This document provides Latin translations and definitions for various Latin phrases. It includes over 50 entries, each listing a Latin phrase, its English translation, and a brief definition or explanation of its meaning and usage. Some of the phrases covered include ab initio ("from the beginning"), a fortiori ("from the stronger"), ab absurdo ("from the absurd"), and acta est fabula plaudite ("the play has been performed, applaud").
This document provides Latin translations and definitions for various Latin phrases. It includes over 50 entries, each listing a Latin phrase, its English translation, and a brief definition or explanation of its meaning and usage. Some of the phrases covered include ab initio ("from the beginning"), a fortiori ("from the stronger"), ab absurdo ("from the absurd"), and acta est fabula plaudite ("the play has been performed, applaud").
This document provides Latin translations and definitions for various Latin phrases. It includes over 50 entries, each listing a Latin phrase, its English translation, and a brief definition or explanation of its meaning and usage. Some of the phrases covered include ab initio ("from the beginning"), a fortiori ("from the stronger"), ab absurdo ("from the absurd"), and acta est fabula plaudite ("the play has been performed, applaud").
a bene placito "from one who has been pleased well" Or "at will", "at one's pleasure". This phrase, and its Italian (beneplacito) and Spanish (beneplcito) derivatives, are synonymous with the more common ad libitum ("at pleasure"). abusus non tollit usum "abuse does not preclude proper use" a caelo usque ad centrum "from the sy to the center" Or "from heaven all the way to the center of the earth". In law, can refer to the obsolete cuius est solum eius est usque ad coelum et ad inferos ma!im of property ownership. a capite ad calcem "from head to heel" "rom top to bottom# all the way throu$h. %&ually a pedibus usque ad caput. a contrario "from the opposite" %&uivalent to "on the contrary" or "au contraire". 'n argumentum a contrario is an "ar$ument from the contrary", an ar$ument or proof by contrast or direct opposite. a Deucalione "since (eucalion" ' lon$ time a$o. "rom )aius *ucilius (Satires, +, ,-.) a fortiori "from the stron$er" *oosely, "even more so" or "with even stron$er reason". Often used to lead from a less certain proposition to a more evident corollary. a mari usque ad mare "from sea to sea" "rom /salm 0,1-, "Et dominabitur a mari usque ad mare, et a flumine usque ad terminos terrae" (2341 "5e shall have dominion also from sea to sea, and from the river unto the ends of the earth"). 6ational motto of 7anada. a pedibus usque ad caput "from feet to head" 7ompletely. Similar to the %n$lish e!pressions "from tip to toe" or "from top to toe". %&ually a capite ad calcem. See also ab ovo usque ad mala. a posse ad esse "from bein$ able to bein$" ""rom possibility to actuality" or "from bein$ possible to bein$ actual" a posteriori "from the latter" 8ased on observation (i.e., empirical nowled$e), the reverse of a priori. 9sed in mathematics and lo$ic to denote somethin$ that is nown after a proof has been carried out. In philosophy, used to denote somethin$ that can be nown from empirical e!perience. a priori "from the former" /resupposed, the reverse of a posteriori. 9sed in mathematics and lo$ic to denote somethin$ that is nown or postulated before a proof has been carried out. In philosophy, used to denote somethin$ that can be nown without empirical e!perience. In everyday speech, it denotes somethin$ occurrin$ or bein$ nown before the event. ab absurdo "from the absurd" Said of an ar$ument that sees to prove a statement's validity by pointin$ out the absurdity of an opponent's position (cf. appeal to ridicule) or that an assertion is false because of its absurdity. 6ot to be confused with a reductio ad absurdum, which is usually a valid lo$ical ar$ument. ab abusu ad usum non valet consequentia "a conse&uence from an abuse to a use is not valid" Inferences re$ardin$ somethin$'s use from its misuse are invalid. :i$hts abused are still ri$hts (cf. abusus non tollit usum). ab aeterno "from the eternal" *iterally, "from the everlastin$" or "from eternity". Thus, "from time immemorial", "since the be$innin$ of time" or "from an infinitely remote time in the past". In theolo$y, often indicates somethin$, such as the universe, that was created outside of time. ab antiquo "from the ancient" "rom ancient times. ab epistulis "from the letter" Or, havin$ to do with correspondence. ab extra "from beyond" ' le$al term meanin$ "from without". "rom e!ternal sources, rather than from the self or the mind (ab intra). ab hinc "from here on" Often rendered abhinc (which in *atin means simply "since" or "a$o"). ab imo pectore "from the bottom of my heart" ;ore literally, "from the deepest chest". 'ttributed to 3ulius 7aesar. 7an mean "with deepest affection" or "sincerely". ab inconvenienti "from an inconvenient thin$" 6ew *atin for "based on unsuitability", "from inconvenience" or "from hardship". 'n argumentum ab inconvenienti is one based on the difficulties involved in pursuin$ a line of reasonin$, and is thus a form of appeal to conse&uences# it refers to a rule in law that an ar$ument from inconvenience has $reat wei$ht. ab incunabulis "from the cradle" Thus, "from the be$innin$" or "from infancy". Incunabula is commonly used in %n$lish to refer to the earliest sta$e or ori$in of somethin$, and especially to copies of boos that predate the spread of the printin$ press around '( <=>>. ab initio "from the be$innin$" "'t the outset", referrin$ to an in&uiry or investi$ation. In literature, refers to a story told from the be$innin$ rather than in medias res (from the middle). In law, refers to somethin$ bein$ the case from the start or from the instant of the act, rather than from when the court declared it so. ' ?udicial declaration of the invalidity of a marria$e ab initio is a nullity. In science, refers to the first principles. In other conte!ts, often refers to be$inner or trainin$ courses. Ab initio mundi means "from the be$innin$ of the world". ab intestato "from an intestate" "rom someone who dies with no le$al will (cf. ex testamento). ab intra "from within" "rom the inside. The opposite of ab extra. ab irato "from an an$ry man" 8y a person who is an$ry. 9sed in law to describe a decision or action that is detrimental to those it affects and was made based on hatred or an$er, rather than on reason. The form irato is masculine# however, this does not mean it applies only to men, rather 'person' is meant, as the phrase probably elides "homo," not "vir." ab origine "from the source" "rom the ori$in, be$innin$, source, or commencement @i.e., "ori$inally". The source of the word aboriginal. ab ovo usque ad mala "from the e$$ to the apples" "rom 5orace, Satire <.A. ;eans "from be$innin$ to end", based on the :oman main meal typically be$innin$ with an e$$ dish and endin$ with fruit (cf. the %n$lish phrase soup to nuts). Thus, ab ovo means "from the be$innin$", and can also connote thorou$hness. ab uno disce omnes "from one, learn all" "rom 4ir$il's Aeneid. :efers to situations where a sin$le e!ample or observation indicates a $eneral or universal truth. ab urbe condita (a.u.c.) "from the foundin$ of the city" :efers to the foundin$ of :ome, which occurred in 0=A 87 accordin$ to *ivy's count. 9sed as a reference point in ancient :ome for establishin$ dates, before bein$ supplanted by other systems. 'lso anno urbis conditae (a.u.c.) ("in the year that the city was founded"). ab utili "from utility" 9sed of an ar$ument. absens haeres non erit "an absent person will not be an heir" In law, refers to the principle that someone who is not present is unliely to inherit. absente reo (abs. re.) "with the defendant bein$ absent" In the absence of the accused. absit iniuria verbis "let in?ury by words be absent" %!presses the wish that no insult or wron$ be conveyed by the speaer's words, i.e., "no offense". 'lso rendered absit injuria verbis# see also absit invidia. absit invidia "let ill will be absent" 'lthou$h similar to the %n$lish e!pression "no offense", absit invidia is not a mere social $esture to avoid causin$ offense, but also a way to ward off the harm that some people superstitiously believe animosity can cause others. 'lso e!tended to absit invidia verbo, meanin$ "may ill will be absent from the word" (cf. absit iniuria verbis). absit omen "let an omen be absent" In other words, "let there not be an omen here". %!presses the wish that somethin$ seemin$ly illB bodin$ does not turn out to be an omen for future events, and calls on divine protection a$ainst evil. absolutum dominium "absolute dominion" Total power or soverei$nty. absolvo "I ac&uit" ' le$al term said by a ?ud$e ac&uittin$ a defendant followin$ a trial. Te absolvo or absolvo te, translated, "I for$ive you," said by :oman 7atholic priests durin$ the Sacrament of 7onfession prior to 4atican II. abundans cautela non nocet "abundant caution does no harm" Thus, one can never be too careful# even e!cessive precautions don't hurt anyone. abusus non tollit usum "misuse does not remove use" 'n a!iom statin$ that ?ust because somethin$ can be, or has been, abused, does not mean that it must be, or always is. 'buse does not, in itself, ?ustify denial of use accusare nemo se debet nisi coram Deo "no one ou$ht to accuse himself e!cept in the /resence of )od" ' le$al ma!im denotin$ that any accused person is entitled to mae a plea of not $uilty, and also that a witness is not obli$ed to $ive a response or submit a document that will incriminate himself. ' very similar phrase is nemo tenetur seipsum accusare. Accipe Hoc "Tae that" ;otto of -.- 6aval 'ir S&uadron, :oyal 6avy. acta est fabula plaudite "The play has been performed# applaudC" ' common endin$ to ancient :oman comedies, also claimed by Suetonius in Lives of the Telve !aesars to have been 7aesar 'u$ustus' last words. 'pplied by Sibelius to the third movement of his Strin$ Duartet no. , so that his audience would realiEe it was the last one, as a fourth would normally be e!pected. acta non verba "actions, not words" ;otto of the 9nited States ;erchant ;arine 'cademy. Acta anctorum "(eeds of the Saints" 'lso used in the sin$ular, Acta Sancti ("(eeds of the Saint"), precedin$ a specific Saint's name. ' common title of wors in ha$io$raphy. actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea "The act is not $uilty unless the mind is also $uilty." ' le$al term outlinin$ the presumption of mens rea in a crime. actus reus "$uilty act" The actual crime that is committed, rather than the intent or thou$ht process leadin$ up to the crime. Thus, the e!ternal elements of a crime, as contrasted with mens rea, the internal elements. ad absurdum "to the absurd" In lo$ic, to the point of bein$ silly or nonsensical. See also reductio ad absurdum. 6ot to be confused with ab absurdo ("from the absurd"). adaequatio intellect!s nostri "conformity of our minds to the fact" ' phrase used in epistemolo$y re$ardin$ the nature of understandin$. cum re ad abundantiam "to abundance" In le$al lan$ua$e, used when providin$ additional evidence to an already sufficient collection. 'lso used commonly, as an e&uivalent of "as if this wasn't enou$h". ad astra "to the stars" 6ame or motto (in full or part) of many or$aniEationsFpublicationsFetc. ad astra per aspera "to the stars throu$h difficulty" ;otto of 2ansas, and other or$anisations. ad astra per alia porci "to the stars on the win$s of a pi$" ' favorite sayin$ of 3ohn Steinbec. ' professor told him that he would be an author when pi$s flew. %very boo he wrote is printed with this insi$nia. ad captandum vulgus "in order to court the crowd" To do somethin$ to appeal to the masses. Often used of politicians who mae false or insincere promises to appeal to popular interest. 'n argumentum ad captandum is an ar$ument desi$ned to please the crowd. ad eundem "to the same" 'n ad eundem de$ree, from the *atin ad eundem gradum ("to the same step" or "to the same de$ree"), is a courtesy de$ree awarded by one university or colle$e to an alumnus of another. It is not an honorary de$ree, but a reco$nition of the formal learnin$ that earned the de$ree at another colle$e. ad fontes "to the sources" ' motto of :enaissance humanism. 'lso used in the /rotestant :eformation. ad fundum "to the bottom" Said durin$ a $eneric toast, e&uivalent to "bottoms upC" In other conte!ts, $enerally means "bac to the basics". ad hoc "to this" )enerally means "for this", in the sense of improvised on the spot or desi$ned for only a specific, immediate purpose. Rather than relying on ad hoc decisions, we should form a consistent plan for dealing with emergency situations. ad hominem "to the man" 7onnotations of "a$ainst the man". Typically used in argumentum ad hominem, a lo$ical fallacy consistin$ of criticiEin$ a person when the sub?ect of debate is the person's ideas or ar$ument, on the mistaen assumption that the validity of an ar$ument is to some de$ree dependent on the &ualities of the proponent. ad honorem "to the honor" )enerally means "for the honor", not seein$ any material reward. ad infinitum "to infinity" )oin$ on forever. 9sed to desi$nate a property which repeats in all cases in mathematical proof. ad interim (ad int) "for the meantime" 's in the term "charg" d#affaires ad interim" for a diplomatic officer who acts in place of an ambassador. ad "alendas #raecas "to the )ree 2alends" 'ttributed by Suetonius in Lives of the Telve !aesars to 7aesar 'u$ustus. The phrase means "never" and is similar to phrases lie "when pi$s fly". The 2alends (also written !alends) were specific days of the :oman calendar, not of the )ree, and so the ")ree 2alends" would never occur. ad libitum (ad lib) "toward pleasure" *oosely, "accordin$ to what pleases" or "as you wish"# libitum comes from the past participle of libere, "to please". It typically indicates in music and theatrical scripts that the performer has the liberty to chan$e or omit somethin$. Ad lib is specifically often used when someone improvises or i$nores limitations. ad litem "to the lawsuit" ' le$al term referrin$ to a party appointed by a court to act in a lawsuit on behalf of another party who is deemed incapable of representin$ himself. 'n individual who acts in this capacity is called a guardian ad litem. ad lucem "to the li$ht" ;otto of O!ford 5i$h School (O!ford), the 9niversity of *isbon, Githin$ton )irls' School and St. 8artholomew's School, 6ewbury, 92 ad maiorem Dei gloriam (A$D#) "To the $reater $lory of )od" ;otto of the Society of 3esus (3esuits). 3ohann Sebastian 8ach dedicated all of his wor with the abbreviation "';()", and %dward %l$ar's The (ream of )erontius is similarly dedicated. Often rendered ad majorem $ei gloriam. ad multos annos "To many yearsC" %!presses a wish for a lon$ life. Similar to the %n$lish e!pression ";any happy returnsC" ad nauseam "to the point of dis$ust" *iterally, "to the point of nausea". Sometimes used as a humorous alternative to ad infinitum. 'n argumentum ad nauseam is a lo$ical fallacy involvin$ basin$ one's ar$ument on prolon$ed repetition, i.e., repeatin$ somethin$ so much that people are "sic of it". ad oculos "Gith your own eyes." ;eanin$ "obvious on si$ht" or "obvious to anyone that sees it". ad pedem litterae "to the foot of the letter" Thus, "e!actly as it is written". Similar to the %n$lish idiom "to the letter", meanin$ "to the last detail". ad perpetuam memoriam "to the perpetual memory" )enerally precedes "of" and a person's name, and is used to wish for someone to be remembered lon$ after death. ad pondus omnium (ad pond om) "to the wei$ht of all thin$s" ;ore loosely, "considerin$ everythin$'s wei$ht". The abbreviation was historically used by physicians and others to si$nify that the last prescribed in$redient is to wei$h as much as all of the previously mentioned ones. ad quod damnum "to what dama$e" ;eanin$ "accordin$ to the harm" or "in proportion to the harm". The phrase is used in tort law as a measure of dama$es inflicted, implyin$ that a remedy, if one e!ists, ou$ht to correspond specifically and only to the dama$e suffered (cf. damnum absque injuria). ad referendum (ad ref)Hspan idI"ad referendum " J "to that which must be brou$ht bac" *oosely "sub?ect to reference", meanin$ that somethin$ has been approved provisionally, but must still receive official approval. 6ot necessarily related to a referendum. ad rem "to the matter" Thus, "to the point". Githout di$ression. Thank you for your concise, ad rem response. ad undas "to the waves" %&uivalent to "to hell". ad usum Delphini "for the use of the $auphin" Said of a wor that has been e!pur$ated of offensive or improper parts. The phrase ori$inates from editions of )ree and :oman classics which *ouis KI4 had censored for his heir apparent, the $auphin. 'lso rarely in usum $elphini ("into the use of the $auphin"). ad usum proprium (ad us. propr.) "for one's own use" ad utrumque paratus "prepared for either alternative". 'lso the motto of *und 9niversity, with the implied alternatives bein$ the boo (study) and the sword (defendin$ the country in war). ad valorem "to the value" 'ccordin$ to an ob?ect's value. 9sed in commerce to refer to ad valorem ta!es, ta!es based on the assessed value of real estate or personal property. ad victoriam "to victory" ;ore commonly translated into "for victory" this is a battlecry of the :omans. ad vitam aeternam "to eternal life" 'lso "to life everlastin$". ' common 8iblical phrase. ad vitam aut culpam "for life or until fault" 9sually used of a term of office. addendum "thin$ to be added" 'n item to be added, especially a supplement to a boo. The plural is addenda. adequatio intellectus et rei "correspondence of the mind and reality" One of the definitions of the truth. Ghen the mind has the same form as reality, we thin% truth. 'lso found as adequatio rei et intellectus. adsum "I am here" %&uivalent to "/resentC" or "5ereC" The opposite of absum ("I am absent"). adversus solem ne loquitor "(on't spea a$ainst the sun" I.e., don't ar$ue the obvious aegri somnia "a sic man's dreams" "rom 5orace, Ars &oetica, 0. *oosely, "troubled dreams". aequitas "3ustice" or "e&uality." aetatis suae "of his own a$e" Thus, "at the a$e of". 'ppeared on portraits, $ravestones, etc. Sometimes e!tended to anno aetatis suae (''S), "in the year of his a$e". Sometimes shortened to ?ust aetatis (aet.). The tomb reads Anno 1629 Aetatis Suae 46 because she died in 1629 at age 46. affidavit "he asserted" ' le$al term from ;edieval *atin referrin$ to a sworn statement. "rom fides, "faith". age quod agis "(o what you are doin$." agenda "thin$s to be done" Ori$inally comparable to a toBdo list, an ordered list of thin$s to be done. 6ow $eneraliEed to include any planned course of action. The sin$ular, agendum ("thin$ that must be done"), is rarely used. Agnus Dei "*amb of )od" *atin translation from 3ohn <1A+, where 3ohn the 8aptist e!claims "%cce '$nus (eiC" ("8ehold the *amb of )odC") upon seein$ 3esus, referrin$ both to a lamb's connotations of innocence and to a sacrificial lamb. alea iacta est "the die is cast" Said by 3ulius 7aesar upon crossin$ the :ubicon in .L 87, accordin$ to Suetonius. The ori$inal meanin$ was rou$hly e&uivalent to the %n$lish phrase "the $ame is afoot", but its modern meanin$, lie that of the phrase "crossin$ the :ubicon", denotes passin$ the point of no return on a momentous decision and enterin$ into a risy endeavor where the outcome is left to chance. alenda lux ubi orta libertas "*et learnin$ be cherished where liberty has arisen." The motto of (avidson 7olle$e. alias "otherwise" 'n assumed name or pseudonym. Similar to alter ego, but more specifically referrin$ to a name, not to a "second self". alibi "elsewhere" ' le$al defense where a defendant attempts to show that he was elsewhere at the time a crime was committed. is alibi is sound! he ga"e e"idence that he was in another city on the night of the murder. alis aquilae "on ea$les win$s" taen from the 8oo of Isaiah, 7hapter .>. "8ut those who wait for the *ord shall find their stren$th renewed, they shall mount up on win$s lie ea$les, they shall run and not $row weary, they shall wal and not $row faint." alis grave nil "nothin$ is heavy to those who have motto of the /ontifical 7atholic 9niversity of :io de 3aneiro (/ontifMcia 9niversidade 7atNlica do :io de win$s" 3aneiroB /97B:IO). alis volat propris "she flies with her own win$s" State motto of Ore$on. 7an also be rendered alis volat propriis. Aliquantus ":ather bi$" Aliquantulus "6ot that bi$" aliquid stat pro aliquo "somethin$ that stands for somethin$ else" ' foundational definition for semiotics alma mater "nourishin$ mother" Term used for the university one attends or has attended. 'nother university term, matriculation, is also derived from mater. The term su$$ests that the students are "fed" nowled$e and taen care of by the university. The term is also used for a university's traditional school anthem. alter ego "other I" 'nother self, a second persona or alias. 7an be used to describe different facets or identities of a sin$le character, or different characters who seem representations of the same personality. Often used of a fictional character's secret identity. alterius non sit qui suus esse potest "*et no man belon$ to another that can belon$ to himself" "inal sentence from 'esop ascribed fable (see also 'esop's "ables) "The "ro$s Gho (esired a 2in$" as appears in the collection commonly nown as the "'nonymus 6eveleti" (fable "KKIb. (e ranis a Iove &uerentibus re$em"). ;otto of /aracelsus. 9sually attributed to 7icero. alterum non laedere "to not wound another" One of 3ustinian I's three basic le$al precepts. alumna or alumnus "pupil" Sometimes rendered with the $enderBneutral alumn or alum in %n$lish. ' $raduate or former student of a school, colle$e or university. Alumna (pl. alumnae) is a female pupil, and alumnus (pl. alumni) is a male pupil@alumni is $enerally used for a $roup of both males and females. The word derives from alere, "to nourish", a $raduate bein$ someone who was raised and taen care of at the school (cf. alma mater). amicus curiae "friend of the court" 'n adviser, or a person who can obtain or $rant access to the favour of powerful $roup, lie a :oman 7uria. In current 9.S. le$al usa$e, an amicus curiae is a third party allowed to submit a le$al opinion (in the form of an amicus brief) to the court. amiterre legem terrae "to lose the law of the land" 'n obsolete le$al term si$nifyin$ the forfeiture of the ri$ht of swearin$ in any court or cause, or to become infamous. amor est vitae essentia "love is the essence of life" 's said by :obert 8. ;acay, 'ustralian 'nalyst. amor et melle et felle est fecundissmismus "love is rich with both honey and venom" Amor fati "love of fate" 6ietEscheian alternative world view to memento mori Oremember you must dieP. 6ietEsche believed amor fati to be more life affirmin$. amor omnibus idem "love is the same for all" from 4ir$il's )eor$ics III. amor patriae "love of one's country" /atriotism. amor vincit omnia "love con&uers all" Gritten on bracelet worn by the /rioress in 7haucer's The !anterbur' Tales. See also veritas omnia vincit and labor omnia vincit. animus omnia vincit "coura$e con&uers all" ;otto of 6orth ;es&uite 5i$h School, ;es&uite, Te!as. anno (an.) "in the year" 'lso used in such phrases as anno urbis conditae (see ab urbe condita), Anno $omini, and anno regni. Anno Domini (A.D.) "in the Qear of the *ord" Short for Anno $omini (ostri Iesus !hristi ("in the Qear of Our *ord, 3esus 7hrist"), the predominantly used system for datin$ years across the world, used with the )re$orian calendar, and based on the perceived year of the birth of 3esus 7hrist. The years before 3esus' birth were once mared with a) !)n (Ante !hristum (atum, "8efore 7hrist was 8orn"), but now use the %n$lish abbreviation 87 ("8efore 7hrist"). #ugustus was born in the year 6$ %&, and died #' 14. anno regni "In the year of the rei$n" /recedes "of" and the current ruler. Annuit %&ptis "5e 5as 'pproved the 9ndertain$s" ;otto on the reverse of the )reat Seal of the 9nited States and on the bac of the 9.S. one dollar bill. "5e" refers to )od, and so the official translation $iven by the 9.S. State (epartment is "5e O)odP has favored our undertain$s". annus horribilis "horrible year" ' recent pun on annus mirabilis, first used by Dueen %liEabeth II to describe what a bad year <LL, had been for her, and subse&uently occasionally used to refer to many other years perceived as "horrible". In 7lassical *atin, this phrase would actually mean "terrifyin$ year". See also annus terribilis. annus mirabilis "wonderful year" 9sed particularly to refer to the years <++=R<+++, durin$ which Isaac 6ewton made revolutionary inventions and discoveries in calculus, motion, optics and $ravitation. Annus *irabilis is also the title of a poem by 3ohn (ryden written in the same year. It has since been used to refer to other years, especially to <L>=, when 'lbert %instein made e&ually revolutionary discoveries concernin$ the photoelectric effect, 8rownian motion and the special theory of relativity. +See Annus *irabilis &apers, annus terribilis "dreadful year" 9sed to describe <A.-, the year the 8lac (eath be$an to afflict %urope. ante bellum "before the war" 's in "status quo ante bellum", "as it was before the war". 7ommonly used in the Southern 9nited States as antebellum to refer to the period precedin$ the 'merican 7ivil Gar. ante cibum (a.c.) "before food" ;edical shorthand for "before meals". ante litteram "before the letter" Said of an e!pression or term that describes somethin$ which e!isted before the phrase itself was introduced or became common. #lan Turing was a computer scientist ante litteram, since the field of (computer science( was not yet recogni)ed in Turing*s day. ante meridiem (a.m.) "before midday" The period from midni$ht to noon (cf. post meridiem). ante mortem "before death" See post mortem ("after death"). ante prandium (a.p.) "before lunch" 9sed on pharmaceutical prescriptions to denote "before a meal". *ess common is post prandium, "after lunch". apparatus criticus "critical apparatus" Te!tual notes. ' list of other readin$s relatin$ to a document, especially in a scholarly edition of a te!t. aqua (aq.) "water" aqua fortis "stron$ water" :efers to nitric acid. aqua pura "pure water" Or "clear water", "clean water". aqua regia "royal water" refers to a mi!ture of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid. aqua vitae "water of life" "Spirit of Gine" in many %n$lish te!ts. 9sed to refer to various native distilled bevera$es, such as whisy in Scotland and Ireland, $in in 5olland, brandy (eau de vie) in "rance, and avavit in Scandinavia. aquila non capit muscas "an ea$le doesn't catch flies" ' noble or important person doesn't deal with insi$nificant issues. arare litus "to plou$h the seashore" "rom )erhard )erhards' (<.++B<=A+) Obetter nown as %rasmusP collection of annotated 'da$ia (<=>-). Gasted labour. arbiter elegantiarum "?ud$e of tastes" One who prescribes, rules on, or is a reco$niEed authority on matters of social behavior and taste. Said of /etronius. 'lso rendered arbiter elegentiae ("?ud$e of a taste"). arcus senilis "senile bow" 'n opa&ue circle around the cornea of the eye, often seen in elderly people. Argentum album "white money" 'lso "silver coin". ;entioned in (omesday, si$nifies bullion, or silver uncoined. arguendo "for ar$uin$" "or the sae of ar$ument. Said when somethin$ is done purely in order to discuss a matter or illustrate a point. +et us assume, arguendo, that your claim is correct. argumentum "ar$ument" Or "reasonin$", "inference", "appeal", "proof". The plural is argumenta. 7ommonly used in the names of lo$ical ar$uments and fallacies, precedin$ phrases such as a silentio ("by silence"), ad antiquitatem ("to anti&uity"), ad baculum ("to the stic"), ad captandum ("to capturin$"), ad consequentiam ("to the conse&uence"), ad crumenam ("to the purse"), ad feminam ("to the woman"), ad hominem ("to the person"), ad ignorantiam ("to i$norance"), ad judicium ("to ?ud$ment"), ad la-arum ("to poverty"), ad logicam ("to lo$ic"), ad metum ("to fear"), ad misericordiam ("to pity"), ad nauseam ("to nausea"), ad novitatem ("to novelty"), ad personam ("to the character"), ad numerum ("to the number"), ad odium ("to spite"), ad populum ("to the people"), ad temperantiam ("to moderation"), ad verecundiam ("to reverence"), ex silentio ("from silence"), and in terrorem ("into terror"). ars celare artem "art OisP to conceal art" 'n aesthetic ideal that $ood art should appear natural rather than contrived. ars gratia artis "art for art's sae" Translated into *atin from 8audelaire's "L#art pour l#art". ;otto of ;etroB)oldwynB;ayer. This phrasin$ is a direct transliteration of 'art for the sae of art.' Ghile very symmetrical for the ;); lo$o, the better *atin word order is ''rs artis $ratia.' ars longa vita brevis "art is lon$, life is short" The *atin translation by 5orace of a phrase from 5ippocrates, often used out of conte!t. The "art" referred to in the ori$inal aphorism was the craft of medicine, which too a lifetime to ac&uire. asinus ad l'ram "an ass to the lyre" "rom )erhard )erhards' (<.++B<=A+) Obetter nown as %rasmusP collection of annotated 'da$ia (<=>-). 'n awward or incompetent individual. asinus asinum fricat "the ?acass rubs the ?acass" 9sed to describe two people lavishin$ e!cessive praise on one another. assecuratus non quaerit lucrum sed agit ne in damno sit "the assured does not see profit but ?ust indemnity for the loss" :efers to the insurance principle that the indemnity cannot be lar$er than the loss. Auctoritas "authority" :eferred to the $eneral level of presti$e a person had in 'ncient :oman society. audax at fidelis "bold but faithful" ;otto of Dueensland. audeamus "let us dare" ;otto of Ota$o 9niversity Students' 'ssociation, a direct response to the university's motto of sapere aude ("dare to be wise"). audemus (ura nostra defendere "we dare to defend our ri$hts" State motto of 'labama, adopted in <L,A. Translated into *atin from a paraphrase of the stanEa ";en who their duties now F 8ut now their ri$hts, and nowin$, dare maintain" from the poem "Ghat 7onstitutes a StateS" by <-thBcentury author Gilliam 3ones. audentes fortuna iuvat "fortune favors the bold" "rom 4ir$il, Aeneid K, ,-. (where the first word is in the archaic form audentis). 'lle$edly the last words of /liny the %lder before he left the docs at /ompeii to rescue people from the eruption of 4esuvius in 0L. Often &uoted as audaces fortuna iuvat. audere est facere "to dare is to do" The motto of Tottenham 5otspur "ootball 7lub, the famous professional 'ssociation "ootball (soccer) team based in *ondon, %n$land. audi alteram partem "hear the other side" ' le$al principle of fairness. 'lso worded as audiatur et altera pars ("let the other side be heard too"). audio hostem "I hear the enemy" ;otto of -.= 6'7S :oyal 6avy aurea mediocritas "$olden mean" "rom 5orace's .des II, <>. :efers to the ethical $oal of reachin$ a virtuous middle $round between two sinful e!tremes. The $olden mean concept is common to many philosophers, chiefly 'ristotle. auri sacra fames "accursed hun$er for $old" "rom 4ir$il, 'eneid A,=0. *ater &uoted by Seneca as "quod non mortalia pectora coges, auri sacra fames"1 "Ghat aren't you able to brin$ men to do, miserable hun$er for $oldC" auribus teneo lupum "I hold a wolf by the ears" ' common ancient proverb, this version from Terence. Indicates that one is in a dan$erous situation where both holdin$ on and lettin$ $o could be deadly. ' modern version is "To have a ti$er by the tail." aurora australis "southern dawn" The Southern *i$hts, an aurora that appears in the Southern 5emisphere. It is less wellBnown than the 6orthern *i$hts, or aurorea borealis. The Aurora Australis is also the name of an 'ntarctic icebreaer ship. aurora borealis "northern dawn" The 6orthern *i$hts, an aurora that appears in the 6orthern 5emisphere. aut %aesar aut nihil "either 7aesar or nothin$" Indicates that the only valid possibility is to be emperor, or a similarly prominent position. ;ore $enerally, "all or nothin$". 'dopted by 7esare 8or$ia as a personal motto. aut concilio aut ense "either by meetin$ or by the sword" Thus, either throu$h reasoned discussion or throu$h war. ' former motto of 7hile, post tenebras lux ultimately replaced by &or la /a-on o la 0uer-a (Spanish) ' by reason or by force '. aut pax aut bellum "either peace or war" The motto of the )unn 7lan. Aut viam inveniam aut faciam "I will find a way, or I will mae one" 5annibal. aut vincere aut mori "either to con&uer or to die" ' $eneral pled$e of "victory or death" (cf. victoria aut mors). ave atque vale "5ail and farewellC" "rom 7atullus, carmen <><, addressed to his deceased brother. Ave %aesar morituri te salutant "5ail, 7aesarC The ones who are about to die salute youC" "rom Suetonius' Lives of the Telve !aesars, !laudius ,<. The traditional $reetin$ of $ladiators prior to battle. morituri is also translated as "we who are about to die" based on the conte!t in which it was spoen, and this translation is sometimes aided by chan$in$ the *atin to nos morituri te salutamus. 'lso rendered with imperator instead of !aesar. ' poor translation here could be, "7aesar's birds died from poor health." ave )uropa nostra vera *atria "5ail, %urope, our true "atherlandC" 'nthem of /anB%uropeanists. Ave $aria "5ail, ;ary" (erived from "5ail, (;ary) full of $race, the *ord is with thee..." ((6T) *ue <1,-,.,). ' popular 7atholic 7hurch prayer. + Latin Translation Notes barba tenus sapientes "wise as far as the beard" "rom )erhard )erhards' (<.++B<=A+) Obetter nown as %rasmusP collection of annotated 'da$ia (<=>-). In appearance wise, but not necessarily so. +eata ,irgo $aria (+,$) "8lessed 4ir$in ;ary" ' common name in the :oman 7atholic 7hurch for ;ary, the mother of 3esus. The $enitive, 1eatae *ariae 2irginis, occurs often as well, appearin$ with such words as horae ("hours"), litaniae ("litany") and officium ("office"). beatae memoriae "of blessed memory" See in memoriam. beati pauperes spiritu "8lessed in spirit OareP the poor." 4ul$ate, Template1bibleref. The full &uote is "beati pauperes spiritu quoniam ipsorum est regnum caelorum" ("8lessed in spirit OareP the poor, for theirs is the in$dom of the heavens" B one of the 8eatitudes). beati possidentes "blessed OareP Translated from %uripides. those who possess" beatus homo qui invenit sapentiam "blessed is the man who finds wisdom" ;otto of )ymnasium 'peldoorn bella gerant alii "let others wa$e war" Ori$inally from the 5absbur$ marria$es of <.00 and <.L+, written as bella gerant alii tu felix Austria nube ("let others wa$e war# you, fortunate 'ustria, marry"). Said by 2in$ ;atthias bellum omnium contra omnes "war of all a$ainst all" ' phrase used by Thomas 5obbes to describe the state of nature. bis dat qui cito dat "he $ives twice, who $ives promptly" Thus haste is itself a $ift. bis in die (bid) "twice in a day" ;edical shorthand for "twice a day". bona fide "in $ood faith" In other words, "wellBintentioned", "fairly". In modern conte!ts, often has connotations of "$enuinely" or "sincerely". 1ona fides is not the plural (which would be bonis fidebus), but the nominative, and means simply "$ood faith". Opposite of mala fide. bona notabilia @ In law, if a person dyin$ has $oods, or $ood debts, in another diocese or ?urisdiction within that province, besides his $oods in the diocese where he dies, amountin$ to a certain minimum value, he is said to have bona notabilia# in which case, the probat of his will belon$s to the archbishop of that province. bona officia "$ood services" ' nation's offer to mediate in disputes between two other nations. bona patria @ ' ?ury or assiEe of countrymen, or $ood nei$hbors. bona vacantia "vacant $oods" 9nited 2in$dom le$al term for ownerless property that passes to The 7rown. boni pastoris est tondere pecus non deglubere "It is of a $ood shepherd to shear his floc, not to flay them." Tiberius reportedly said this to his re$ional commanders, as a warnin$ a$ainst ta!in$ the populace e!cessively. bonum commune communitatis "common $ood of the community" Or "$eneral welfare". :efers to what benefits a society, as opposed to bonum commune hominis, which refers to what is $ood for an individual. bonum commune hominis "common $ood of a man" :efers to an individual's happiness, which is not "common" in that it serves everyone, but in that individuals tend to be able to find happiness in similar thin$s. busillis @ /seudoB*atin meanin$ "bafflin$ puEEle" or "difficult point". 3ohn of 7ornwall (ca. <<0>) was once ased by a scribe what the word meant. It turns out that the ori$inal te!t said in diebus illis magnis plen3 ("in those days there were plenty of $reat thin$s"), which the scribe misread as indie busillis magnis plen3 ("in India there were plenty of lar$e busillis"). % Latin Translation Notes cacoethes scribendi "bad habit of writin$" "rom Satires of 3uvenal. 'n insatiable ur$e to write. 5yper$raphia cadavera vero innumera "truly countless bodies" 9sed by the :omans to describe the aftermath of the 8attle of the 7atalaunian "ields. cadent arma togae "*et arms yield to the to$a" :efers to allowin$ statemenship and diplomacy to supersede declaration of war. 'rms, (i.e. weapons) are to yield to the to$a, a formal $arment symboliEin$ :ome. caetera desunt "the rest is wantin$" calix meus inebrians "my cup maes me drun" camera obscura "dar chamber" 'n optical device used in drawin$, and an ancestor of modern photo$raphy. The source of the word camera. %anes *ugnaces Gar (o$s or "i$htin$ (o$s %anis %anem )dit "(o$ %ats (o$" :efers to a situation where nobody is safe from anybody, each man for himself. capax infiniti "capable of the infinite" a pe?orative term referin$ (at least) to some 7hristian doctrines of the incarnation of the Son of )od when it asserts that humanity is capable of housin$ full divinity within its finite frame. :elated to the (ocetic heresy and sometimes a counterpoint to the :eformed 'e!tracalvinisticum.' caput inter nubila (condit) "head in the clouds" So a$$randiEed as to be beyond practical (earthly) reach or understandin$ (from 4ir$il's 'eneid and the shorter form appears in 3ohn *oce's To Treatises of 4overnment) %aritas %hristi "The love of 7hrist" It implies a command to love as 7hrist loved. ;otto of St. "ranicis Kavier 5i$h School located in Gest ;eadowlar /ar (%dmonton). carpe diem "seiEe the day" 'n e!hortation to live for today. "rom 5orace, .des I, <<.-. 8y far the most common translation is "seiEe the day," thou$h carpere normally means somethin$ more lie "pluc," and the allusion here is to picin$ flowers. The phrase collige virgo rosas has a similar sense. carpe noctem "seiEe the ni$ht" 'n e!hortation to mae $ood use of the ni$ht, often used when carpe diem, &.v., would seem absurd, e.$., when observin$ a deep sy ob?ect or conductin$ a ;essier marathon. %arthago delenda est "7artha$e must be destroyed" "rom :oman senator 7ato the %lder, who ended every speech of his between the second and third /unic Gars with ceterum censeo !arthaginem esse delendam, literally ""or the rest, I am of the opinion that 7artha$e is to be destroyed." Other translations include "In conclusion, I declare that 7artha$e must be destroyed." and ""urthermore, I move for 7artha$e to be destroyed." casus belli "event of war" :efers to an incident that is the ?ustification or case for war. causa mortis "cause of death" cave "bewareC" especially used by doctors of medicine, when they want to warn each other (e.$.1 "cave nephrolithiases" in order to warn about side effects of an uricosuric). Spoen aloud in some 8ritish public schools by pupils to warn each other of impendin$ authority. cave canem "beware of the do$" /ompeii mosaic "ound written on floor mosaics depictin$ a do$, at the entrance of :oman houses e!cavated at /ompeii. cave laborem "beware of wor" caveat emptor "let the buyer beware" The purchaser is responsible for checin$ whether the $oods suit his need. caveat lector "let the reader beware" 9sed when the writer does not vouch for the accuracy of a te!t. /robably a recent alteration of caveat emptor. caveat subscriptor "let the si$ner beware" The person si$nin$ a document is responsible for readin$ the information about the what the document entails before enterin$ into an a$reement. caveat venditor "let the seller beware" The person sellin$ $oods is responsible for providin$ information about the $oods to the purchaser. caveat utilitor "let the user beware" The user is responsible for checin$ whether the $oods suit his need. %edant arma togae "let arms yield to the $own" "*et military power yield to civilian power," 7icero, $e .fficiis. See To$a, it17edant arma to$ae celerius quam asparagi cocuntur "more swiftly than aspara$us is cooed" Or simply "faster than cooin$ aspara$us". ' variant of the :oman phrase velocius quam asparagi coquantur, usin$ a different adverb and an alternate mood and spellin$ of coquere. cepi corpus "I $ot the body" In law, it is a return made by the sheriff, upon a capias, or other process to the lie purpose# si$nifyin$, that he has taen the body of the party. certum est quod certum reddi potest "It is certain if it is capable of bein$ rendered certain" Often used in law when somethin$ is not nown, but can be ascertained (e.$. the purchase price on a sale which is to be determined by a thirdBparty valuer) cessante ratione legis cessat ipsa lex "Ghen the reason for the law ceases, the law itself ceases." ' rule of law becomes ineffective when the reason for its application has ceased to e!ist or does not correspond to the reality anymore. cetera desunt "the rest are missin$" 'lso spelled "caetera desunt". ceteris paribus "with other thin$s e&ual" Idiomatically translated as "all other thin$s bein$ e&ual". ' phrase which rules out outside chan$es interferin$ with a situation. charta pardonationis se defendendo "a paper of pardon to him who defended himself" The form of a pardon for illin$ another man in selfBdefence. (see manslau$hter) charta pardonationis utlagariae "a paper of pardon to the outlaw" The form of a pardon of a man who is outlawed. 'lso called perdonatio utlagariae. %hristianos ad leones "OThrow theP 7hristians to the lionsC" %hristo et Doctrinae ""or 7hrist and *earnin$" The motto of "urman 9niversity. %hristus -ex "7hrist the 2in$" ' 7hristian title for 3esus. circa (c.) or (ca.) "around" In the sense of "appro!imately" or "about". 9sually used of a date. circulus vitiosus "vicious circle" In lo$ic, be$$in$ the &uestion, a fallacy involvin$ the presupposition of a proposition in one of the premises (see petitio principii). In science, a positive feedbac loop. In economics, a counterpart to the virtuous circle. citius altius fortius "faster, hi$her, stron$er" ;otto of the modern Olympics. %lamea admittenda in itinere per atturnatum ' writ whereby the in$ of %n$land could command the ?ustice in eyre to admit one's claim by an attorney, who bein$ employed in the in$'s service, cannot come in person. clausum fregit 'n action of tresspass# thus called, by reason the writ demands the person summoned to answer to herefore he bro%e the close +quare clausum fregit,, i.e. why he committed such a trespass. claves ancti *etri "the eys of Saint /eter" ' symbol of the /apacy. clavis aurea ")olden ey" The means of discoverin$ hidden or mysterious meanin$s in te!ts, particularly applied in theolo$y and alchemy. clerico admittendo "about to be made a cler" In law, a writ directed to the bishop, for the admittin$ a cler to a benefice upon a ne admittas, tried, and found for the party who procures the writ. clerico capto per statutum mercatorum In law, a writ for the delivery of a cler out of prison, who is imprisoned upon the breach of statute merchant. clerico convicto commisso gaolae in defectu ordinarii deliberando In law, a writ for the delivery of a cler to his ordinary, that was formerly convicted of felony# by reason that his ordinary did not challen$e him accordin$ to the privile$e of clers. clerico intra sacros ordines constituto non eligendo in officium In law, a writ directed to the bailiffs, etc, that have thrust a bailiwic or beadleship upon one in holy orders# char$in$ them to release him. %odex .uris %anonici "8oo of 7anon *aw" The official code of canon law in the :oman 7atholic 7hurch (cf. !orpus Iuris !anonici). %oelum non animum mutant qui trans mare currunt "Those who hurry cross the sea chan$e the sy Oupon themP, not their souls or state of mind" 5e!ameter by 5orace (%pistulae I, << v.,0). Seneca shortens it to Animum debes mutare/ non caelum ("Qou must chan$e OyourP disposition, not OyourP sy") in his *etter to *ucilium KK4III, < cogito ergo sum "I thin, therefore I am." ' rationalistic ar$ument used by "rench philosopher :enT (escartes to attempt to prove his own e!istence. coitus interruptus "interrupted con$ress" 'bortin$ se!ual intercourse prior to e?aculation@ the only permitted form of birth control in some reli$ions. coitus more ferarum "con$ress in the way of beasts" 'n medical euphemism for the do$$yBstyle se!ual position. collige virgo rosas "pic, $irl, the roses" ")ather ye rosebuds while ye may", <L>L, by 3ohn Gilliam Gaterhouse. %!hortation to en?oy fully the youth, similar to !arpe diem, from $e rosis nascentibus (also titled Id'llium de rosis) attributed to 'usonius or 4ir$il. communibus annis "in common years" One year with another# on an avera$e. "7ommon" here does not mean "ordinary," but "common to every situation" communibus locis "in common places" ' term fre&uently used amon$ philosophical and other writers, implyin$ some medium, or mean relation between several places# one place with another# on a medium. "7ommon" here does not mean "ordinary," but "common to every situation" communis opinio "$enerally accepted view" compos mentis "in control of the mind" (escribes someone of sound mind. Sometimes used ironically. 'lso a le$al principle, non compos mentis ("not in control of one's faculties"), used to describe an insane person. concordia cum veritate "in harmony with truth" ;otto of the 9niversity of Gaterloo. concordia salus "salvation throu$h harmony" ;otto of ;ontreal. It is also the 8an of ;ontreal coat of arms and motto. O<P condemnant quod non intellegunt "They condemn what they do not understand" or "They condemn because they do not understand" (the quod is ambi$uous) condicio sine qua non "condition without which not" ' re&uired, indispensable condition. 7ommonly mistaenly rendered with conditio ("seasonin$" or "preservin$") in place of condicio("arran$ement" or "condition"). confer (cf.) "brin$ to$ether" Thus, "compare". 9sed as an abbreviation in te!t to recommend a comparison with another thin$ (cf. citation si$nal). %onfoederatio Helvetica (%.H.) "5elvetian 7onfederation" The official name of SwitEerland, hence the use of "75" for its ISO country code, ".ch" for its Internet domain, and "75"" for the ISO threeB letter abbreviation of its currency, the Swiss franc. coniunctis viribus "with connected stren$th" Or "with united powers". Sometimes rendered conjunctis viribus. %onsuetudo pro lege servatur "7ustom is ept before the law" 'n inconsistently applied ma!im. See also consuetudo est altera lex (custom is another law) and consuetudo vincit communem legem (custom overrules the common law) consummatum est "It is completed." The last words of 3esus on the cross in the *atin translation of 3ohn <L1A>. contemptus saeculi "scorn for the times" (espisin$ the secular world. The mon or philosopher's re?ection of a mundane life and worldly values. contra spem spero "hope a$ainst hope" contradictio in terminis "contradiction in terms" ' word that maes itself impossible contraria contrariis curantur "the opposite is cured with the opposite" "irst formulated by 5ippocrates to su$$est that the diseases are cured with contrary remedies. 'ntonym of imilia similibus curantur (the diseases are recovered with similar remedies. ) contra bonos mores "a$ainst $ood morals" Offensive to the conscience and to a sense of ?ustice. contra legem "a$ainst the law" cor ad cor loquitur "heart speas to heart" "rom 'u$ustine's !onfessions, referrin$ to a prescribed method of prayer1 havin$ a "heart to heart" with )od. 7ommonly used in reference to a later &uote by 3ohn 5enry 7ardinal 6ewman. ' motto of 6ewman 7lubs. cor meum tibi offero domine prompte et sincere "my heart I offer to you *ord promptly and sincerely" motto of 7alvin 7olle$e cor unum "one heart" ' popular school motto. Often used as names for reli$ious and other or$anisations such as the /ontifical 7ouncil 7or 9num. coram Deo "in the /resence of )od" ' phrase from 7hristian theolo$y which summariEes the idea of 7hristians livin$ in the /resence of, under the authority of, and to the honor and $lory of )od. coram populo "in the presence of the people" Thus, openly. coram nobis, coram vobis "in our presence", "in your presence" Two inds of writs of error. %orpus %hristi "8ody of 7hrist" The name of a feast in the :oman 7atholic 7hurch commemoratin$ the %ucharist. It is also the name of a city in Te!as, 7orpus 7hristi, Te!as, and a controversial play. corpus delicti "body of the offence" The fact that a crime has been committed, a necessary factor in convictin$ someone of havin$ committed that crime# if there was no crime, there can not have been a criminal. %orpus .uris "8ody of 7anon *aw" The official compilation of canon law in the %anonici :oman 7atholic 7hurch (cf. !odex Iuris !anonici). %orpus .uris %ivilis "8ody of 7ivil *aw" The body of :oman or civil law. corpus vile "worthless body" ' person or thin$ fit only to be the ob?ect of an e!periment. corrigenda "thin$s to be corrected" corruptio optimi pessima "the corruption of the best is the worst" corruptus in extremis "corrupt to the e!treme" ;otto of the fictional Sprin$field ;ayor Office in The Simpsons T4BShow %orruptissima re publica plurimae leges "Ghen the republic is at its most corrupt the laws are most numerous"BB Tacitus %ras amet qui nunquam amavit0 quique amavit/ cras amet ";ay he love tomorrow who has never loved before# 'nd may he who has loved, love tomorrow as well" It's the refrain from the '/ervi$ilium 4eneris', a poem which describes a three day holiday in the cult of 4enus, located somewhere in Sicily, involvin$ the whole town in reli$ious festivities ?oined with a deep sense of nature and 4enus as the "procreatri!", the lifeB$ivin$ force behind the natural world. %redo in 1num Deum "I 8elieve in One )od" The first words of the 6icene 7reed. credo quia absurdum est "I believe it because it is absurd" ' very common mis&uote of Tertullian's et mortuus est $ei 0ilius prorsus credibile quia ineptum est ("and the Son of )od is dead1 in short, it is credible because it is unfittin$"), meanin$ that it is so absurd to say that )od's son has died that it would have to be a matter of belief, rather than reason. The mis&uoted phrase, however, is commonly used to moc the do$matic beliefs of the reli$ious (see fideism). This phrase is commonly shortened to credo quia absurdum, and is also sometimes rendered credo quia impossibile est ("I believe it because it is impossible")or, as (arwin used it in his autobio$raphy, credo quia incredibile. crescamus in .llo per omina ";ay we $row in 5im throu$h all thin$s" ;otto of 7heverus 5i$h School. crescat scientia vita excolatur "let nowled$e $row, let life be enriched" ;otto of the 9niversity of 7hica$o. crescit eundo "it $rows as it $oes" State motto of 6ew ;e!ico, adopted in <--0 as the territory's motto, and ept in <L<, when 6ew ;e!ico received statehood. Ori$inally from *ucretius' .n the (ature of Things boo 4I, where it refers in conte!t to the motion of a thunderbolt across the sy, which ac&uires power and momentum as it $oes. cruci dum spiro fido "while I live, I trust in the cross", "Ghilst I trust in the 7ross I have life" ;otto of the Sisters of *oreto (I84;) and its associated schools. ' second translation is "Ghilst I trust in the 7ross I have life" cucullus non facit monachum "The hood does not mae the mon" Gilliam Shaespeare, Twelfth 6i$ht, Scene I, 'ct 4 .-R=> cui bono ")ood for whomS" "Gho benefitsS" 'n ada$e in criminal investi$ation which su$$ests that considerin$ who would benefit from an unwelcome event is liely to reveal who is responsible for that event (cf. cui prodest). 'lso the motto of the 7rime Syndicate of 'merica, a fictional supervillain $roup. The opposite is cui malo ("8ad for whomS"). cui prodest "for whom it advances" Short for cui prodest scelus is fecit ("for whom the crime advances, he has done it") in Seneca's *edea. Thus, the murderer is often the one who $ains by the murder (cf. cui bono). cuius est solum eius est usque ad coelum et ad inferos "Ghose the land is, all the way to the sy and to the underworld is his." "irst coined by 'ccursius of 8olo$na in the <Ath century. ' :oman le$al principle of property law that is no lon$er observed in most situations today. *ess literally, ""or whosoever owns the soil, it is theirs up to the sy and down to the depths." cuius regio/ eius religio "whose re$ion, his reli$ion" The privile$e of a ruler to choose the reli$ion of his sub?ects. ' re$ional prince's ability to choose his people's reli$ion was established at the /eace of 'u$sbur$ in <===. %uiusvis hominis est errare/ nullius nisi insipientis in errore perseverare. "'nyone can err, but only the fool persists in his fault." @ ;arcus Tullius 7icero, /hilippica KII, ii, = culpa "fault" 'lso "blame" or "$uilt". In law, an act of ne$lect. In $eneral, $uilt, sin, or a fault. See also mea culpa. cum gladiis et fustibus "with swords and clubs" "rom the 8ible. Occurs in Template1bibleref and *ue ,,1=,. cum gladio et sale "with sword and salt" ;otto of a wellBpaid soldier. See salary. cum grano salis "with a $rain of salt" 6ot to be taen too seriously or as the literal truth. Qes, the brochure made it sound $reat, but such claims should be taen cum grano salis. cum laude "with praise" The standard formula for academic *atin honors in the 9nited States. )reater honors include magna cum laude and summa cum laude. cum mortuis in lingua mortua "with the dead in a dead lan$ua$e" ;ovement from *ictures at an )xhibition by ;odest ;ussor$sy cura personalis "care for the whole person" cura te ipsum "tae care of your own self" 'n e!hortation to physicians, or e!perts in $eneral, to deal with their own problems before addressin$ those of others. cur Deus Homo "Ghy the )odF;an" The &uestion attributed to 'nselm in his wor of by this name, wherein he reflects on why the 7hrist of 7hristianity must be both fully (ivine and fully 5uman. Often translated "why did )od become ;anS" curriculum vitae "course of life" ' rTsumT. custos morum "eeper of morals" ' censor. c'gnus inter anates "swan amon$ ducs" c'gnus insignis "distin$uished by its swans" ;otto of Gestern 'ustralia. D Latin Translation Notes damnatio memoriae "damnation of memory" ' :oman custom in which dis$raced :omans (particularly former %mperors) were pretended to have never e!isted. damnum absque in(uria "dama$e without in?ury" ' loss that results from no one's wron$doin$. In :oman law, a man is not responsible for unintended, conse&uential in?ury to another resultin$ from a lawful act. This protection does not necessarily apply to unintended dama$e by ne$li$ence or folly. data venia "with due respect" or "$iven the e!cuse" 9sed before disa$reein$ with someone. dat deus incrementum ")od $rants the increase" ;otto of Gestminster School, a leadin$ 8ritish independent school. de bonis asportatis "carryin$ $oods away" Trespass de bonis asportatis was the traditional name for larceny, or wron$ful tain$ of chattels. Decus )t Tutamen "'n ornament and a safe$uard" Inscription on one pound coins. Ori$inally on <0th century coins, it refers to the inscribed ed$e as a protection a$ainst the clippin$ of precious metal. The phrase ori$inally comes from 4ir$il's 'eneid. descensus in cuniculi cavum "The descent into the cave of the rabbit" (own the :abbit 5ole de dato "of the date" 9sed in the conte!t of "'s we a$reed in the meetin$ d.d.,+th ;ai ,>>+. de facto "in fact" Said of somethin$ that is the actual state of affairs, in contrast to somethin$'s le$al or official standin$, which is described as de jure. $e facto refers to the "way thin$s really are" rather than what is "officially" presented as the fact. #lthough the emperor held the title and trappings of head of state, the ,hogun was the de facto ruler of -apan. de fideli "with faithfulness" ' cler maes the declaration (e fideli on when appointed, promisin$ to do his or her tass faithfully as a servant of the court. de futuro "re$ardin$ the future" 9sually used in the conte!t of "at a future time" de gustibus non est disputandum "there is not to be discussion re$ardin$ tastes" *ess literally "In matters of taste there is no dispute" or simply "There's no ar$uin$ taste". ' similar e!pression in %n$lish is "There's no accountin$ for taste". 8artlett's "amiliar Duotations, without attribution, renders the phrase as de gustibus non disputandum# the verb "to be" is often assumed in *atin, and is rarely re&uired. de integro "a$ain" or "a second time" de (ure "by law" "Official", in contrast with de facto. 'nalo$ous to "in principle", whereas de facto is to "in practice". In other conte!ts, can mean "accordin$ to law", "by ri$ht" or "le$ally". 'lso commonly written de iure, the classical form. de lege ferenda "from law to be passed" de lege lata "from law passed" or "by law in force" de minimis non curat praetor "The commander does not bother with the smallest thin$s." 'lso "The chief ma$istrate does not concern himself with trifles." Trivial matters are no concern of a hi$h official (cf. aquila non capit muscas, "the ea$le does not catch flies"). Sometimes rex ("the in$") or lex ("the law") is used in place of praetor, and de minimis is a le$al term referrin$ to thin$s unworthy of the law's attention. de mortuis aut bene aut nihil "about the dead, either well or nothin$" *ess literally, "spea well of the dead or not at all" (cf. de mortuis nil nisi bonum). de mortuis nil nisi bonum "about the dead, nothin$ unless a $ood thin$" "rom de mortuis nil nisi bonum dicendum est, "nothin$ must be said about the dead e!cept the $ood", attributed by (io$enes *aertius to 7hilon. In le$al conte!ts, this &uotation is used with the opposite meanin$, as defamin$ a deceased person is not a crime. In other conte!ts, it refers to taboos a$ainst criticiEin$ the recently deceased. de nobis fabula narratur "about us is the story told" Thus, "their story is our story". Ori$inally referred to the end of :ome's dominance. 6ow often used when comparin$ any current situation to a past story or historical event. de novo "from the new" "'new" or "afresh". In law, a trial de novo is a retrial. In biolo$y, de novo means newlyBsynthesiEed, and a de novo mutation is a mutation that neither parent possessed or transmitted. In economics, de novo refers to newlyBfounded companies, and de novo bans are state bans that have been in operation for five years or less. de omnibus dubitandum "be suspicious of everythin$, doubt everythin$" 2arl ;ar!'s favorite motto. 5e used this to e!plain his standpoint1 "7riti&ue everythin$ in a capitalist economy". de omni re scibili et quibusdam aliis "about every nowable thin$, and even certain other thin$s" ' <=thBcentury Italian scholar wrote the $e omni re scibili portion, and a wa$ added et quibusdam aliis. De oppresso liber ""ree "rom 5avin$ 8een Oppressed" 7ommonly mistranslated as "To *iberate the Oppressed". The motto of the 9nited States 'rmy Special "orces. de profundis "from the depths" Out of the depths of misery or de?ection. "rom the *atin translation of /salm <A>. de re "about the matter" In lo$ic, de dicto statements (about the truth of a proposition) are distin$uished from de re statements (about the properties of a thin$ itself). Dei #ratia -egina "8y the )race of )od, Dueen" 'lso $ei 4ratia /ex ("8y the )race of )od, 2in$"). 'bbreviated as ( ) :%) precedin$ 0idei $efensor (" () on 8ritish pounds, and as ( ) :e$ina on 7anadian coins. Dei sub numine viget "under )od's Spirit she flourishes" ;otto of /rinceton 9niversity. delectatio morosa "peevish deli$ht" In 7atholic theolo$y, a pleasure taen in sinful thou$ht or ima$ination, such as broodin$ on se!ual ima$es. It is distinct from actual se!ual desire, and involves voluntary and complacent erotic fantasiEin$, without any attempt to suppress such thou$hts. deliriant isti -omani "They are mad, those :omansC" ' translation into *atin from :enT )oscinny's "ils sont fous, ces romains5", fre&uently issued by Obeli! in the 'steri! comics. Deo ac veritati ")od and Truth" ;otto of 7ol$ate 9niversity. Deo domuique "for )od and for home" ;otto of ;ethodist *adies' 7olle$e, ;elbourne. Deo gratias "thans ObeP to )od" The semiB5ispaniciEed form $eogracias is a /hilippine first name. Deo 2ptimo $aximo (D2$) "To the 8est and )reatest )od" (erived from the /a$an Iupiter .ptimo *aximo ("To the best and $reatest 3upiter"). /rinted on bottles of 8enedictine li&ueur. Deo vindice "with )od as protector" ;otto of the 7onfederate States of 'merica. 'n alternate translation is "Gith an aven$in$ )od". Deo volente "with )od willin$" This was often used in con?unction with a si$nature at the end of letters. It was used in order to si$nify that ")od willin$" this letter will $et to you safely, ")od willin$" the contents of this letter come true. deus ex machina "a $od from a machine" "rom the )ree UVW XYZ[\]^ _`W^ (Apo m6chan6s Theos). ' contrived or artificial solution, usually to a literary plot. :efers to the practice in )ree drama of lowerin$ by machine an actor playin$ a $od or $oddess, typically either 'thena or (as in %uripides) the (ioscuri onto the sta$e to resolve an insuperable conflict in the plot. Deus vult ")od wills itC" The principal slo$an of the 7rusades. deus otiosus ")od at leisure" Dicto simpliciter "O"romP a ma!im, simply" I.e. ""rom a rule without e!ception." Short for A dicto simpliciter, the a often bein$ dropped by confusion with the indefinite article. ' dicto simpliciter occurs when an acceptable e!ception is i$nored or eliminated. "or instance, the appropriateness of usin$ opiates is dependent on the presence of e!treme pain. To ?ustify the recreational use of opiates by referrin$ to a cancer patient or to ?ustify arrestin$ said cancer patient by comparin$ him to the recreational user would be a dicto simpliciter. dictum meum pactum "my word OisP my bond" ;otto of the *ondon Stoc %!chan$e diem perdidi "I have lost the day" "rom the :oman %mperor Titus. /assed down in Suetonius's bio$raphy of him in Lives of the Telve !aesars (-) Diem )x Dei "(ay of )od" Dies .rae "(ay of Grath" :efers to the 3ud$ment (ay in 7hristian eschatolo$y. The name of a famous <AthBcentury ;edieval *atin hymn by Tommaso da 7elano, used in the ;ass for the dead. differentia specifica "specific differences" dirigo "I direct" In 7lassical *atin, "I arran$e". State motto of ;aine. 8ased on a comparison of the state of ;aine to the star /olaris. dis aliter visum "it seemed otherwise In other words, the $ods have different plans than to the $ods" mortals, and so events do not always play out as people wish them to. dis manibus sacrum (D.$..) "Sacred to the $hostB $ods" :efers to the ;anes, :oman spirits of the dead. *oosely "To the memory of". ' conventional inscription precedin$ the name of the deceased on pa$an $rave marin$s, often shortened to dis manibus ((.;.), "for the $hostB$ods". /receded in some earlier monuments by hic situs est (5. S. %.), "he lies here". Disce aut Discede "*earn or (epart" ;otto of :oyal 7olle$e, 7olombo. disce quasi semper victurus vive quasi cras moriturus "*earn as if always $oin$ to live# live as if tomorrow $oin$ to die." 'ttributed to St %dmund of 'bin$don. discipuli nostri bardissimi sunt "Our students are the stupidest" dis(ecta membra "scattered limbs" That is, "scattered remains". /araphrased from 5orace, Satires, I, ., +,, where it was written "disiecti membra poetae" ("limbs of a scattered poet"). 'lso written as disiecta membra. ditat Deus ")od enriches" State motto of 'riEona, adopted in <L<<. /robably derived from the 4ul$ate's translation of )enesis <.1,A. divide et impera "divide and rule" ' :oman ma!im adopted by 3ulius 7aesar, *ouis KI and ;achiavelli. 7ommonly rendered "divide and con&uer". dixi "I have spoen" ' popular elo&uent e!pression, usually used in the end of a speech. The implied meanin$ is1 "I have said all that I had to say and thus the ar$ument is settled". 34...4/ ...5 dixit "O"...", ...P said" 9sed to attribute a statement or opinion to its author, rather than the speaer. do ut des "I $ive that you may $ive" Often said or written for sacrifices, when one "$ives" and e!pects somethin$ bac from the $ods. Docendo discitur "It is learned by teachin$" 'lso translated "One learns by teachin$." 'ttributed to Seneca the Qoun$er. Docendo disco/ scribendo cogito I learn by teachin$, thin by writin$. dolus specialis special intent "The ... concept is particular to a few civil law systems and cannot sweepin$ly be e&uated with the notions of aspecialb or aspecific intentb in common law systems. Of course, the same mi$ht e&ually be said of the concept of aspecific intent,b a notion used in the common law almost e!clusively within the conte!t of the defense of voluntary into!ication."@)enocide scholar Gilliam Schabas O<P Domine dirige nos "*ord $uide us" ;otto of the 7ity of *ondon. Dominus illuminatio mea "the *ord is my li$ht" ;otto of the 9niversity of O!ford. Dominus vobiscum "*ord be with you" /hrase used durin$ and at the end of 7atholic sermons, and a $eneral $reetin$ form amon$ and towards members of 7atholic or$aniEations, such as priests and nuns. See also pax vobiscum. dona nobis pacem "$ive us peace" Often set to music, either by itself or as part of the Agnus $ei prayer of the ;ass (see above). 'lso an endin$ in the video $ame 5auntin$ )round. donatio mortis causa "$ivin$ in e!pectation of death" ' le$al concept where a person in imminent mortal dan$er need not meet the re&uisite consideration to create or modify a will. draco dormiens nunquam titillandus "a sleepin$ dra$on is never to be ticled" ;otto of the fictional 5o$warts school in the 7arr' &otter series# translated more loosely in the boos as "never ticle a sleepin$ dra$on". dramatis personae "the parts of the play" ;ore literally, "the mass of the drama"# more fi$uratively, "cast of characters". The characters represented in a dramatic wor. Duae tabulae rasae in quibus nihil scriptum est "Two minds, not one sin$le thou$ht" Stan *aurel, inscription for the fanclub lo$o Sons of the (esert. Ductus exemplo "*eadership by %!ample" This is the motto for the 9nited States ;arine 7orps' Officer 7andidates School located at ;arine 7orps 8ase Duantico# Duantico, 4ir$inia. dulce bellum inexpertis "war is sweet to the ine!perienced" Gar may seem pleasant to those who have never been involved in it, thou$h the more e!perienced now better. ' phrase from %rasmus in the <+th century. dulce et decorum est pro patria mori "It is sweet and honorable to die for the fatherland." "rom 5orace, .des III, ,, <A. 9sed by Gilfred Owen for the title of a poem about Gorld Gar I, $ulce et $ecorum Est. dulce et utile "a sweet and useful thin$" 5orace wrote in his Ars &oetica that poetry must be dulce et utile ("pleasant and profitable"), both en?oyable and instructive. dulce periculum "dan$er is sweet" 5orace, .des III, ,=, <+. ;otto of the Scottish clan 7lan ;ac'ulay. dulcissime/ totam tibi subdo me "darlin$, I $ive myself to you totally" ;ovement from 7arl Orff's 7armina 8urana. Dulcius ex asperis "sweeter after difficulties" ;otto of the Scottish clan 7lan "er$usson. O,P dum laborus prosperous "Ghile we wor, we prosperin$" or more commonly, "'s lon$ as we are worin$, we are prosperin$" ;otto of 4incent ;assey Secondary School, Gindsor, Ontario, 7anada dum spiro spero "while I breathe, I hope" State motto of South 7arolina. "rom 7icero. dum -oma "while :ome 9sed when someone has been ased for ur$ent help, deliberat aguntum perit debates, Sa$untum is in dan$er" but responds with no immediate action. Similar to 7annibal ante portas, but referrin$ to a less personal dan$er. dum vivimus servimus "Ghile we live, we serve" motto of /resbyterian 7olle$e. dura lex sed lex "OtheP law OisP harsh, but Oit isP the law" dura mater "tou$h mother" Outer coverin$ of the brain. dum vita est/ spes est while there is life, there is hope dux bellorum Gar leader ) Latin Translation Notes e pluribus unum '"rom many, (comes) One.' 9sually translated 'Out of many, (is) One.' ;otto of the 9nited States of 'merica. Inscribed on the 7apitol and many coins used in the 9nited States of 'merica. The motto of the Sport *isboa e 8enfica /ortu$uese soccer club. )cce Homo '8ehold the ;an' "rom the *atin 4ul$ate )ospel accordin$ to St. 3ohn (KIK.v) (<L.=, (ouayB:heims), where /ilate speas these words as he presents 7hrist, crowned with thorns, to the crowd. Oscar Gilde opened his defense with this phrase when on trial for sodomy, characteristically usin$ a wellBnown 8iblical reference as a double entendre) It is also the title of 6ietEsche's autobio$raphy and of the theme music by 5oward )oodall for the 887 comedy *r) 1ean. editio princeps 'first edition' The first printed edition of a wor. e.g. 'for the sae of e!ample' 'bbreviation for exempli gratia, below. Often confused with id est (i.e.) ego te absolvo 'I absolve you' /art of the absolutionBformula spoen by a priest as part of the sacrament of /enance (cf. absolvo). ego te provoco 'I dare you' emeritus 'veteran' 'lso 'wornBout'. :etired from office. Often used to denote a position held at the point of retirement, as an honor, such as professor emeritus or provost emeritus. This does not necessarily mean that the honoree is no lon$er active. ens causa sui 'e!istin$ because of oneself' Or 'bein$ one's own cause'. Traditionally, a bein$ that owes its e!istence to no other bein$, hence )od or a Supreme 8ein$ (cf. &rimum *obile). ense petit placidam 'by the sword she State motto of ;assachusetts, adopted in <00=. sub libertate quietem sees $entle peace under liberty' entitas ipsa involvit aptitudinem ad extorquendum certum assensum 'reality involves a power to compel sure assent' ' phrase used in modern Gestern philosophy on the nature of truth. eo ipso 'by that very act' eo ipso is a technical term used in philosophy. It means 'by that very act' in *atin. Similar to ipso facto. %!ample1 'The fact that I am does not eo ipso mean that I thin.' It is also used, with the same meanin$, in law. equo ne credite 'do not trust the horse' 4ir$il, 'eneid, II. .-B.L eo nomine 'by that name' ergo 'therefore' 9sed to show a lo$ical conclusion (cf. cogito ergo sum). erga omnes 'in relation to everyone' errare humanum est 'to err is human' "rom Seneca the Qoun$er. The full &uote is errare humanum est perseverare diabolicum1 'to err is human# to persist is of the (evil'. erratum 'error' Or 'mistae'. *ists of errors in a previous edition of a wor are often mared with the plural, errata ('errors'). esse est percipi 'to be is to be perceived' )eor$e 8ereley's motto for his idealist philosophical position that nothin$ e!ists independently of its perception by a mind e!cept minds themselves. esse quam videri 'to be, rather than to seem' Truly bein$ somethin$, rather than merely seemin$ to be somethin$. State motto of 6orth 7arolina and academic motto of several schools, includin$ 6orth 7arolina State 9niversity, 8erlee 7olle$e of ;usic, and 7olumbia 7olle$e 7hica$oas well as 7onnell's /oint /ublic School and 7ranbroo 5i$h School in Sydney, 'ustralia. "rom chapter ,+ of 7icero's $e amicitia ('On "riendship'). %arlier than 7icero, the phrase had been used by Sallust in his 1ellum !atilinae (=..+), where he wrote that 7ato esse quam videri bonus malebat ('he preferred to be $ood, rather than to seem so'). %arlier still, 'eschylus used a similar phrase in Seven Against Thebes, line =L,, ou gar do6ein aristos/ all7 enai thelei ('his resolve is not to seem the best, but in fact to be the best'). esto perpetua 'may it be perpetual' Said of 4enice by the 4enetian historian "ra /aolo Sarpi shortly before his death. 'lso the state motto of Idaho, adopted in <-+0. et alibi (et al.) 'and elsewhere' ' less common variant on et cetera used at the end of a list of locations to denote unlisted places. et alii (et al.) 'and others' 9sed similarly to et cetera ('and the rest'), to stand for a list of names. Alii is actually masculine, so it can be used for men, or $roups of men and women# the feminine, et aliae, is appropriate when the 'others' are all female. %t alia is correct for the neuter. OAP '/' style uses et al) if the wor cited was written by more than two authors# ;*' style uses et al) for more than three authors. et cetera (etc.) or (8c.) ''nd the rest' In modern usa$es, also used to mean 'and so on' or 'and more'. et facta est lux ''nd li$ht was made' This phrase is used by ;orehouse 7olle$e of 'tlanta, )eor$ia, 9S', as the school's motto. et hoc genus omne ''nd all that sort of thin$' 'bbreviated to e.h.g.o. or ehgo et in Arcadia ego 'and in 'rcadia OamP I' In other words, 'I, too, am in 'rcadia'. See memento mori. et nunc reges intelligite erudimini qui (udicati terram ''nd now, O ye in$s, understand1 receive instruction, you that ?ud$e the earth.' "rom the 8oo of /salms, II.!. (4ul$ate), ,.<> ((ouayB:heims). et sequentes (et seq.) 'and the followin$' /luraliEed as et sequentia ('and the followin$ thin$s'), abbreviations1 et seqq), et seq)), or sqq) et suppositio nil ponit in esse 'a supposition puts nothin$ in bein$' ;ore typically translated as "sayin' it don't mae it so" et tu/ +rute9 ''nd you, 8rutusS' 'lso '%ven you, 8rutusS' or 'Qou too, 8rutusS' 9sed to indicate a betrayal by someone close. "rom Shaespeare's 8ulius !aesar, based on the traditional dyin$ words of 3ulius 7aesar. 5owever, these were almost certainly not 7aesar's true last words# /lutarch &uotes 7aesar as sayin$, in )ree (which was the lan$ua$e of :ome's elite at the time), 'c[d ef, g`c\h\#' (9ai su, te%non:), in %n$lish 'Qou as well, (my) childS' Some have speculated based on this that 8rutus was 7aesar's child, thou$h there is no substantial evidence of this. et uxor (et ux.) 'and wife' ' le$al term. ex abundantia enim cordis os loquitur '"or out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaeth.' "rom the )ospel accordin$ to St. ;atthew, KII.!!!iv (4ul$ate), <,.A. ((ouayB:heims) and the )ospel accordin$ to St. *ue, 4I.!lv (4ul$ate), +..= ((ouayB :heims). Sometimes rendered without enim ('for'). ex abundanti cautela 'from abundant caution' ex aequo 'from the e&ual' 'On e&ual footin$', i.e., 'in a tie'. ex animo 'from the heart' Thus, 'sincerely'. ex ante 'from before' '8eforehand', 'before the event'. 8ased on prior assumptions. ' forecast. )x Astris cientia '"rom the Stars, 2nowled$e' The motto of the fictional Starfleet 'cademy on Star Tre%. 'dapted from ex luna scientia, which in turn was modeled after ex scientia tridens. ex cathedra 'from the chair' ' phrase applied to the declarations or promul$ations of the /ope when, preserved from even the possibility of error by the action of the 5oly )host (see /apal Infallibility), he solemnly declares or promul$ates to the 7hurch a do$matic teachin$ on faith or morals as bein$ contained in divine revelation, or at least bein$ intimately connected to divine revelation. 9sed, by e!tension, of anyone who is perceived as speain$ as thou$h with supreme authority or with arro$ance. ex Deo 'from )od' ex dolo malo 'from fraud' '"rom harmful deceit'# dolus malus is the *atin le$al term for 'fraud'. The full le$al phrase is ex dolo malo non oritur actio ('an action does not arise from fraud'). Ghen an action has its ori$in in fraud or deceit, it cannot be supported# thus, a court of law will not assist a man who bases his course of action on an immoral or ille$al act. ex facie 'from the face' Idiomatically rendered 'on the face of it'. ' le$al term typically used to note that a document's e!plicit terms are defective without further investi$ation. ex gratia 'from indness' ;ore literally 'from $race'. :efers to someone voluntarily performin$ an act purely out of indness, as opposed to for personal $ain or from bein$ forced to do it. In law, an ex gratia payment is one made without reco$niEin$ any liability or le$al obli$ation. ex h'pothesi 'from the hypothesis' Thus, 'by hypothesis'. ex lege 'from the law' ex libris 'from the boos' /recedes a person's name, with the meanin$ of 'from the library of...' ex luna scientia 'from the moon, nowled$e' The motto of the 'pollo <A moon mission, derived from ex scientia tridens. ex nihilo nihil fit 'nothin$ may come from nothin$' "rom *ucretius, and said earlier by %mpedocles. Its ori$inal meanin$ is 'wor is re&uired to succeed', but its modern meanin$ is a more $eneral 'everythin$ has its ori$ins in somethin$' (cf. causality). It is commonly applied to the conservation laws in philosophy and modern science. Ex nihilo often used in con?unction with the term creation, as in creatio ex nihilo, meanin$ 'creation, out of nothin$'. It is often used in philosophy or theolo$y in connection with the proposition that )od created the universe from nothin$. ex oblivione 'from oblivion' The title of a short story by 5./. *ovecraft. ex officio 'from the office' 8y virtue of office or position# 'by ri$ht of office'. Often used when someone holds one position by virtue of holdin$ another. ' common misconception is that ex officio members of a committee or con$ress may not vote, but this is not $uaranteed by that title. The .ice /resident of the 0nited ,tates is ex officio /resident of the 0nited ,tates ,enate. ex opere operantis 'from the wor of the one worin$' ' theolo$ical phrase contrasted with e! opere operato, referrin$ to the notion that the validity or promised benefit of a sacrament depends on the person administerin$ it. ex opere operato 'from the wor that wored' ' theolo$ical phrase meanin$ that the act of receivin$ a sacrament actually confers the promised benefit, such as a baptism actually and literally cleansin$ one's sins. The 7atholic 7hurch affirms that the source of $race is )od, not ?ust the actions or disposition of the recipient. ex oriente lux 'from the %ast, the li$ht' Superficially refers to the sun risin$ in the east, but alludes to culture comin$ from the %astern world. ex parte 'from a part' ' le$al term meanin$ 'by one party' or 'for one party'. Thus, on behalf of one side or party only. ex pede Herculem 'from 5ercules' foot' "rom the measure of 5ercules' foot you shall now his siEe# from a part, the whole. ex post 'from after' ''fterward', 'after the event'. 8ased on nowled$e of the past. ;easure of past performance. ex post facto 'from a thin$ done afterward' Said of a law with retroactive effect. ex scientia tridens 'from nowled$e, sea power.' The 9nited States 6aval 'cademy motto. :efers to nowled$e brin$in$ men power over the sea comparable to that of the tridentBbearin$ )ree $od /oseidon. ex scientia vera 'from nowled$e, truth.' The motto of the 7olle$e of )raduate Studies at ;iddle Tennessee State 9niversity. ex silentio 'from silence' In $eneral, the claim that the absence of somethin$ demonstrates the proof of a proposition. 'n argumentum ex silentio ('ar$ument from silence') is an ar$ument based on the assumption that someone's silence on a matter su$$ests ('proves' when a lo$ical fallacy) that person's i$norance of the matter or their inability to counterar$ue validly. ex tempore 'from time' 'This instant', 'ri$ht away' or 'immediately'. 'lso written extempore. ex vi termini 'from the force of the term' Thus, 'by definition'. ex vivo 'out of or from life' 9sed in reference to the study or assay of livin$ tissue in an artificial environment outside the livin$ or$anism. ex voto 'from the vow' Thus, in accordance with a promise. 'n ex voto is also an offerin$ made in fulfillment of a vow. excelsior 'hi$her' '%ver upwardC' The state motto of 6ew Qor. 'lso a catch phrase used by ;arvel 7omics head Stan *ee. exceptio firmat regulam in casibus non exceptis 'The e!ception confirms the rule in cases which are not e!cepted' ' ?uridical motto which means that e!ception, as for e!ample durin$ a 'state of e!ception', does not put in dan$er the le$itimity of the rule in its $lobality. In other words, the e!ception is strictly limited to a particular sphere (see also1 exceptio strictissimi (uris est. excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta 'an e!cuse that has not been sou$ht is an obvious accusation' ;ore loosely, 'he who e!cuses himself, accuses himself'@an unprovoed e!cuse is a si$n of $uilt. In "rench, qui s#excuse, s#accuse. exeat 'may he leave' ' formal leave of absence (cf. exit). exempli gratia (e.g.) 'for the sae of e!ample' 9sually shortened in %n$lish to 'for e!ample' (see citation si$nal). Often confused with id est (i.e.). Exempli gratia, i.e., 'for e!ample', is commonly abbreviated 'e.$.'# in this usa$e it is sometimes followed by a comma, dependin$ on style. exercitus sine duce corpus est sine spiritu 'an army without leader is lie a body without spirit' On a pla&ue at the former military staff buildin$ of the Swedish 'rmed "orces. exeunt 'they leave' The plural of exit. 'lso e!tended to exeunt omnes, 'everyone leaves'. experimentum crucis 'crucial e!periment' *iterally 'e!periment of the cross'. ' decisive test of a scientific theory. experto crede 'trust the e!pert' *iterally 'believe one who has had e!perience'. 'n author's aside to the reader. expressio unius est exclusio alterius 'the e!pression of the one is the e!clusion of the other' ';entionin$ one thin$ may e!clude another thin$'. ' principle of le$al statutory interpretation1 the e!plicit presence of a thin$ implies intention to e!clude others# e.$., a reference in the /oor :elief 'ct <+>< to 'lands, houses, tithes and coal mines' was held to e!clude mines other than coal mines. Sometimes e!pressed as expressum facit cessare tacitum (broadly, 'the e!pression of one thin$ e!cludes the implication of somethin$ else'). extant 'still in e!istence# survivin$' ad?ective1 e!tant law is still e!istin$, in e!istence, e!istent, survivin$, remainin$, undestroyed. 9sa$e, when a law is repealed the e!tant law $overns. extra domus '(placed) outside of the house' :efers to a possible result of 7atholic ecclesiastical le$al proceedin$s when the culprit is removed from bein$ part of a $roup lie a monastery. )xtra )cclesiam nulla salus 'Outside the 7hurch there is no salvation' This e!pression comes from the writin$s of Saint 7yprian of 7artha$e, a bishop of the third century. It is often used to summarise the doctrine that the 7atholic 7hurch is absolutely necessary for salvation. )xtra omnes 'Out, all of you.' It is issued by the ;aster of the /apal *itur$ical 7elebrations before a session of the /apal 7onclave which will elect a new /ope. Ghen spoen, all those who are not 7ardinals, or those otherwise mandated to be present at the 7onclave, must leave the Sistine 7hapel. extra territorium (us dicenti impune non paretur 'he who administers ?ustice outside of his territory is disobeyed with impunity' :efers to e!traterritorial ?urisdiction. Often cited in law of the sea cases on the hi$h seas. Notes : Latin Translation Notes fac fortia et patere "do brave deeds and endure" ;otto of /rince 'lfred 7olle$e in 'delaide, 'ustralia. fac simile "mae a similar thin$" Ori$in of the word facsimile, and, throu$h it, of fax. facta/ non verba "actions, not words" ;otto of 9nited States 6avy (estroyer S&uadron ,,, and the 7anadian "ort )arry 5orse armoured re$iment (;ilitia). falsus in unum/ falsus in omnibus "false in one thin$, false in everythin$" ' :oman le$al principle indicatin$ that a witness who willfully falsifies one matter is not credible on any matter. The underlyin$ motive for attorneys to impeach opposin$ witnesses in court1 the principle discredits the rest of their testimony if it is without corroboration. felo de se "felon from himself" 'n archaic le$al term for one who commits suicide, referrin$ to early %n$lish common law punishments, such as land seiEure, inflicted on those who illed themselves. fere libenter homines id quod volunt credunt "as a rule, men willin$ly believe that which they wish to" /eople believe what they wish to be true, even if it isn't. 'ttributed to 3ulius 7aesar. festina lente "hurry slowly" 'n o!ymoronic motto of St 'u$ustine. It encoura$es proceedin$ &uicly, but with calm and caution. %&uivalent to ';ore haste, less speed'. fiat iustitia et pereat mundus "let ?ustice be done, even should the world perish" "rom "erdinand I. fiat (ustitia ruat caelum "let ?ustice be done should the sy fall" 'ttributed to *ucius 7alpurnius /iso 7aesoninus. fiat lux "let li$ht be made" *ess literally, "let li$ht arise" or "let there be li$ht" (cf. lux sit). "rom the *atin translation of )enesis, "dixitque $eus fiat lux et facta est lux" ("and )od said, '*et li$ht be made', and li$ht was made"). The motto of the 9niversity of 7alifornia, 'n$elo State 9niversity, 9niversity of *ethbrid$e and :ollins 7olle$e. :idei Defensor (:id Def) or (fd) "(efender of the "aith" ' title $iven to 5enry 4III of %n$land by /ope *eo K on October <0, <=,< before 5enry became a heresiarch. Still used by the 8ritish monarchs, it appears on all 8ritish coins, usually abbreviated. fides qua creditur "the faith by which it is believed" the personal faith which apprehends, contrasted with fides quae creditur fides quae creditur "the faith which is believed" the content of "the faith," contrasted with fides qua creditur fides quaerens intellectum "faith seein$ understandin$" the motto of Saint 'nselm, found in his &roslogion fidus Achates "faithful 'chates" ' faithful friend. "rom the name of 'eneas's faithful companion in 4ir$il's Aeneid. flagellum dei "scour$e of $od" flectere si nequeo superos/ Achaeronta movebo "If I cannot move heaven I will raise hell" 4ir$il's 'eneid B 8oo 0 floruit "one flourished" Indicates the period when a historical fi$ure whose birth and death dates are unnown was most active. fluctuat nec mergitur "she wavers and is not immersed" ;otto of /aris. fons et origo "the sprin$ and source" "The fountainhead and be$innin$". The source and ori$in. fortes fortuna adiuvat "fortune favours the brave" fortis est veritas "truth is stron$" ;otto on the coat of arms of O!ford, %n$land. fortis et liber "stron$ and free" ;otto of 'lberta. # Latin Translation Notes generalia specialibus non derogant "universal thin$s do not detract from specific thin$s" ' principle of le$al statutory interpretation1 If a matter falls under a specific provision and a $eneral provision, it shall be $overned by the specific provision. genius loci "spirit of place" The uni&ue, distinctive aspects or atmosphere of a place, such as those celebrated in art, stories, fol tales, and festivals. Ori$inally, the genius loci was literally the protective spirit of a place, a creature usually depicted as a snae. #loria in )xcelsis Deo ")lory to )od in the 5ei$hts" Often translated ")lory to )od on 5i$h". The title and be$innin$ of an ancient :oman 7atholic do!olo$y, the )reater (o!olo$y. See also ad maiorem $ei gloriam. #loria *atri ")lory to the "ather" The be$innin$ of the *esser (o!olo$y. gloriosus et liber "$lorious and free" ;otto of ;anitoba #radibus ascendimus "'scendin$ by de$rees" ;otto of )rey 7olle$e, (urham graviora manent "heavier thin$s remain" In other words, "more severe thin$s await" or simply "the worst is yet to come". gutta cavat lapidem non vi sed saepe cadendo "a drop hollows a stone not by force, but by often fallin$" "rom Ovid, Epistulae ex &onto I4, <>, =. H Latin Translation Notes habeas corpus "you may have the body" ' le$al term from the <.th century or earlier. :efers to a number of le$al writs to brin$ a person before a court or ?ud$e, most commonly habeas corpus ad subjiciendum ("you may have the body to brin$ up"). 7ommonly used as the $eneral term for a prisoner's le$al ri$ht to have the char$e a$ainst them specifically identified. habemus papam "we have a pope" 9sed after a :oman 7atholic 7hurch papal election to announce publicly a successful ballot to elect a new pope. hac lege "with this law" haec olim meminisse iuvabit "one day, this will be pleasin$ to remember" 7ommonly rendered in %n$lish as "One day, we'll loo bac on this and smile". "rom 4ir$il's Aeneid <.,>A. Hannibal ante portas "5annibal before the $ates" :efers to wastin$ time while the enemy is already here. 'ttributed to 7icero. Hannibal ad portas "5annibal is at the $ates" :oman parents would tell their misbehavin$ children this, invoin$ their fear of 5annibal. haud ignota loquor "I spea not of unnown thin$s" Thus, "I say no thin$s that are unnown". "rom 4ir$il's Aeneid, ,.L<. hic abundant leones "here lions abound" Gritten on uncharted territories of old maps. hic et nunc "here and now" hic (acet (H;) "here lies" 'lso rendered hic iacet. Gritten on $ravestones or tombs, precedin$ the name of the deceased. %&uivalent to hic sepultus ("here is buried"), and sometimes combined into hic jacet sepultus (53S), "here lies buried". hic manebimus optime "here we'll stay e!cellently" 'ccordin$ to Titus *ivius the phrase was pronounced by ;arcus "urius 7amillus, addressin$ the senators who intended to abandon the city, invaded by )auls, in AL> 87% circa. It is used today to e!press the intent to eep one's position even if the circumstances appear adverse. hic sunt leones "here there are lions" Gritten on uncharted territories of old maps. hinc illae lacrimae "hence those tears" "rom Terence, Andria, line <,=. Ori$inally literal, referrin$ to the tears shed by /amphilus at the funeral of 7hrysis, it came to be used proverbally in the wors of later authors, such as 5orace (Epistula KIK, .<). historia vitae magistra "history, the teacher of life" "rom 7icero, Tusculanas, ,, <+. 'lso "history is the mistress of life". homo homini lupus "man Ois aP wolf to man" "irst attested in /lautus' Asinaria ("lupus est homo homini"). The sentence was drawn on by 5obbes in Leviathan as a concise e!pression of his human nature view. homo sum humani a mi nihil alienum puto "I am a human bein$# nothin$ human is stran$e to me" "rom Terence, 7eautontimoroumenos. Ori$inally "stran$e" or "forei$n" (alienum) was used in the sense of "irrelevant", as this line was a response to the speaer bein$ told to mind his own business, but it is now commonly used to advocate respectin$ different cultures and bein$ humane in $eneral. &uto ("I consider") is not translated because it is meanin$less outside of the line's conte!t within the play. homo unius libri (timeo) "(I fear) a man of one boo" 'ttributed to Thomas '&uinas honeste vivere "to live virtuously" One of 3ustinian I's three basic le$al precepts. honor virtutis praemium "esteem is the reward of virtue" O'"lynn family motto. honoris causa "for the sae of honor" Said of an honorary title, such as "(octor of Science honoris causa". hora somni "at the hour of ;edical shorthand for "at bedtime". (h.s.) sleep" horas non numero nisi serenas "I do not count the hours unless they are sunny" ' common inscription on sundials. hortus in urbe "' $arden in the city" ;otto of the 7hica$o /ar (istrict, a playful allusion to the city's motto, urbs in horto, &.v. horribile dictu "horrible to say" That is, "a horrible thin$ to relate". ' pun on mirabile dictu. hostis humani generis "enemy of the human race" 7icero defined pirates in :oman law as bein$ enemies of humanity in $eneral. h'potheses non fingo "I do not fabricate hypotheses" "rom 6ewton, &rincipia. *ess literally, "I do not assert that any hypotheses are true". . Latin Translation Notes ibidem (ibid.) "in the same place" 9sually used in biblio$raphic citations to refer to the last source previously referenced. id est (i.e.) "that is" "That is (to say)", "in other words", or sometimes "in this case", dependin$ on the conte!t. 6ever e&uivalent to exempli gratia (e.$.). Id est, i.e., "that is", is commonly abbreviated "i.e."# in this usa$e it is sometimes followed by a comma, dependin$ on style. idem (id.) "the same" 9sed to refer to somethin$ that has already been cited. See also ibidem. idem quod (i.q.) "the same as" 6ot to be confused with an intelli$ence &uotient. i.e. "that is" 'bbreviation for id est, above. .esus Na<arenus -ex .udaeorum (.N-.) "3esus of 6aEareth, 2in$ of the 3ews" 8ased on a 7hristian belief that "this one is 2in$ of the 3ews" was written in *atin, )ree and 'ramaic at the top of the cross 3esus was crucified on. igne natura renovatur integra "throu$h fire, nature is reborn whole" 'n alchemical aphorism invented as an alternate meanin$ for the acronym I6:I. igni ferroque "with fire and iron" ' phrase describin$ scorched earth tactics. 'lso rendered as igne atque ferro, ferro ignique, and other variations. ignis fatuus "foolish fire" will o' the wisp. ignoratio elenchi "i$norance of the issue" The lo$ical fallacy of irrelevant conclusion1 main$ an ar$ument that, while possibly valid, doesn't prove or support the proposition it claims to. 'n ignoratio elenchi that is an intentional attempt to mislead or confuse the opposin$ party is nown as a red herring. Elenchi is from the )ree elenchos. ignotum per ignotius "unnown by means of the more unnown" 'n e!planation that is less clear than the thin$ to be e!plained. Synonymous with obscurum per obscurius. ignotus (ign.) "unnown" .llegitimi non carborundum "(on't let the bastards $rind you down" ;oc *atin ori$inatin$ durin$ Gorld Gar II, used and nown in many forms since then. imago Dei "ima$e of )od" "rom the reli$ious concept that man was created in ")od's ima$e". imitatio dei "imitation of a $od" ' principle, held by several reli$ions, that believers should strive to resemble their $od(s). imperium in imperio "an order within an order" <. ' $roup of people who owe utmost fealty to their leader(s), subordinatin$ the interests of the lar$er $roup to the authority of the internal $roup's leader(s). ,. ' "fifth column" or$aniEation operatin$ a$ainst the or$aniEation within which they seemin$ly reside. imperium sine fine "an empire without an end" In 4ir$il's Aeneid, 3upiter ordered 'eneas to found a city (:ome) from which would come an everlastin$, neverendin$ empire, the endless (sine fine) empire. imprimatur "let it be printed" 'n authoriEation to publish, $ranted by some censorin$ authority (ori$inally a 7atholic 8ishop). in absentia "in the absence" 9sed in a number of situations, such as in a trial carried out in the absence of the accused. in actu "in act" "In the very actFIn reality". in articulo mortis "at the point of death" in camera "in the chamber" "i$uratively, "in secret". See also camera obscura. in casu "in the event" "In this case". in cauda venenum "the poison is in the tail" 9sin$ the metaphor of a scorpion, this can be said of an account that proceeds $ently, but turns vicious towards the end @ or more $enerally waits till the end to reveal an intention or statement that is undesirable in the speaer's eyes. in concreto "in the concrete (sense)" 9sually as opposed to fi$urative or metaphysical usa$e. in Deo speramus "in )od we hope" ;otto of 8rown 9niversity. in dubio pro reo "in doubt, on behalf of the Oalle$edP culprit" %!presses the ?udicial principle that in case of doubt the decision must be in favor of the accused (in that anyone is innocent until there is proof to the contrary). in duplo "in double" "In duplicate". in effigie "in the lieness" "In (the form of) an ima$e", as opposed to "in the flesh" or "in person". in esse "in e!istence" in extenso "in the e!tended" "In full", "at full len$th", "completely", "unabrid$ed". in extremis "in the furthest reaches" In e!tremity# in dire straits. 'lso "at the point of death" (cf. in articulo mortis). in fidem "into faith" To the verification of faith. in fieri "in becomin$" Thus, "pendin$". in fine (i.f.) "in the end" 't the end. The footnote says (p. 112 in fine(3 (the end of page 112(. in flagrante delicto "in a blaEin$ wron$", "while the crime is blaEin$" %&uivalent to the %n$lish idiom "cau$ht redB handed"1 cau$ht in the act of committin$ a crime. Sometimes carried the connotation of bein$ cau$ht in a "compromisin$ position". in flore "in blossom" 8loomin$. in foro "in forum" *e$al term for "in court". in girum imus nocte et consumimur igni "Ge enter the circle at ni$ht and are consumed by fire" ' palindrome said to describe the behavior of moths. 'lso the title of a film by )uy (ebord. in hoc signo vinces "by this si$n you will con&uer" Gords 7onstantine claimed to have seen in a vision before the 8attle of ;ilvian 8rid$e. in illo tempore "in that time" "at that time", found often in )ospel lectures durin$ ;asses, used to mar an undetermined time in the past. in limine "at the outset" /reliminary, in law referrin$ to a motion that is made to the ?ud$e before or durin$ trial, often about the admissibility of evidence believed pre?udicial in loco "in the place" That is, "at the place". The nearby labs were closed for the weekend, so the water samples were analy)ed in loco. in loco parentis "in the place of a parent" ' le$al term meanin$ "assumin$ parental (i.e., custodial) responsibility and authority". in luce Tua videmus lucem "in Thy li$ht we see li$ht" ;otto of 4alparaiso 9niversity. in lumine tuo videbimus lumen "in your li$ht we will see the li$ht" ;otto of 7olumbia 9niversity and Ohio Gesleyan 9niversity. in manus tuas commendo spiritum meum "into your hands I entrust my spirit" 'ccordin$ to *ue ,A1.+, the last words of 3esus on the cross. in medias res "into the middle of thin$s" "rom 5orace. :efers to the literary techni&ue of be$innin$ a narrative in the middle of, or at a late point in, the story, after much action has already taen place. %!amples include the Iliad, the .d'sse', and &aradise Lost. 7ompare ab initio. in memoriam "into the memory" %&uivalent to "in the memory of". :efers to rememberin$ or honorin$ a deceased person. in necessariis unitas/ in dubiis "in necessary thin$s unity, in doubtful "7harity" (caritas) is bein$ used in the classical sense of "compassion" (cf. agape). ;otto of the libertas/ in omnibus caritas thin$s liberty, in all thin$s charity" 7artellverband der atholischen deutschen Studentenverbindun$en. Often misattributed to 'u$ustine of 5ippo. in nuce "in a nut" I.e. "in potentiality." 7omparable to "potential", "to be developed". .n omnia paratus ":eady for anythin$." ;otto of the soBcalled secret society of Qale in the sitcom 4ilmore 4irls. .n omnibus requiem quaesivi/ et nusquam inveni nisi in angulo cum libro "%verywhere I have searched for peace and nowhere found it, e!cept in a corner with a boo" Duote by Thomas a 9empis. in partibus infidelium "in the parts of the infidels" That is, "in the land of the infidels", infidels here referrin$ to nonB7hristians. 'fter Islam con&uered a lar$e part of the :oman %mpire, the correspondin$ bishoprics didn't disappear, but remained as titular sees. in pectore "in the heart" ' 7ardinal named in secret by the pope. See also ab imo pectore. in personam "into a person" "(irected towards a particular person". In a lawsuit in which the case is a$ainst a specific individual, that person must be served with a summons and complaint to $ive the court ?urisdiction to try the case. The court's ?ud$ment applies to that person and is called an "in personam ?ud$ment." In personam is distin$uished from in rem, which applies to property or "all the world" instead of a specific person. This technical distinction is important to determine where to file a lawsuit and how to serve a defendant. In personam means that a ?ud$ment can be enforceable a$ainst the person, wherever he or she is. On the other hand, if the lawsuit is to determine title to property (in rem), then the action must be filed where the property e!ists and is only enforceable there. in propria persona "in one's own person" "/ersonally", "in person". in rerum natura "in the nature of thin$s" See also *ucretius' $e /erum (atura ("On the 6ature of Thin$s"). in saeculo "in the times" "In the secular world", that is, outside a monastery, or before death. in salvo "in safety" in silico "in silicon" 7oined in the early <LL>s for scientific papers. :efers to an e!periment or process performed virtually, as a computer simulation. The term is (o$ *atin modeled after terms such as in vitro and in vivo. The *atin word for silicon is silicium, so the correct *atiniEation of "in silicon" would be in silicio, but this form has little usa$e. in situ "in the place" In the ori$inal place, appropriate position, or natural arran$ement. In medical conte!ts, it implies that the condition is still in the same place and has not worsened, improved, spread, etc. .n spe "in hope" "future" (";y motherBinBlaw in spe", i.e. ";y future motherBinBlaw"), or "in embryonic form", as in "*oce's theory of $overnment resembles, in spe, ;ontes&uieu's theory of the separation of powers." .n specialibus generalia quaerimus "To see the $eneral in the specifics" That is, to understand the most $eneral rules throu$h the most detailed analysis. in statu nascendi "in the state of bein$ born" 3ust as somethin$ is about to be$in. in toto "in all" "Totally", "entirely", "completely". in triplo "in triple" "In triplicate". in utero "in the womb" in vacuo "in a void" "In a vacuum". In isolation from other thin$s. in vino veritas "in wine Othere isP truth" That is, wine loosens the ton$ue. (:eferrin$ to alcohol's disinhibitory effects.) in vitro "in $lass" 'n e!perimental or process methodolo$y performed in a "nonBnatural" settin$ (e.$., in a laboratory usin$ a $lass test tube or /etri dish), and thus outside of a livin$ or$anism or cell. The reference to $lass is merely an historic one, as the current usa$e of this term is not specific to the materials involved, but rather to the "nonBnatural" settin$ employed. 'lternative e!perimental or process methodolo$ies would include in vitro, in silico, ex vivo and in vivo. In vitro fertili)ation is not literally done (in glass(, but rather is a techni4ue to fertili)e egg cells outside of a woman*s body. %y definition, it is thus an ex vivo process. in vivo "in life" or "in a livin$ thin$" 'n e!periment or process performed on a livin$ specimen. incredibile dictu "incredible to say" ' variant on mirabile dictu. .ndex Librorum *rohibitorum "Inde! of "orbidden 8oos" ' list of boos considered heretical by the :oman 7atholic 7hurch. indivisibiliter ac inseparabiliter "indivisible and inseparable" ;otto of 'ustriaB5un$ary prior to its separation into independent states in <L<-. infra dignitatem (infra dig) "beneath one's di$nity" instante mense (inst.) "in the present month" "ormerly used in formal correspondence to refer to the current month. Sometimes abbreviated as instant. 9sed with ult. ("last month") and pro!. ("ne!t month"). (Thank you for your letter of the 12th inst.( integer vitae scelerisque purus "unimpaired by life and clean of wicedness" "rom 5orace. 9sed as a funeral hymn. inter alia "amon$ other thin$s" inter alios "amon$ others" Often used to compress lists of parties to le$al documents. inter arma enim silent leges "In the face of arms, the law falls mute," more popularly rendered as "durin$ warfare, in fact, the laws are silent" Said by 7icero in &ro *ilone as a protest a$ainst uncheced political mobs that had virtually seiEed control of :ome in the '+>s and '=>s 87. 'lso used in the Star Tre% (SL episode of the same name to ?ustify 'dmiral Gilliam :oss' decision to assist '$ent Sloan from Section A< in destabiliEin$ the :omulan Senate. inter caetera "amon$ others" Title of a papal bull. inter spem et "between hope and metum fear" inter vivos "between the livin$" Said of property transfers between livin$ persons, as opposed to inheritance# often relevant to ta! laws. intra muros "within the walls" Thus, "not public". Source of the word intramural. See also Intramuros. intra vires "within the powers" That is, "within the authority". ipsa scientia potestas est "nowled$e itself is power" "amous phrase written by Sir "rancis 8acon in <=L0. ipse dixit "he himself said it" "rom )ree =>?@A BCD 7ommonly said in ;edieval debates referrin$ to 'ristotle, who was considered the supreme authority on matters of philosophy. 9sed in $eneral to emphasiEe that some assertion comes from some authority, i.e., as an appeal to authority, and the term ipsedixitism has come to mean any unsupported rhetorical assertion that lacs a lo$ical ar$ument. ipsissima verba "the very words themselves" "Strictly word for word" (cf. verbatim). ipso facto "by the fact itself" Or "by that very fact". .ra Deorum "Grath of the )ods" *ie the vast ma?ority of inhabitants of the ancient world, the ancient :omans practiced pa$an rituals, believin$ it important to achieve a state of &ax $eorum ("/eace of the )ods") instead of Ira $eorum ("Grath of the )ods")1 earth&uaes, floods, famine, etc. ita vero "thus indeed" ' useful phrase, as the :omans had no word for "yes", preferrin$ to respond to &uestions with the affirmative or ne$ative of the &uestion (i.e., "'re you hun$ryS" was answered by "I am hun$ry" or "I am not hun$ry", not "Qes" or "6o"). ite missa est "$o, the thin$s have been sent" The final words of the :oman ;issal, meanin$ "leave, the mass is finished". iura novit curia "the court nows the laws" ' le$al principle in civil law countries of the :omanB)erman tradition (e.$., in 8raEil,)ermany and Italy) that says that lawyers need not to ar$ue the law, as that is the office of the court. Sometimes miswritten as iura novat curia ("the court renews the laws"). ; Latin Translation Notes (uris ignorantia est cum (us nostrum ignoramus "it is i$norance of the law when we do not now our own ri$hts" ;ohannes est nomen e(us "3ohn is its name F 3uan es su 6ombre" ;otto of the Seal of the 7ommonwealth of /uerto :ico (us ad bellum "law towards war" :efers to the "laws" that re$ulate the reasons for $oin$ to war. Typically, this would address issues of selfBdefense or preemptive stries (us in bello "law in war" :efers to the "laws" that re$ulate the conduct of combatants durin$ a conflict. Typically, this would address issues of who or what is a valid tar$et, how to treat prisoners, and what sorts of weapons can be used. The word jus is also commonly spelled ius. (us primae noctis "law of the first ni$ht" The droit de seigneur. (ustitia omnibus "?ustice for all" ;otto of the (istrict of 7olumbia. L Latin Translation Notes Labor omnia vincit "Gor con&uers all thin$s" State motto of Olahoma. ;otto of Instituto 6acional, leadin$ 7hilean hi$h school. (erived from a phrase in 4ir$il's 4eorgics. lapsus linguae "slip of the ton$ue" ' "pro$lossis", "tip of the ton$ue" or "ape! of the ton$ue". Often used to mean "lin$uistic error" or "lan$ua$e mistae". It and its writtenBword variant, lapsus calami ("slip of the pen") can sometimes refers to a typo$raphical error as well. %!.1 "I'm sorry for mispronouncin$ your name. It wasn't intentional# it was a lapsus linguae". lapsus memoriae "slip of memory" Source of the term memor' lapse. laus Deo "praise be to )od" legem terrae "the law of the land" leges humanae nascuntur/ vivunt/ et moriuntur "laws of man are born, live and die" leges sine moribus vanae "laws without morals OareP vain" "rom 5orace's Odes1 the official motto of the 9niversity of /ennsylvania. legitime "lawfully" ' le$al term describin$ a "forced share", the portion of a deceased person's estate from which the immediate family cannot be disinherited. "rom the "rench h"ritier legitime ("ri$htful heir"). lex artis "law of the sill" The rules that re$ulate a professional duty. lex ferenda "the law that should be borne" The law as it ou$ht to be. lex lata "the law that has been borne" The law as it is. lex loci "law of the place" lex non scripta "law that has not been written" 9nwritten law, or common law. lex parsimoniae "law of succinctness also nown as Ochams :aEor. lex rex "the law OisP in$" ' principle of $overnment advocatin$ a rule by law rather than by men. The phrase ori$inated as a double entendre in the title of Samuel :utherford's controversial boo Lex, /ex (<+..), which espoused a theory of limited $overnment and constitutionalism. lex scripta "written law" Statute law. 7ontrasted with lex non scripta. lex talionis "the law of retaliation" :etributive ?ustice (cf. an eye for an eye). liberate me ex infernis "free me from hell" 9sed in a 5ellsystem album cover from ,>>=. libera te tutemet "you, free yourself" 9sed in Event 7ori-on (<LL0), where it is translated as "save yourself". It is initially misheard as liberate me ("free me"), but is later corrected. Libera te is often mistaenly mer$ed into liberate, which would necessitate a plural pronoun instead of the sin$ular tutemet (which is an emphatic form of tu, "you"). libertas quE sera tamen "freedom which OisP however late" Thus, "liberty even when it comes late". ;otto of ;inas )erais, 8raEil. libra (lb) "scales" *iterally "balance". Its abbreviation, lb, is used as a unit of wei$ht, the pound. loco citato (lc) "in the place cited" ;ore fully written in loco citato. See also opere citato. locus classicus "a classic place" ' &uotation from a classical te!t used as an e!ample of somethin$. lorem ipsum @ ' man$led fra$ment from 7icero's $e 0inibus 1onorum et *alorum ("On the *imits of )ood and %vil", .= 87), used as typo$rapher's filler to show fonts (a..a. gree%ing). 'n appro!imate literal translation of lorem ipsum mi$ht be "sorrow itself", as the term is from dolorum ipsum quia, meanin$ "sorrow because of itself", or less literally, "pain for its own sae". luctor et emergo "I stru$$le and emer$e" ;otto of the (utch province of ieeland to denote its battle a$ainst the sea. lucus a non lucendo "Oit isP a $rove by not bein$ li$ht" "rom late .thBcentury $rammarian 5onoratus ;aurus, who sou$ht to moc implausible word ori$ins such as those proposed by /riscian. ' pun based on the word lucus ("dar $rove") havin$ a similar appearance to the verb lucere ("to shine"), ar$uin$ that the former word is derived from the latter word because of a lac of li$ht in wooded $roves. Often used as an e!ample of absurd etymolo$y. lupus in fabula "the wolf in the story" Gith the meanin$ "spea of the wolf, and he will come". Occurs in Terence's play Adelphoe. lupus non mordet lupum "a wolf does not bite a wolf" lux et lex "li$ht and law" ;otto of the presti$ious liberal arts school, "ranlin j ;arshall 7olle$e. *i$ht in reference to 8en?amin "ranlin's many innovations and discoveries. *aw in reference to 3ohn ;arshall as one of the most notable Supreme 7ourt 3ustices. lux et veritas "li$ht and truth" ' translation of the 5ebrew 9rim and Thummim. ;otto of Qale 9niversity and Indiana 9niversity. 'n e!panded form, lux et veritas floreant ("let li$ht and truth flourish"), is the motto of the 9niversity of Ginnipe$ lux hominum vita "life the li$ht of men" lux sit "let there be li$ht" ' more literal *atiniEation of the phrase "let there be li$ht", the most common translation of fiat lux ("let li$ht arise", literally "let li$ht be made"), which in turn is the *atin 4ul$ate 8ible phrase chosen for the )enesis line " k lmnBop qrost #lmn op qro ,uop q v wx n ly znv{st" ("'nd )od said1 '*et there be li$ht.' 'nd there was li$ht"). ;otto of the 9niversity of Gashin$ton. $ Latin Translation Notes magister dixit "the master has said it" 7anonical medieval reference to 'ristotle, precludin$ further discussion $agna %arta ")reat /aper" ' set of documents between /ope Innocent III, 2in$ 3ohn, and %n$lish barons. magna cum laude "with $reat praise" ' common *atin honor, above cum laude and below summa cum laude. $agna )uropa est *atria Nostra ")reat %urope is Our "atherland" /olitical motto of panB%uropeanists (cf. ave Europa nostra vera &atria) magna est vis consuetudinis "$reat is the power of habit" magno cum gaudio "with $reat ?oy" magnum opus "$reat wor" Said of someone's masterpiece. maiora premunt "$reater thin$s are pressin$" 9sed to indicate that it is the moment to address more important, ur$ent, issues. mala fide "in bad faith" Said of an act done with nowled$e of its ille$ality, or with intention to defraud or mislead someone. Opposite of bona fide. mala tempora currunt "bad times are upon us" 'lso used ironically, e.$.1 6ew teachers now all trics used by pupils to copy from classmatesS Oh, mala tempora curruntC. malum discordiae "apple of dischord" 'lludes to the apple of %ris in the ?ud$ement of /aris, the mytholo$ical cause of the Tro?an Gar. It is also a pun based on the nearBhomonymous word malum ("evil"). The word for "apple" has a lon$ a vowel in *atin and the word for "evil" a short a vowel, but they are normally written the same. malum quo communius eo peius "the more common an evil is, the worse it is" malum in se "wron$ in itself" ' le$al term meanin$ that somethin$ is inherently wron$ (cf. malum prohibitum). malum prohibitum "wron$ due to bein$ prohibited" ' le$al term meanin$ that somethin$ is only wron$ because it is a$ainst the law. manu militari "with a military hand" 9sin$ armed forces in order to achieve a $oal. manu propria (m.p.) "with one's own hand" Gith the implication of "si$ned by one's hand". Its abbreviated form is sometimes used at the end of typewritten or printed documents or official notices, directly followin$ the name of the person(s) who "si$ned" the document e!actly in those cases where there isn't an actual handwritten si$nature. manus celer Dei "the swift hand of )od" Ori$inally used as the name of a ship in the *arathon $ame series, its usa$e has spread. manus manum "one hand washes the famous &uote from *ucius 'nnaeus Seneca . It lavat other" implies that one situation helps the other. mare clausum "closed sea" In law, a sea under the ?urisdiction of one nation and closed to all others. mare liberum "free sea" In law, a sea open to international shippin$ navi$ation. mare nostrum "our sea" ' nicname $iven to the ;editerranean Sea durin$ the hei$ht of the :oman %mpire, as it encompassed the entire coastal basin. $ater :acit ";other (oes It" 9sed as a ?oe to say ;other "uc It, thou$h it really means "mother does it" materfamilias "the mother of the family" The female head of a family. See paterfamilias. materia medica "medical matter" The branch of medical science concerned with the study of dru$s used in the treatment of disease. 'lso, the dru$s themselves. me vexat pede "it annoys me at the foot" *ess literally, "my foot itches". :efers to a trivial situation or person that is bein$ a bother, possibly in the sense of wishin$ to ic that thin$ away. $ea %ulpa ";y "ault" 9sed in 7hristian prayers and confession to denote the inherently flawed nature of manind. 7an also be e!tended to mea maxima culpa ("my $reatest fault"). 'lso used similarly to the modern %n$lish slan$ "my bad". $edia vita in morte sumus "In the midst of our lives we die" ' wellBnown se&uence, falsely attributed to 6oter durin$ the ;iddle '$es. It was translated by 7ranmer and became a part of the burial service in the funeral rites of the 'n$lican 1oo% of !ommon &ra'er. meliora "better thin$s" 7arryin$ the connotation of "always better". The motto of the 9niversity of :ochester. $elita/ domi adsum "5oney, I'm homeC" ' relatively common recent *atiniEation from the ?oe phraseboo Latin for All .ccasions. )rammatically correct, but the phrase would be anachronistic in ancient :ome. memento mori "remember that Oyou willP die" "i$uratively "be mindful of dyin$" or "remember your mortality", and also more literally rendered as "remember to die", thou$h in %n$lish this ironically misses the ori$inal intent. 'n ob?ect (such as a sull) or phrase intended to remind people of the inevitability of death. ' more common theme in 7hristian than in 7lassical art. The motto of the Trappist order. memento vivere "a reminder of life" 'lso, "remember that you have to live." *iterally rendered as "remember to live." memores acti prudentes futuri "mindful of what has been done, aware of what will be" Thus, both rememberin$ the past and foreseein$ the future. "rom the 6orth 5ertfordshire (istrict 7ouncil coat of arms. mens agitat molem "the mind moves the mass" "rom 4ir$il. ;otto of the 9niversity of Ore$on, the 9niversity of Garwic and the %indhoven 9niversity of Technolo$y. mens et manus "mind and hand" ;otto of the ;assachusetts Institute of Technolo$y. mens rea "$uilty mind" 'lso "culprit mind". ' term used in discussin$ the mindset of an accused criminal. mens sana in corpore sano "a sound mind in a sound body" Or "a sensible mind in a healthy body". meminerunt omnia amantes "lovers remember all" $iles #loriosus ")lorious Soldier" Or "8oastful Soldier". Title of a play of /lautus. ' stoc character in comedy, the bra$$art soldier. (It is said that at Salamanca, there is a wall, on which $raduates inscribe their names, where "rancisco "ranco had a pla&ue installed readin$ ":'67IS79S ":'679S ;I*%S )*O:IOS9S. Or perhaps some scholar $ot the better of the dictatorC) minatur innocentibus qui parcit nocentibus "he threatens the innocent who spares the $uilty" mirabile dictu "wonderful to tell" mirabile visu "wonderful by the si$ht" ' :oman phrase used to describe a wonderful eventFhappenin$. miserabile visu "terrible by the si$ht" ' terrible happenin$ or event. miserere nobis "have mercy upon us" ' phrase within the 4loria in Excelsis $eo and the Agnus $ei, to be used at certain points in 7hristian reli$ious ceremonies. missit me Dominus "the *ord has sent me" ' phrase used by 7hrist. mittimus "we send" ' warrant of commitment to prison, or an instruction for a ?ailer to hold someone in prison. mobilis in mobili "movin$ in a movin$ thin$" or, poetically, "chan$in$ throu$h the chan$in$ medium" The motto of the (autilus from the 3ules 4erne novel ;<<<< Leagues =nder the Sea. modus operandi ($.2.) "method of operatin$" 9sually used to describe a criminal's methods. modus ponens "method of placin$" *oosely "method of affirmin$", a lo$ical rule of inference statin$ that from propositions & and if & then > one can conclude >. modus tollens "method of removin$" *oosely "method of denyin$", a lo$ical rule of inference sayin$ that from propositions not > and if & then > one can conclude not &. modus morons @ (o$ *atin based on wordplay with modus ponens and modus tollens, referrin$ to the common lo$ical fallacy that if & then > and not &, one could conclude not > (cf. contraposition). modus vivendi "method of livin$" 'n accommodation between disa$reein$ parties to allow life to $o on. ' practical compromise. montani semper liberi "mountaineers OareP always free" State motto of Gest 4ir$inia, adopted in <-0,. $ontis .nsignia %alpe "8ad$e of the :oc of )ibraltar" more ferarum "lie beasts" used to describe any se!ual act in the manner of beasts morituri te salutant "those who are about to die salute thee" 9sed once in Suetonius' *ife of the (ivine 7laudius, chapter ,<, by the condemned prisoners mannin$ $alleys about to tae part in a moc naval battle on *ae "ucinus in '( =,. /opular misconception ascribes it as a $ladiator's salute. mors vincit "death con&uers all" 'n a!iom often found on headstones. omnia or "death always wins" motu proprio "on his own initiative" Or "by his own accord." Identifies a class of papal documents, administrative papal bulls. multis e gentibus vires "from many peoples, stren$th" ;otto of Sasatchewan. multum in parvo "much in little" 7onciseness. The motto of :utland, a county in central %n$land. +atin phrases are often multum in parvo, con"eying much in few words. mundus vult decipi "the world wants to be deceived" "rom 3ames 8ranch 7abell. munit haec et altera vincit "this one defends and the other one con&uers" ;otto of 6ova Scotia. mutatis mutandis "with those thin$s chan$ed which needed to be chan$ed" Thus, "with the appropriate chan$es". N Latin Translation Notes natura non contristatur "nature is not saddened" That is, the natural world is not sentimental or compassionate. natura non facit saltum ita nec lex "nature does not mae a leap, thus neither does the law" Shortened form of "sicut natura nil facit per saltum ita nec lex" ("?ust as nature does nothin$ by a leap, so neither does the law"), referrin$ to both nature and the le$al system movin$ $radually. navigare necesse est vivere non est necesse "to sail is necessary# to live is not necessary" 'ttributed by /lutarch to )naeus /ompeius, who, durin$ a severe storm, commanded sailors to brin$ food from 'frica to :ome. ne cede malis "do not $ive in to misfortune" 9sed as a level name in the *arathon series to reflect the doomed theme of the level, and derived from the family motto of one of the developers. ne sutor ultra crepidam "7obbler, no further than the sandalC" Thus, don't offer your opinion on thin$s that are outside your competence. It is said that the )ree painter 'pelles once ased the advice of a cobbler on how to render the sandals of a soldier he was paintin$. Ghen the cobbler started offerin$ advice on other parts of the paintin$, 'pelles rebued him with this phrase in )ree, and it subse&uently became a popular *atin e!pression. nec dextrorsum/ nec sinistrorsum "6either to the left nor to the ri$ht" (o not $et distracted. This *atin phrase is also the motto for 8ishop 7otton 8oys School and the 8ishop 7otton )irls 5i$h school, both located in 8an$alore, India. nec plus ultra "nothin$ more beyond" 'lso ne plus ultra or non plus ultra. ' descriptive phrase meanin$ the best or most e!treme e!ample of somethin$. The /illars of 5ercules, for e!ample, were literally the nec plus ultra of the ancient ;editerranean world. 7harles 4's heraldic emblem reversed this idea, usin$ a depiction of this phrase inscribed on the /illars@as plus ultra, without the ne$ation. This represented Spain's e!pansion into the 6ew Gorld. nec temere nec timide "neither recless nor timid" The motto of the (utch <<th air manouvre bri$ade << 'ir ;anoeuvre 8ri$ade nemine contradicente (nem. con.) "with no one speain$ a$ainst" *ess literally, "without dissent". 9sed especially in committees, where a matter may be passed nem) con), or unanimously. nemo dat quod non habet "no one $ives what he does not have" Thus, "none can pass better title than they have". nemo iudex in sua causa "no man shall be a ?ud$e in his own cause" *e$al principle that no individual can preside over a hearin$ in which he holds a specific interest or bias. nemo me impune lacessit "no one provoes me with impunity" ;otto of the Order of the Thistle, and conse&uently of Scotland, found stamped on the milled ed$e of certain 8ritish pound sterlin$ coins. It is also the motto of the ;ontressors in the %d$ar 'llan /oe short story "The 7as of 'montillado" nemo nisi per amicitiam cognoscitur "6o one learns e!cept by friendship" 9sed to imply that one must lie a sub?ect in order to study it. nemo tenetur seipsum accusare "no one is bound to accuse himself" ' ma!im bannin$ mandatory selfBincrimination. 6earBsynonymous with accusare nemo se debet nisi coram $eo. Similar phrases include1 nemo tenetur armare adversarium contra se ("no one is bound to arm an opponent a$ainst himself"), meanin$ that a defendant is not obli$ated to in any way assist the prosecutor to his own detriment# nemo tenetur edere instrumenta contra se ("no one is bound to produce documents a$ainst himself", meanin$ that a defendant is not obli$ated to provide materials to be used a$ainst himself (this is true in :oman law and has survived in modern criminal law, but no lon$er applies in modern civil law)# and nemo tenere prodere seipsum ("no one is bound to betray himself"), meanin$ that a defendant is not obli$ated to testify a$ainst himself. nihil dicit "he says nothin$" In law, a declination by a defendant to answer char$es or put in a plea. nihil novi "nothin$ of the new" Or ?ust "nothin$ new". The phrase e!ists in two versions1 as nihil novi sub sole ("nothin$ new under the sun"), from the 4ul$ate, and as nihil novi nisi commune consensu ("nothin$ new unless by the common consensus"), a <=>= law of the /olishB *ithuanian 7ommonwealth and one of the cornerstones of its )olden *iberty. nihil obstat "nothin$ prevents" ' notation, usually on a title pa$e, indicatin$ that a :oman 7atholic censor has reviewed the boo and found nothin$ ob?ectionable to faith or morals in its content. See also imprimatur. nil admirari "be surprised at nothin$" nil desperandum "nothin$ must be despaired at" That is, "never despair". nil nisi bonum "(about the dead say) nothin$ unless (it is) $ood" Short for nil nisi bonum de mortuis dicere. That is, "(on't spea ill of anyone who has died". nil nisi malis terrori "no terror, e!cept to the bad" The motto of 2in$'s School, ;acclesfield. nil per os (n.p.o.) "nothin$ throu$h the mouth" ;edical shorthand indicatin$ that oral foods and fluids should be withheld from the patient. nil satis nisi "nothin$ OisP enou$h ;otto of %verton "ootball 7lub, residents of optimum unless Oit isP the best" )oodison /ar, *iverpool. nil sine numine "nothin$ without the divine will" Or "nothin$ without providence". State motto of 7olorado, adopted in <-+<. /robably derived from 4ir$il's Aeneid 8oo II, line 000, "non haec sine numine devum eveniunt" ("these thin$s do not come to pass without the will of the $ods"). See also numina. nil volentibus arduum "6othin$ OisP arduous for the willin$" "6othin$ is impossible for the willin$" nisi Dominus frustra "if not the *ord, Oit isP in vain" That is, "everythin$ is in vain without )od". SummariEed from /salm <,0, "nisi $ominus aedificaverit domum in vanum laboraverunt qui aedificant eam nisi $ominus custodierit civitatem frustra vigilavit qui custodit" ("unless the *ord builds the house, they wor on a useless thin$ who build it# unless the *ord $uards the community, he eeps watch in vain who $uards it"). The motto of %dinbur$h. nisi prius "unless previously" In %n$land, a direction that a case be brou$ht up to Gestminster for trial before a sin$le ?ud$e and ?ury. In the 9nited States, a court where civil actions are tried by a sin$le ?ud$e sittin$ with a ?ury, as distin$uished from an appellate court. nolens volens "unwillin$, willin$" That is, "whether unwillin$ly or willin$ly". Sometimes rendered volens nolens or aut nolens aut volens. Similar to ill'?nill', thou$h that word is derived from Old %n$lish ill?he nil?he ("OwhetherP he will or OwhetherP he will not"). noli me tangere "do not touch me" 7ommonly translated "touch me not". 'ccordin$ to the )ospel of 3ohn, this was said by 3esus to ;ary ;a$dalene after his resurrection. noli turbare circulos meos "(o not disturb my circlesC" That is, "(on't upset my calculationsC" Said by 'rchimedes to a :oman soldier who, despite havin$ been $iven orders not to, illed 'rchimedes at the con&uest of Syracuse. The soldier was e!ecuted for his act. nolle prosequi "to be unwillin$ to prosecute" ' le$al motion by a prosecutor or other plaintiff to drop le$al char$es, usually in e!chan$e for a diversion pro$ram or outBofBcourt settlement. nolo contendere "I do not wish to contend" That is, "no contest". ' plea that can be entered on behalf of a defendant in a court that states that the accused doesn't admit $uilt, but will accept punishment for a crime. (olo contendere pleas cannot be used as evidence in another trial. nomen dubium "doubtful name" ' scientific name of unnown or doubtful application. nomen est omen "the name is a si$n" Thus, "true to its name". nomen nescio (N.N.) "I do not now the name" Thus, the name or person in &uestion is unnown. nomen nudum "naed name" ' purported scientific name that does not fulfill the proper formal criteria and therefore cannot be used unless it is subse&uently proposed correctly. non bis in idem "not twice in the same thin$" ' le$al principle forbiddin$ double ?eopardy. non causa pro causa "not the cause for the cause" 'lso nown as the "&uestionable cause" or "false cause". :efers to any lo$ical fallacy where a cause is incorrectly identified. non compos mentis "not in control of the mind" See compos mentis. 'lso rendered non compos sui ("not in control of himself"). Samuel 3ohnson, author of the first %n$lish dictionary, theoriEed that the word nincompoop may derive from this phrase. non ducor duco "I am not led# I lead" ;otto of S|o /aulo city, 8raEil. See also pro 1rasilia fiant eximia. non facias malum ut inde fiat bonum "you should not mae evil in order that $ood may be made from it" ;ore simply, "don't do wron$ to do ri$ht". The direct opposite of the phrase "the ends ?ustify the means". non impediti ratione congitatonis "unencumbered by the thou$ht process" ;otto of radio show 7ar Tal. non in legendo sed in intelligendo legis consistunt "the laws depend not on bein$ read, but on bein$ understood" non liquet "it is not proven" 'lso "it is not clear" or "it is not evident". ' sometimes controversial decision handed down by a ?ud$e when they feel that the law is not complete. non mihi solum "not for myself alone" non obstante veredicto "not standin$ in the way of a verdict" ' ?ud$ment notwithstandin$ verdict, a le$al motion asin$ the court to reverse the ?ury's verdict on the $rounds that the ?ury could not have reached such a verdict reasonably. non olet "it doesn't smell" See pecunia non olet) non omnis moriar "I shall not all die" "6ot all of me will die", a phrase e!pressin$ the belief that a part of the speaer will survive beyond death. non progredi est regredi "to not $o forward is to $o bacward" non prosequitur "he does not proceed" ' ?ud$ment in favor of a defendant when the plaintiff failed to tae the necessary steps in an action within the time allowed. Non scholae sed vitae discimus "Ge learn not for school, but for life." from Seneca non sequitur "it does not follow" In $eneral, a non sequitur is a comment which is absurd due to not main$ sense in its conte!t (rather than due to bein$ inherently nonsensical or internally inconsistent), often used in humor. 's a lo$ical fallacy, a non sequitur is a conclusion that does not follow from a premise. non serviam "I will not serve" /ossibly derived from a 4ul$ate mistranslation of the 8oo of 3eremiah. 7ommonly used in literature as Satan's statement of disobedience to )od, thou$h in the ori$inal conte!t the &uote is attributed to Israel, not Satan. non sum qualis eram "I am not such as I was" Or "I am not the ind of person I once was". %!presses a chan$e in the speaer. non vi/ sed verbo "6ot throu$h violence, but throu$h the word alone ;artin *uther on 7atholic church reform. (see :eformation) nosce te ipsum "now thyself" "rom 7icero, based on the )ree }\ ~d e`[fgW\ (gnothi seauton), inscribed on the Temple of 'pollo at (elphi. ' nonBtraditional *atin renderin$, temet nosce ("thine own self now"), is translated in The *atrix as "now thyself". nota bene (n.b.) "mar well" That is, "please note" or "note it well". Novus 2rdo eclorum "6ew Order of the '$es" "rom 4ir$il. ;otto on the )reat Seal of the 9nited States. Similar to (ovus .rdo *undi ("6ew Gorld Order"). Nulla dies sine linea "6ot a day without a line drawn." /liny the %lder attributes this ma!im to 'pelles, an ancient )ree artist. nullam rem natam "no thin$ born" That is, "nothin$". It has been theoriEed that this e!pression is the ori$in of Italian nulla, "rench rien, and Spanish and /ortu$uese nada, all with the same meanin$. nulli secundus "second to none" ;otto of the 7oldstream )uards. Nullius in verba "On the word of no man" ;otto of the :oyal Society. nullum crimen/ nulla poena sine lege "no crime, no punishment without law" *e$al principle meanin$ that one cannot be penalised for doin$ somethin$ that is not prohibited by law. It also means that penal law cannot be enacted retroactively. numerus clausus "closed number" ' method to limit the number of students who may study at a university. nunc dimittis "now you are sendin$ away" In the )ospel of *ue, spoen by Simeon while holdin$ the baby 3esus when he felt he was ready to be dismissed into the afterlife ("he had seen the li$ht"). Often used in the same way the phrase Eure%a is used, as a ?ubilant e!clamation of revelation. nunc est bibendum "now is the time to drin" 7arpeB(iemBtype phrase from the Odes of 5orace, "6unc est bibendum, nunc pede libero pulsanda tellus" (6ow is the time to drin, now the time to dance footloose upon the earth). nunc pro tunc "now for then" Somethin$ that has retroactive effect, is effective from an earlier date. nunc scio quid sit amor "now I now what love is" "rom 4ir$il, Eclogues 4III. nunquam non "never unprepared" ;otto of the Scottish clan 3ohnston paratus 2 Latin Translation Notes 2 homines ad servitutem paratos ";en fit to be slavesC" 'ttributed (in Tacitus, Annales, III, +=) to the %mperor Tiberius, in dis$ust at the servile attitude of :oman senators. 9sed of those who should be leaders but instead slavishly follow the lead of others. 2 tempora 2 mores "O, the timesC O, the moralsC" 'lso translated "Ghat timesC Ghat customsC" "rom 7icero, !atilina I, <, ,. obiit (ob.) "one died" "5e died" or "she died", an inscription on $ravestones. ob. also sometimes stands for obiter ("in passin$" or "incidentally"). 2bit anus/ abit onus "The old woman dies, the burden is lifted" 'rthur Schopenhauer. obiter dictum "a thin$ said in passin$" In law, an observation by a ?ud$e on some point of law not directly relevant to the case before him, and thus neither re&uirin$ his decision nor servin$ as a precedent, but nevertheless of persuasive authority. In $eneral, any comment, remar or observation made in passin$. obscuris vera involvens "the truth bein$ enveloped by obscure thin$s" "rom 4ir$il. obscurum per obscurius "the obscure by means of the more obscure" 'n e!planation that is less clear than what it tries to e!plain. Synonymous with ignotum per ignotius. oculus dexter (2.D.) "ri$ht eye" Ophthalmolo$ist shorthand. oculus sinister (2..) "left eye" Ophthalmolo$ist shorthand. oderint dum metuant "let them hate, so lon$ as they fear" "avorite sayin$ of 7ali$ula, attributed ori$inally to *ucius 'ccius, :oman tra$ic poet (<0> 87). odi et amo "I hate and I love" The openin$ of 7atullus -=. The entire poem reads, "odi et amo quare id faciam fortasse requiris F nescio sed fieri sentio et excrucior" ("I hate and I love. Ghy do I do this, you perhaps as. F I do not now, but I feel it happenin$ and am tormented."). odi profanum vulgus et arceo "I hate the unholy rabble and eep them away" "rom 5orace. odium theologicum "theolo$ical hatred" ' name for the special hatred $enerated in theolo$ical disputes. omne ignotum pro magnifico "every unnown thin$ Ois taenP for $reat" Or "everythin$ unnown appears ma$nificent". omnia dicta fortiora si dicta Latina "everythin$ said OisP stron$er if said in *atin" Or "everythin$ sounds more impressive when said in *atin". ' more common phrase with the same meanin$ is quidquid Latine dictum sit altum videtur. omnia munda mundis "everythin$ OisP pure to the pure OmenP" "rom The 6ew Testament. omnia praesumuntur legitime facta donec probetur in contrarium "all thin$s are presumed to be lawfully done, until it is shown Oto beP in the reverse" In other words, "innocent until proven $uilty". omnium gatherum "$atherin$ of all" ' miscellaneous collection or assortment. Often used facetiously. onus probandi "burden of proof" opera omnia "all wors" The collected wors of an author. opera posthuma "posthumous wors" Gors published after the author's death. opere citato (op. cit.) "in the wor that was cited" 9sed in academic wors when referrin$ a$ain to the last source mentioned or used. ophidia in herba "a snae in the $rass" 'ny hidden dan$er or unnown ris. opus anglicanum "%n$lish wor" "ine embroidery. %specially used to describe church vestments. 2pus Dei "The Gor of )od" Opus (ei is a 7atholic institution founded by Saint 3osemarMa %scriv. Its mission is to help people turn their wor and daily activities into occasions for $rowin$ closer to )od, for servin$ others, and for improvin$ society. ora et labora "pray and wor" The ;otto of Order of Saint 8enedict as well as the motto for O<P(alhousie *aw School, 5alifa! 6ova Scotia. ora pro nobis "pray for us" oratio directa "direct speech" oratio obliqua "indirect speech" orbis non sufficit "the world does not suffice" "the world is not enou$h" Ori$inates from 3uvenal's Tenth Satire, referrin$ to 'le!ander the )reat. 3ames 8ond's adopted family motto in the novel .n 7er *ajest'#s Secret Service. It made a brief appearance in the film adaptation of the same name and was later used as the title of the nineteenth 3ames 8ond film, The @orld Is (ot Enough. ordo ab chao "Out of chaos, comes order" The phrase is one of the oldest mottos of 7raft "reemasonry. orta recens quam pura nites "newly risen, how bri$htly you shine" ;otto of 6ew South Gales. * Latin Translation Notes pace "with peace" *oosely, "be at peace", "with due deference to", "by leave of" or "no offense to". 9sed to politely acnowled$e someone who disa$rees with the speaer or writer. pace tua "with your peace" Thus, "with your permission". pacta sunt servanda "a$reements must be ept" 'lso "contracts must be honored". Indicates the bindin$ power of treaties. panem et "bread and circuses" "rom 3uvenal, Satire A, line -<. Ori$inally described circenses all that was needed for emperors to placate the :oman mob. Today used to describe any entertainment used to distract public attention from more important matters. parens patriae "parent of the nation" ' public policy re&uirin$ courts to protect the best interests of any child involved in a lawsuit. See also &ater &atriae. pari passu "with e&ual step" Thus, "movin$ to$ether", "simultaneously", etc. parva sub ingenti "the small under the hu$e" Implies that the wea are under the protection of the stron$, rather than that they are inferior. ;otto of /rince %dward Island. passim "here and there" *ess literally, "throu$hout" or "fre&uently". Said of a word that occurs several times in a cited te!ts. 'lso used in proof readin$, where it refers to a chan$e that is to be repeated everywhere needed. pater familias "father of the family" Or "master of the house". The eldest male in a family, who held patria potestas ("paternal power"). In :oman law, a father had enormous power over his children, wife, and slaves, thou$h these ri$hts dwindled over time. (erived from the phrase pater familias, an Old *atin e!pression preservin$ the archaic Bas endin$. *ater *atriae ""ather of the 6ation" 'lso rendered with the $enderBneutral parens patriae ("parent of the nation"). pater peccavi "father, I have sinned" The traditional be$innin$ of a :oman 7atholic confession. pauca sed matura "few, but ripe" "rom The 9ing and I by :o$ers and 5ammerstein. Said to be one of 7arl )auss's favorite &uotations. pauca sed bona "few, but $ood" )ood thin$s are better if few. *ax Americana "'merican /eace" ' euphemism for the 9nited States of 'merica and its sphere of influence. 'dapted from &ax /omana. *ax Aut +ellum "/eace or Gar" The motto of the )unn 7lan. *ax +ritannica "8ritish /eace" ' euphemism for the 8ritish %mpire. 'dapted from &ax /omana. pax Dei "peace of )od" 9sed in the /eace and Truce of )od movement in <>thB7entury "rance. *ax Deorum "/eace of the )ods" *ie the vast ma?ority of inhabitants of the ancient world, the :omans practiced pa$an rituals, believin$ it important to achieve a state of &ax $eorum (The /eace of the )ods) instead of Ira $eorum (The Grath of the )ods). pax et bonum "peace and the $ood" ;otto of St. "rancis of 'ssisi and, conse&uently, of his monastery in 'ssisi, in the 9mbria re$ion of Italy. Translated in Italian as pace e bene. pax et lux "peace and li$ht" ;otto of Tufts 9niversity. pax maternum/ ergo pax familiarum "peace of mothers, therefore peace of families" If the mother is peaceful, then the family is peaceful. *ax -omana ":oman /eace" ' period of relative prosperity and lac of conflict in the early :oman %mpire. *ax inica "7hinese /eace" ' euphemism for periods of peace in %ast 'sia durin$ times of stron$ 7hinese imperialism. 'dapted from &ax /omana. pax vobiscum "peace ObeP with you" ' common farewell. The "you" is plural ("you all"), so the phrase must be used when speain$ to more than one person# pax tecum is the form used when speain$ to only one person. pecunia non olet "the money doesn't smell" 'ccordin$ to Suetonius, when %mperor 4espasian was challen$ed by his son Titus for ta!in$ the public lavatories, the emperor held up a coin before his son and ased whether it smelled or simply said non olet ("it doesn't smell"). "rom this, the phrase was e!panded to pecunia non olet, or rarely aes non olet ("copper doesn't smell"). pecunia/ si uti scis/ ancilla est0 si nescis/ domina "if you can use money, money is your slave# if you can't, money is your master" Gritten on a old *atin tablet in downtown 4erona (Italy). pendent opera interrupta "the wor han$s interrupted" "rom the Aeneid of 4ir$il, 8oo I4. per "8y, throu$h, by means of" See specific phrases below. per annum (p.a.) "throu$h a year" Thus, "yearly"@occurrin$ every year. per ardua "throu$h adversity" ;otto of the 8ritish :'" :e$iment per ardua ad astra "throu$h adversity to the stars" ;otto of the 8ritish :oyal 'ir "orce, the :oyal 'ustralian 'ir "orce, the :oyal 7anadian 'ir "orce, and the :oyal 6ew iealand 'ir "orce. The phrase was derived from 5. :ider 5a$$ard's famous novel The &eople of the *ist, and was selected and approved as a motto for the :oyal "lyin$ 7orps on ;arch <=, <L<A. In <L,L, the :oyal 'ustralian 'ir "orce decided to adopt it as well. per aspera ad astra "throu$h hardships to the stars" "rom Seneca the Qoun$er. ;otto of 6'S' and the South 'frican 'ir "orce. ' common variant, ad astra per aspera ("to the stars throu$h hardships"), is the state motto of 2ansas. Ad Astra ("To the Stars") is the title of a ma$aEine published by the 6ational Space Society. (e /rofundus 'd 'stra (""rom the depths to the stars.") is the motto of the *'S"S. per capsulam "throu$h the small bo!" That is, "by letter". per capita "throu$h the heads" "/er head", i.e., "per person". The sin$ular is per caput ("throu$h a head"). per contra "throu$h the contrary" Or "on the contrary" (cf. a contrario). per curiam "throu$h the senate" *e$al term meanin$ "by the court", as in a per curiam decision. per definitionem "throu$h the definition" Thus, "by definition". per diem "throu$h a day" Thus, "per day". ' specific amount of money an or$aniEation allows an individual to spend per day, typically for travel e!penses. *er $are per Terram "8y Sea and by *and" ;otto of the :oyal ;arines. per mensem "throu$h a month" Thus, "per month", or "monthly". per os (p.o.) "throu$h the mouth" ;edical shorthand for "by mouth". per procura (p.p.) or (per pro) "throu$h the a$ency" 'lso rendered per procurationem. 9sed to indicate that a person is si$nin$ a document on behalf of another person. 7orrectly placed before the name of the person si$nin$, but often placed before the name of the person on whose behalf the document is si$ned, sometimes throu$h incorrect translation of the alternative abbreviation per pro. as "for and on behalf of". per quod "by reason of which" In a 92 le$al conte!t1 "by reason of which" (as opposed to per se which re&uires no reasonin$). In 'merican ?urisprudence often refers to a spouse's claim for loss of consortium. per rectum (pr) "throu$h the rectum" ;edical shorthand. See also per os. per se "throu$h itself" 'lso "by itself" or "in itself". Githout referrin$ to anythin$ else, intrinsically, taen without &ualifications, etc. ' common e!ample is ne$li$ence per se. See also malum in se. per stirpes "throu$h the roots" 9sed in wills to indicate that each "branch" of the testator's family should inherit e&ually. 7ontrasted with per capita. per veritatem vis "throu$h truth, stren$th" ;otto of Gashin$ton 9niversity in St. *ouis. perpetuum mobile "thin$ in perpetual motion" ' musical term. 'lso used to refer to hypothetical perpetual motion machines. persona non grata "person not pleasin$" 'n unwelcome, unwanted or undesirable person. In diplomatic conte!ts, a person re?ected by the host $overnment. The reverse, persona grata ("pleasin$ person"), is less common, and refers to a diplomat acceptable to the $overnment of the country to which he is sent. petitio principii "re&uest of the be$innin$" 8e$$in$ the &uestion, a lo$ical fallacy in which a proposition to be proved is implicitly or e!plicitly assumed in one of the premises. pia desideria "pious lon$in$s" Or "dutiful desires". pia fraus "pious fraud" Or "dutiful deceit". %!pression from Ovid. 9sed to describe deception which serves 7hurch purposes. pia mater "pious mother" Or "tender mother". Translated into *atin from 'rabic. The delicate innermost of the three membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. pinxit "one painted" Thus, "he painted this" or "she painted this". "ormerly used on wors of art, ne!t to the artist's name. pluralis ma(estatis "plural of ma?esty" The firstBperson plural pronoun when used by an important persona$e to refer to himself or herself# also nown as the "royal e". pollice verso "with a turned thumb" 9sed by :oman crowds to pass ?ud$ment on a defeated $ladiator. It is uncertain whether the thumb was turned up, down, or concealed inside one's hand. 'lso the name of a famous paintin$ depictin$ $ladiators by 3eanB*Ton )Trme. pons asinorum "brid$e of asses" 'ny obstacle that stupid people find hard to cross. Ori$inally used of %uclid's "ifth /roposition in $eometry. *ontifex $aximus ")reatest 5i$h /riest" Or "Supreme /ontiff". Ori$inally an epithet of the :oman %mperors, and later a traditional epithet of the pope. The pontifices were the most important priestly colle$e of the ancient :oman reli$ion# their name is usually thou$ht to derive from pons facere ("to mae a brid$e"), which in turn is usually lined to their reli$ious authority over the brid$es of :ome, especially the /ons Sublicius. posse comitatus "to be able to attend" Thus, to be able to be made into part of a retinue or force. In common law, posse comitatus is a sheriff's ri$ht to compel people to assist law enforcement in unusual situations. post aut propter "after it or by means of it" 7ausality between two phenomena is not established (cf. post hoc, ergo propter hoc). post cibum (p.c.) "after food" ;edical shorthand for "after meals" (cf. ante cibum). post hoc ergo propter hoc "after this, therefore because of this" ' lo$ical fallacy where one assumes that one thin$ happenin$ after another thin$ means that the first thin$ caused the second. post meridiem (p.m.) "after midday" The period from noon to midni$ht (cf. ante meridiem). post mortem (pm) "after death" 9sually rendered postmortem. 6ot to be confused with post meridiem. post prandial "after the time before midday" :efers to the time after an' meal. 9sually rendered postprandial. post scriptum (p.s.) "after what has been written" ' postscript. 9sed to mar additions to a letter, after the si$nature. 7an be e!tended to post post scriptum (p.p.s.), etc. post tenebras lux "after darness, li$ht" ' motto of the /rotestant :eformation inscribed on the :eformation Gall in )eneva, SwitEerland. ' former motto of 7hile, replaced by the current one, &or la /a-Bn o la 0uer-a (Spanish1 "8y :i$ht or ;i$ht"). 'nother obsolete motto is aut concilio aut ense. prima facie "at first si$ht" 9sed to desi$nate evidence in a trial which is su$$estive, but not conclusive, of somethin$ (e.$., a person's $uilt). prima luce "at dawn" *iterally "at first li$ht" *raemonitus praemunitus "forewarned is forearmed." See /raemonitus praemunitus. primum mobile "first movin$ thin$" Or "first thin$ able to be moved". See primum movens. primum movens "prime mover" Or "first movin$ one". ' common theolo$ical term, such as in the cosmolo$ical ar$ument, based on the assumption that )od was the first entity to "move" or "cause" anythin$. 'ristotle was one of the first philosophers to discuss the "uncaused cause", a hypothetical ori$inator@and violator of@causality. primum non nocere "first, to not harm" ' medical precept. Often falsely attributed to the 5ippocratic Oath, thou$h its true source is probably a paraphrase from 5ippocrates' Epidemics, where he wrote, "(eclare the past, dia$nose the present, foretell the future# practice these acts. 's to diseases, mae a habit of two thin$s1 to help, or at least to do no harm." primus inter pares "first amon$ e&uals" ' title of the :oman %mperors (cf. princeps). principia probant non probantur "principles prove# they are not proved" "undamental principles re&uire no proof# they are assumed a priori. prior tempore potior iure "earlier in time, stron$er in law" ' le$al principle that older laws tae precedent over newer ones. 'nother name for this principle is lex posterior. pro bono "for the $ood" The full phrase is pro bono publico ("for the public $ood"). Said of wor undertaen voluntarily at no e!pense, such as public services. Often used of a lawyer's wor that is not char$ed for. pro +rasilia fiant eximia "let e!ceptional thin$s be made for 8raEil" ;otto of S|o /aulo state, 8raEil. See also non ducor duco. *ro deo et patria ""or )od and 7ountry" ;otto of 'merican 9niversity. pro forma "for form" Or "as a matter of form". /rescribin$ a set form or procedure, or performed in a set manner. pro hac vice "for this occasion" :e&uest of a state court to allow an outBofBstate lawyer to represent a client. *ro multis "for many" It is part of the :ite of 7onsecration of the wine in the Gestern 7hristian tradition, as part of the ;ass. pro patria "for country" /ro /atria ;edal1B for operational service (minimum == days) in defence of the :epublic South 'frica or in the prevention or suppression of terrorism# issued for the 8order Gar (counterBinsur$ency operations in South Gest 'frica <L++B-L) and for campai$ns in 'n$ola (<L0=B0+ and <L-0B--) pro rata "for the rate" i.e., proportionately. pro re nata (prn) "for a thin$ that has been born" ;edical shorthand for "as the occasion arises" or "as needed". pro studio et labore "for study and wor" pro se "for oneself" to defend oneself in court without counsel ("pro per" BpersonaBin 7alifornia) pro tanto "for so much" (enotes somethin$ that has only been partially fulfilled. ' philosophical term indicatin$ the acceptance of a theory or idea without fully acceptin$ the e!planation pro tempore "for the time" %&uivalent to %n$lish phrase "for the time bein$". (enotes a temporary current situation. probatio pennae "testin$ of the pen" ' ;edieval *atin term for breain$ in a new pen. propria manu (p.m.) "by one's own hand" propter vitam vivendi perdere causas "to destroy the reasons for livin$ for the sae of life" That is, to s&uander life's purpose ?ust in order to stay alive, and live a meanin$less life. "rom 3uvenal, Sat'ricon 4III, verses -AR-.. provehito in altum "launch forward into the deep" ;otto of the band A> Seconds to ;ars.) proxime accessit "he came ne!t" The runnerBup. proximo mense (prox.) "in the followin$ month" "ormerly used in formal correspondence to refer to the ne!t month. 9sed with ult. ("last month") and inst. ("this month"). pulvis et umbra sumus "we are dust and shadow" "rom 5orace, !armina boo I4, 0, <+. punctum saliens "leapin$ point" Thus, the essential or most notable point. F Latin Translation Notes qua patet orbis "as far as the world e!tends" ;otto of the :oyal 6etherlands ;arine 7orps. quaecumque vera "whatever is true" ;otto of the 9niversity of 'lberta. Taen from /hillipians .1- of the 8ible quaere "see" Or "you mi$ht as..." 9sed to su$$est doubt or to as one to consider whether somethin$ is correct. Often introduces rhetorical or tan$ential &uestions. quaerite primum regnum Dei "see ye first the in$dom of )od" ;otto of 6ewfoundland and *abrador. qualis artifex pereo "'s what ind of artist do I perishS" Or "Ghat an artist dies in meC" 'ttributed to 6ero by Suetonius. quamdiu bene gesserit *e$al latin1 "as lon$ as he shall have behaved well" I.e., "Owhile onP $ood behavior." "rom which "ran 5erbert e!tracted the name for the sisterhood in the $une novels. quando omni "Ghen all else fails, ;ocB*atin phrase said at the end of The :ed flun6us/ mortati play dead" )reen Show. quantum libet (q.l.) "as much as p