A function f(x) has a local maximum at x=a if f(a) is greater than all nearby values of f(x). It has a local minimum if f(a) is less than all nearby values. To determine local extrema, the first derivative test examines if f'(a)=0 and the sign of f'(x) changes when passing through a. The second derivative test checks if f''(a)<0 for a maximum or f''(a)>0 for a minimum. Global extrema are the maximum and minimum values of f(x) over a given interval [a,b], which can occur at critical points or endpoints.
A function f(x) has a local maximum at x=a if f(a) is greater than all nearby values of f(x). It has a local minimum if f(a) is less than all nearby values. To determine local extrema, the first derivative test examines if f'(a)=0 and the sign of f'(x) changes when passing through a. The second derivative test checks if f''(a)<0 for a maximum or f''(a)>0 for a minimum. Global extrema are the maximum and minimum values of f(x) over a given interval [a,b], which can occur at critical points or endpoints.
A function f(x) has a local maximum at x=a if f(a) is greater than all nearby values of f(x). It has a local minimum if f(a) is less than all nearby values. To determine local extrema, the first derivative test examines if f'(a)=0 and the sign of f'(x) changes when passing through a. The second derivative test checks if f''(a)<0 for a maximum or f''(a)>0 for a minimum. Global extrema are the maximum and minimum values of f(x) over a given interval [a,b], which can occur at critical points or endpoints.
A function f(x) is said to have a local maximum at x = a if the value of f(a)
is greater than all the values of f(x) in a small neighbourhood of x = a. Mathematically, f (a) > f (a h) and f (a) > f (a + h) where h > 0, then a is called the point of local maximum.
A function f(x) is said to have a local minimum at x = a, if the value of the
function at x = a is less than the value of the function at the neighboring points of x = a. Mathematically, f (a) < f (a h) and f (a) < f (a + h) where h > 0, then a is called the point of local minimum.
A point of local maximum or a local minimum is also called a point of local
extremum. Working rules to find points of local maxima and local minima: 1. First Derivative Test: If f'(a) = 0 and f'(x) changes its sign while passing through the point x = a, then a. f(x) would have a local maximum at x = a if f'(a0) > 0 and f'(a+0) < 0. It means that f'(x) should change its sign from positive to negative. TransWeb Educational Services Pvt. Ltd B 147,1st Floor, Sec-6, NOIDA, UP-201301 Website:www.askiitians.com Email. [email protected] Tel:0120-4616500 Ext - 204
b. f(x) would have local minimum at x = a if f'(a0) < 0 and
f'(a+0) > 0 . It means that f'(x) should change its sign from negative to positive. c. If f(x) doesnt change its sign while passing through x = a, then f (x) would have neither a maximum nor minimum at x = a. e.g. f (x) = x3 doesnt have any local maxima or minima at x = 0. 2. Second Derivative Test: a. Let f(x) be a differentiable function on a given interval and let f'' be continuous at stationary point. Find f'(x) and solve the equation f'(x) = 0 given let x = a, b, be solutions. b. There can be two cases: Case (i): If f''(a) < 0 then f(a) is maximum. Case (ii): If f ''(a) > 0 then f(a) is minimum. In case, f''(a) = 0 the second derivatives test fails and then one has to go back and apply the first derivative test. If f'' (a) = 0 and a is neither a point of local maximum nor local minimum then a is a point of inflection. 3. nth Derivative Test for Maxima and Minima: Also termed as the generalization of the second derivative test, it states that if the n derivatives i.e. f '(a) = f ''(a) = f '''(a) =. = f n(a) = 0 and f n+1 (a) 0 (all derivatives of the function up to order n vanish and (n + 1)th order derivative does not vanish at x = a), then f (x) would have a local maximum or minimum at x = a iff n is odd natural number and that x = a would be a point of local maxima if f n+1 (a) < 0 and would be a point of local minima if f n+1 (a) > 0. In some questions involving determination of maxima and minima, it might become difficult to decide whether f(x) actually changes its sign while passing through x = a and here, nth derivative test can be applied. Global Minima & Maxima of f(x) in [a, b] is the least or the greatest value of the function f(x) in interval [a, b]. TransWeb Educational Services Pvt. Ltd B 147,1st Floor, Sec-6, NOIDA, UP-201301 Website:www.askiitians.com Email. [email protected] Tel:0120-4616500 Ext - 204
a. The function f(x) has a global maximum at the point a in the
interval I if f (a) f(x), for all x I. b. Function f(x) has a global minimum at the point a if f (a) f (x), for all x I. Global Maxima Minima always occur either at the critical points of f(x) within [a, b] or at the end points of the interval. Computation of Global Maxima and minima in maxima minima problems: a. Compute the critical points of f(x) in (a, b). Let the various critical points be C1, C2, . , Cn. b. Next, compute the value of the function at these critical points along with the end points of the domain. Let us denote these values by f(C1), f(C2)..f(Cn). c. Now, compute M* = max{f(a), f(C1), f(C2)..f(Cn), f(b)} and M** = min{f(a), f(C1), f(C2)..f(Cn), f(b)}. Now M* is the maximum value of f(x) in [a, b] and M** is the minimum value of f(x) in [a, b]. In order to find global maxima or minima in open interval (a, b) proceed as told above and after the first two steps, compute M1 = max{f(C1), f(C2)..f(Cn)} and M2 = min{f(C1),f(C2)..f(Cn)}. Now if x approaches a- or if x approaches b- , the limit of f(x) > M1 or its limit f(x) < M1 would not have global maximum (or global minimum) in (a, b) but if as x approaches a- and x approaches b- , lim f(x) < M1 and lim f(x) > M2, then M1 and M2 will respectively be the global maximum and global minimum of f(x) in (a, b). If f(x) is a continuous function on a closed bounded interval [a,b], then f(x) will have a global maximum and a global minimum on [a,b]. On the other hand, if the interval is not bounded or closed, then there is no guarantee that a continuous function f(x) will have global extrema. TransWeb Educational Services Pvt. Ltd B 147,1st Floor, Sec-6, NOIDA, UP-201301 Website:www.askiitians.com Email. [email protected] Tel:0120-4616500 Ext - 204
If f(x) is differentiable on the interval I, then every global extremum is a