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BUUETIN APRIL 1980, VOLUME 49, NUMBER 4 Contents FacUities 1 "Training Wheels" for Police> . . " By Robert Clark Stone, Commissioner, Bureau ot Training, Department of Justice, Richmond, Ky. Operations 7 Everett's 12-Hour Shift . Police Conduct Police .. Community 14 Relations ' Crime By Capt. Gil Davis and James J. Tracy, Ph. D., Police Department, Everett, Wash. A Procedural Model for Processing By Lt. Dorothy D. Knox, Police Department, Detroit, Mich. The Junior Security Patrol and the instal.lation . By SSgt. Mary F. Baker, Security Police/Crime Prevention Section, Nellis Air Force Base, Nev. The Lust Murderer & . By Robert R. Hazelwood and John E. Special Agents, Behavioral Science Unit, FBI Academy, Quantico, Va. Administration 23 The Administration of the Small Police By Sgt. Raymond E. Arthurs, Police Department, Palos Heights, III. The Legal Digestt7 Interview of Public Employees Cril)1inal 2?' r 0 Misconduct Allegations-Constitutional Considerations if (Conclusion) . . . By Joseph R. Davis, Special Agent, Legal Counsel DIVISion, Federal 'j Bureau of Investigation, Washington, D.C. \J 32 Wanted by the FBI The Caver: A patrol boat and helicopter of the Portsmouth. Va . Police Department respond to a call. Federal Bureau of Investigation United States Department of Justice Washington, D.C. 20535 William H, Webster, Director The Attorney General has determined that the publication of this periodical is necessary in the transaction of the public business required by law of the Department of Justice. Use of funds for printing this periodical has been approved by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget through December 28, 1983. ISSN 0014-5688 Published by the Public Affairs Office, Homer A. Boynton, Jr., Executive Assistant Director Editor-Thomas J. Deakin Assistant Editor-Kathyrn E. Sulewski Art Director-Carl A. Gnam, Jr. Writer/Editor-Karen McCarron Production Manager-Jeffery L. Summers USPS 383-310 l It
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By ROBERT R. HAZELWOOD and JOHN E. DOUGLAS Special Agents Behavioral Science Unit FBI Academy Quantico, Va. 18 / FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin The Lust Murderer On August 29, 1975, the nude, mutilated body of a 25-year-old mother of two was found near Columbia, S.C. Both breasts had been removed, the reproductive system had been dis- placed, numerous cut and stab wounds were evidenced by the body, and there was indication of anthropophagy.l This was the scene of a lust mur- der, one of the most heinous crimes committed by man. While not a com- mon occurrence, it is one which fright- ens and arouses the public as does no other crime. It is the authors' contention that the lUst murder is unique and is distin- guished from the sadistic homicide by the involvement of a mutilating attack or displacement of the breasts, rectum, or genitals. Further, while there are always exceptions, basically two types of individuals commit the lust murder. These individuals will be labeled as the Organized Nonsocial and the Disor- ganized Asocial personalities. Of primary concern are those fac- tors which differentiate the lust murder from the more common sadistic homi- cide, physical evidence present at the scene which may assist in determining the responsible individual($), and Possible personality characteristics of the murderer. It is not the authors' contention that the material presented is applicable to all such crimes or their perpetrators, but rather that the major- ity of the crimes and offenders involved will exhibit the characteristics set forth. The data presented here have not been quantified, but are based upon the authors' examination of case re- ports, interviews with investigative per- sonnel, and a careful review of the literature. Minor variations of the terms used may Occur, depending on the source of reference. The Organized Nonsocial The organized nonsocial (nonso- Cial) lust murderer exhibits complete indifference to the interests and welfare of SOCiety and displays an irre- sponsible and self-centered attitude. While disliking people in general, he does not avoid them. Instead, he is capable of displaying an amiable fa- cade for as long as it takes to manipu- late people toward his own personal goal. He is a methodical and cunning individual, as demonstrated in the perpetration of his crime. He is fully cognizant of the criminality of his act and its impact on SOCiety, and it is for this reason that he commits the crime. He generally lives some distance from the crime scene and will cruise, seek- ing a victim. Dr. Robert P. Brittain, author of "The Sadistic Murderer," has stated, "They (sadistic murderers) are excited by cruelty, whether in books or in films, in fact or fantasy." 2 r,
_ 1 The Disorganized Asocial The disorganized asocial (asocial) lust murderer exhibits primary charac- teristics of societal aversion. This indi- vidual prefers his own company to that of others and would be typified as a loner. He experiences difficulty in ne- gotiating interpersonal relationships and consequently feels rejected and lonely. He lacks the cunning of the nonsocial type and commits the crime in a more frenzied and less methodical manner. The crime is like!y to be com- mitted in close proximity to his resi- dence or place of employment, where he feels secure and more at ease. The Crime The lust murder is premeditated in the obsessive fantasies of the perpe- trator. Yet, the killer may act on the "spur-of-the-moment" when the op- portunity presents itself. That is to say, the murderer has precisely planned the crime in his fantasies, but has not con- sciously decided to act out those fanta- sies until the moment of the crime. Consequently, the victim is typically un- known to the killer, a fact borne out by the cases studied by the authors. The location of the victim's body may be indicative of the type of mur- derer involved. Typically, the asocial type leaves the body at the scene of death, and while the location is not open to the casual observer, there has been no attempt to conceal the body. Conversely, the nonsocial type com- mits the crime in a secluded or isolated location and may later transport it to an area where it is likely to be found. -. \ . c....:... While there may be no conscious in- tent to be arrested, the nonsocial type wants the excitement derived from the publicity about the body's discovery and its impact on the victim's commu- nity. The lust murder is committed in a brutally sadistic manner. While the vic- tim may be either male or female, the crime is predominantly heterosexual and intraracial in nature. The victim's body exhibits gross mutilation and/or displacement of the breasts, rectum, or genitals and may have been subjected to excessive stabbing or slashing with a sharp instrument. The victim's death typically occurs shortly following ab- duction or attack, and the mutilation that takes place follows death. Dr. J. Paul de River notes in his book, Crime and the Sexual Psychopath: "The lust murderer, usually, after killing his victim, tortures, cuts, maims or slashes the victim in the regions on or about the genitalia, rectum, breast in the female, and neck, throat and but- tocks, as usually these parts con- tain strong sexual significance to him, and serve as sexual stimu- lus." 3 If, however, there is physical or medical evidence indicating the victim was subjected to torture or mutilation prior to death, this factor indicates that the perpetrator was the nonsocial rath- er than the asocial type. Seldom will the lust murderer use a firearm to kill, for he experiences too little psychosexual gratification with such an impersonal weapon. Most fre- quently, death results from strangula- tion, blunt force, or the use of a pointed, sharp instrument. The asocial type is mora prone to use a weapon of oppor- tunity and may leave it at the scene, while the nonsocial type may carry ihe murder weapon with him and take it when departing the scene. Therefore, the murderer's choice of weapon and its proximity to the scene can be greatly significant to the investigation. 20 / FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin Dr. de River comments that the instrument itself may be symbolic to the murderer and he may place it in a position near the victim. This is a form of pride and exhibitionistic behavior and can be sexually gratifying to him. 4 The investigator may find that the victim has been bitten on the breasts, buttocks, neck, abdomen, thighs, or genitals, as these body areas have sexual associations. Limb or breast amputation, or in some instances total dissection, may have taken place. Dis- "The lust murder is premeditated in the obsessive fantasies of the perpetrator." section of the victim's body, when committed by the nonsocial type, may be an attempt to hinder the identifica- tion of the victim. The asocial individual approaches his victim in much the same way as an inquisitive child with a new toy. He involves himself in an exploratory examination of the sexually significant parts of the body in an at- tempt to determine how they function and appear beneath the surface. Occasionally, it will be noted that the murderer has smeared the victim's blood on himself, the victim, or the surface on which the body rests. This activity is more frequently associated with the asocial type and relates to the uncontrollable frenzy of the attack. Penis penetration of the victim is not to be expected from the asocial individual, but is predominantly associ- ated with the nonsocial type, even to the extent of "necrophilia." 5 These ac- tivities on the nonsocial's part reflect his desire to outrage SOCiety and call attention to his total disdain for societal acceptance. The asocial type more commonly inserts foreign objects into the body orifaces in a probing and curiOSity-motivated, yet brutal, manner. Evidence of ejaculation may be found on or near the victim or her clothing. Frequently, the murderer will take a "souvenir," normally an object or article of clothing belonging to the vic- tim, but occasionally it may be a more personal reminder of the encounter-a finger, a lock of hair, or a part of the body with sexual association. The sou- venir is taken to enable the murderer to relive the scene in later fantasies. The killer here is acting out his fantasy, and complete possession of the victim is part of that fantasy. As previously men- tioned, the perpetrator may commit an anthropophagic act and such an act is indicative of asocial involvement. Finally, the scene itself will exhibit much less physical evidence when the murderer is the nonsocial type. As stat- ed, the individual categorized as the nonsocial type is very cunning and more methodical than the asocial type, who commits a more frenzied assault. It is interesting to note, however, that both types may be compelled to return to the scene, albeit for different rea- sons. While the asocial type may return to engage in further mutilation or to relive the experience, the nonsocial type returns to determine if the body has been discovered and to check on the progress of the investigation. In- stances have occurred when the non- social type changed the body's location to insure its discovery. Of interest is the almost obsessive desire of the nonsocial type to assess the police investigation, even to the extent of frequenting police "hang- outs" to eavesdrop on discussions of unsolved crimes, or in some manner, inserting himself into the investigation. In one case, the murderer returned to the scene after it had been examined by police laboratory technicians and deposited articles of clothing worn by the victim on the day she died. In both of two other cases, the killer visited the cemetery site of the victim and left articles belonging to the victim on her grave. It is as though he were involved in a "game" with the authorities. Such actions appear to further his "will to power" 6 or desire to control. - Portrait of the Lust Murderer What set of circumstances create the individual who becomes the lust murderer? The authors do not possess the expertise to explain the multiple and complex casual factors associated with the psychological development of the individual who commits such a hei- nous crime. But, it is generally ac- cepted that the foundation of the per- sonality is formed within the first few years of life. While extreme stress, fre- quent narcotic use, or alcohol abuse can cause personality disorganization in later life, it is the early that are critical to the personality structure and development. Seldom does the lust murderer come from an environment of love and understanding. It is more likely that he was an abused or neglected child who experienced a great deal of conflict in his early life and was unable to develop and use adequate coping devices (Le. defense mechanisms). Had he been able to do so, he would have withstood the stresses placed on him and devel- oped normally in early childhood. It must be emphasized that many individ- uals are raised in environments not conducive to healthy psychological de- velopment, yet they become produc- tive citizens. These stresses, frustrations, and subsequent anxieties, along with the inability to cope with them, may lea.d the individual to with- draw from the society which he per- ceives as hostile and threatening. Through this internalization proc- ess, he becomes secluded and iso- lated from others and may eventually select suicide as an alternative to a life of loneliness and frustration. The au- thors have designated this reaction to life as disorganized asocial. This type possesses a poor self-image and se- cretly rejects the society which he feels rejects him. Family and associates would describe him a nice, quiet per- son who keeps to himself, but who never quite realized his potential. Dur- ing adolescence, he may have en- gaged in voyeuristic activities or the theft of feminine clothing. Such activi- ties serve as a substitute for his inabil- ity to approach women sexually in a mature and confident manner. The individual designated by the authors as the organized nonsocial type harbors similar feelings of hostil- ity, but elects not to withdraw and inter- nalize his hostility. Rather, he overtly expresses it through aggressive and seemingly senseless acts against soci- ety. Typically, he begins to demon- strate his hostility as he passes through puberty and into adolescence. He would be described as a trouble- maker and a manipulator of people, concerned only for himself. He experi- ences difficulties with family, friends, "The lust murder is committed in a brutally sadistic rrlanner." and "authority figures" through antiso- cial acts which may include homicide. Thomas Strentz and Conrad Hassel, in the June 1978 issue of Journal of Po- lice Science and Administration, wrote of a youth who had first murdered at the age of 15 and was committed to a mental institution. After his release he murdered and dismembered eight en. 7 It is the nonsocial's aim to get even with society and inflict pain and punishment upon others. The Role of Fantasy As noted, the lust murder is premeditated in obsessive fantasies experienced by both the asocial and nonsocial murderers. Fantasy provides them an avenue of escape from a world of hate and rejection. Dr. James J. Reinhardt in his book, Sex Perver- sions and Sex Crimes, has written: "A study of these cases almost invariably reveals a long struggle against what Reik calls the 'for- ward thrust.' By fantasy the mur- derer attempts to wall himself in against thE! fatal act, while at the same time gratifying the compul- sive psychic demands in the de- velopment and use of fantasy. These sadistic [fantasies] seem always to have preceded the bru- tal act of lust murder. These fanta- sies take all sorts of grotesque and cruel forms. The pervert, on this level of degeneracy, may re- sort to pornographic pictures, gro- tesque and cruel literary episodes, out of which he weaves fantasies. On these, his imagination dwells until he loses all contact with reali- ty, only to find himself suddenly impelled to carry his fantasies into the world of actuality. This is done, apparently, by drawing human ob- jects into the fantasy." 8 James Russell Odom, tried and convicted with James Clayton Lawson for the brutal lust murder described at the beginning of this article, stated that while he and Lawson were at a mental institution, they would express their fantasies about women: "(Odom) raping them and Lawson mutilating them . . . (we had fan- tasized so much that at times I didn't know what was reaL" 9 If he acts out the fantasy (commits the crime), his goal will be to destroy the victim and thereby become the sole possessor. James Lawson (men- tioned above) is quoted as saying: "Then I cut her throat so she would not scream. . . . at this time I wanted to cut her body so she would not look like a person and destroy her so she would not exist. I began to cut on her body. I remember cutting her breasts off. After this, all I remember is that I kept cutting on her body." 10 The victim may represent some- thing he desires sexually, but is unable to approach. Lawson speaks again, "I did not rape the girl. I only wanted to destroy her." 11 April 1980 / 21 Rarely encountered is the asocial type who is capable of normal hetero- sexual relationships. He may desire such relationships, but he also fears them. Dr. Reinhardt, on an interview with a famous lust murderer, wrote: " ... he at first denied ever at- tempting any sex play with girls. Two days later with one of his rare shows of emotion he said, looking much ashamed, that twice, later correcting himself to eight times, he had touched girls 'on the breasts' and then pressed 'on the leg.' Always having done this, he would immediately burst into tears and 'be upset and unable to sleep'." 12 The Psychological Profile A psychological profile is an edu- cated attempt to provide investigative agencies with specific information as to the type of individual who committed a certain crime. It must be clearly stated at the outset that what can be done in this area is limited, and pre- scribed investigative procedures should not be suspended, altered, or replaced by receipt of a profile. Rather, the material provided should be con- sidered and employed as another in- vestigative tool. The process is an art and not a science, and while it may be applicable to many types of investiga- tions, its use is restricted primarily to crimes of violence or potential violence. When prepared by the FBI, the profile may include the perpetrator's age, race, sex, socioeconomic and marital status, educational level, arrest history, location of residence in relation to the scene, and certain personality traits. 22 / FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin A profile is based on characteristic patterns or factors of uniqueness that distinguish certain individuals from the general population. In the case of lust murder, clues to those factors of uniqueness are found on the victim's body and at the scene and would in- clude the amount and location of muti- lation involved, type of weapon used, cause of death, and the position of the body. The profiler is searching for clues which indicate the probable personality configuration of the respon- sible individual. "The location of the victim's body may be indicative of the type of murderer involved." In preparing the profile, it is prefer- able to have access to the scene prior to its disturbance. In most instances, this is impossible. In lieu of being at the scene, the profiler must be provided investigative reports, autopsy proto- cols, detailed photographs of the body, scene, and surrounding area, as well as a map depicting the victim's last known location in relation to its present location and any known information pertaining to the victim and her activities. There are violent crimes in which there is an absence of uniqueness; therefore, it is not possible to provide a profile. However, this is not likely to occur in the case of a lust murder. Summary While not a common occurrence, the lust murder frightens and arouses the public as does no other crime. The lust murder involves the death and subsequent mutilating attack of the breasts, rectum, and genital areas of the victim. The crime is typically het- erosexual and intraracial in nature and is committed by one of two types of individuals: The disorganized asocial personality, or the organized nonsocial personality. -, The organized nonsocial type feels rejection by and hatred for the society in which he lives. His hostile feelings are manifested overtly, and the lust murder is the final expression of the hatred he feels. The disorgan- ized asocial type also feels rejection and hatred for his world, but withdraws and internalizes his feelings, living within a world of fantasy until he acts out that fantasy with his victim. While commonalities exist in the commission of the lust murder, there are certain factors which may indicate the personality type involved. These factors include the location of the body, evidence of torture or mutilation having occurred prior to death, smear- ing of the victim's blood, evidence of penis penetration or anthropophagy, and the availability of physical evi- dence at the scene. . The crime is premeditated in the obsessive fantasies experienced by both the asocial and the nonsocial yet it is a crime of opportunity, one in which the victim is not usually known to the murderer. The use of psychological profiling in such crimes may be of assistance in determining the personality type in- volved. It is a search for clues indicat- ing the probable personality configuration of the responsible individ- ual(s). It is a useful tool, but must not alter, suspend, or replace prescribed investigative procedures. FBI Footnotes I Anthropophagy: Consuming the victim's flesh or blood. 'Robert P. Brittain, "The Sadistic Murderer," Medical Science and the Law, vol. IV (1970), p. 202. 'J. Paul de River, Crime and the Sexual Psychopath (Springfield, III.: Charies C. Thomas, 1950), p. 40. J. Paul de River, The Sexual Criminal (Springfield, III.: Charles C. Thomas, 1950), p.233. 'Necrophilia: A desire for relations with the dead. Calvin S. Hall and Lindsey Gardner, Theories of Personality, 2d ed. (New York: .John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1970). 'Thomas Strentz and Conrad V. Hassel, "The Socio- path-A Criminal Enigma," Joumal of Police Science and Administration, (June 1978). 'James J. Reinhardt, Sex PeNorsions and Sex Crimes (Springfield, III.: Charles C. Thomas, 1957), pp. 208-209. Statement of Odom as reported by Tho Record (newspaper) April 7, 1976, l-A. IStatement made to South Carolina law enforcement authorities by James Clay10n Lawson on September 3, 1975. II Ibid. I2Reinhardt, pp. 221-222. - li J ), I i
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