case evaluation system.
6. ADR includes early neutral evaluation.
7. Make scope for family group conference.
8. Exist neutral fact finding process.
9. An organizational ombudsman works within the institution to look into complaints
independently and impartially.
ix

10. Its beneficial.
11. It keeps concentration not to the past but only to the future.
12. ADR processes are swift and cheap.

Development of the concept of ADR in Bangladesh
The judicial system of Bangladesh is adversarial in nature. In giving decree the court faced
many problems in Bangladesh and the noticeable inability of the existing legal system to
resolve them, an initiative was taken in 1999 by Justice Mr. Mustafa Kamal to initiate
reforms in the legal system. Bangladesh Legal Study Group was formed under the leadership
of justice Mustafa Kamal. The others members of the BLSG were Justice Mr. K. M. Hasan
(then the senior most judge of the High Court Division, later the Chief justice of
Bangladesh),Justice Mr. Anwar-ul-haque (then Joint Secretary, Ministry of Law justice and
Parliamentary Affairs, later elevated as a justice of High Court Division),Prof. Dr. M. Shah
Alam (then a member of the law commission) and Barrister Shafique Ahmed (then President
of the Supreme Court Bar Association).
x

In its report the BLSG identified lack of accountability, absence of discipline and
fragmentation in the litigation process and the absence of resourceful alternatives to full trials
as the most pressing problems. One of the recommendations made in the report was to
initiate immediately a Pilot project on mediation, a non mandatory consensual dispute
resolution system, in the family Courts in Dhaka, the Capital and the to expand it to other
courts. The reason for inclusion of the Family Court in the Pilot project was that it did not
involve any new legislation. The Family Courts Ordinance.1985 itself provides for
conciliation whereas inclusion of other courts at that stage needed legislation or amendment
of the Civil Procedure Code,1908. This Ordinance deals with the divorce, restitution of
conjugal rights, dower, maintenance and custody of children. The Ordinance empowers the
trial judge to effect reconciliation between the parties both before and after trial. It is
mentioned that all assistance judges of lower court, lowest tier of subordinate judiciary are ex
officio Family Courts Judge.
xi

In the Pilot project, statistics show that the total realization of the money through execution
of decrees in family suits disposed of by trial is far below the total realization of money in
disputes settled through mediation.
The paramount success of the ADR, Courts are changing the mental attitude of the judges,
lawyers, litigants and general public who were doubtful about ADR. In a workshop on 31
st

Oct, 2002, Justice Mr. K. M. Hasan considering the prospects of ADR in Bangladesh remark,
The success of Mediation in the Family Court is not the end. We look forward to the day
when introduction of ADR mechanism in other courts, like Commercial Courts will be
achieved. The experience of the Family Courts has provided a strong foundation upon
which an environment to introduce ADR in any types cases has been established.
xii

History of Criminal Justice System in Bangladesh
The phrase Criminal Justice System refers to the system of State and Local Public Agencies
that deal with the crime problem. Proper dispensation of Criminal Justice System is no doubt
sine qua none for a healthy secured society. The present criminal justice system of
Bangladesh owes its origin mainly to 200years British rule in Indian Sub-Continent; tough it
has been gradually developed as a continuous historical process through Hindu and Mughal
administration. There are at least five periods by passing which our present administration of
justice has been developed. In Hindu Period, the King was considered as the Kings Court,
Chief Justice Court, Village Council etc.
xiii
In Muslim period, the criminal justice system was
administered through three consecutive sub-periods that was period of Turkish Muslims
(1100A.D-1206), the Sultanate of Delhi (1206A.D.-1526) and the Mughal Empire(1526A.D.-
1857A.D.).The theory of Muslims was based on Quran and their religious book.
xiv

Somuzat,Diwan-e-Mazalim, Sarde Jehans Court, Adalat Nazim Subha, Adalat Qazi-e-
Subha,Faujder Court etc.The modernization of ancient criminal justice system took place by
the interference of the East India Company. The administration of justice was regulated by
several Charters and Act. Gradually, Supreme Court and High Court were established. In the
last era of British India there were Courts of Session,Presidency Magistrate,1
st
Class,2
nd

Class and 3
rd
Class Magistrate which was established by the Code of Criminal
Procedure,1898. Bangladesh has adopted this Criminal Justice System. The judicial
procedure is regulated by the Code of 1898 and the Act of 1860 has defined the crimes and
prescribed the punishment. This system is considered as the staircase of Criminal Justice
System of Bangladesh.
xv

Nature of Criminal Justice System
Followings are the nature and features of the Criminal Justice System of Bangladesh-
1. Criminal Justice System is adversarial in nature meaning that the whole process is a
contest between two parties one of whom is State and the other is accused of crime. The
judge acts as an umpire between parties.
xvi

2. A person accused of a crime is presumed to be innocent until the prosecution proves his
guilt.
3. Guilt of the accused must be proved beyond any reasonable doubt. This is the criminal
standard of proof.
4. In criminal proceeding, the basic rule is that the prosecution bears the legal burden (onus)
of proving every fact in issue. The burden of proof as to any particular fact lies on that person
who wishes the Court to believe in its existence.
xvii

5. Criminal Justice System consists in the punishment of wrongs. Normally in a criminal
justice, the injured person claims no right, but accuses the defendant of wrong.
6. In Criminal Justice System, there is no retrospective operation of Criminal law.
Retrospective means looking backwards having reference to a state of things existing before
the Act in question. It is a settled principle that criminal laws have no retrospective operation
in the eye of law. Constitution of Bangladesh also ensures that no person shall be convicted
to any offence which is not in force at the time of the commission of the act.
xviii

7. It is a general rule that Penal enactments are to be interpreted strictly and not extended
beyond their clear meaning. A penal Statute must be construed according to its plain, natural
and grammatical meaning. Special criminal law prevails over the general criminal law.
xix

8. There are almost five agencies in a criminal justice system. These are:
(a) Law Enforcing Bodies,
(b) The Prosecutors,
(c) The Defence Counsel,
(d) Adjudicating Authorities and,
(e) Correctional Services personnel.

Criminal Court Structure of Bangladesh
The apex criminal court is the Appellate Division and High Court Division of Bangladesh.
Besides those there are some other ordinary criminal Courts which have their legal basis in
the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898.
Section 6 of the Cr.P.C provides the following two types of courts-
1. Court of Sessions and
2. Court of Magistrates.
The Court of Sessions is presided over by the following three types of judges-
1. Session Judge,
2. Additional Judge,
3. Joint Session Judge.
The Court of Magistrates may be of the following classes-
1. Judicial Magistrate,
2. Executive Magistrate.
The Courts of Judicial Magistrates may be presided over by as many as five types of
Magistrate-
1. Chief Judicial Magistrate or Chief Metropolitan Magistrate,
2. Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate or Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate,
3. Senior Judicial Magistrate (First Class Magistrate, Metropolitan Magistrate),
4. Second Class Magistrate,
5. Third Class Magistrate.
The adjudicating authorities perform its proceeding through following two stages-
1. Proceeding Stage and
2. Trial Stage.
xx

Proceeding stage consists of taking cognizance of a criminal proceeding and transfer to an
appropriate court. Under Section 190, any CMM,CJM,MM,1
st
class Magistrate or other
Magistrate specially empowered may take cognizance of an offence on the basis of any of the
three sources-(a) upon a charge sheet (b) upon a complaint (c)upon own knowledge or
private information. Under Section 193, the Court of Sessions can take cognizance of
offence.
xxi

Trial stages has two phases-(a) trial in Magistrate Court and (b) trial in Session Court. This is
because the nature and procedure of trial in these two courts are different. Trial in Magistrate
Court takes two forms-Summery trial and Regular trial. In Summery trial, the Court shall try
the accused in short. Here the Court is dispensed with the recording evidence. The distinctive
features of this system is that the Magistrate can impose sentence not exceeding 2years. Strict
rules of evidence may not be followed here.
xxii
In regular trial, the Magistrate will first
consider the record of the case and he will hear the parties. Having done that if he considers
the charge to be groundless, he may discharge the accused. But if he is of opinion that there
is a prima facie case for the accused, he shall frame a formal charge. After framing charge, if
the accused pleads his guilt, he may convict him accordingly. If the accused does not plead
his guilt, magistrate shall proceed to hear the case on the basis of evidence. If after hearing
evidence, the Magistrate finds the accused not guilty, he shall record an order of acquittal.
But if the Magistrate finds the accused guilty, he shall pass the sentence.
xxiii
Trial in Sessions
Court starts with the opening of the prosecution case. The Public Prosecutor (PP) opens the
case by describing the charge brought against the accused and starting by what evidence he
will prove the guilt of the accused. Then the Session Judge will give both the sides chance to
argue in favour of framing charge or discharge. After such hearing and considering the
record of the case, if the judge finds no sufficient ground he will discharge the accused. But
if the Judge is of opinion that there is a prima facie case, he will frame a formal charge. After
framing formal charge, if the accused pleads the guilt, he will be convicted. If the accused
does not plead his guilt, the PP will first examine all prosecution witnesses. Cross-
examination and re-examination will also be held accordingly. After considering prosecution
evidence and arguments, the court will pass the order of acquittal or conviction.
xxiv

Causes of delay in disposal of Criminal Cases
Article 35(3) ensures the right to speedy justice as fundamental rights. But due to some
unavoidable circumstances, it is impossible to ensure the right of speedy disposal of cases.
From the analysis of the disposal procedure of cases, the following causes of delay can be
remarked-
1. Absence of completion of trial of criminal cases within time.
2. Inadequate number of judges.
3. Non attendance of witness at trial.
4. Absence of skilled and experienced regular prosecution.
5. Absence of exclusive criminal courts of session.
6. Absence of regular inspection of the subordinate session court by the Session judges or
Supreme Court.
xxv

Types of ADR in Criminal Cases
ADR in criminal cases may be of two types-
1. Compounding Offence.
2. Plea Bargaining.
xxvi

ADR in Criminal Cases in Bangladesh
The term Alternative Dispute Resolution is often used to describe a wide variety of dispute
resolution mechanism that are short of, or alternative to, full scale court process. In short, it
means to resolve any dispute between the parties outside the court. Bangladesh has
introduced this system in the Civil Justice System. ADR has not been yet widely introduced
in criminal justice system. Section 345 of the Code of Criminal Procedure enacts provision
for compromise between the adversary parties to a little extent. Besides this Gram Adalat
Ain,2006
xxvii
and Birodh Mimangsha (Paura Elaka) Board Ain,2004
xxviii
deals to dispose of
some petty criminal offences by compromise.The Criminal Court has no other alternatives
but to acquit the offenders if compromise petition is submitted in case of compoundable
offences.
The opportunity of ADR in criminal cases should be increased by widening the scope of
Section 345 of Cr.P.C. It is needed to widen the ambit of compoundable offences may have
the adverse effect on the public peace and tranquility. The success of the ADR will ensure
the peace in society.
Compounding means compromise or amicable settlement. Generally, a criminal act in which
a person agrees not to report the occurrence of a crime or not to prosecute a criminal offender
in exchange for money or other consideration is called compounding offences. One the other
hand, it can be said that compoundable offences are those which can be compromised by the
parties to the dispute. The permission of the Court is not necessary. Note that the aggrieved
party or the victim may compound an offence. Not even the public prosecutor has the power
to compound an offence.
xxix
Offences which may lawfully be compounded are mentioned in
section 345 of the Cr.P.C. An offence created by a Special Law is not compoundable. The
Court cannot allow compounding of an offence which is not compoundable under Section
345. Compoundable offence may be of two types: (a) Compounding with the permission of
the Court;(b) Compounding without the permission of the court. Section 345 (1) provides the
list of offences which can be compounded without the permission of court,. Section 345 (2)
provides the list of offences which can be compounded only with the permission of the
Court. Penal Code, 1860 covers wide range of offences, defining the offences and the
provisions of punishment. Whereas the Code of Criminal Procedure prescribes the procedure
to try the offences compoundable can also be compromised outside the court. Main object of
compounding to maintain peace in the society. But all kinds of offences are not
compoundable, basically in case of heinous offences. Except the offences mentioned in the
column of section 345 of the Code of Criminal Procedure cannot be compounded, such as
murder, rape, kidnapping, dacoity, smuggling, abduction etc.

General Rule of Compounding of Offences
1. Compounding of Abetment of Offences: When any offence is compoundable under
section 345 of Cr.P.C, the abetment of such offence or an attempt to commit such offence
(when such attempt is itself an offence) may be compounded in like manner.
xxx

2. Person Competent to Compound: When the person who would otherwise be competent
to compound an offence under section 345 of Cr.P.C is (under the age of eighteen years or is)
an idiot or a lunatic, any person competent to contract on his behalf may (with the permission
of the Court) compound such offence.
xxxi

3. No Composition in Some Case: When the accused has been sent for trial or when he has
been convicted and an appeal is pending, no composition for the offence shall be allowed
without the leave of the Court to which he is sent or the case may be, before which the appeal
is to be heard.
xxxii

4. Direction of High Court Division to Compound Cases: The High Court Division acting
in the exercise of its power of revision under section 439(and a court of session so acting
under section 439A) may allow any person to compound any offence which he is competent
to compound under section 345 of Cr.P.C.
xxxiii

5. Acquittal: The composition of an offence under section 345 of Cr.P.C shall have the
effect of an acquittal of the accused (with whom the offence has been compounded)).
6. No Compounding except Section 345: No offence shall be compounded except as
provided by section 345 of Cr.P.C.
xxxiv

Guiding Principles in Compromise of Criminal Cases
No compromise can be made before charge sheet is submitted. Following points should be
kept in mind while compromising an offence:
1. The compromise proceeding should be guided by legal process and no legal provisions
shall be hampered by compromise.
2. Patience hearing should be given to both the parties.
3. Conciliator should not impose any decision over the parties.
4. Extra benefit should not be given to any parties.
5. No one should be declared guilty or convicted in conciliation proceeding.
6. Equality should be ensured in case of male and female.
7. Deed of compromise should be in written form.
8. Copy of the deed of Compromise should be provided both the parties.
xxxv

When Compounding Possible?
At any stage of Criminal Proceeding the parties may take initiative to submit deed of
compromise and even in appellate stage it can be submit before the Court. The order is
discharge of the accused when the deed is filed before framing of charge whereas the accused
is to be acquitted if the compromised deed is submitted after framing of charge whereas the
accused is to be acquitted if the compromised deed is submitted after framing of charge.
Before pronouncement of judgment compromise deed can be filed.
xxxvi
The Pakistan
Supreme Court permits submission of deed of compromise after serving the conviction and
acquit the accused in appellate stage.
xxxvii
But when the lower Courts record is called for
under section 435 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, Magistrate can not permit the parties to
submit compromise deed.

Advantages of ADR: The main advantage of ADR is that like the normal court system it
does not consume huge time which helps to resolve the dispute speedily and cheaply. The
method of ADR contains the following typical advantages-
1. It is cost effective and produces quicker resolution of dispute.
2. It facilitates the maintenance if continued relationship between the parties even after the
settlement or at least the period the settlement is attempted.
3. Increase control over the process and the outcome.
4. Increase satisfaction of the disputants.
5. Improve Attorney-client relationship.
xxxviii

6. ADR supports Court reform
xxxix

7. Ensure justice for disadvantaged group.
8. Higher abidance leads to a permanent resolution of conflicts.
9. In rural areas, the court is a taboo for women, ADR process ensure privacy. That means it
is a confidential process.
xl

10. ADR is a consensual process to enhance social harmony.
11. There is no scope for bias or corruption.

Disadvantages of ADR: It is true that ADR system plays an important role in speedy
disposal of dispute but there are some limitations of this system too, which are as under-
1. No system of precedent.
2. Lack of legal expertise.
3. A court action may still be required.
4. Extreme power in balance between the parties.
5. Settlement is not determent.
6. Undermining judicial reforms efforts.
xli

Necessary Steps to Introduce ADR in Criminal Justice Delivery System
The opportunity of ADR in Criminal Cases can be increased by enlarging the scope of
Section 345 of the Code of Criminal Procedure carefully. It would eliminate the various
malpractices now resorted to be the parties to put an end to criminal proceedings pending in
the Courts in which a non-compoundable offence has, in fact, been compounded out of court.
In Criminal Jurisdiction, thousands of cases filed under section 138 of the Negotiable
Instrument Act, 1881 which are not compoundable. But in this case, ADR system may be
very much effective and the Complainants will be benefited. A considerable number of cases
filed under section 385 of the Penal Code are pending in the Courts of Session for years
together. These types of cases are suitable for compromise through Court if necessary
amendment be made in the procedural laws. ADR system can also be introduced to confirm
juvenile justice under the Children Act, 1974. This system can also be effective for the trial
of environmental cases under the Environmental laws. To preserve Human Rights it is
necessary to introduce ADR system in Criminal Justice delivery system. In the case of Md.
Joynal and others v. Rustam Ali and others, Supreme Court encourages compromise in
criminal cases.
xlii
Establishment of ADR training institute and allocation of fund is another
requirement for introducing ADR in Criminal Justice. For the success of this system, mass
awareness should be built.
Conclusion
Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) is used when there is any conflict between two groups
regarding a specific situation. When the two parties are not able to come to any solution, then
they go for ADR. Only ADR processes have the potential to reduce significantly the costs
and delays associated with traditional court proceedings. This system has already been
introduced in Civil Litigation System. To introduce this system in Criminal Justice System
like Code of Civil Procedure, Code of Criminal Procedure should be amended. ADR can be
introduced in Code of Criminal Procedure by enlarging the scope of section 345 and
inserting a new section and empower the Criminal courts to dispose of criminal cases through
ADR. Critics believe that ADR encourages compromise. Compromise can be good way to
settle some dispute but it is not appropriate for others. Though there exist criticism, its still
helping the common people in getting the judiciary service cheaply. Also the judiciary
system is getting speed as it is facing less petty case of charge.

References:

i
Akhtaruzzaman Md, Conflict Resolution: Introducing ADR in Criminal Justice Administration in
Bangladesh, Journal of 10
th
Human Rights Summer School (ELCOP), 2009.
ii
Samad Md. Atickus, A Text Book on ADR & Legal Aid, National Law Publications, First edition, 2013,
p.185.
iii
S.R. Dr. Myneni, Alternative Dispute Resolution, Asia Law House, Hyderabad, Second edition, 2012,
p.10.
iv
S.C. Dr. Tripathi, Alternative Dispute Resolution System (ADR), Central Law PublicationsAllahabad,
First edition, 2012, p.01.
v
Akhtaruzzaman Md, Concept and Laws on Alternative Dispute Resolution and Legal Aid, Shabdakoli
Printers, Fourth edition, 2011, p.09.
vi
Rahman Dr. Mizanur, Alternative Dispute Resolution HR Summer School Manual, Sep 2007, p.148.
vii
S.C. Dr. Tripathi, Alternative Dispute Resolution System (ADR), Central Law PublicationsAllahabad,
viii
Ibid.
ix
Samad Md. Atickus, A Text Book on ADR & Legal Aid, National Law Publications, First edition,
2013, p.11.
x
xi
Hasan K.M.(former chief justice of Bangladesh), A report on Mediation in the Family Courts:
Bangladesh experience presented in the 25
th
Anniversary Conference of the Family Court of Australia,
Sydney,2 6-29,J uly 2001.

xii
xiii
Halim Md. Abdul, The Legal System of Bangladesh, Dhaka, CCB Foundation, 2009, p.37.
xiv
Akkas Dr. Sarkar Ali, Law of Criminal Procedure, Ankur Prakashani, Dhaka, 2006.
xv
Huq Zahirul, Law and Practice of Criminal Procedure, Bangladesh law Book Company, Dhaka, 2003.
xvi
Kumar Anoop, Article on Applicability of ADR in Criminal Cases, Lucknow, 2011.
xvii
Section 101-114 of the Evidence Act, 1872.
xviii
Article 35(1) of the Constitution of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh.
xix
Akhtaruzzaman Md. Interpretation of Statute and general Clauses Act, Dhaka, 2010.
xx
Halim Md. Abdul, Text Book on Code of Criminal Procedure, CCB Foundation, Dhaka, 2009.
xxi
Section 190 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898.
xxii
Sections (260-265) of the Code of Criminal Procedure,1898.
xxiii
Ibid, Section (241-249).
xxiv
Huq Zahirul, Law and Practice of Criminal Procedure, Bangladesh law Book Company, Dhaka, 2003.
xxv
th
xxvi
Halim Md. Abdul, ADR in Bangladesh : Issues and Challenges, CCB Foundation, Second edition,
2011,p.194.
xxvii
xxviii
Akhtaruzzaman Md, ibid., 2011, p.203.
xxix
Rediff O & A, Meaning of Compounding Offences
xxx
Section 345(3) of the Cr.P.C, 1898.
xxxi
xxxii
xxxiii
Section 345(5A) of the Cr.P.C, 1898.
xxxiv
xxxv
th
xxxvi
ibid.
xxxvii
PLD (1980) SC161.
xxxviii
Samad Md. Atickus, A Text Book on ADR & Legal Aid, National Law Publications, First edition,
2013, p.14.
xxxix
S.C. Dr. Tripathi, Alternative Dispute Resolution System (ADR), Central Law
PublicationsAllahabad, First edition, 2012, p.4
xl
A. Chowdhury Dr. Jamila, ADR Theories and Practices, London College of Legal Studies (South), First
edition, 2013, p.54.
xli
S.C. Dr. Tripathi, Alternative Dispute Resolution System (ADR), Central Law Publications, Allahabad,
xlii
36 DLR (AD) 240.

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Introducing Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in Criminal Justice System: Bangladesh Perspective

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Introducing Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in Criminal Justice

System: Bangladesh Perspective

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