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Nuclear Chemistry
Nuclear Chemistry
Chapter Goals
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
The Nucleus
Neutron-Proton Ratio and Nuclear Stability
Nuclear Stability and Binding Energy
Radioactive Decay
Equations for Nuclear Reactions
Neutron-Rich Nuclei (Above the Band of
Stability)
Neutron-Poor Nuclei (Below the Band of
Stability)
Nuclei with Atomic Number Greater than 83
Detection of Radiation
2
Chapter Goals
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Nuclear Reactions
Elements may be
converted from one
element to another.
Particles within the
nucleus, such as
protons and neutrons,
are involved in
reactions.
Chemical Reactions
No new elements can
be produced, only new
chemical compounds.
Usually only the outer
most electrons
participate in reactions.
Nuclear Reactions
Release or absorb
immense amounts of
energy, typically
1000 times more.
Rates of reaction are
not influenced by
external factors.
Chemical Reactions
Release or absorb
much smaller amounts
of energy.
Rates of reaction
depend on factors such
as concentration,
pressure, temperature,
and catalysts.
5
Po and Ra
and radiation
The Nucleus
1.
2.
10
12
13
14
E = mc
E = ( m)c
or
Binding Energy = ( m)c
2
15
16
17
m = (0.00110
amu
23 atoms
6.022
10
atom )(
mol)
m = (0.00110
amu
atom
)(6.022 10
23 atoms
)
)
mol
6 kg
=
1.10
10
mol
mol
19
)(3.00 10 )
)(9.00 10 )
= (1.10 10
6 kg
mol
10 kg m 2
= 9.90 10
6 kg
8m
mol
16 m 2
s2
10 J
=
9.90
10
mol
mol
20
Radioactive Decay
Radioactive Decay
22
1.
2.
1.
3.
Z1
Z2 + Z3
beta emission
neutron emission
1
1
0
1
n p +
25
14
7
0
-1
C N +
226
88
Ra
226
89
0
-1
Ac +
26
16
7
1
0
N N + n
137
53
136
53
1
0
I+ n
27
electron capture
positron emission
28
29
30
0
+1
1
0
p e + n
39
19
15
8
0
+1
39
18
0
+1
15
7
K e + Ar
O e + N
31
32
33
34
Detection of Radiation
1.
Detection of Radiation
2.
Fluorescence Detection
36
Detection of Radiation
3.
37
Detection of Radiation
38
Detection of Radiation
39
Detection of Radiation
4.
Detection of Radiation
41
Detection of Radiation
42
Rate of decay = k [ A] or
A0
ln = a k t
A
43
44
ln 2 0.693
t 12 =
=
ak
ak
45
46
Disintegration Series
Disintegration Series
48
Uses of Radionuclides
Radioactive Dating
Radiocarbon dating can be used to
estimate the ages of items of organic
origin.
14C is produced continuously in the upper
atmosphere by the bombardment of 14N by
cosmic-ray neutrons:
49
Uses of Radionuclides
14C
50
Uses of Radionuclides
51
Uses of Radionuclides
52
Uses of Radionuclides
1.
53
Uses of Radionuclides
2.
54
Artificial Transmutations of
Elements
56
reactions are:
57
58
59
60
Neutron Bombardment
Because neutrons have no charge, there is
no coulomb repulsion to their nuclear
penetration, so they do not have to be
accelerated.
Nuclear reactors are often used as neutron
sources.
61
62
63
64
Nuclear Fission
These nuclei split into nuclei of intermediate masses and emit one
or more neutrons.
65
Nuclear Fission
These nuclei split into nuclei of intermediate masses and emit one
or more neutrons.
66
Nuclear Fission
67
Nuclear Fission
68
69
235UO
239Pu
Cooling Systems
72
Nuclear Fusion
73
Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion
75
Synthesis Question
Synthesis Question
77
Group Question
78
End of Chapter 26
79