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Materi Traverse Adjustment
Materi Traverse Adjustment
Introduction
Control surveying is that part of surveying in which high precision instruments and
techniques are employed to locate points for subsequent surveying operations. Because it
is used as a base for further work, it needs to be performed with more care and greater
accuracy. Control is used for many purposes. Photogrammetry and topographic mapping
require control, as does construction layout. Control provides the basic framework of
coordinates required for many other surveying applications.
The basis for evaluation of errors and corrections is based on a very simple relationship.
T=R+C
Where: T = the true value
R = the recorded field value
C = the correction to be applied to the field measurement
What we see is that the correction term is always added to the recorded value. The
correction term could be either positive or negative. It should be recognized that the error
(E) has the same magnitude as the correction but with opposite sign. Thus, E = -C. The
error can be expressed as:
E=RT
This formula states that the error is equal to the difference between the recorded value
and the true value. The true value is always subtracted from the measured field recorded
value. Since the true value is never really known, it is usually approximated by some
value, such as the mean.
Kinds of Traverse
There are a number of different kinds of traverses employed in surveying. They include:
deflection-angle traverse, interior angle traverse, exterior angle traverse, and a traverse
where all the angles are measured to the right, as one would experience with a directional
theodolite1. Each has its own geometry from which the angular error of closure can be
computed.
1
Conceptually, one could also have all angles measured to the left, although there are no instruments I
know that measures angles just to the left.
Page 2
Deflection-Angle Traverse
The deflection-angle traverse (figure 1) is primarily used in route surveys such a
highways. One can see that the measured angle is that formed from the prolonged
backsight line from the last station to the line in the direction of next point. The
direction, left or right, from the prolonged line is a necessary part of the angle. The
general form from the geometry states that,
14010'00"R = 1
R
U
Az RS = 17030'00"
7320'00"L = 2
4930'00"R = 3
4 = 5020'00"R
Az MN= 10442'30"
5 = 5225'00"L
i =1
i =1
Az 1 + R i L i Az 2 360 o = 0
= 1 + 3 + 4
) (
) (
= 2 + 5
) (
Page 3
(350
) (
) (
) (
30' 00" + 240 o 00' 00" 125 o 45' 00" 104 o 42' 30" 360 o = +0 o 02' 30'
Note that in a deflection-angle traverse that the angles to the right are considered as
positive angles while those to the left are treated as negative angles. The correction to
each angle (cpa) is found by dividing the total angular error by the number of angles
(recognizing that C = -E).
E
0 o 02' 30"
cpa =
=
= 30"
n
5
In this formula, n is the total number of angles measured. The corrected angles are
computed by adding the correction per angle (cpa) to each of the measured angles.
1
2
3
4
5
=
=
=
=
=
+140o 10 00
- 73o 20 00
+ 49o 30 00
+ 50o 20 00
- 52o 25 00
- 30
- 30
- 30
- 30
- 30
= +140o 09 30
= - 73o 20 30
= + 49o 29 30
= + 50o 19 30
= - 52o 25 30
+114o 12 30
Check to make sure that the corrections have been applied correctly.
(350
) (
) (
The corrections have been applied correctly. Note that in this example the angles to the
right decreased numerically while the angles to the left increased.
The interior angle traverse (figure 2) is probably the most common kind of traverse
encountered in surveying. Here, all of the angles within the polygon are observed. The
general form of the geometric relationship of the angles is
(n 2) (180 ) = 0
n
Page 4
i =1
From the example in figure 2 [Anderson and Mikhail, 1998], the angular error of closure
is any difference found in the previous equation that deviates from 0o.
1 =
2 = 131o 35'00"
Az1R = 830'00"
3 = 97 o 35'00"
4 = 64 o 00'30"
5 = 227 o 26'30"
6 = 132 o 45'30"
"
'00
50
97
66 o 40'30"
1
2
2
Figure 2. Interior angle traverse [from Anderson and Mikhail, 1998].
( )
03' 00") (720 ) = +3' 00"
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 (6 2) 180 o = E
(720
cpa =
30' 00"
= 30"
6
Page 5
The corrected angles are found by adding the cpa to each observation.
(
)
66 40' 00"
= (131 35' 00") + ( 30") = 131 34' 30"
= (97 35' 00") + ( 30") = 97 34' 30"
= (64 00' 30") + ( 30") = 64 00' 00"
= (227 26' 30") + ( 30") = 227 26' 00"
= (132 45' 30") + ( 30") = 132 45' 00"
A special case of figure 2 is the case where the exterior angles have been measured. Here
geometric angular relationship is shown as:
n
i =1
i Ext
(n + 2) 180 o = 0 o
Note that the interior and exterior angle traverses are all closed-loop traverses.
Angles to the Right
29001'10" = 3
'00"
25000
Y
A
45"
Az YZ =
59'
19
=3
14000'30" = 2
U
Az T
21001'32" = 1
5954'55"
= 5
T
S
9001'13" = 4
Figure 3. Traverse where angles were measured to the right [from Anderson and
Mikhail, 1998].
Page 6
With directional instruments, angles are measured to the right. An example is shown in
figure 3 [Anderson and Mikhail, 1998]. The general form for the angular geometry is
shown as:
Az 1 + i Az 2 (n 1) 180 o = 0 o
i =1
Az YZ + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 Az TU (5 1) 180 o = E
= 00' 25"
25"
= 5"
5
The corrected angles are found by adding the cpa to each measurement.
(
)
= (140 00' 30") + 5" = 140 00' 35"
= (290 01' 10") + 5" = 290 01' 15"
= (90 01' 13") + 5" = 90 01' 18"
= (59 54' 55") + 5" = 59 55' 00"
Check using the general relationship for the angles to the right.
= 0o
Page 7
Lat = s cos = Y
Dep = s sin = X
where:
The latitudes and departures are also referred to by the northing or easting value.
4. Determine the closure error in departure and latitude, eD and eL respectively.
Expressed in this form the closures are error terms (recall that E = R T).
n 1
e D = DX = Lat i ,i +1 (X n X 1 )
i =1
n 1
e L = DY = Dep i ,i +1 (Yn Y1 )
i =1
e D = DX = Lat i ,i +1
i =1
n 1
e L = DY = Dep i ,i +1
i =1
5. Compute the linear error of closure, accuracy ratio and the direction of the closing
line. The linear error of closure (Ec) is the square root of the sum of the latitude
and departure closure errors squared.
E c = e 2D + e 2L
The accuracy ratio is defined as the ratio of the linear error of closure to the
perimeter distance (P)
Accuracy =
Ec
Finally, the direction of the closing line is found by the arctangent of the error in
departure to the error in latitude.
Page 8
e
e = tan 1 D
eL
6. Adjust the traverse and compute the adjusted distances, directions and
coordinates. The methods of adjusting the traverse will be discussed after the
example is introduced.
7. The last step is to normally compute the area of the traverse, assuming that the
traverse is a closed-loop traverse.
Example: A traverse was run as shown in figure 4. The data are also given in the
following table:
Station
Az. Mark
1
2
3
4
5
1
Az. Mark
Angle
Distance
-67o 34 12.0 D
256o 49 24.8 L
259o 29 20.6 L
-64o 08 40.5 D
-64o 52 17.5 D
352o 53 28.7 R
483.406
446.622
425.557
384.926
369.173
Note that the angle codes are as follows: R = angle to the right, L = angle to the left, D =
deflection angle with a positive being to the right and a negative to the left.
35253'28.7"
6734'12.0"
6452'17.5"
'
48
3.4
06
'
369
25649'24.8"
384.926'
6408'40.5"
2
6.6
44
'
22
7'
.55
425
25929'20.6"
Azimuth
Mark
Page 9
Because this problem uses mixed angle types, the first part of the problem is to compute
the azimuth of the lines based on the measured quantities and then find the angular error
by comparing the known azimuth from point 1 to the azimuth mark to the computed
valued based on the measured angles.
The azimuths of the lines are then found as follows:
104o 05 05.0
180o 00 00.0
284o 05 05.0
-67o 34 12.0
216o 30 53.0
-256o 49 24.8
-40o 18 31.8
180o 00 00.0
139o 41 28.2
180o 00 00.0
-259o 29 20.6
60o 12 07.6
-64o 08 40.5
360o 00 00.0
356o 03 27.1
-64o 52 17.5
291o 11 09.6
-180o 00 00.0
356o 53 28.7
-360o 00 00.0
104o 04 38.2
1 Az. Mark
+180o
Back Azimuth
-1
1-2
-2
Azimuth
Azimuth
+ 180o
2-3
+ 180o
-3
3-4
-4
+ 360o
4-5
- 5
5-1
-180o
+ to Az. Mark
-360o
1 Az. Mark
Azimuth
Azimuth
Azimuth
Azimuth
Azimuth
The angular error of closure is the difference between the calculated azimuth of the
closing line to the known or true azimuth
E = (Az. 1 Az Mark Calc ) (Az. 1 Az Mark True )
) (
cpa =
The adjusted azimuths become
E
26.7"
=
= 4.45"
n
6
Line
1-2
2-3
3-4
4-5
5-1
1-Az Mk
Preliminary Azimuth
216o 30 53.0
139o 41 28.2
60o 12 07.6
356o 03 27.1
291o 11 09.6
104o 04 38.3
Correction
+04.5
+08.9
+13.4
+17.8
+22.3
+26.7
Page 10
Adjusted Azimuth
216o 30 57.5
139o 41 37.1
60o 12 21.0
356o 03 44.9
291o 11 31.9
104o 05 05.0
In this particular example, the correction accumulates when being added to the
preliminary azimuth. The first line receives the computed cpa. The second preliminary
azimuth must be adjusted not only by the cpa but must also accommodate the adjustment
that was placed on the first line. In other words, the correction is 2*cpa. The next line
receives a 3*cpa correction. This continues along the entire traverse, each new azimuth
receiving he same correction as the previous line plus the cpa for the angle measured at
the new station.
The latitudes and departures are shown as follows in the Excel program:
Traverse Adjustm ent Program
Azim uth
Sta
1
Dist
Deg Min
Sec
Departure
Latitude
483.406
216
30
57.5
-287.649
-388.509
446.622
139
41
37.1
288.908
-340.592
425.557
60
12
21
369.305
211.453
384.926
356
44.9
-26.432
384.017
369.173
291
11
31.9
-344.207
133.455
-0.075
-0.176
2
3
4
5
1
2109.684
e D = DX = Lat i ,i +1 = 0.075'
i =1
n 1
e L = DY = Dep i ,i +1 = 0.176'
i =1
Page 11
Ec =
( 0.075)2 + ( 0.176)2
= 0.191'
To compute the accuracy ratio, or relative error of closure, of the traverse, divide the
linear error of closure by the perimeter distance.
0.191'
1
=
2109.684 11,045
1 : 11,000
Accuracy =
Traverse Adjustment
Compass Rule/Bowditch Method
There are several different types of traverse adjustment, only a couple of which will be
discussed here. The first method is called the Compass Rule or Bowditch Method
(named after Nathaniel Bowditch3, see figure 5, who devised this method of adjustment
The arctangent function requires some thought in its application. In order to determine the proper
quadrant, one must evaluate the sign of the numerator and denominator. If both the numerator and
denominator are positive then the azimuth is the in the northeast quadrant and e is the value returned from
the calculator. If the signs are both negative, e will still be positive and the proper quadrant is in the
southwest. Therefore, add the angle returned from the calculator to 180. In this example, the calculator
will show an angular value of 23 04 50. Add 180 to place it in the proper quadrant and the correct
azimuth becomes 203 04 50. If the numerator is positive and the denominator is negative, e will be a
negative angle. In this particular case, the proper quadrant is the southeast. Therefore, add the angle to
180 and the result should fall between 90 and 180. Finally, when the numerator is negative and the
denominator is positive then the azimuth of the line is in the northwest quadrant. The angle displayed in
the calculator should be a negative value. Add this angle to 360 to obtain the proper azimuth. The value
should fall between 270 and 360.
3
Nathaniel Bowditch (March 26, 1773 - March 16, 1838) was a self-taught mathematician whose formal
education ended at the age of 10. During his teens he studied at night and taught himself Latin and Greek
as well as mathematics, science and astronomy. Taking the navigation tables of John Hamilton Moore,
Bowditch made several thousand corrections to the calculations, eventually publishing The New American
Practical Navigator that is still being published today.
Page 12
( P)cl
cL = L
( P)cl
cD = L
Figure 5. Nathaniel
Bowditch.
From Dr. David Gibson of the University of Florida: "Bowditch was an early American navigator and
author of a famous book on navigation: American Practical Navigator. He developed a method for
correcting a series of courses (vectors) at sea. Each course would be plotted on a chart from the known
starting map point by plotting azimuths measured by compass and distances by dead reckoning (time x
velocity). When closing onto a reliable map feature, the end of the last plotted course would miss the
known map point forming an error of closure gap. Bowditch adjusted all intermediate vertex points parallel
with the error of closure a distance proportional to the waypoints distance into the route. A waypoint one
quarter of the way along the route should be moved a quarter of the error of closure. This method was
later applied to compass surveys and became known in surveying as the Compass Rule. To correct a
traverse, adjust each latitude and departure separately:
Page 13
0.176'
cL =
483.406' = +0.040'
2109.684'
0.075'
cD =
483.406' = +0.017'
2109.684'
Line 2-3:
0.176'
cL =
446.622' = +0.037'
2109.684'
0.075'
cD =
446.622' = +0.016'
2109.684'
etc .
Using the spreadsheet:
Sta
1
Corrections to
Departure
Latitude
Corrected
Departure
Corrected
Latitude
0.040
-287.632
-388.469
0.016
0.037
288.924
-340.555
211.453
0.015
0.035
369.320
211.489
-26.432
384.017
0.014
0.032
-26.419
384.049
-344.207
133.455
0.013
0.031
-344.194
133.486
-0.075
-0.176
0.075
0.176
0.000
0.000
Departure
Latitude
-287.649
-388.509
0.017
288.908
-340.592
369.305
2
3
4
5
1
As a check, sum the latitudes and departures and their sum should add up to zero for a
closed loop traverse.
Once the latitudes and departures have been adjusted, the surveyor may want to
determine the coordinates of each point along the traverse. Given the X-coordinate of a
point at one end of the line, the X-coordinate of the point of the other end is found by
adding the departure from the first to second point to the X-coordinate of the first point.
In a similar fashion, the latitude is applied to the Y-coordinate. This is shown as:
Page 14
X n +1 = X n + Dep n ( n +1)
Yn +1 = Yn + Lat n ( n +1)
Assuming that the coordinates for point 1 are known to be X1 = 5460.445 and Y1 =
6238.012, the coordinates of the remaining traverse points are:
Traverse Adjustment Program
Sta
1
Corrected
Departure
Corrected
Latitude
-287.632
-388.469
288.924
-340.555
2
3
369.320
211.489
-26.419
384.049
-344.194
133.486
0.000
0.000
4
5
1
X
7885.572
Y
7097.635
7597.940
6709.166
7886.864
6368.611
8256.185
6580.100
8229.766
6964.149
7885.572
7097.635
Make sure to compute the coordinates of point 1 again from the last traverse station,
point 5 in this case. For a closed loop traverse, this coordinate must agree with the
coordinates of the first point. This provides a check on the calculations. If the traverse is
a closed traverse, but not a closed loop traverse, the final coordinates must agree with the
known coordinates of that point.
Since the latitudes and departures are adjusted, the corresponding distances and directions
do not coincide with these adjusted values. Therefore, the adjusted distances and
directions need to be determined. The distance is found using the Pythagorean theorem:
D n ( n +1) =
(X n +1 X n )2 + (Yn +1 Yn )2
= tan
Lat n ( n +1)
Yn +1 Yn
For the example, the adjusted distances and azimuths for the lines are found as follows
Line 1-2:
Page 15
5172.813' 5460.445'
1 2 = tan 1
= 216 31' 01.8"
5849.543' 6238.012'
Line 2-3:
5461.737' 5172.813'
1 2 = tan 1
= 139 41' 20.4"
5508.988' 5849.543'
etc.
The following table shows the results from the distance and azimuth calculations for all
points within the traverse.
Traverse Adjustment Program
Sta
1
X
7885.572
Y
7097.635
7597.940
6709.166
7886.864
6368.611
8256.185
6580.100
8229.766
6964.149
7885.572
7097.635
Adjusted
Adjusted Azimuth
Distance Deg Min
Sec
483.363
216
31
1.8
446.604
139
41
20.4
425.588
60
12
9.7
384.957
356
53.4
369.172
291
11
50.6
Transit Rule
A second traverse adjustment method is called the Transit Rule. This method is preferred
when the angular measurements are more precise than the distance measurements. There
is also some evidence to suggest that this method may be better than the Compass Rule,
even when the distance and angle measurements have comparable precisions, when the
traverse legs run parallel to the axes used in the traverse coordinate system. The
corrections to the latitudes and departures for the traverse are computed as:
where:
cL =
cl L
sL
Lat
cD =
cl D
sD
Dep
Page 16
Using the example, the adjusted latitudes and departures are shown for the Compass Rule
as follows. First, the sums of the absolute values of the latitudes and departures are found
and then the corrections to the latitudes and departures.
Line 2-3:
0.176'
cL =
340.592' = +0.041'
1458.026'
0.075'
cD =
288.908' = +0.016'
1316.501'
etc.
The adjusted values for all lines are presented in the following spreadsheet:
Page 17
Corrected
Departure
Corrected
Latitude
-287.633
-388.462
288.925
-340.551
369.326
211.479
-26.431
384.064
-344.187
133.471
0.000
0.000
As with the Compass Rule, the next step is to compute the coordinates and adjusted
distances and directions of the traverse lines. This is shown in the following table.
Sta
1
Corrected
Departure
Corrected
Latitude
-421.071
-153.909
2
-159.696
285.578
-380.184
430.139
49.312
4
5
-93.150
6943.726
7304.805
6531.893
7590.383
6151.708
8020.522
6201.020
8208.385
6540.367
7978.722
6915.032
7885.572
7097.635
374.666
7464.501
339.346
6
-229.663
Y
7097.635
-411.834
187.862
X
7885.572
182.603
Adjusted
Adjusted Azimuth
Distance Deg Min
Sec
448.318
249
55
18.5
441.712
201
11
40.7
475.494
143
15.7
432.957
83
27
36.2
387.877
28
58
8.2
439.454
328
29
32.9
204.989
332
58
22.2
Again, make sure that the coordinates of point 1 are recalculated instead of just putting
the known value into the solution.
Crandall Method
The third method of traverse adjustment is based on the method developed by Charles L.
Crandall and referred to as the Crandall Method. Crandall based his development on
least squares and assumed that after the angular error is accounted for that the random
Page 18
errors remaining were attributed to the distances. This approach implies that the angle
measurements are much more accurate than the distance measurements.
To compute the corrections to the latitudes and departures, Crandall identified two
intermediate calculations: A and B, shown as follows.
A=
B=
where:
n Lat i Dep i
n Dep 2
e L
e D
i =1 100s
i =1 100s i
n Dep 2 n Lat 2 n Lat i Dep i
i =1 100s i =1 100s i =1 100s i
n Lat i Dep i
e L
i =1 100s i
n Lat 2
e D
i =1 100s
The corrections applied to a particular line, c l , is found from the following relationships:
cl 1 = Lat1A + Dep1B
cl 2 = Lat 2 A + Dep 2 B
cl 3 = Lat 3A + Dep3B
M
cl n = Lat n A + Dep n B
With these corrections to the lines, the corrections to the latitudes and departures are
given in this general form:
c L = cl
Lat
100s
c D = cl
Dep
100s
Substituting the value for c l into these equations yields the final form of the correction to
the latitudes and departures.
Page 19
Lat 2
Lat Dep
cL = A
+B
100s
100s
Lat Dep
Dep 2
cD = A
+B
100s
100s
Using the same example as before, the adjusted latitudes and departures using the
Crandall Method are presented in the next table.
Point
1
Distance
Departure
Latitude
Departure
Latitude
Departure
Latitude
483.406
-287.649
-388.509
3.122412
1.711648
2.311811
0.048
0.064
-287.602
-388.445
446.622
288.9084
-340.592
2.597346
1.868874
-2.20321
-0.022
0.025
288.887
-340.567
425.557
369.3052
211.4531
1.05068
3.20489
1.835024
0.050
0.029
369.356
211.482
384.926
-26.4324
384.0174
3.831109
0.018151
-0.2637
-0.004
0.058
-26.436
384.075
2
3
4
5
369.173
-344.207
133.4551
0.482437
3.209293
-1.2443
0.002
-0.001
-344.204
133.454
1
Sum =
2109.684
-0.07501
-0.17576
11.08398
10.01286
0.435631
0.075
0.176
0.000
0.000
A=
B=
0.0156
0.0068
The coordinates of the traverse points and the adjusted distances and azimuths are
computed as before and are shown in the next table.
Traverse Adjustment Program
Adjusted
Point
1
Adjusted
Departure
Latitude
-287.602
-388.445
288.887
-340.567
369.356
211.482
-26.436
384.075
-344.204
133.454
2
3
4
5
1
X
Y
Distance
5460.445 6238.012
483.326
5172.843 5849.567
446.589
5461.730 5509.000
425.615
5831.086 5720.483
384.984
5804.649 6104.558
369.17
5460.445 6238.012
Azimuth
Deg
Min
Sec
216
30
57.5
139
41
37.1
60
12
21
356
44.9
291
11
31.9
A comparison of the results of the three different adjustments is given in the next Excel
spreadsheet. While there are some differences, they are all less than 0.04. It is evident
Page 20
that any of the adjustment techniques will have similar results, although one cannot state
that this level of agreement will occur with all traverses.
Comparison of Adjustment Results
Compass Rule
Transit Rule
Crandall Method
Point Departure Latitude Departure Latitude Departure Latitude
1
-287.632 -388.469 -287.633 -388.462 -287.602 -388.445
2
288.924 -340.555 288.925 -340.551 288.887 -340.567
3
369.32
211.489 369.326 211.479 369.356 211.482
4
-26.419
384.049
-26.431
384.064
-26.436
384.075
5
-344.194 133.486 -344.187 133.471 -344.204 133.454
1
Area Calculations
Once the traverse has been adjusted, the area is normally calculated, assuming that the
traverse is a closed polygon. The area of a polygon can be computed using the basic
geometry for computing the area of a trapezoid (figure 6). The area is simply the average
height times the width.
h1
h2
w
Figure 6. Area of a trapezoid.
Area =
h1 + h 2
w
2
Page 21
(Latitude)
2'
1'
6'
3'
4'
5
(Departure)
1
6
3
4
Figure 7. Area by Double Meridian Distance [from Moffitt and Bouchard, 1992].
In other words, the area of the traverse, shown as shaded in the figure, is the total area of
the polygon 5-2-2-3-4 minus the area of polygon 5-2-2-1-6.
The computation of the DMD is given in 3 basic rules:
Drawing the line through the western most point is done for convenience so that areas come out as
positive quantities. In theory, the meridian line can be placed anywhere.
Page 22
1. The DMD of the first line is equal to the departure of that line.
2. The DMD of each subsequent line is equal to the DMD of the preceding line plus
the departure of the preceding line plus the departure of the line in question.
3. The DMD of the last line should equal the departure of the last line, with opposite
sign.
In other words, the double area is found for the traverse in figure 5 using:
2A = DMD5 6 Lat 5 6 + (DMD5 6 + Dep5 6 + Dep6 1 ) Lat 6 1
+ (DMD6 1 + Dep6 1 + Dep1 2 ) Lat1 2
(-287.632) (-388.469)
(-287.632 287.632 + 288.924) (-340.555)
(-286.340 + 288.924 + 369.320) (211.489)
(371.904 + 369.320 26.418) (384.049)
(714.806 26.418 344.194) (133.486)
2A
A
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
111,736.1154
97,514.5187
78,653.6051
274,520.5295
45,945.0803
608,369.8489
304,184.82 sq. ft.
6.98 ac.6
The area of a polygon can also be written in terms of coordinates. The area can be
written as
2A = X1 (Y2 Yn ) + X 2 (Y3 Y1 ) + L + X n 1 (Yn Yn 2 ) + X n (Y1 Yn 1 )
or
2A = Y1 (X 2 X n ) + Y2 (X 3 X1 ) + L + Yn 1 (X n X n 2 ) + Yn (X1 X n 1 )
Using the values from the Compass Rule adjustment, the area is calculated in the
following manner:
2A:
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Page 23
-1,392,320.6474
-3,771,104.8245
-704,924.5476
3,472,616.0237
3,004,103.8449
608,369.8489
304,184.82 sq. ft.
6.98 ac.
Point
1
2
3
4
5
1
X
5460.445
5172.813
5461.737
5831.057
5804.639
5460.445
Y
6238.012
5849.543
5508.988
5720.477
6104.526
6238.012
Multiply the ith value of X by the (i+1)th value of Y and sum those values. Lets assume
this is Sum 1. Similarly, multiply the ith value of Y by the (i+1)th value of X and sum
those values. Lets call this Sum 2. Then the difference between the two sums is the
double area. Hence,
Sum 1 = 163,487,060.260
- Sum 2 = 162,878,690.411
2A =
608,369.849
A=
304,184.92 sq. ft. or 6.98 ac.
References
Anderson, J. and E. Mikhail, 1998. Surveying: Theory and Practice, 7th edition, WCB
McGraw Hill, Boston, 1167p.
Moffitt, F. and H. Bouchard, 1992. Surveying, 9th edition, Harper Collins, New York,
848p.