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Physics Project
Physics Project
Madhav Tandon
Class : XII-A1
Roll No.: 18
This is to certify that Madhav Tandon,
a student of class XII has successfully
completed the investigatory project on
the topic, To find out the refractive
index of various liquids using a Hollow
Prism. under my guidance. This
Project is absolutely genuine and does
not indulge in plagiarism of any kind.
The references have been declayered at
the end of this report.
Signature Signature
Mr. Anurag Chitra Principal
CONTENTS
Sl. No Item Page No.
1. Objective
2. Introduction
3. Apparatus
4. Theory
5. Procedure
6. Observations
7. Diagrams
8. Calculations + Graphs
9. Precautions
10. Bibliography
OBJECTIVES:
To study the variation of the angle of deviation with the angle of
incidence using Hollow Glass Prism and to determine the angle of
minimum deviation.
To find out the refractive index of various liquids using a Hollow
Prism.
INTRODUCTION:
T
his project is of Investigatory Type. In this project, a hollow prism
has been used to calculate the refractive index of various liquids.
The hollow prism is filled with liquid and then the experiment is
performed.
APPARATUS:
Drawing Board Sheet of Paper
Hollow Glass Prism Graph Paper
Protractor Drawing Pins
All Pins Pencil
THEORY:
Refraction :
In a homogenous medium, light travels along a straight
line,but whenever it falls on a surface of another medium, a very
small fraction of it is reflected back and most of the light passes
into the medium, though with a change of direction. This
phenomenon of the bending of light at the surface of separation of
the two medium is called refraction of light.
Causes of refraction :
This phenomenon of refraction takes place when a beam of
light enters a medium in which light enters a medium in which
light travels with a different velocity.
Laws Of Refraction:
1. The incident ray, the refracted and the normal to the surface at
the point of incidence lie on the same plane.
2. For any two given media, the ratio of the sine of the angle of
incidence to the angle of refraction is a constant, where it is the
angle of incidence and is the angle of refraction.
Medium: The surrounding substance through which the light
travels.
For a monochromatic light, the ratio of the sine of the angle
of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is a constant for any
two given media. If `I is the angle of incidence, and `r is the
angle of refraction, then;
Sine( I)
------- = Constant
Sine( R)
the constant is called the refractive index. For most purposes it
may be assumed that the refractive index is with respect to air.
When light travels from a rarer to a denser medium, it
bends towards the normal and vice versa when it goes from a
denser to a rarer medium. It has been experimentally shown that
Velocity of light in air
Refractive index of substance = ------------------------------------
Velocity of light in substance
Refraction Through Prism:
A transparent medium bounded by two plane surface
inclined to each other at an angle is called a Prism. The angle
between the two faces is known as the angle of the prism.
[C1]Angle of deviation: The angle through which the incident
ray of light is deviated is called the angle of deviation. In fact it is
the angle between the emergent ray and the incident ray
produced.
Angle of minimum deviation: As the value of the angle of
incidence (1) increases, the angle of deviation decreases till for a
particular value of the angle of incidence, it attains a minimum
value m , is called the angle of minimum deviation.
Critical angle :
It is that angle of incidence in the denser medium for which
corresponding angle of refraction in the rarer medium is 90
degree.
I
= ---------
Sin C
Where,
- Refractive Index
C- Critical angle
The four parameters on which angle of deviation depends are:
1. Angle of prism ( A )
2. Material of prism ( )
3. Angle of incidence ( I )
4. Wavelength or color of light ( )
Refraction through Prism :
Theory on refraction through Prism :
When a ray of light passes from one medium into the
other, it either bends towards the normal or away from the normal
in the second medium, depending upon whether the second
medium is denser or rarer with respect to first medium. This
phenomenon is known as the Refraction of light.
For a particular pair of two media, and for a particular
wavelength of light (colour) the ratio of the sine of the angle of
incidence and the sine of the angle of refraction is a constant
quantity called the Refractive Index of the second medium with
respect to the first medium. It is represented by:
Sin i
= --------
Sin r
Therefore, the value of the angle of incidence i can be
obtained in terms of the refracting angle A of the prism and the
angle of minimum deviation m and the angle of refraction r can
also be obtained in terms of the refracting angle A of the prism.
Let ABC represent a section of the glass prism and let IP
be a ray incident at angle i on the first face AB of the prism at a
point P. N
1
PN is the normal to this face. The material of the
prism is denser with respect to air, as such the ray will refract in
the direction PQ making an angle r
1
with the normal reaching the
second face AC of the prism at the point Q making an angle
r
2
with the normal N
2
QT. The ray emerging in the direction QE
bending away from the normal and making an angle e with the
normal.
If the incident ray IP be produced backwards to meet QE
produced at S, the angle KSQ is called the angle of deviation is
represented by D. Angle BAC is called the refracting angle of the
prism and represented by A.
To derive the relation:
A + D = i + e
In SPQ,
PS is produced to K.
KSQ or D is the external angle.
D = SPQ + SQP
= i-r
1
+ e-r
2
= (i + e) - (r
1
+ r
2
) .............(1)
r
1
+ r
2
+ PTQ = 180
0
r
1
+ r
2
= 180
0
- PTQ .........(2)
Taking quadrilateral APTQ
APT + AQT = 90
0
+ 90
0
= 180
0
A + PTQ = 180
0
A = 180 - PTQ ----------------(3)
From (2) and (3)
r
1
+ r
2
= A...........(4)
From (1) and (4)
D = i + e - A
A + D = i + e
When the angle of deviation D has minimum value D
m
the
following conditions are fulfilled:
i = e
and r
1
- r
2
= r (say)
Applying these conditions in Eq.(2) and (3)
A = 2 r
A
or r = ----- ...........(5)
2
and A + D
m
= 2
i
A+D
m
Or i = --------- ............(6)
2
Sin
i
Since u
2
= --------
Sin
r
We obtain on substituting the value of (i) and (r)
Sin(i)
since = ------------
Sin
(r)
Sin(A+D
m
)/2
= ------------------------ .........(7)
Sin(A/2)
Thus we find that we can use the relation (7) for
determining the refractive index. The experiment thus consists of
finding of the value of the refracting angle of minimum deviation
Dm.
For finding the value of D
m
a curve is plotted between the
angles of incidence(1) and their respective angles of deviation
(D).
PROCEDURE:
1. Fix the sheet of white paper on Drawing board with cello tape or
drawing pins.
2. Draw a straight-line XY nearly at the center of the sheet parallel
to its length. Mark points marked as O at suitable spacing on the
line XY and draw normal to the line XY at point O. Draw straight
line PQ corresponding to the incident rays that are drawn at the
angles of incidence ranging from 30 to 60 i.e. for angles
35,40,45,50,55 & 60 using a protractor.
3. Fill the liquid from open and of prism.
4. Fix two pins P and Q about 8 cm on the incident rayline and view
its image with one eye closed from the side of BC of the prism.
Fix two pins R and S on the paper such that the tips of these pins
and the tips of these images of the incident ray pins, all lie on the
same straight line.
5. Join the points (i.e. pin pricks) S & R and produce it backwards
to meet the incident ray PQ produced. Thus RS is the emergent
ray corresponding to the incident ray PQ. Draw arrow heads to
show the direction of rays.
6. Measure the angle of deviation D with Protractor.
7. Repeat at steps (4 to 8) for different liquids having different
values of angle of incidence and measure the corresponding
angles of deviation D. Take at least three values (i) from 30
0
to
40
0
.
8. Now place the prism on separate sheet of paper or on the same
sheet at a suitable place and trace its triangular boundary with a
sharp pencil. Measure the angle A, of the triangle so traced with
the help of protractor.
9. Record your observation in observation table.
Precautions
1. A sharp pencil should be used for drawing the boundary of the
prism.
2. The separation between the pins should not be less than 8 cm.
3. The angle of incidence should lie between 30-45.
4. The same and prism should be used for all observations. So an
ink mark should be placed on it to distinguish it as a refracting
angle A of the prism.
5. The pins should have sharp tips and fixed vertically and the pin
pricks should be encircled immediately after they are removed.
6. Proper arrow should be drawn to indicate the incident, the
refracted and the emergent rays.
7. A smooth curve passing practically through all the plotted points
should be drawn.
OBSERVATIONS
1) FOR H
2
O:
Sl.No. ANGLE OF
INCIDENCE
ANGLE OF
DEVIATION
1. 35
o
25
o
2. 40
o
24
o
3. 45
o
23
o
4. 50
o
25
o
5. 55
o
26
o
2) FOR SPIRIT:
Sl.No. ANGLE OF
INCIDENCE
ANGLE OF
DEVIATION
1. 35
o
29
o
2. 40
o
26
o
3. 45
o
25
o
4. 50
o
27
o
5. 55
o
28
o
3) For Glycerin:
Sl.No. ANGLE OF
INCIDENCE
ANGLE OF
DEVIATION
1. 35
o
39
o
2. 40
o
38
o
3. 45
o
35
o
4. 50
o
40
o
5. 55
o
41
o
4) FOR BENZENE:
Sl.No. ANGLE OF
INCIDENCE
ANGLE OF
DEVIATION
1. 35
o
40
o
2. 40
o
39
o
3. 45
o
41
o
4. 50
o
42
o
5. 55
o
45
o
CALCULATIONS
Formula Applied:-
Sin (A+D
m
)
=
2
-----------------------
Sin (A/2)
1. Water
Sin (60+23
)
=
2
=
Sin(41.5)
----------------------- -------------------
Sin(60/2) Sin 30
= 0.6626 = 1.33
0.5
2. Spirit
Sin (60+25
)
=
2
=
Sin(42.5)
----------------------- -------------------
Sin(60/2) Sin 30
= 0.6756 = 1.35
0.5000
3. Glycerin
Sin (60+35
)
=
2
= Sin(47.5)
------------------------- -------------------
Sin(60/2) Sin 30
= 0.7372 = 1.47
---------
0.5
4. Benzene
Sin (60+39
)
=
2
=
Sin(49.5)
----------------------- -------------------
Sin(60/2) Sin 30
= 1.52
Plotting of graph between i & D.
Plot a graph between angle i and D for various sets of values
recorded in the observation table.
RESULT
(i) The angle of deviation D first decrease with the
increase in the angle op-of incidence, attains a minimum value
and then increase with further increase in angle of incidence.
(ii) The refractive index of :-
i. Water = 1.33
ii. Spirit = 1.35
iii. Glycerine = 1.47
iv Benzene = 1.52