Translation: Heterodoxies of The Shia
Translation: Heterodoxies of The Shia
NEW HAVEN
1909.
PREFATORY NOTE.
Of the second part, pp. 1-6 record the sources used in this
pp. 6-136 contain a running commentary on the texts translated in Part I.: pp. 138-159 deal with the term Ratndfid; p. 160 gives
footnotes.
treatise
'
On
the
name Ndnd
(Part
Harkavy
in his Intro-
I.
New York
1909.
2094373
F.
INTRODUCTION.
" BECAUSE of thee "with these words Muhammed is
reported
" because
nephew and son-in-law Ali
name
is
still
the
watchword which
splits the
Muhammedan
lence through the lands of the Shi'a, arousing hatred and enmity
in the hearts of its believers.
On
VOL. XXVIII.
I.
Friedh tender,
[1907.
With no
inner development.
undermining
converts to the
new
faith, could
faction in a religion
own and in many respects decidedly inferior to it. Their disappointment in finding their religious demands unsatisfied must
have been as keen as their disappointment in finding that their
hopes for political equality were unfulfilled. No wonder then
that under the guise of the new faith these converts persistently
clung to their old beliefs and even endeavored to smuggle into
Islam some of their most cherished ideas which were esseitf ially
un-Islamic and for the most part even anti-Islamic.
The result
of these endeavors was the formation of a large number of sects
with a peculiar, often grotesque mixture of extremely heterogeneous elements. The Caliphs as the official heads of orthodox
Islam were no less hateful to these non- Arabic sectarians than they
were to them in their capacity as representatives of the Arabic
political
supremacy.
the Prophet"
as
Under
"House
of
which itself
wronged, by the ruling powers, became the natural center of all
dissatisfaction
economic, political, religious that had been
The
rapidly accumulating in Islam after its glorious inception.
heterodox sects which arose in the first century of the Ilijra, in
called
Prophet," which derived its claim exclusively from its connection with the founder of Islam, was chiefly instrumental in
destroying or disfiguring his life-work.
Vol. xxviii.]
The,
etc.
We
the surface.
cerned,
it
Muhammedan
knowledge of
But we have a very imperfect notion of
history.
settled,
is still
than
it
earlier
Muhammedan
[1907.
Friedlaender,
Nearly three score and ten years have passed since Silvestre de
Sacv, the originator of modern Arabic scholarship, attempted
to give a systematic presentation of Shiism in the introductory
chapters of his Expose de la religion des Druses (two volumes,
Almost a whole literature has since been rescued from
1838).
oblivion and access has been given to historical sources then
Yet a pragmatic history of Shiism which
scarcely dreamt of.
would reveal to us the inner workings and the organic development of this movement is still ^a desideratum, and will probably
remain a desideratum for a long time to come. This peculiar
condition is by no means due to a lack of zeal on the part of
modern Arabists. It can and must be primarily attributed to a
twofold circumstance: to the nature of the problem
itst-1 f,
and
of the Shiitic
movement
lies in
i.
e.
ments.
Maudaeans, exerted
It sheltered for a long period a large Christian population which took an active, if not a leading, part in the
spiritual life of the country, serving as a medium not only for
Sassanids.
germ
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxviii.]
their
political
these
new
sition,
i.
e.
found their
Shiites.
first
its
foreign cultures, it will first be necessary to gain a clear conception of these foreign cultures themselves and of their condition
at the time when they came in contact with Islam a difficult
;
Muhammedan
lies
historiography.
is
to be found in the
Muhammedans who
The
cer-
[1907.
Jfriedlaender,
However
this
may
less
sects,
and Zoroastrian
sects.
The same
1
"
Goldziher,
Beitrage zur Litteraturgeschichte der Schia," in Sitzungsberichte der philos.-histor. Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der
Wissenschaften zu Wien, vol. 78 (1874), p. 445. The same writer in his
"
article
le denombrement des sectes Mohametanes
in Revue de rhistoire des Religions, vol. 26 (1892), p. 129 sq.
2
See Steinschneider, "Die kanonische Zah.1 der muhammedanischen
"
in ZDMG. iv, p. 145 sq.
Secten
3
Fakhr ad-Din ar-Razi, died 6()6 h is
Mukaddasi, ed. de Goeje, p. 39.
' '
still
etc., p.
Vol. xxviii.]
Shiites, etc.
To
number
of their
i:
KhatTaniwa
.
fifty
s t'Cts."
(a
\
Many
Shi 'a)/
quoted.
sects
Khitat,
ii,
p. 344 sq.
I.
[1907.
Friedlaender,
Their
ture any number of sects required for special purposes.
of names
descriptions, in consequence, offer an artificial system
which for the most part lack all historical significance, being
nothing but variations of real names, and the identification of
1
disentangle it from the chaos piled up around it by pious mendacity, the compulsion of a religious tradition and the deceptive
use of a pliable language, a long series of preliminary investiAs -for
gations will have to be undertaken and concluded.
first
make
A few examples
made
in the
Muhammed
followers of
kunya Abu
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxviii.]
gians, but
for a pragmatic history of the Shi 'a, this treatise is herewith presented, centering, as it does, around an account on Shiitic sects
by an Arabic writer who preceded Shahrastani by a full century.
For
'All b.
Ahmed
ibn
who
Hazm
are
is
so
its
history of
Omeyyad
position occupied by his father, Ibn Hazm could not and would
not stand aside, but took an immediate and prominent part in
brilliant
schen Litteratur,
i,
400.
at least misleading, as
The sources
for Ibn
Hazm's biography
10
I.
The
who
ancestors of Ibn
lived
Hazm
is
in the
[1907.
Friedlaender,
Hazm
of Niebla.
district
this origin apparently possessed little attraction for a member of the Moorish aristocracy who was -besides a passionate
hater of Christianity.
He was therefore anxious to improve
But
his pedigree
an
Omeyyad
official,
this claim was the cause or the effect, Ibn Hazm at any rate
always remained an ardent partisan of the Omeyyads, and in
the terrible struggle that was raging around this dynasty galIn 1013,
lantly fought and staunchly suffered in their behalf.
when
1016 Kheiran, the leader of the Slavs, having raised the Berber
'Ali b. Hammud to the throne, sent Ibn Hazm to prison for his
allegiance to the
Omeyyad
and
cause,
Again
later banished
in 1018,
tired
of
when
Hazm
to
the independent
him
the unscru-
Omeyyad
calif in
prince, and
'Abdarrahman,
bravely fought on his side against the Berbers.
betrayed by Kheiran, was defeated and slain and his partisan
Ibn Hazm was captured by the victorious Berbers and kept in
Ila/nu's
and on December 1, 1023, 'Abdarrahman V., al-Mustazhir, son of the murdered 'Abdurrahman IV,
was proclaimed by a plebiscit in the Mosque Caliph of Spain.
Ibn Hazm was soon near his youthful sovereign, who was also
his friend, and was at once raised by him to the dignity of
vizier.
But in less than seven weeks 'Abdarrahman was
of their Berber oppressors,
ib. p. 190.
Mauren
3
5
in Spanien (1874),
Catalogue, Leyden,
Catal.' p. 268.
i,
ii,
210.
267.
Vol. xxviii.]
11
Shiites, etc.
mob
of
When
at last released,
and the
him
were induced by
his
enemies
to refuse
their hospitality.
Ibn
He
died
-in
Hazm by
the solitude of
adverse political
Ibn
circumstances was utilized by him to its utmost limits.
Hazm became an author of that stupendous productivity which
in
Arabic
literature.
a man's greatness by
the size and weight of his wastepaper basket faithfully report
that Ibn Hazm's works amounted to "a camel's load," and we
are reliably told on the authority of his son that their number
reached the formidable sum of four hundred. 3
To be sure,
Arabic bibliography, as bibliography in general, is more con'
cerned with the title-page of a literary work than with its contents, and is prone to confer the honorific title of a book where
We
We
brilliancy.
fearlessness,
originality
is
Hazm as
Catalogue Leyden
Dozy,
ib. p.
(first edition),
205 sq.
i,
230.
Ibidem.
12
I.
[1907.
Friedlaender,
himself was more orthodox than the orthodox, his writings were
accorded the honor of a public auto-da-fe in his lifetime and
1
The light
were pursued by prohibitions long after his death.
in which posterity judged this originality is strikingly illustrated
by the protest of the famous mystic Ibn 'Arabi (died 634/1240),
who emphatically denies to be one of those who constantly
13
As to the brilliancy of his
repeat: "Thus saith Ibn Hazm.'
charmingly displayed in the graceful description of his
early love, which won for him the distinction, conferred upon
him by the best judge of Moorish culture, himself a brilliant
4
writer, of being the most thoughtful poet of Spain, and it manifests itself with equal power in the violent sarcasm of his polemstyle, it is
ics,
of Ibn
Hazm
as a twin-brother
b.
Yusuf.
of the bloody
tongue
sword of the
the
"Book on
The
Muhammedan
in
Haji Chalfa
vi, 115.
p. 4.
ZDMG.
i,
52, 516.
Dozy, Geschichte,
On
(1896), p. 267, n. 1.
1
Goldziher, Zahiriten,
p. 136.-
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxviii.]
13
"
We
We
us.
as
far
as
the country of
Rum
2
kingdoms of the Slavs, Turks,
Hindus and Negros, both of ancient and modern times." The
work, written at the height of Moorish culture, displays that
modern days.
vizier, the
life
involved in the
He enjoyed the personal acquaintance not only of representatives of various shades of Muhammedan thought and dogma, but also of the foremost champions of
Ibn Hazm's standard work.
''
8
5
fol.
100 b
Ib.
ii,
108.
14
I.
[1907.
Friedlaender,
Matthew
xiii,
in
those
who had
"We
s;i\\
dwell on
it."
description of the man and his family and the place where they
lived, so as to prove the absurdity of the legend and the menHis lucid and scholarly expositions on chrodacity of the Jews.
nological, geographical and similar complicated questions of
6
Biblical criticism bear witness to the same effect.
dogmas
Milalwai'n-Nilial
Abu Muhammed Ibn Hazm's l\it,'ih <tllam sorry to say, not yet sufficiently
a work,
Cmp. Goldziher
in Kobak's Yeshurun
M. wa'n-N.,ii,-64:.
The Edition (i. 156,
Review
viii (1872), p.
xiii (1901), p.
z
J.
2)
has
xtr>..^ %
Ib.
76 sq.
and Hirsh-
222 sq.
i,
156.
misprint.
i,
i,
166.
Vol. xxviii.]
The Heterodoxies of
15
in
Ibn Hazm's
of sufficient historical fidelity."
truthfulness is of the right sort, being as anxious to say the
He is always ready to call a spade
truth as to avoid an untruth.
Nevertheless he
is
an incredibly violent nature, and they were probably the cause of the persecutions to which his writings were
But at the same time Ibn Hazm is ready to do jussubjected.
infidel, are of
tice to people
Islam
medan
,.
is
tradition,
p. 443.
16
I.
(see later)
We
and
in a
Friedlaender,
considerably reduced
[1907.
number
of sect names.
may
Hazm
with his agile mind and fiery temperapossess the academic fishblood of the
Ibn Ha/nf s MHal 100*11scholar and systematize!- Shahrastani.
Xihal, particularly the sections dealt with in the present treatise,
Shahrastani.
ment
Ibn
indisputably lack the systematic roundness and scientific classiMore especially the
fication, so conspicuous in the rival work.
is quite unmethodical and often very
But all these shortcomings fade into insignificance
abrupt.
before the great characteristics of Ibn Hazm's personality his
all,
his
fairness of judgment*
Subsequently, however, the author tried to do more jusbook by incorporating with it two large
Vol. xxviii.]
17
Shiites, etc.
2)
in
manuscript
manuscript
in
(=Y)
(see
later).
5)
1298
written in
'.
in a printed edition
reproduced
which appeared
in
Cairo in five
recently
graph of the book is introduced, point to the fact that the book
was, from dictation or otherwise, written down and edited by a
This observation seems to gain support from the
strange hand.
discrepancies in the dates mentioned in various sections of the
Thus at the beginning of his work Ibn Hazm speaks of
book.
8
the reign of Hisham al-Mu'tadd (418-422 ') as being contempoOn the other hand, at the end of his polemics against
raneous.
Judaism and Christianity he refers to the year 450 h 'and in a
Again in a later
passage shortly before to 450 and odd years.
section of the book the year 440 is to be inferred as the date of
7
A more minute scrutiny disclosed the fact
composition.
1
Catalogue Leyden
(1866), iv,
230 sq.
See
Ibidem,
later, p. 24.
p.
198
Anm.
1.
Museo
Milal,
i,
p. 16.
VOL. XXVIII.
1.
2.
191,
18
I.
[1907.
Friedlaender,
that the five manuscripts go back to two distinctly marked recenThe exact relationship between these two recensions can,
sions.
of course, be determined only by means of a careful collation
all
Br. and V.
The
a different
fragmentary
and uncertain, owing to the incompleteness of the evidence upon
which they are based. A closer investigation will no doubt
bring out more clearly the evidently complicated relations
between the various manuscripts. One fact, however, must be
noticed right here-.
In the chapter bearing on Shiism, which
originally formed a part of a monograph on heterodox sects,
1
Zur Komposition,
etc., p.
272 sq.
Vol. xxviii.]
19
Shiites, etc.
the differences between the two recensions are not mere variants,
but frequently affect the contents to a considerable extent.
The group
tion.
about
tion
'2
is
derived.
The
the book
is
examination of the
in
main devoted.
accordance with
in
its
Muhammedan dogmas
This account
is
introductory character.
to
which
to the Shiites, but presents a brief survey of all Muhammedan sects. Since the description of Shiism is interwoven
itself
The third
incorporated with the Milal wd?n-Nihal.
an
from
the
extract
the
on
Imamate, as far
piece gives
chapter
The
as it has an immediate bearing on the tenets of Shiism.
now
is
to
which
is
255
3
'.
1.
2.
20
Friedlaender,
I.
[1907.
As
chapter
is
concerned,
its
incompleteness
may be
far as this
explained by the
On
the other
hand,
very same circumstance renders a synopsis unnecessary.
I will therefore limit myself to a few remarks on Ibn Ila/.in's
division of the sects of the Shi'a, which underlies his whole
this
account.
The
division
of the
sects
of Islam
in
general
is,
matter of extreme
Muhammedan
histories of religion only confirms this observasimilar confusion prevails in the division of Shiitic
sects in particular.
few examples will suffice to illustrate the
tion.
infirmity
and arbitrariness of
al-Bagdadi
(d.
See
later, p. 26.
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxviii.]
21
bestows
Mak-
again, (d.
fre-
many
fication,
in question,
and
is
in con-
probably because of
sects in general
and of
it,
his
division
of
Muhammedan
Shiitic sects
dan dogmas.
As
Hazm shows
down the
Muhammethe clearest
question of the
Imamate
as principium divisions.
The whole Shi'a accordingly
divided
into
two
on the one hand the
sections:
appears
large
s.v.
Rawafid.
22
Friedlaender,
1907
nomen
Zeidiyya and on the other the Imaniiyya, or, to use the
odiosum by which Ibn Hazm as well as other writers often
in the condesignate the latter, the Rawafid. Both sections agree
Imamate as the exclusive privilege of the descendBut they differ in their attitude toward the claims
of 'Ali himself, and consequently in their, judgment of 'All's
In the opinion of the Imamiyya, 'Ali was entitled
opponents.
to the caliphate by virtue of a written will of the Prophet. The
"
Companions," however, maliciously made this will disappear.
The first caliphs were consequently usurpers and, acting, as they
did, against the express wish of the Prophet, must be considered
ception of the
ants of 'Ali.
As
infidels.-
The first caliphs consequently were legitimate rulers, and they as well as the other "Companions" must
be acknowledged as the rightful bearers of Muhammedan tradi-
lack of appreciation.
tion.
Shiism reduces
difference
itself to
their attitude
Zeidiyya
which confines
is
itself to
little
room
consequently
of them, the Jarudiyya, is quoted at the beginning of the chapter on Shiitism (part B. of our text).
But it is left unexplained
whether they owe this distinction to their belief that the rejec-
tion of 'All
Vol. xxviii.]
is
The Heterodoxies of
The Gulat
devoted to them.
with al-Bagdadi
their tenets are
are no
Muslims
23
at
all.
Hazm
agrees
Only inasmuch
as
Between these two well-defined parties the sect of the Keisaniyya, which in early Islam played so important a role, occupies
All other historians who regard
a somewhat ambiguous position.
common both to the Zeidiyya and the
as the basis of Shiism
Imamiyya the restriction of the Imamate to the descendants of
l-'i'iti
inn,
Imamate
Imamate
of the descendants of 'Alt, obviously makes the queswritten will the point of departure, and, since the
tion of a
author
The
present treatise
now
Arabic, as the
is
five
offered in
24
I-
Friedlaender,
[1907.
the piece which appears here as part A. was based on these two
For the second piece, the chapter on Shiism, I
manuscripts.
was limited to the Codex of Ley den, the Vienna manuscript
It
1
This copy presented a different recension of the J///*'/
versity.
ica )i-Xihal, but it was nevertheless of incalculable value for
>
in the described
London,
British
Museum
print in
nies of the
In the
scripts.
A and B.
Vol. xxviii.]
The Heterodoxies of
25
it
instead.
(those
of
five
hundred
embodied
text
of the
differs
accessible.
text
The
first,
in this
26
[1907.
Friedlaender,
For the
the readings which ai-e of special interest to them.
convenience of the reader the text was also divided into paragraphs.
The manuscripts
offer
nonsensical.
is
The
had
now
to be re-written, so
at the disposal of the
work.
to be
all
however, made
mostly abrupt
The
is
it
Arabic
literature.
Here
pai'ts
of
this treatise,
will be
rastani,
and
translation of Shah-
Each
of
made
in the
is
Vol. xxviii.]
The Heterodoxies of
the Shiites,
etc.
27
As far as I am able to
frequently they also agree verbatim.
judge, I am inclined to consider Isfra'ini's book an abstract from
The latter displays its genuine character by
that of Bagdad!
.
old
fullest
this
fundamental sect of
Shiism.
hand on
all
me
The
in the
first
taken or finished.
My
ziher, not
only for his repeated public references to the importance of Ibn Hazm's work and his contributions towards the
28
I.
[1907.
Friedlaender,
me
work, to the
officers of the
me
TRANSLATION.
A.
in general.
[Printed Edition (=Ed.) II, pp. 111-117 Codex Leyden (=L.) I, fol.
ff.; Codex British Museum (=Br.) 1, fol. 135" ff.; Codex Vienna
(=V.) fol. 201 ff.; Codex Yale (=Y.) I, fol. 137" ff.]
;
135"
In
the
Name
of Allah,
b.
Merciful!
some of them
(i.
in the
*Much
is
Almighty!
Says
Br.
Br. V. om.
Br. V.
&
community
om.
tary.
1
L. *Lx)!^!
1)
it," L. V. Y.
LAJ
Br. V.
"
+ *x
"
against them."
Br. V.
all.
See
Commen-
om.
rule.
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxviii.]
29
Mu'tazilites, 3) the Murji'ites, 4) the Shi'ites, and 5) the KhariEach of these sects again is divided into a number of
jites.
'
(smaller) sects.
The
among
and
few particulars of
As
ious
be explained hereafter.
enumerated above, there are some
who
differ
them but
relig-
to the
among them
who
differ
from
slightly.
Among
the sections of the Murji'ites the nearest to the Sunwho follow the doctrine of the Fakih Abti Hanifa
nothing but
among them
and
l;iws
Muhammed
b.
Karram
of Sijistan.*
al-
*Muhammed
is
8
Karram, on the other hand, maintains that Faith
9
only expression with the tongue, though one adhere to Unbe-
b.
Among
Muhammed an-Najjar,
10
of
Maris
as
well
as the followers of
Giyath
(in Egypt),
Bishr
b.
j.yi
Br. V.
Br. V.
L. Y. .tJfcij o^faJCifljL}
later correction.
See
Comm.
"some
L. Y.
Br. V.
10
Br.
JoLX^L
of."
of these maintain."
Instead of
as in Br. V.
Ls
(V. corrected
L.
,.jJ,Jij
is
Y. om.
This
in Ed. read
maintain.'
30
I.
Dirar
The
'Amr.
b.
farthest
among them
Abu'l-Hudeil.
Among
O
[1907.
Friedlaender,
Imamate
is
It
that he maintained a friendly attitude towards all the Companions (of the Prophet), the only exception being that he gave
'Ali the preference over all of them.
The
among them
farthest
Among
b.
Yanush,"
10
al-Fadl of Harran,
the extremists *among the Rawatid, the
11
the Bittikhiyya," the followers of Abu Isma'il al-BitSufi's,
1
Ed. misprint
Joy^J! (with y ).
L. Br. V.
+"
al-'
mu
V. the whole passage mutilated
aLLwJ! J^o! ,J!
.Jt
L.
J^et
JLa>.
^t
,
Allaf ."
See
Comm
vo
xx^A-li
-x^
Br. V.
See
Comm.
Ed. incorrectly
^ily^JI (with
Y.
^><cW^^
" of
Hamadan "
(in
Persia).'
U>o^ "alone."
Codd.
-i-
Br. om.
^c
Ed. Y. Jojla.
Ed.
Comm.
(jw-JLo
Y.
'
'Othrnan only."
,
L.
V. Jajl^.
(jwa-iU
10
^ &>^ -L
11
L. Y.
15
Ed.
Br
(sic),
Y.
L.
^oLVf
JajU*
,
(j*-.jL>
>
him
boi
V.
Br. iajLi.
j*-J.Lj
Om.
ixsxLJt and
Br.
See
Comm.
(j*jl3
See
Vol. xxviii.]
31
Shiites, etc.
tikhi.
common
Let us
of
the
ment.
much
as
the others.
A-
:>
is
the
Mukatil
well as
who
Ac
T.
the Shi'ites, the pillar of their speculation is the quesImamate and the Degrees.of excellence of the Com-
tion of the
much
as
the others.
As
'Br. V. -and."
*
L. Y.
om.
.jyCff
Ed. L. Y. auuui
L. Y.
andX
Br. V.
possibly
was
<X*-C,JI
32
/.
tion
[1907.
Friedlaender,
1
of these
Imamate.
We have
set
in question, because
since
practices of the
He who
differs
from the
Jtfu'tazilites
unbeliever, but
is
He who agrees
men after
lent of
after
him
is
Ed. erroneously
Ed. L. Br. Y.
<XfcJt
J,Ls
L. Y.
om.
LcUaJb
L. Y.
om.
JLa*JL
L.
6
.
created beings).
Codd.
V.
"Reward."
au^xJt
lit.:
L. Y. "or.
V. jou^uJ!
Br. Y.
(of
God with
Vol. xxviii.]
33
Shiites, etc.
He who
who commit
is
a religious duty,
that
is
[If
however]
Says
Abu Muhammed: As
they (alone) are the adherents of truth, while all others are
adherents of heresy.
For Sunnites were the Companions of
the Prophet and the best of the ''Followers" who walked in
their footsteps, then the masters of the Hadith (Oral Tradition),
*the Fakihs
until this very day and the bulk of the people who emulated
their example in the East and the West of the Earth
the mercy
of Allah
2
upon them!
[114] Says
who usurped
Abu Muhammed:
There
wei*e,
however, people
3
name
the
Ed. om.
who
in the
after-
Transmi-
^{j
L. only A
through oversight.
ga-i-'s'i
y.*,.
"and
Br. V.
om.
VOL. XXVIII.
^_5*i
leaf in Br.
(between
fol. 136"
and
137").
34
I.
[1907.
Friedlaender,
believed in his [as well as in their] prophecy, also in- the Transmigration of Souls, like the poet as-Sayyid al-Himyar! and
others.
med
b.
One section
Abi Zeinab,
Banu
Banu
the
the
of
them believed
a client of the
prophecy of
Tamim and
Adam."
See
the
like.
Others
among
They
when he
^b ^ auJLfr
Adam more
refused to prostrate
Comm.
sec-
Sa'id, a client of
"
p.St i>fkXH _.xi *xLcl <X<u>
himself before
2
V. +
Mugira
b.
Muham-
Another
in the divinity of
Banu Asad.
See
V.
"
.
sjj.
Comm.
Ed.
.fcJyJ
V.
hand
L.
,oUj
See
Comm.
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxviii.]
the Shiites,
35
etc.
they maintained that "the Sky" was Muhammed and "the Earth"
"
his Companions. (In the verse)
Behold, Allah commandeth you
1
4
"Charity" referred to 'All and that "Jibt" and "Tagut" were
N.N. and X.X., alluding to Abu Bekr and 'Omar. They similarly maintained that "salat" (obligatory prayer) meant suppli3
Imam,
tion.
demonstra-
deserted
the religion
sians originally
2
Koran II, 68.
Koran XXX, 24.
Koran IV, 54 (the names of two idols).
ously o^Ar^l
5
Ji5|
L. Y.
_._&.
_Ala=i.j
be amended''; Lane,
,j,_sJiiAj ("to
as in L.
circle.''
Koran XVI,
72.
" abomination."
Ed. ^.JCftjUL}
Read
read
V. Y. om.
of."
s.
v.)
V.
[1907.
/. Friecllaender,
3(j
visited (by
regarded by them as slaves. But when they were
the Arabs,
from
them
was
taken
their
and
by
away
empire
God)
the same Arabs who in the estimation of the Persians pos-
on various paths,
;i
"
since religion could not be accepted from those
Apostates," the
companions of the Prophet being accused by them of apostasy.
Some went as far as to believe in" the prophecy of those for
whom they claimed prophecy, and some of them, as already
mentioned, led them astray on the path leading to the belief in
1
ol&u
Ed.
tation
u^x.fcuUuJ
V.
Ed. misprint
V.
L. Y.
(3&u*
'
Makrizi, Khitat
^u*,UuJ
j^!
Makr.
V. om..xjUJi^.
L. V. Y.
^\
.x)
J.AJJ
&~>
L.
(vi,
Y.
^j^^LcuJ
Makrizi,
Ill, 354.
ilcXs*
See
V.
Lo "what
188)
III, 119.
\i\si
L. unpointed.
Comm.
J>
362 (quo-
_.^ww!
LJJ
oUu^w
Ed. Y.
U.XAXW!
3
V.
we mentioned
of.
ib.
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxviii.]
37
Some
made fun
(of
On the
before he became a Kharijite of Sufritic persuasion.
same road also went the Jew 'Abdallah b. Saba, the Himyarite.
For he, too, Allah curse him
outwardly professed Islam in
!
order to beguile
its
He
adherents.
also
in
ites
Mazdak
doctrine' of
Mobad 10 who
the
b.
property.
Says Abu Muhammed: When they had brought
14
13
the people as far as these two narrow passes, they turned them
12
away from
which
in fact
was
their only
intention.
Ed. L. incorrectly
Y. al-Harb.
Ed.
"
JyJU
See
^&.
jLv+i*.
Br. V.
s"
xkc
Comm.
Br. V. sing.
L. Y.
Jox.
" Ed. Y.
11
Ed. jjU>'
12
Ed. iJLj
13
Y.
Y *>'
-
V.
<>o
L. unp.
Codd. correctly
IjjJL}
V. on the margin
Ed. L. Y. s_=> v :=-' " him," supporting the reading of Y. see preced;
ing note.
38
Friedlaender,
Fear ye Allah in
Allah, "by Allah, ye servants of Allah
seduced
means
not
and
be
souls
by adherents of
by any
your
unbelief and heterodoxy or by those who embellish their words
By
not with logical proof, but with mere forgeries, who advise
and of
(you) contrary to the messages of the Book of your Lord
1
all
it
who were
Companions
We
Abu Muhammed:
have already set forth the disgraceful tenets of all these sects in a short book of ours, entitled:"
Says
V.
Ed.
tfyjUj
Br. V.
Br. V.
Y.
^L*xj
JJflb
Br. V. I jijC
Ed. L^aJJ*'-
Ed. x+M/1
L. i_<-l a
y Br. cuol+J,
" absurd."
[V^iJl?
*
yyLg_}*-JCj
+ "
Y$.
to
them."
" another
opinion."
Codd. better
Codd.
&4^*/
"
!.=>...*:>
Y.
L^-ju
designated as."
in a similar
meaning.
Vol. xxviii.]
The Heterodoxies of
39
"The saving advices against the disgusting infamies and pernicious depravities contained in the beliefs of the adherents of
heresy among the four sects: the Mu'tazilites, the Murji'ites, the
We
in the Koran
in Arabic
no
language, making clear, with
negligence whatever as regards
as well as the words which are firmly
clearness, everything
8
ters of the Hadith, * in a chain leading up to the Prophet
both ways [117] will enable you to attain the satisfaction of
:
your Lord.
We
shall forthwith
(subtleties).
We
call
"latfi'if"
8
*the proofs they adduce
Br. V.
L. Br.
Br. V.
L. Y.
Codd.
-ArL! "information."
V. XjuLc
.Ed.
Y. *XjJ..
is
not as good.
om. k
om.
(Br.
f^LO!
*^jOU).
teleuton.
8
Br. V,
*-gjuo
XftjLb
Br. V. instead
JULJ!
Jo
2U 2s-a.t
"
40
I.
The Heterodoxies
B.
ff.;
Codex
IV
of the Shi'ites.
Museum
British
Cod. Yale
[1907.
Friedlaender,
= Y.) Ill
L.
Abu Muhammed
and
the Shi'ttes.
We
clear to
every reader that they are engrossed in error and absurdity, and
may thus prevent those whom Allah wishes to guide the right
**w
&A.?.
See
a!.).
" Zur
***
iLaj! Jt
cjo "the
heresies of the
Mnrji'ites."
See
Komposition
p. 272, n. 2.
Ed. Y.
&ub
L. Br. &XAJ
>.
"
is
indispensable.
proof."
See Commentary.
Ux> instead of
all
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxviii.]
way from
There
41
is
the Almighty.
wish, however, the reader of this our book to understand that we do not consider permissible as do those in whom
3
there is no good to quote in anyone's name any statement
\\
which
lie
5
quences following from his (general) view and thus a contradiction may appear (between the quotation and the actual
8
opponents' to grasp (the
Thus when
tion.
>
Ed. oni.
Luo^^ "
\v.
^jj
' '
"
^.jc
L. +
among
heresy in quesadherents of
permitted
the
our words."
(juc*j*a.s.
aJLftJ
sections
certain
sense.
consequences (Dozy).
Maimonides
I (1902)
Cf also
.
sub voce.
"He
*_j
"
says"; Br. +
Says
-iixJ!
^**.s!
Om.
Fried-
^AXJ
C-
Abu Muhammed."
Ed. Y.
Y.
b}'."
^
'
I.
is
.^j
fc> It
.w^sJ
ci
**
.^x*
-JLc.
j in this
Ed. Y. incorrectly
^i).
42
I.
[1907.
Friedlaender,
2
God cannot be described as havheterodoxy and fallacy say
3
the
to
do
something absurd, or unjust, or false, or anying
power
4
thing of which he does not know beforehand that it will happen,
1
We
them
Abu Muhammed
II.
to
the
Rawufid,
and
finally
the Extremists.
III.
"those
who go
astray from
+>! "
"
in
^J
since
"
which makes no
It is
probably to be corrected
to call
(mankind) to anything
sense.
" that."
<
+ JJ0LJ! ^1
.>LfcjJ! J^c.
Vj
"or
nonsensical."
" that he will do
&JlxjL>
Y. (LwwoLi'
it."
which makes
no sense.
6
+A
o
'
+*^jJ^Lo
ugliness of."
.j-c.
their fallacy."
9
Koran
III, 167.
uwLJt
,xaxi'.
"and
to
make
people
flee
from
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxviii.]
43
I.
As to the .TCtriidiyya, a part of them believed in Muhammedb. 'Abdallah b. al-Hasan b. al-Hasan' b. 'Ali b. Abf Talib,
2
the same who rose in Medina against Abu Ja'far al-Mansur.
The latter dispatched against him 'Isa b. Musa b. Muhammed *b.
4
'Alt b. 'Abdallah
b. al-' Abbas, who killed Muhammed b.
3
them believed
section of
Husein
rose
b.
Zeid
Kufa
in
in
d. -Ali b.
b.
Yahya
al-Husein
of
10
'Omar
*b.
b. 'Ali b.
al-Musta'in.
Yahya
Abi
b.
Talib,
al-
who
Muhammed
b.
Mus' ab, the wali of Bag-al-Musta'in, disDatched against him the son of
dad
for
Yahya
'Omar was
b.
12
alive,
that
13
he was never killed, *that he never died nor will ever die until
he has filled the earth with justice as it is filled with 'iniquity.
1
+.JO
Om.
Om.
,-j.x!
in the mountain of
8
10
11
Radwd."
Om.
Jet
"
"
Al-Hasan.
I follow the
reading of L. Br.
yOtJiwL+JU jt Jou
Ed
o'L^fl .c^'
J>Lb
^p'
order
al-Hasan
of
al-Musta'in
(sic)
b.
Ismd'il
*JI
otXu^
(sic) jL*..
"by
uncle (read
Comm.
13
Om.
the
b.
-jo
^jj
44
I.
[1907.
Friedlaender,
that
was
*Some
a.\-Mamttira
Musa
believed that
b.
I refer to
Ja'far b.
Muhammed
b.
10
11
/^
>|
i5'
Om.
^.Lw^xJ
,
Ed.
AftxJ!
Lit.:
8
L. Br. A.
Ed. Y.
+ Ibn.
">
"
_*nJ! from Egypt."
J
^
See
Comm.
b.
Muh.
b. 'Ali b.
formula instead of
|J
al-Hus. b. 'Ali b. A. T.
)'
that he never died nor will ever die until, etc."
was
alive,
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxviii.]
45
The Saba'iyya,
But
clouds.
is
to be
in
He
as
it is filled
that Abii
with iniquity."
Muslim
as-Siraj
was
with justice
Some
7
undoubtedly appear again. Others of the Keisaniyya
believed that 'Abdallah b. Mu'awiya b. 'Abdallah b. Ja'far b.
will
of the Dahriyya.
1
Ed. Y. Sababiyya.
Br. unpointed
Koran
x>
Jo- &*s
JjCi'
i>j
5 Joo
" a while."
i "corrupt."
j!
murder
outwardly pro-
AAW
^-?V Joo
had taken
of 'All
"When
place:
'All
&***
Comm.
II, 159.
was
1
See
Cf. p. 37.
L. as above.
,^L*wVt
fessed Islam."
it
46
I.
Says
[1907.
Friedlaender,
Jews who
steps of the
'
Bethu'ar
"
11
called him.
Says
he
is
Ed. Y.
(J"? (
see
,jj (Y.
add Methusalem. but the reading
Br
corrupt
^^
r*^
t-J
in the text
Commentary.
Ed. Y.
L. Br.
LAJ^
3
is
wj ("Br.
,Lfr)
_jj
it, *if
J| Juo^s?
L. Br. also
r3 ^-
12
13
West, the North and the South and
Ed. Y.
+*JC
L*^
4
Jlpo
^j!
y*\
M.>cX.j
(
^5 LxJjJt
is
it
Algazar.
not
known
^wuJlie.
The
j.jJLj
(Br.
11
^.iLL: aol),
^+* (L.
under
it
in tiny let-
" one."
taking the preceding (jdju as
'
10
^..t /^)=
Ed. Y. singular
L. Br.
&XwL*.4Jt
"
lonely (deserts)
and met."
om.
Br.
i/
SyJ
Om.
"
<j
,*Q?!
added
to
him
each direction.
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxviii.]
47
(Yet) we met
among them [Muhammed b.
known as Shukk al-Leil, tradi-
in
several people
'Abdallah
tionist
who
Salam al-Ansari]
b.
in Talabira,
who
*in spite of
it
others.
(They believe) all this, despite their knowing
the saying of Allah: "But (he is) the Apostle of Allah and the
7
seal of the prophets," and the words of the Apostle of Allah:
many
"There
is
How
think
it
The
day" Salih
b. Tarif,
they constitute
the bulk of the Shi'ites, and to them belong the dogmatists and
thinkers as well as the large numbers (of the Shi'ites)
all
13
believe that Muhammed b. al-Hasan b. 'Ali b. Muhammed *b.
'Ali
14
b.
Musa
"a
Ed. Y. om.
3
6
b.
Ja'far [b.
16
b. 'Ali b.
al-Husein b.
large number.'"
Om.
Om.
Muhammed]
Om.
5
'
Koran XXXIII,
L. gives a long marginal gloss, on which see Comm.
.^^L**o (Br. imp.) "ask," which makes no sense.
Jou.
ll
Differently
worded
^x> aLyoLcV!
40.
own
iLuL*iaJiJ!
..^x *JC^ LgJlS'
xxii! J!
Om.
time.
oJUj.
Ed. Y. om.
48
I.
'Ali b.
Abt Talib
until he will
He
with iniquity.
alive, that
is
appear and
[1907.
Friedlaender,
is
(in reality)
recite the
fell
out of the
womb
of his mother, and that his mother was Narjis and that
7
The majority 3 of them,
she herself (Hukeima) was his nurse.
however, say that his mother was Sakil and a part of them say
10
for the
that his mother was Sausan.
"But all this is humbug,
above-mentioned al-Hasan left no children," neither male nor
Such
female.
the
is
first
"
of the Shi'ites
folly
*
to
_=*.!
mentions as being
of their
5
is
(Br.
Xjt~&. viLfj
-f-
L.
S^Jo) 5^5jo
whom we
deny
^ jJ!
him whom
t.x
is
^t o^=*l
awl
(that section)
He
is
silly story."
"the sister of
(jlj
ooLT^
(jUiJ!
cub!.
Ed. Y.
L^! 5
"a part."
+Says Abu Muhammed.
.
aLftjLb
fabricated lie."
$,
11
the last
^Lo! " at
all."
Instead
A.
yyo
Imams."
Sy&o
'2
J.j> "belief."
'Ali
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxviii.]
49
their grave errors of which this one is the least grave, though
(sufficient) to lead to perdition.
2
All these,
asked to prove what they say, reply Our
when
proof
is
1"
Inspiration,
4
of illegitimate
I knew the dif-
I wish
strange indeed
ference between them and the opposite attitude
birth.
This
is
is
of those
who
or that they are idiots , or that they all have forking pro10
on their heads. *What would they say of one who
jections
birth
had belonged to them but then went over to the others, or one
who had belonged to the others and then went over to them ?
Do you believe that he is transferred 11 from an illegitimate birth
1
IjJls
3
xX^
viXJO
JLsXrLt
(sic)
jv^3l
Read jl
|4jL^
^jjO)
4
'>
_b
^xc
proper sense.
t>xc
L.
read
as in Br. Y.
L.
(Br. uncertain).
which conveys no
III
" to
oppose, contradict."
I
Ed.
jjjui-,
.Read 5 <X& J
Instead of -HS^i
is
~$J
perhaps to be read
"and
s<X& Jf
have
^e
comp.
p. 46,
note '7.
.ygj J
from
the first to
omitted.
10
Ed.
^j*J*
..wo
madness," om. in
11
Differently
VOL. XXVIII.
all
aujUw
3*
Codices and
worded
L. Br.
is
^jui
.6
most probably a
^i *&uO ^jl^^+jo
(Jf***gloss.
^.X.Lj'
()*
See
" of
Comm.
Lo ,vXJ J.JiJ
AJ'
50
I.
[1907.
Friedlaender,
one ?
haps you
5
*from Error.
'Amr b. Bahr al-Jahiz one of those frivolous men who are
mastered by the desire for a joke, and one of those who lead
8
into error, yet one, as we found, who in his books never sets
forth a lie deliberately and assertively, though he often enough
Abu
10
"
*before Allah
of
"
'
"By
continue to narrate:
jf
2
UJljJ
"
Allah,
with us !'"?"
They both
surely.
"we."
" whatever."
"from
jo
Ed. misprint
y^i^ t
lt
that with
in the land
"
(Koran XVII,
is
39).
" Allah
*JUI
says
This
is
Walk
JL
not proudly
Om.
iiJyui+J!
Sj^j
..yjo
Lo_>l
J6
"he
also
was one of
the leaders of
the Mu'tazilites."
9
Y. +
Om.
aJUf
^*j yfc
Koran IX,
40.
oJut
Lo!
Th e Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxviii.J
the Shiites,
51
ete.
with 3 'Ali
Mitam
we would
b.
occasionally ask
would give
him
[for
'
We
that the
belief
is
"
L-V
,j&5 "('All
4
Ed. Y. *JUx>
SoUs
Ed. misprint
^xSXJ
,.x^Li
kjlLw^A)
7
9
.
Om.
Comm.
See
L. unp.
" oral
tradition."
S
s.v.
to blush and."
Br. *AAXI
10
b.
we had
Ya'la 14
See Lane
not known.
L*J.
*.
Abu
^s. owing to
homoioteleuton.
Sing.
Ed. Y. al-Hasan.
Ed. Y. al-Hasan.
14
and one of
their
dogma-
tists.
13
" one
of the heads of the Imdmites
Yet, at the
Ed. Y. L.
jou.
Br.
^.
is
probably a correction.
52
I.
Sabalan
[1907,
Friedlaender,
of
(of Rai-Teheran).
belief that there are interpolations
Says
5
3
between the two covers (of the Koran) is pure apostasy and
equal to declaring the Apostle of Allah a liar.
(?)'
until he created
1
L.
Ed. Y.
14
pure apostasy.
" because
xiV
4-
this is
^^**u
13
tf
it is."
jo
"frenzy."
or 'Othmdn.
+J
See
ilo
L. Br.
Comm.
" I wish I knew."
Lo^jjUu ouJ
+Says Abu Muhammed.
+
L>
+
10
J^tt "early."
+ <XbJ _Jo
^yo "a
11
Om.
14
Ed. Y.
13
Jl^aJ!
client of the
L. Br.
Jl^sDI
Banu Asad."
(sic).
See
Comm.
ignorant."
L om
-
-)
"because it means
to declare
God
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxviii.]
53
The same Hisham, when once arguing with Abu'l-Hudeil al'Allaf, declared that his Lord was seven spans (measured) by his
own spans: this is pure apostasy.
Dawud al-Hawari
one of their greatest dogmatists, asserted that his Lord was flesh
and blood (and) of human shape.
They unanimously hold that the sun was turned back twice
for 'All.
Is there more stiffness of face
hardness of cheek,
2
*
courage to lie
?
(And all this) despite the
9
nearness of age and the multitude of people.
10
section of them maintains that God sometimes wants a
thing and decides upon it; then something occurs to him and
he leaves it undone. This view is known as that of the Keisaniyya.
13
"Among the Imamites there are some who permit *to marry
13
14
nine wives.
ignorance.
+ "
in
Mekka."
+JL=.
yc.
jJULj
Ed.
;5\tj4>!
Plural.
tJ*J
auV "because
it
Codd.
Plural.
"life,"
'
of."
which makes no
sense.
" to
stupefy
J^e.
all
the peo-
^j9\\ viXJj
L. Br.
10
^i
om.
" +"
Says
<i
15
Om.
13
14
16
16
..JL&
" lack"
(of shame).
18
I
tX
+ J5
Abu Muhammed.
"
f\
" the
eating of."
,CW ^J
"a
large number at the time of Ignorance."
''
54
7.
[1907.
Friedlaender,
who were
called
this
by
the
Kunya Abu
'Ali.
4
fi
tracing
its
whom he
Ahmad b.
al-Hasan
b.
Om.
13
au-wuj ,i
Abi
'Ali b.
b.
_^iUk.
L. Br. instead
S.
e *n
^j
V;*-^
\i"
^^^
\J"?
cH
^
u^^
See
Comm.
13
'
8
numerous
are very
They
Jo w
..vj jCio -AJ
(S
/
+ iaJii
Talib.
r-"*-^
\J~?
Codd
Uxi
Lfl_s!
3
Om.
x-aiUt
*.t
s^?!.joL^?
"
L.
Ed. iUJLadJ!
See
"the publ.
Paradise."
,
Y.
&JU>Jt
A. x|^fl>
L.
xJlJj
">
J^sUi
;
Y.
J^aJt
L. Br. unp.
A. auJLsJf
Om.
'-
Ed. Y. al-Husein.
Br.
Om.
L. Br. unp.
10
Br.
&^OAJ
11
Ed. Y.
the Rawafid."
ass. of
Br. as Ed.
Comm.
Ed.
'
Comm.
See
"the nearest."
'L.
iuoAi'
Br. al-Husein.
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxviii.]
55
ants of al-Husein.
also
their beliefs
was that
all
the
sword, while before this they had drifted away from Islam and
had become apostates and polytheists. Among them there were
also some who put the whole blame in this matter on the
Prophet, because he did not explain the question in a manner
all doubt.
Says Abu Muhammed: All this is pure
apostasy and no hiding of it is possible.
These are the doctrines 5 of the Imamites, who among the sects
removing
As
to the Extremists
"Extremism."
among
into
Merely
aL*.
#t>lj!
"alone" +
x<U!
^^1.3
c lia+Jf "
\+.=^
We
Om.
L. Ju.**
which makes no
,_Q^jQJ
s.v.)
instead of
?
sense.
_
"
xXu the depravities."
"
1
Om.
Sj-xi
+ j^u;2
,-v.c.
L^-^fi. i
UjCJ!
" thus
deserting Islam."
J>Lu/j
"and
therest of thelnfidels."
56
I.
[1907.
Friedlaender,
Muhammed resembled 'All more closely than one raven the other
2
and that Allah had dispatched Jibril with a revelation to 'All,
Yet Jibril is not to
but Jibril mistook Muhammed for him.
be blamed as he (only) made a mistake/ There was, however,
a section among them who said that Jibril did it purposely and
they declared him an apostate and cursed him, may Allah curse
them! Says Abu Muhammed Did anyone ever hear of more
weak-minded people and more finished idiots than these here
who assume that Muhammed resembled 'All ? For Heaven's sake
*How could there exist a resemblance between a man of forty
and a boy of eleven years, so that Jibril should have mistaken
him ?
Besides, Muhammed was" above middle-size (tending)
3
towards
black
10
Br.
like a spear,
with
little
" and a
message."
+&JL* J!
erect
full thighs,
eyes,
auiUJI
L.
tallness,
11
'
-i'Ls
M."
to
4
otti
+xi'j
them
said
"
:
ttjjLsJ
this is
(Br.
Erroneously * a
t.
xxxio)
ScXxcJ
V instead of ..j'
.j!
J.X=*.
.A*W
Muhammed and
resemblance between
6
" then
they disagreed and a section of
.vJ
LJL5"(j*UJ!
"by
'All."
.
li't
J^ai!
[V
gt'^n
resemblance to a boy of ten that the most perfect of all men should err
therein? How much less could err in such a thing the most excellent
of Allah's creatures and the most perfect of them, as regards discrimination and virtue !" " The most perfect of all men," which can only
refer to the Prophet, does not convey a proper sense in this connection.
8
+j^Ajua. "then."
(JLbJIj!)
+v-*jJ'l
uo
10
L.
11
Ed. Y.
(W
Br.
^ Jo
L. Br.
^-frjl as translated.
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxviii.]
57
'All
11
+ xx.ssJ! j!
+(_>.j'! (-^flJL'tJ,!)
" '
i
+ Xx^Jf
Om.
xx,
ic vJW
sLftJs
,i
When
" with an
exceedingly rich beard."
big."
$e,Juo
"
exceedingly."
o-o W
oLyfl
s
8
<XxAjL2>.
Lit.,
"a
tuft
9
"body."
IsLsV
12
Om.
13
14
Om.
I5
16
is
u xajUaJ! "
" at the
exaggeration."
10
+ VA&!
..w+J SvAJtJ ^
Ed.
o*Ji!
fl't^
who
read
"
(jj.
accept a warning
o^bf
vile."
See
party."
I"
p. 49, n. 5.
58
I.
[1907.
Friedlaender,
2
whole of mankind so long as human
beings will last before Allah in his world
3
Another secOne section believed in the prophecy of 'All.
curse
of the
Abi
al-Husein
b.
Ja'far, 'Ali
al-Hasan
b. 'Ali
prophets.
Muhammed
'All
all
This
is
This
al-Hanafiyya.
Mukhtar
is
the party of
11
the Keisdniyya.
Al-
13
12
med
b.
al-Hanafiyya.
Koran
Cf.
II,
154; L.
5<Xs^" y^JLio
Ed.Y.
om.
^1
+ xJo^Jt. "and
Br.
of the angels."
+{+&).
L.
'Ali b. al-Husein
through homoioteleuton.
ov.
10
11
Instead of
^./>
aLftSUfl
+xJUt
13
Ed. correctly
fLa.
erroneously .jLx
14
L. erroneously
16
JlftjLb
11
Comm.
18
14
See
Y.
|*.cs
see
"a group."
+i_aj<XoJ'
"
holding true."
Dozy s.v.
Lit.:
"turning around."
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxviii.]
59
One
his limbs
letters of the
when
mightily
Allah
3
him
curse
is
He
which 5
down on
fell
his crown.
his
finger [on his palm] the actions of men, both the good and the
bad ones. But when he beheld the bad actions, sweat trickled
down from him on account of it. 7 From this sweat two lakes
were gathered: one salty and dark, the other light and sweet.
Then he looked into the lake and beheld his shadow. 8 *He
started to catch it,' but it flew away.
*At last he caught it. 10
He
11
of his shadow and, grinding them,
plucked out the eyes
created out of them the sun 12 and another sun.
He created the
Infidels out of the salty lake and the Faithful out of the sweet
One of his beliefs also
lake, with an ample mixture of both.
a!J%
" his
Lord."
See
Comm.
way."
" his Lord."
SJ\
Ed. Y.
(JjJLiLl
sbj
L. Br.
10
13
lit.
"the creation."
L. Br.
"flew and."
+ja
*.
Ed. Y. om.
rectly &JLib
9
'
Om. xj
5tXiU
+
^fljL
&$N 3(j
u
.
See
Incorrectly
Comm.
^jyLxC
60
I.
[1907.
Friedlaender,
religious laws.
compact numbers.
Sa'id arrived were
The
last
stances those
who advocated
the
like lunatics.
Om.
was
alive,
a youth of a
little
among
L. Br.
'-Le.
+ joUJ. (Br.
J^XioiJl
over twenty.
Om.
V.
LV+<.)
v?"9
*oL&
"
who then
hibition."
6
Ji
word
It is
before.
JL> ..wo
Om.
Al-Hasan.
^ **
s*
Jo
aJL*
reed."
terrified."
their."
^VAAJ
+ \^aJuo
Lcy>
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxviii.]
fool.
Bayan
61
3
Sam'an, Allah curse him, maintained that
b.
God
only refers to the things on earth, *in agreement with the text
4
of the truthful saying: "Every creation that is on it is subject
to decay."
But Allah does not attribute decay to *that which
not on earth.
is
Allah's countenance
7
*Far be it
thing different from him.
and fraction should be attributed to him. 8
This
is
only the
him
it
L. J^cLftJ!
(Br.
L. om.
JuLfcJt)
all
"coward."
'
-i-
\'-*g
fr
11
3.
'
+/5cX#5
11
Jjb
"and guidance."
.
+,j-c) jL*3'-
Ji^.
Br.
^A~>.
+^
14
Koran
15
III, 132.
Ed. Y. om.
jjtf.
b. 'Ali b.
4-
13
16
L.
'
..aS^
14
,jl (Br.
10
Y. om.
" nor an
organ, or a limb."
^/.
26-27.
+ au*J "himself."
JlJj wxc..
Koran LV,
,v4.Juo
A. T.
LgJ ^>JLo
.^.A
" those
of them who were fit for
it."
62
I.
[1907.
Friedlaender,
He permitted
forbidden things,
viz. adultery,
He
to-day.
pilgrimage.
Their reason
just as were the followers of al-Mugira b. Sa'id.
for this was that they did not permit the iise of arms before he
Ed. Y. om.
Ed. r*Z~*J\
+ auj-Lo
L.
They consequently
killed
skull,
Br.
Br.
Ed. erroneously
oLciJOL?
+*j
Koran
I
Br.
55
10
= ixjuLfl
or
aJuuJLo by
JUb
*
instead of
w>L^ '~VV.
J*Jb
Koran V,
Ed. Y.
^o
'
+*^}
Sing.
descent.
L>
(his)
it
a thick cloud."
is
om.
"^ 9
Cf.
auxxJ-o
LII, 44.
II
15
forth.
71.
L. Br.
Lo " things."
Li!
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxviii.]
63
title
The
last
(Br.
v>~0jj!j
jJi
"
*^*
^J5
'*-^
^Lo!
to strangling
"
Ed. Y.
and
4
^JC tX
L Br
-
+ab^.-v3-A-JI *JC
f*;^
+*_$ AX
are able to
aJUcis
kill,
"
^c
NtXJs'
one
"f* JL^!^ J^" "every
whom
Y. aZ-Mansur.
>
10
om.
L. Br.
+aUxJ "
in Ed. Y.
Ed. Y. al-Hasan.
(Allah) curse
him
!"
they
64
[1907.
Friedlaender,
after
Muhamrned
b.
one maintaining
4
the Iniamate
'Abdallahb. al-Hasanb. al-Hasan;
'Alt b.
al-Husein
al-
One
by them
10
weaver
is
'
>
Ed. Y. al-Hasan.
Ed. al-Husein.
+"o/
L. Joj
10
"
jo
Ed. Y.
Ed.
>.
Only
al-M.
ioj^kJ;
in Ed.
Br.
L. Br. i_4.wX?
strange" (Lane).
11
Abu
the Khattdbiyya."
Br.
See
and A.
= ^-i^Jo
aub^iiJt,
p. 57,
note
Y. om.
L.
&AJ.kJ; Y.
XftJ^ioJ
oL:\Je
17.
L. Br. instead
-.
JLaSb onlJ9
" another
group of the
See
Comm.
1S
14
^jUcxJl
14
Om.
+b. al-Walid, apparently owing to a confusion with Khalid b. alWalid, "the sword of Allah," the famous general under the first
caliphs.
15
Om. jJLsii.
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxviii.J
denounced him.
he was
sects all
65
the
'Abdallah
They came
to
'
+k>L.J!
b.
(jw-AJ}
Koran
shall it be."
II,
202.
2
aJU! xAxJ
jl
^UasLl
v Lsft
'fall
!
these
L. Br.
"
See
claim."
3
"the ancients."
JotjV!
convey a proper meaning.
Br.
L.
seem
Comm.
to
!*.=.
u^y
,
jU
'
(S~
o_AJC*J!
J,^
after
"and
j-C
xxvm.
'Abdallah."
\-"in KhordsAn.'
his anger."
w
viJLS
"Asad
Ed. Y.
X^JI.
" to
whom
the
66
I.
[1907.
Friedlaender,
"When
[Rajaz]
matter,
I kindled a
fire
illegal
By Kanbar he
in the
"This sect
One
of
b.
Muhammed
an-Nakha'i
(of the
Band
He was
refuted by al-Bhnki
10
al-Fayyad *as regards (his views) mentioned above.
Muhammed
the
of
that
is
maintain
'Ali.
Apostle
L.
oo!
yb
Om.
Ed. Y. +
and
*They
,...
viLt
(?)
is
'"All."
ivA-*'}
^^-^
*-Ut (J^
>
L. Br. the
Apostles."
6
"
Br.
8
auoLuLxJI
'
meant
9
See
Comm.
L.
JUOAJ
Br. auoib
probably
^ ^
i<^ajfc
jCi^xJI
^Xx^xJ!
10
Om. + b. 'AH.
,
-.O-
g-A.M
Br.
twice
Mas'udi, Murtijad-Dahab,
jjCx^xJI
iii,
265
L. here
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxviii.]
A
tains
group of
1
Shi'ites,
Muhammad
that
'All.
The
latter
but Allah
is
"al-Kustas"
called
Muhammadiyya, main-
as the
is exalted above
Allah,
these belonged al-Bhnki and al-Fayyad * b.
composed a book on this topic, which he
To
their unbelief.
known
67
(the Balance).
[Khafif]
is
The
10
.
But 11
12
his
patron.
Allah
curse
him! was killed by alThe
said
al-Fayyad,
[187]
13
Kasim b. 'Abdallah b. Suleiman b. Wahb, because he was
among those who denounced the latter in the days of al-Mu'ta[Allah
The
did.
1
story*
well known.
is
IcX+iS?
(jl
^^
(J.?V^
Br
(
***"-N
Read
Vy**)
Om.
..oLxAJ!
^j
tX*^?
al-Fayy&d."
3
Ed. Br.
*
jj-?
" mentioned
just now.
It is
Y.
L.
'<X^?]
yj wl
al-Fayydd
^lU^bM'
^Ik-wJiJ!
" over
Mesopotamia."
,.J,JLj
"
-
b.
'Att
.JflkujJ!
(jf
,jJ..A.>.
b^5J ^j JJU!
Muhammed b.
b.
(sic).
+5 r r4.|
.5'
he was Katib."
L.
L. Br.
1300 H.)
9
10
11
15
"
om.
ii,
-JL^nw "inhabitants."
/JjJi-M
SstyX
(ed.
Constantinople,
86 as Ed.
Ed. Y. L.
Ed. Y.
Om.
Buhturi, Divan
jj.la.
'Ubeidallah.
L. Br.
;
Br.
as above.
Buht.
L. Br.
and Buhturi
(=L
68
[1907.
Friedlaender,
then
when
b. Ja'far b.
the
latter
*Some
who
X<tj)dr,
them believed
of
</<>-
and
L. Br.
om. by oversight.
L. Br.
^1x4-1
7
L.
(Br.
^U^t) ^UsU
<Xuu-
+"
AM Bekr."
Ed. Y.
See Comin.
p'j-g-?
instead
Br.
divinity of
Ksr
(?)
xx#YLj.
-jLg^oV
***$
Xx^YLu "and
in
the
He-Allah
curse
b.
him !
Faraj
b.
Haushab.
Vol. xxviii.]
69
Shiites, etc.
day.
One group believed in the divinity of Abu'l-Khattab Muhamb. Abi Zeinab, a client of the Banu Asad in Kufa.
Their
number grew so large that it exceeded the thousands. They
said: "he is a god, and Ja'far b. Muhammed is a god.
But
med
Abu'l-Khattab
people.
Om.
L. unp.)
(Br. !<X$j) <iiJjo (j*lxJ! tj<. (Br. auuio,
"the
tain.
6
Om.
Ed. Y. om.
10
mad
Ed. A.
'
L4-Lv*JI
See
11
See
The translation
Sheikh."
of this phrase
is
not cer-
See Comm..
Y.
Comm.
Comm.
Ed. Y. al-Hasan.
+Ibn.
O>.JU-H
"
known
as Ibn al-Fardkid."
70
I.
[1907.
Friedlaender,
Hashim.
1-
He was
killed
may
in the
who
was
days
of al-Mansur.
C-
"
J^iist ^>-^? (jb KJ&Lo! -x>Lj (jL$j Be used to
order his followers that the more excellent one of them should have crim1
(tfJ^V
(V-g"*"*
This
is
most probably
Jydl
(Codd.
J^c.
correct.
Ja
JUlt) J
(Br. <XliS?) f\j=?\
-x
"Among
those
'Ubeidallah
b.
^x**^.! ^SjJi
who
b.
&Jo!
^t
r.+v^
iJU3
l^i ^jl
were then killed because they believed in the
Suleiman
o^o
Wahb
b.
Sa'id, called
-Amid ad-Duula
(Pillar of the Dynasty), with the nickname Abu'l Jamal (Father of EleHis mother was the daughter of the Vizier al-Husein b. algance).
Jarah (Br. Mkhld). Together with him was killed for the same reason
Ibn Abi 'Aun (Br. +the Katib). Ar-Radi ordered their execution on
account of it. "
3
L. Br. unp.
Ed. Y.
U^IA^U
4
Ed. misprint *-oU^
The pronunciation
10
11
+Hdshim.
Ed. Y. ioJ>i Jl
'
.L. Br.,
Only
is
uncertain.
^.j
+"inMerv."
kjjojj.
See
Om.
Comm.
virtixki
-xl
kill
them.
au*AJo
They were
all killed,
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxviii.]
b.
71
He
shipped.
them
imposed upon
seventeen
He
Souls.
day and
prayers (every)
8
each prayer having fifteen "bows." Later, hoAvever,
[188], one of the dogmatists of the Sufriyya having argued with
him and having clearly put forth the arguments for the (true)
b
night,
he became a Muslim
religion,
and
his Islam
He
was sound.
renounced
all
upon
followers
11
* His
party
is
still
To
18
a party'
1
and Ed.
L.
115
ii,
<ijy!
line).
"
Ed. Y.
L. every
S
10
11
19
-M*-
See
day
(with a soft
under the
Comm.
his followers."
upon
Comm.
+and
(Br.
"*
,))) 4
*r=*\
'
See
Ed. Y.
night).
JM*.
X ,w.^r>-
" the
religion of Islam."
"
-t-SvlxX^lj
by his own free will."
Om.
Differently
'.77
>
>/
to homoioteleuton.
&JO.J.L
after "Ja'far
(jjivAJ j^jJ! J! |v#j
Ed. Y. x.xjL*J! L. Br. aujL^JI
See Comm.
(sic)
13
19.
v^jl
descent."
"by
Br.
15
Ed. Y.
Abi Talib."
14
RjaJI
b.
L.
xj-o-J!
Br. A.
jbaxjf
See
Comm.
72
[1907.
Friedlaender,
Urdunn
in Palestine
positively
It is
that
two sons
may Allah
be
and may the curse of Allah (rest) upon Ibn Muljam J^these
8
(people) maintain *that 'Abderrahman b. Muljam al-Muradi is
the most excellent of all the people of the earth and the most
9
10
honored of them in the future world, because he purified the
spirit of the Deity from what had stuck to it of the darkness
and turbidity 11 of the body. Marvel ye at this madness and ask
ye of Allah deliverance from the affliction of this and the future
world, for it is in his hands, not in anyone else's.
May Allah
make our portion of it most plentiful
!
*Know ye that among all those that count themselves to the religion of Islam, while adhering to these abominable heterodoxies, '*
J c^
denouncing."
Instead of
"one
(jujI L- ^.A*!
Ed. Y. +
is
the
.
l>
Br.
(
j>t
Om.
L. 'Abdallah.
',
(.W.C
"with
'Ali."
It is
a gloss to
aLLft
which crept
Y.
sub-
stituted.
10
11
5.jJOo
=
^
*J iXCi) instead of
L> erroneousl y
om.
S>tX5^
^jf)
^j!
1,-fJLttj
" Know
ye that all those who reckon these abominable heterodoxies mentioned before, viz., the claim of Divinity, to the religion of Islam."
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxviii.]
that he
who
73
God
Shi'ltes
and
who maintain
is
exempt from
We
now
in
C.
'Alides.
[Printed Edition (=Ed.) IV, pp. 92-94 Codex Leyden(=L.) II, fol. 87aff.
Codex British Museum (=Br.) II, fol. 22 b ff. The variants quoted
anonymously are taken from L. and Br. and, if not otherwise stated,
;
identical in both.]
is
two
only permissible in
parties.
the detestable."
Read
*juxJvJ!
" Shi'ism."
^! JiM j*\lb
+l/:Jo
pretensions."
aJLi
Jj'
,.wO
t>K (instead of
j|.
is."
).
"
"pure."
#
L.
.j^
= LXJ
74
I.
[1907.
Friedlaender,
to
them-
so-called
Rawdfid.
The other party says: The Prophet never put down a written
statement concerning 'All. Yet he was the most excellent of
men after the Apostle of Allah and worthier of the command 3
These are the Zeidiyya, who trace their
'All
b. al-Husein b. 'All b. Abi Talib.
to'Zeid
b.
origin
Then the Zeidiyya fell asunder into several sections. One
than any of them.
4
group said that the Companions did him wrong, and they
declared those of the Companions who opposed him apostates.
*These are the Jdrudiyya.
Another group maintained that the Companions 5 did not do
him any wrong, but he was pleased to concede his rights to
Abu Bekr and 'Omar, who consequently were Imams of right
guidance, some of them stopping at 'Othman, while others
observing a friendly attitude towards him. *A number of peo6
ple mention that this was the doctrine of the Fakih al-Hasan
8
b. Salih b. Hayy al-Hamdani (of the Banu Hamdan).
Says Abu
This
a
*I
in
Muhammed:
is
mistake.
have seen
the book of
Hisham b. al-Hakam the Rafidite of Kufa 9 known under the
title [93] "al-Mizan" (the Balance), that he mentions al-IIasan
b. Hayy and also (states) that his doctrine was that the Imamate
was permissible in all the descendants of Fihr b. Malik. Says
Abu Muhammed: This is the only thing which suits al-Hasan 10
b. Hayy.
For he was one of the Imams of the (true) religion
and Hisharo b. al-Hakam knew him better than those who attribute
to him other views.
Hisham was his neighbor in Kilfa and
7
3
8
&Ju^e JULJ
J^.-Lb
"
..F-.
" the
caliphate."
-
views.'''
See
all."
r$3
8
Jjj.
auUT^
JU> JLwii!JI
al-Hakam, the
+ b. Salih.
pillar
"
Some of
those
who
write on
Comm.
10
+ J.f"
heterodox
b.
*& ^a.Uc.
tWc.
+"al-Kufi."
"for Hisham
Vol. xxviii.]
75
Shiites, etc.
knew him
A11 the Zeidiyya unanimously agree that the Imamate is perall the descendants of 'All, as far as they go forth
missible in
appealing to the Book and the Sunna and carrying (?)' a sword
with them.
Imamate
that the
is
then to 'All
b.
saying of Allah: "And those who are related by blood are the
8
nearest of kin to each other, according to the Book of Allah."
9
Therefore, they say, have the descendants of al-Husein better
10
claims than [the sons of]
his brother.
Muhammed
passes over) to
Muhammed
b.
I):'i\vud
al-Husein.
b. 'Ali b.
b. 'Ali b.
Hisham
Duwud
al-llawari,"
Then
(the
Imamate
13
Mitam, Abu 'Ali ash-Shakkak, the pupil of Hisham b. al14
Hakam, Muhammed b. Ja'far *b. an-Xu'man Sheitan at-Tak,
12
Abu
1
Salih.
+JlSLw*x>
wxj
_AA^^ "inmany of
Singular.
"
cyLftxJf cyL>!,.J
Ed.
Jw^s*..
L.
Jj6.&.
Om.
L. al-Hasan.
propose JL*^..
12
Ed. Br.
lSLJ!
_;,^-
"and
Koran VIII,
w Ed. om.
'
13
Br. i^a^S.
(sic).
See
14
Om.
15
Ed-
Comm.
as."
*"
cannot make
carry."
76.
See
Comm
76
1.
[1907.
Friedlaender,
Muhammed.
the
Imamate
b.
The bulk
Musa b.
son
b. 'All.
Muhammed
4
Musa, then Al-Hasan
This al-Hasan died without offspring and they were
b.
b. 'Ali b.
for seven
'All.
10
years,
number
11
^
alive,
and
5-^5
&*^
(Codd. cylxa.)
But there
He was
is
"
Br. om.
L.
Om.
Om.
Muhammed.
Om.
om. owing
to homoioteleuton.
Lo j! JucLa.
/-"*?
"The death
Lx
man Ra'a."
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxviii.]
'
place in 260.
and her claims
77
this Sakil
still
twenty-odd
3
been accused of living in the house of al-Hasan b. Ja'far an5
Nubakhti* [94], the Katib, and she was (actually) found there
and then transported to the castle of al-Mu'tadid, where she
her,
But they
(the Rawafid) are still waiting for a lost object" since ISO years.
There existed in oldeh times a party which is now extinct,
To
this party
13
11
al-Hanafiyya.
Oru. here.
''
Ed.
'
Oni. yj(.*3
(?)."
odd years."
"
v^JiX^J!
+xJLcyj
'
y^
Unpointed.
L. Br.
Comm.
See
4
acquired her."
See Introduction,
X-jLo
*'-fr
ivhich
p. 19.
tXxi
+ \J}f.
privy he
and
"since hundred
may
oLuo ^! ^
have sunk."
eighty-
LvJ?)
^ -^
Ed. in
all
Ed. incorrectly
U!
L. Br.
a gloss
is
to
L. al-Hasan.
11
XAAk
14
+"b.
Br.
"lot."
Isma-il."
JLc
first
i^o
of the dual
|V$&wyC* instead
the
who
,j.*^t
is
"clearly")
probably due
new name.
78
I.
[1907.
Friedlaender,
suffice.
whose description
II, fol.
Codex
British
Museum
(=Br.)
II,
125 b .]
<,-
oJUs
RXAXiJ'
'
XXxXyJI
Jlfci'
.fc.
cVI
JJii
(*--^
aJU!
^J4>j
!tX5>
-2L*/
--
<^j'
J^i V
3U
V^AX J^Us
xl
Ia^
LJ tybJo
Jl
JU sii
viJUj>
iu^.
l^^j
U J
_ftJL5
NlJiJr
^4^xil.
,j.. V^
L^.jLs?!^
.xx)
JoLs
JU
o'UIo
\L*.AJI*
s.jijL2.
5
,j..c
/^r^
dL'3 ,^t
Lx^i LJLs
aLx-yi
"many."
JLfti
v^A-XCiX^I
ItXJC
at-Sayyid al-Himyari Allah curse him! was once asked: "who is thy
associate in this doctrine ?" and he answered : " a cobbler in Rai (TeheSee Comm.
ran).'
1
''
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxviii.J
x>
Jo Li'
JUi^
x.i
jJiJI
*iajij
"VI ^^J
Shi'-ites.
committed a
Abu
sin
(consequence) and turned aside from this narrow pass, while the
rushed into it.
The sinfulness of the whole
apostates.
assisted
Codd.
Br.
O-A^
om.
UyA$5
(purposely).
Codd.
Br.
fif^A-
om.
See
p. 55.
80
I.
etc.
[1907.
from
lie
this
who
Says
(of Allah).
L.
om. owing
to homoioteleuton.
number
of this Journal.]
COMMENTARY.
THE Commentary
'
footnote referred
I prefix a
I also
added the
line of the
to.
all
the authorities
made
are
noticeable
to
the
eye.
list.
that the book has not yet appeared in print and has been
used
in manuscript.
In quoting from Arabic sources I have discriminated between
The latter I quote in the
printed works and manuscripts.
original
in
transliteration.
I.
[1908.
Friedlaender,
is
In
my
disposal.
I plead
guilty
specialist will
As
my
to
Arabic.
scarcely
avoidable.
The
remarks
Bulak.
who
died 768/1366.
Cod.
Berlin;
Ahlwardt,
Bagd.
MS.
On Bagdad!
[d.
Paris,
largely on Persian (Shiitic) sources.
History of Philosophy in Islam. English transla-
Draws
de Boer,
tion.
London, 1903.
Brockelmann, Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur.
I-II.
Leipzig, 1898-1902.
Diyarbekri.
Khamls.
al-
Nadim
Leipzig, 1871-2.
[wrote 377/988].
Flflgel.
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxix.]
An anonymous
Second
1J.
edition.
Leyden, 1886.
Muhammedanische Studien
1850-51.
fi
IHaukal. Ibn Haukal [wrote 367/977], ed. de Goeje [Bibliotheca Geographorum Arabicorum II].
Leyden, 1873.
ed.
Sorenson.
Mawakif,
Leipzig,
Iji [d. 756/1355].
Iji.
1848.
Ikd.
Cairo, 1293.
If
Gottingen, 1850.
MS. On
Istakhri
Isfra'ini [d.
[wrote 340/951],
gi-aphorum Arabicorum
I].
Leyden, 1870.
I.
[1908.
Friedlaender,
Kashi.
al-Kashshi
Kremer, Ideen.
Lubb
Leipzig, 1868.
des Islams.
al-Lubab.
Suyuti
[d.
Makrizi
Makr.
[d.
fi
to vol. II.
Mas'udi [d. 345/956]. Muruj ad-dahab, ed. BarMeynard, I-IX. Paris, 1861-77. His information is
incidental and brief, but extremely valuable.
Mirza. MS. Mirza Makhdurn [about 1594], Risalat an-nawfiMasudi.
bier de
PRE
3
.
Protestantische Realencyklopadie,
Third edition.
de Sacy. Expose de
ed.
Herzog and
Hauck.
la
I-II.
Paris,
1838.
Nihal, ed.
Cureton I-II.
London, 1842-6.
wa'n-
Quotations refer to
vol. I.
Sibt,
sirat
1
Mr. Ellis, of the British Museum, kindly called my attention to this
work.
I have been unable to find any statement bearing on the age of this
author. The date given in the text is based on the following calcula-
tions.
The
latter is
in the text.
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxix.]
Cod.
915).
'
ed.
ed.
bundel
Veth],
van
Wellhausen,
zijn tachtigsten
(See this
Leyden, 1894.
Opp.
Berlin, 1901.
Oppositionsparteien im alten Islam.
[Abhandder
Gesellschaft
der Wissenschaften zu
lungen
koniglichen
Gottingen.
V, Nro. 2].
Philologisch-historische Klasse.
Wolff, Drusen.
Leipzig, 1845.
und
ihre
Vorlaufer.
MS.
al-Kasim
From Yemen.
.b.
From Yemen.
Zeidite], Kitab
ter on the Mu'tazila, ed. Arnold.
Yakut. Yakut
Wiistenfeld I-VI.
al-Milal
wa'n-Nihal.
840 b
Chap-
Leipzig, 1902.
[d.
I.
[1908.
Friedlaender,
List of Abbreviations.
Codd. = Codices the manuscripts of Ibn Hazm's Milal wa'nNihal in distinction from the printed edition.
Comm. = Commentary to Ibn Hazm's Milal published in this
:
volume.
= Introduction
Introd.
Br
= British
Museum.
L=
Leyden.
= Vienna.
V
Y = Yale.
Small figures above large figures indicate the line on the page
[28]
am
P. 28,
1.
21
f.
.A
The meaning
5
of
the sentence
is
(LVY
read
It
largely
The
latter,
followed by (J^fr.
or
>, usually designates "to excite, stir
mischief
or
discord, against or among people" (Lane).
up evil,
^
We
author,
who
is
J^
in the preceding
this
sentence.
But our
in a
1
somewhat
The reference
different sense.
is
Thus Ed.
II,
131
22
OUAJ L*
it
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxix.]
(J^rtl "contradiction
anything that has been logically demonstrated
to [28]
nothing but
is
w>*Xu,
"the
i.
e.,
vincingly refuted
left to
V, 79% 80
93
^>
1>
sophistic arguments."
StX^e
v_.JLxI
him except
*-$x^kx>.
"
"suppositions captieuses,
verb
is
with
v-j rei.
Ed. Y, 15*
tX*
Lgj
'^*^
x^?
f^JJ
p-frf
10
" we know of no
proof whatever which they could
s
in
forward
favor
of this nonsense."
Ill, 203
bring
casuistically
^.Ld!
^j-gJI
ow+Xt
feUd! 1-o.J
JJiJ
oo
yjj
JbV!
reads
with a
''alimtu'
'damma' over
the
'ta'."
17,
In
15
accordance with these quotations the sentence under consideration ought to be translated: " and to expound the sophisms that
320A) of
rection.
lx>
&XJ^
..^x
&o
LJ
LtAj l+<o
would be an intentional
is
1.
with
can
rule,
This spelling
ix
may have
been chosen intentionally, so as to embrace the two interpretations given to the word, the one deriving
*z*-\
"to
20
1.
it
cor-
it
from
L*>\
inspire hope."
" to
25
delay,"
Comp. Shahr.
II,
162 b
J^JLJ!
^ (jJ^OAJt
.J*
^U->VI
J^vJI oJU
Z
*
[29]
[1908.
Friedlaender,
JL
JUi
JtX-flS
cX
<M
xo
x-J
_ftx3
sJo-jui-VU xjyolZXJL.
On
AM
io'ites.
mentions him among the prominent men of the Murji'a (p. 108).
- L. 15.
Jahm was executed for his heterodox beliefs
towards the end of the Omeyyad period, Shahr. 19, 60. Makr.
349".
- Ibidem.
20
On
At
al-Ash'ari's
de Boer, 56 f.
orthodox that anyone who attacked him was regarded as an
The devout philosoinfidel who deserved capital punishment.
was
as
a
saint"
It is highly
revered
Isl.
pher
(Dozy,
255).
first
'30
The same
L and
consideration probably
The printer
(see note 6).
202
4
On
the margin
Muh.
f.
Hazm
Vol. xxix.]
Hazm
Shiites, etc.
h
Makr. 357
(died 256
,
23
)
is
On
L. 20.
article
ZDMG.
60,
- L. 24
- L. 25
the principle of
213
ff.
see Goldziher's
"Takiyya"
ff.
f.
10
15
v^
17
Makr. 350 2o
(Haarbriicker 94 'Attab).
counts him among the Mujabbira, admitting, however, that
because of his other views he is generally reckoned among the
Shahr. 63
has
He
On
Mu'tazila.
1.
1.
- L.
2.
30,
died 218 h
Fihr. 182,
n. 7.
Comp. Ed.
I,
109.
[30]
JL>
dU j
^.
jtt
oJLi
U-XJut
LJllj
lib"
&
-3L*,
.+sijs
ff.,
dlJ j
!A^
Shahr. 100.
IZU
88
10
[30]
I.
[1908.
Friedlaender,
V, 343.
- L. 17
5
The names
f.
any
it is
well-nigh impossible
definite conclusion.
14
XLII
de Sacy
b
a
carefully printed manuscripts of Bagd. 49 , 136
62
We
b
.
have adopted
very frequently:
and
Ed Y
Isfr.
8%
iajL^.,
2)
90
78",
17
,
iajLa. L here
I, 36% Iji 340, de Sacy, ibidem.
3)
also
see
note
Ed.
197-198
IV,
V,
(several
(so probably
8),
Milal
is
times).
162
1.
Still
Ill,
120
5)
II,
(iojU>).
Ed. here.
Masudi
4)
(Jijjb).
here
2)
u-^b
(j-jjL*
6) (j"jjLc
IV,
17
We
have followed
9)
Jijjb (^jj
18
5)
(j-?
Isfr.
I,
267.
III,
198
(,j? v_jjl
(L unpointed);
Ed.
90
Ed.
of the father's
It is
2 <>50 a .
25
iajU. Ed.
4)
63
^>\
this reading of
1) j^^JLx)
Milal V,
3)
u-jjls
here
(j-jjb Br.
<X^J) Shahr.
a
name
y^jb
43.
(V
7)
(sic).
<X-^I)
8)
b
Bagd. 103
The
punctuation of the manuscript (see Introduction, p. 27).
ending (j*^_=os appears in all these readings. This most
probably indicates Christian origin, the more so as the views of
these
men
show Christian
influence.
1
Note 9 contains several misprints which must be corrected in accordance with the text above.
2 "
Manusch," as Haarbriicker (II, 419) transcribes the reading of Isfr.,
is impossible in the manuscript.
3
Schreiner, Der Kaldm in der judischen Litteratur, p. 63, note 1, is
inclined to accept this reading, and to identify it with the Greek Ndvoc
ibidem).
But the
latter
name
is
Hahoker
Vol. xxix.]
is
Ahmad
IV, 197
20
;
'
.j
Isfr.
(V here
II,
al-Fadl was
^^l
1)
20
Instead of
find:
11
Shiites, etc.
146
64
^^
3.
1.
',
Br.
here and
JwO_aJI.
4)
^sxJt).
3)
(sic)
Ed.
^^\
2)
It
men
is
II,
we
y
o.-j'v^'
120
Ill,
162
b
,
1.
7
,
Shahr. 18; 42
impossible to
consist mainly of
10
Nazzam
Yanush
(or
whatever his
Kaldm
90
17
Ha'it.
- L. 18.
- L. 19.
On
On
the term
"Rawafid"
Appendix A.
The omission in
see
2
.
L. Y.
20
among
31,
1.
- L. 20.
On
so
the close relation between the Shi 'a and the Mu'tazila see
ZDMG.
Zeid
b.
35
12
[1908.
Friedlaender,
[31] (Shahr. 116), whojn turn is said to have received the "science
of Kalam" from Muhammed b. al-Hanafiyya, Zeid. Mutaz. 10
~~
is
II
Abu
Isma'il al-Bittikhi
is
b
'Ajarida, Ed. IV, 190", Shahr. 96, Bagd. 4
adhered
to
the
in
restrictions
Koran
27.
4,
slavishly
of the
20
(p.
23
They
- L. 27.
This view, too, is attributed to the Meimuniyya,
Shahr. 95 f. comp. Noldeke, Geschichte des Korans, p. 277 ff.
- L. 28 f.
See Koran 24, 2; 5, 42 and comp. Ed. IV, 189 4
,
Milal
II,
25 b
1.
'
:
Jli'
JiAA^J! c
- L. 33.
25
The
doctrine
of
Metempsychosis was
current
among
Shi 'a, to
substructure for
many
of their beliefs
so
Souls").
10
17
.
II,
145
is
more
explicit:
jf
Abu
tX^I
Gifar,
^Ui
Vol. xxix.]
13
Shiites, etc.
'(sic)
- L.
- L.
4.
ff.
7.
is
by
5
Comp. Ed. IV, 27
"We
among
10
who maintained
" that
asceticism, the doctrine
of
degree
righteousness and
18
,
"a
part of
aJJI) some who are superior to all the prophets and apostles,
and that he who has reached the utmost limit of saintliness is
15
18
^yS.^
S^JLf!
f.
-*^
>
14
p.
10
&AAwJi
Comp.
(1.
J^l
five sects of
in
8).
each of the
also
- L. 12.
(cf. p.
12
ff.).
The
Imams.
Most
historians of
called Hululiyya.
The change
See
p. 82".
in
30
14
[34]
Friedlaender,
[1908.
On
Hallaj see
Comm.
and elsewhere.
L. 20.
- L. 21.
L. 22.
10
- L. 23.
- L. 25.
On Abu Mansur,
On Bazig, see p.
See
Comm.
p. 79".
p.
24
see p. 89
95
34
;
14
.
on Bayan,
p. 88*.
27
ff.
[35]
35,
1.
ff.
Comp.
'
Koran
sayest.'
6,
152;
7,
Someone
It is not as thou
31) mean certain persons.
said to Ja'far: 'It is reported in thy name
tainly not have told his people something that they could not
know
(Ed.
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxix.]
15
established
How
itic
&
10
J..J9
CJt
L
>
AS
i>^--
">
QvxaJ. &AAXCO
*J
s >lt
-jLl?
*J'
**?
This
Koran
is
the
"\
si
<X?yJ'
(j
|^LwuJ!
1
^jt
dLxAJ Jo)
Kunya
&AJ*
'^.AAXfc^J!
~Avot
w'Li. aLLfr
jtf-^AX
of Ibn Babuye.
53, 43.
i.
till
they died.
e., Ali.
25
16
I.
[1908.
Friedlaender,
J;'
^55
7a
vJ'Jo-o Jlx^L?
xxLojl Lo
*L&
JLai
^1
J^C-
J Jcbl
15
The
(1.
14).
See on this
54".
p.
from Islam by
all
its
author (comp.
p. 8, n. 3).
giduww"
enough regards
(see p.
Islam as a treacherous act of revenge on the part of the subjugated nationalities, is voiced also by other Muhammedan writers,
and
"
e.
Iji 349.
"
I.
new
guluww
into the
Comp. Text
53 1
The expression
faith.
and Comm.
^V wu^f!
^ tXx5
<
(
I
is
and elsewhere.
comp. Ed. IV, 227
3
It is worthy of notice that I. H. repeatedly quotes the
being held by the Jews of his time.
5 > 13
latter
view as
Vol. xxix.]
TJie
17
etc.
behalf, in the same way as did the Saba'iyya and the other sects [35]
of the Galiya as regards Ali, or as the Khattabiyya believed in the
4
10
Thus I. H.,i5
Jews regarding the apostle Paul, 4
thoughtfully adds (I, 222): "This is something which we do
For they tried the same
not consider improbable on their part.
and
ourselves
our
towards
religion, although this time
thing
the
said to
I refer to
'Abdallah
b. 20
5
Saba known as Ibn as-Sauda, the Jew, the Himyarite may
Allah ciirse him! who embraced Islam in order to lead into
He assumed the leadership
error as many Muslims as possible.
of an ignoble party, who stood on the side of Ali, so that they
might profess the divinity of Ali, in the same way as Paul 25
became the leader 6 of the followers of Christ that they might
believe his divinity.
These are now the Batiniyya and Galiya,
"proprement
aLs \LcLfr.?!,
les
p. 41".
le
nom
"
par
(Dozy s. v.).
widespread this belief was can be seen from the elaborate
s
story, given by Isfr. (71 ) and designated by him as generally known,
how Paul at the instance of the Jews became a Christian, studied in
the Christian monasteries and, having gained their confidence, smug4
How
Ed. 222-
^J)
^-
L. V. correctly
VOL. XXIX.
^j
>
'
'
See
36
p. 18 .
18
[35]
I.
Friedlaender,
[1908.
and the least heretical among these are the Imamiyya." See
more on the relation of Judaism to Shiism, p. 19 10 ff.
I owe the explanation of these two terms to a priL. 29.
" Ibn Hazm's statevate communication of Professor Koldeke:
to
\tt
^Lojl and
\it
y^al
is
'
the
at
immediate
his
successors.
The
'
15
')
[36]
1.
9.
On Sunbad
- Ibidem
(note
20
uncertain.
may
represent
- Ibidem.
was crucified
- L. 11.
"The form
of the
(Noldeke).
- Ibidem.
25
2).
n. 7.
many
different
is
forms of
1.
name
correct.
44
is
f,
still
very
u^-A^^L^!
He
in
- L. 20-21.
Comp. Introduction,
p.
Muhammed's
presentations,
reduced
On 'Abdallah
to five; comp. Goldziher, Jtfuh. St. I, 36.
1
5) see Comm. to p. 71
On 'Abdallah b. Saba, also known as Ibn as-Sauda,
L. 7.
them
35
(1.
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxix.]
2941
19
Isf r.
writers.
Altogether
points from the reports of the theological
the data on this enigmatic personality are as interesting as they
are conflicting they deserve to be made the subject of special
He is generally considered the founder of Shiism, and this, in connection with his Jewish origin, sufficiently
to
explains the endeavors of the Muhammedan theologians
investigation.
many
course of Shiism.
the opponents of the Shi 'a maintain that the root of Shiism and
o
-*
(g>oi Ju
Randism
X,&.AJ!
see
20
Christianity.
They embraced Islam, not because they longed
for it or because they feared Allah, but because they detested
25
11 see p. 100.
- L. 12.
On the Ismaelites see Shahr. 127, 145 f., Iji 349,
IKhald. I, 362, Dozy, Isl. 259 f., Kremer, Ideen 196 f., Miiller,
1.
61
ff.,
de Boer 82
f.
und Araber,
I,
34
17
:
"As
On Mazdak
f.
see'
ff.
the adherents of
believe in
ff.,
I.
20
Friedlaender,
1908
5'Obeid (mFatimides)."
to
1.
38,
[38]
The
Zahirite
the
Zahiriten, p. 202.
The author has apparently in view the belief held
L. 15.
as well as in certain Sunnitic quarters, that the
10 in Shiitic,
regarding
15
' "'
ed.
Comp. Kdmil,
Wright, 264
iU J
A^.
Lo
..
_ L. 23.
uses the
ft+JU
20
jy
&JU!
Lo
y-LDJ
Jyj!
JUi-
^Ipd
JU
U5"
Lo
JJii |!AW
*
-f
^
Lxi
25
^cJLjJ!
(jLuJU
I0v X-U
1.
Ed.
f*H.
Koran
L.
16, 46.
and V.
-co
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxix.]
of the traditionists
138
comp. Ed.
II,
76
20
ff .
ff.
40,
1.
"The
11.
and the
Shiites."
21
y^'j
15
:
JI*1M
- L. 15
(note
6).
XAAJ
*-gJ
Lo I inter-
The reading
Scriptures.
out
p-gJ)
&Lo V
no proof
(is needed)," i.
sufficient to impeach the
e.,
(sc.
10
L* (with-
^jUdjLH)
%^
the infamies in themselves are
infidels.
On
this
meaning of tX*J
we thought
the
name
Prophet):
not true,
anything that
- L. 17
is
not true."
(note 7).
Comp. Text 42, 1. 5 and note 8. I. H.
19
"
a
similar
uses
have here
very
phraseology Ed. IV, 207
set forth the depravities of the adherents of heresy (he refers
We
25
ing familiar with them and from thinking well of their corrupt
words."
42,
lites.
1.
f.
They
30
The
is
now
first
incorporated
See my
place.
35
22
[1908.
I. friedlaender,
von
[42] essay "Zur Komposition
Orientalische Studien I, p. 274
L. 17.
On
L. 18.
43,
[43]
1.
1.
in
f.
Appendix A.
Rawafid
The founder
of the Jarudiyya
is
b.
Muhammed
appointed
20
but
"by
his
name"
from them
(Shahr.:
that
in
au+
olo.
,j^J
But they
Companions
as
differ
infidels
whom
the
Accord-
exception.
this
latter considered
Isfr.,
however,
Imam
is
of
legi-
ult.) insists
common
It is strange that I.
typical heterodoxy
(9
the Jarudiyya:
soSahaba."
condition that they are qualified for the Imamate and present
their claims with the sword in their hands.
Of the three
Imams quoted
in
is
Huseinides.
On
b
the Jarudiyya compare also the account of
Bagd. 9
two
Vol. xxix.]
Iji
The Heterodoxies of
- L. 2 (note
1).
b
352, Bagd. 17
23
"al-Husein"
(also elsewhere)
also
is
and
found Shahr.
Isfr.
12 a
how
It is
118, [43]
known
Muhammed
Kufa
(died
5
17 b
calls
the
xx^-U
-=Li..
^x> J-*s- (with soft- under the line)
10
See further Text 60 and Comm.
- L. 7-8. The belief that the Imams have not died and will
locality tXsi
reappear on earth
is
ites
belief:
amounted to the conviction that Ali would rise from the dead, 25
and that he himself would, after a certain period of time (as a
rule, after forty days), come to life again."
According to the
national dictionaries, Raj 'a signifies "the returning to the
present state of existence after death, before the Day of Resurrection."
(See Lane, sub voce, and the authorities quoted so
It would thus appear that this belief in returning to
there.)
life after death, which was known to the Arabs as early as in the
of,
35
24
[1908.
Friedlaender,
a
Bagd. 18 ,jl$j ^JCtXj! jjc
I
[43]
jooLuiJ! J^i'
Burd
shar b.
i>!jX>Vt
auoLxaJI
^j JuJi
Lo jJf
J,!
xJt^vJ
same
belief,
17
this is
5
0^|uJb.
<,:
LojJI J!
**-?
cyljxVI
Agh.
Ill, 24',
and
(strike out
similarl
Isfr.
Jy
12 a
^.
'
fine horse
We
had
died,
1815 f., IBab., Ithbat 31, Bagd. 5 a (here Muhamcompared with Jesus). 'Abdallah b. Saba, the founder
done," Tab.
med
20
When Muhammed
is
I,
of Shiism (p. 18
f.), is
"Return
"
of
Muhammed.
deny
that
Muhammed
will
Muhammed being
"And he laid down for
return,
As a rule,
Imams of the
1
This form of Raj 'a is probably the real basis of the belief current
the Khattabiyya that they will never die (p. 7229 ). An allusion
among
A friend of
'Abdallah
b.
wf
Mu'awiya(p. 44
11
)
46
5
)
J3U
^Lif!
JLJU
Jy! ^JJI ^f
title
(Fihr. 192 13 ).
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxix.]
25
idea that All was hidden in the clouds, whence he would return [43]
on earth, was very common in Shiitic circles (see p. 42 15 ). The
term Raj 'a /car' e^o^v very frequently designates this belief;
comp. Lisdn and Tdj al-^Artis, sub voce, Nawawi on Muslim,
"~
Sahih
I,
Kremer, Culturgeschichtefo.
51,
Makr. 354 11
~
1
&xJL2..-M
The
*^j*^i ^jjlSUJ!
Muhammedan writers, with extremely few exceptions, ascribe
the authorship of this belief to 'Abdallah b. Saba.
Apart
from the ordinary sources, see also the interesting notice IKhall.
Xo. 645 (p. 26 ) al-Kalbi (died 146) "was one of the followers
of 'Abdallah b. Saba, who maintained that Ali had not died and
would return on earth." To the references given in the course
of this treatise (see p. 42 f.) may also be added Madaini (died
5&tcXcl
jj.x)
^.JUo
p-aJ^oj
10
about 225/840), who reports that al-Hasan, the son of Ali, protested against the belief that God would bring Ali to life on 15
How
earth before the day of Resurrection (ZDMG. 38, 391).
from
in
rooted
this
belief
was
the
masses
be
seen
deeply
may
curious anecdote
the
269).
him:
"When
man?"
to
man
"Ali
life, until
He
said:
called on
will this
God
"You
man
Abi Talib."
b.
brings to
speak
like
life
I said:
"Take
its
They believed
who
x
xJ!
Zo.
Xj Ij^C.
"This will
remain so
26
I-
[1908.
Friedlaender,
Numerous
connection with nearly every Shiitic Imam.
instances can be gleaned from Ibn Hazm's and Shahrastani's
accounts on Shiism. It was the salient feature in the controin
the
Wakifiyya
in distinction
It
10
versies of
Shi'a
now remains
for us to state the relation of the Raj 'a docTransmigration of Souls (Tanasukh al-
Arwah).
if
you
will give
me
"How
He said:
a guarantee that you will return as a man."
"?
else can I return
as-Sayyid said "I am afraid that you will
:
Wafaydt
I,
Tanasukh;
person, Tanasukh the return as a
27-).
In the same
Shahr. 125
13
,
way both
132".
UAJ
fJtyW
(jl
(JJ-12L&M.
He
).
Only in
LJ! JUs>J!
may
be
Vol. xxix.]
The Heterodoxies of
27
a few isolated instances do the two terms seem to be used as syno- [43]
Thus IKhald.
nyms.
(II,
164) says
auuLj
migration or in reality,"
contradicts his
"From him
(i.
e.,
Ibn Babuye
'
&J*Aj
^jJ
cX+J? jy^AA^V
JyiJ!
aLxJ
) **
JULwj
to Ali
We
Opp.
have dwelt on
93,
attached to
it is
a later development.
prophets
"
:
RJUS.
the
same page
before).
to explain Kuthayyir's
28
[43]
I.
[1908.
Friedlaender,
one.
10
today.
which can only have been the outcome of his belief in the Transmigration of Souls, and that consequently the two beliefs are identical.
That Kuthayyir was an adept of Metempsychosis is repeatedly stated
But the construction put on the
in Agh. (see in the text above).
explanatory words is not irrefutable. On the same page a similar
action of Kuthayyir (he hugs Mu'awiya b. 'Abdallah b. Ja'far (see
p. 45), who was a schoolboy at the time, and calls him a little prophet)
action,
is
The "words
(-jLS^
wti
ww
.jo_5
may
signify here as
little
Jb
,j"*>j ~U>t
In
V;A>
cases the explanatory remark may simply mean to imply that the
man in question was an abominable heretic, the belief in Raj 'a being
tinctly different.
1
By way of appendix a
vidual conception of
He
says:
.jo
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxix.]
29
Imams
so as the
any exception,
all
Comp.
Fliigel,
f.).
Jo
[47-]
<r
'
JUis eAj^fcXJl
v
v_>j(3l5Vl
"-
Jo
The word
t.
U!
stXJO
>
is
used by
prosperity:
.wo
ab-oLlJ!
,i
-7
lira
Hazm
(Ed.
I,
139 5 )
5*>Ji
*_g-k**.Aj!
M.A4.j
said to
itself.
to proves
Lx>
J!
)*x>VI
30
[43]
I.
[1908.
Friedlaender,
it
We
On
its
Bagd. and
f.
Isfr.
is undoubtedly
mention this theory in
Ali
connection with the following Imams
'Abdallah b. Saba) Bagd. 94% Isfr. 55 b f ;
(in
a
Index), Bagd. 100% Isfr. 59 ;
Hasan
b.
Muhammed
a
87), Bagd. 18
al-Hasan
97 a
the
name
Abu Muslim
b.
'Abdallah
b.
of
(see
al18
Hallaj (Text69 ),
(p.
said to have stamped his features on someone else, Bagd.
b
The Imamites who believe in the return " of the
Isfr. 61
f.,
is
102%
is
"-
historical, see p. 43
who
really
"
killed,
Ultra-Shiites.
10
Imam was
' '
twelfth Imam, the only one who was not murdered (at least
according to the Imamitic belief), and therefore insist that the
preceding Imams are really dead, have no room for this belief.
But it can be seen from the polemics of Ibn Babuye that this
docetic belief
20
described the
a
favorite
55
d
position (I'tikadat 23 *, in the chapter ija.)*JiXj\j
-liJ!
^sj ^):
Jo
owJ
posterity.
- L.
35
as
is
\^ ox^Li
1*5" Y<Xc
^L*j
This phrase,
^A^.
\jo}i\
forms
a
known,
part of the Mahdi tradition, IKhald.
9.
well
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxix.]
II,
142
from
ff.
31
[43]
IKhald.
149
who maintained 10
his followers,
au!
j \jo
9b
See also
fol.
15
Comp. Tab.
Gen. Leyd.
Ill,
\\as killed
h
during the reign of al-Musta'in in 250 , Tab.
Ill,
1515 ff., Shahr. 119. The general of the Zenj (p. 98) pre-20
s
tended to be this Yahya, Tab. Ill, 1745 (anno 255).
- L. 12
The same
ff.
fact
is
fci
Muhammed b.
J^tU.Aw! ^.j ^AA*s.f
'Abdallah was appointed Sahib ash-Shortah of Bagdad in 237 h 25
Tab. Ill, 1410 8 2 IKhall. No. 366 (in the biography of his
.
..^J
2
This Muhammed cannot very well be identical with the one mentioned Tab. Ill, 1314" who died eleven years earlier. They are erroneously identified in the Tabari index. In the last mentioned passage
S-Ut
tXc
.j
is
to be struck out
with Cod. C.
I.
32
[1908.
Friedlaender,
10
is difficult
stances
it
to put
down
though
rebellion
I,
510
Phinehas.
is
would be
to explain
*-
^-?'
Tab.
Faris.
in
as a
Thus
lAth.
I,
it
mutilated shape.
has one link too
IKhald.
I,
much (Muh.
Tab. Ill, 1165 and lAth. VI, 312 have one link too
(Muh. b,Kasim b. 'Omar). Shahr. 118 penult, and Iji 352
even omit two links (Muh. b. K. b. Ali b. al-Husein b: Ali b.
Muhammed was sent to prison by Mu'tasim in 219,
25 A. T.).
'Omar).
little
The
men mentioned
as follows
Mus'ab
Ibrahim
al-Husein
Tahir
Isma'il
Ish&k
'Abdallah
al-Husein
Muhammed
Muhammed
al-Husein
Tahir
Isma'il
I
'Abdallah
I
Muhammed
al-
Hasan
(sic)
Vol. xxix.]
and he died
33
Shiites, etc.
whom
his mystic
stress).
As
Muhammed b. al-Hanafiyya,
mysticism, see Shahr. (who distinguishes between
the Keisaniyya and the Mukhtariyya), similarly Abu'l-Maali 25
niyya and the disciple of Ali, or of
in the lore of
(who
*-Le!
An
IKhald.
*<Ut}),
explanation,
'
I,
357,
Makr.
ib.,
b
"that Mukhtdr
)
from
a
maula
of Ali by the name so
acquired his heterodox opinions
of Kelson" or the explanation recorded by Kashi 75 that
Mukhtar was called Keisan after Ali's maula, "who induced
him to seek revenge for al-Husein's blood and pointed out to
him his murderers." Closest to the facts is Masudi V, 180:
"They were called Keisaniyya because of their relation toss
the interpretation
is
The
suffix in
V^
literally refers to
Muh.
b.
al-Hanafiyya, and so
it
In accordance with our expositions, however, the suffix must be referred to Ali, who is mentioned a little earlier.
3
VOL. xxix.
is
taken by de Slane,
p. 403.
34
I.
[1908.
Friedlaender,
[44] al-Mukhtar b.
The only
correct explanation
p. 77"),
who
is
designates Keisan
by Ibn
Ila/.m
Abu 'Omra
as
10
name (perhaps
as a
the
So far the name of the sect. As for its tenets, they contain
elements both of the Zeiditic and the Imamitic creed, a circumstance which renders the classification of the Keisaniyya within
Their cardithe bipartite division of Shiism extremely difficult.
20nal doctrine is the recognition of the Imamate of Muhammed b.
edge of mystic
lore."
so
Isfr.
14
among
(the
the
same Bagd.).
I.
Kashi 75 strangely misses the point when he states that Mukhtar was
Keisan "after his sahib ash-Shor^ah whose kunya was Abu
'Omra and whose name was Keisan." See his other explanation above.
2
Comp. Wellhausen, Opp. 89, and the footnote.
3
Ibn Hazm can scarcely he correct when he incidentally remarks
1
called
4
(Ed. IV, 103 ) that according to the Keisaniyya,
fiyya
4
Van
Muhammed
b.
al-Hana-
Vol. xxix.]
The Heterodoxies of
waver on
this
designates
them
35
is
expressly [44]
the more
of the
Imamiyya.
10
pretenders.
Only a fraction of the Keisaniyya, stimulated
3
the
by
mystery that surrounded Muh.'s death, denied his death
altogether, and believed that he was hidden in the Radwa
is
ally Keisanitic.
name
the
of
notice
by Bagd.
(ll
..vJJ!
i^j'jJCj
*J'
1874, p. 165.
4
The dogmatic historians are very well aware of these differences
within the Keisaniyya. See also Istakhri 21 (-IHaukal 28), Yakut II,.
790 30 Masudi V, 180.
.
36
I.
]1908.
Friedlaender,
[44]
It was
distance of seven days from Medina, Yakut II, 790.
considered extremely fertile, and was believed to be one of the
mountains of Paradise."
individual traits, with which the belief in Ibn al-IIanaare properly intelfiyya's sojourn in Radwa has been embellished,
as well as the
in
mind
their
when
we
bear
origin,
only
ligible
The
10
and
jLxy!
158
fiY
J6
^1
OA.4.J
VTiS V
1
J^L?
*J
a.
3
'
au^A^I
xojM.
Still briefer
Isthis
Abu'l-Maali
AbuKarb,
of
whom
nothing else is known, identical perhaps with j^.^XlM jt, whom Ali
banished for his extravagant doctrines, Ikd 269 ?
2
Interesting in this connection is Burton's remark (Pilgrimage to
al-Medinah and Mecca, ed. 1898, I, 222) "I heard much of its valleys and fruits and bubbling springs, but afterward I learned to
rank these tales with the superstitious legends attached to it. Gazing
at its bare and ghastly heights, one of our party, whose wit was soured
by the want of fresh bread, surlily remarked that such a heap of ugliness deserved ejection from heaven, an irreverence too public to escape
:
general denunciation."
Vol. xxix.]
The Heterodoxies of
rr
37
r;'
He
But
(has Ibn al-Hanafiyya been hidden).
in a glen among leopards and lions.
Radwa
the
15
belief that at the end of Time, when Jesus shall have re-appeared
and introduced the Golden Age, "lions and camels, tigers and
oxen, wolves and lambs will graze peacefully together, and
3
This original 20
boys will play with snakes without danger."
idea of the eternal peace extending over the wild animals can
21
still be discerned in I. H.'s words, if we vocalize (Ed. IV, 179 )
Go'
-J SVMJ
also
is
j-j-fr}
found
o
^
tX*J
**+J
\-f-
in as-Sayyid's
poem
(first line
plural,
which
of our quotation).
misunderstood.
Comp. Lane
s.v.
Through Muh.
*J
r>
plural
b. al-H.
The
[See,
however,
we
should
p. 38, n. 1.]
tion.
25
I-
38
Friedlaender,
e. g.,
description, thus,
a
b
Isfr. 10
I, 24, Bagd. ll ,
The other details recorded in this paragraph equally show traces
of the Messianic idea.
"
Conversing with angels" (1. 11) has its source apparently
in the words of as-Sayyid (Agh. VIII, 32, Masudi V, 183)
.
>
Uo^jOt xJo^LJf
&jLk.fJ>.
L. 12 apparently rests
>' o>
J)\o
V5
&.
c^j'j
in
Paradise
he naturally holds
LJ
^j.jl
Kings 17, 6.
Another form of
Messianic influence
20
this
is
sx
tX=*L>
Ju*^fc. fcL^j
ment
^Uy^
.-o
JwwJLI!
(jLxi^L^iJ
jfr,
Shahr. Ill:
comp. Fawdt
I,
24.
This state-
probably derived from a Keisanite poem which is generKuthayyir, Agh. VIII, 32, Masudi V, 182,
2
Shahr. Ill, IKhald. I, 358.
The real character of this conception
is
ally assigned to
25
1
Ms. Strassburg (Spitta No. 12), in the biography of Muhammed b.
al-Hanafiyya. The Ms. is not paginated. Comp. Yakut II, 790'-
^*
Istakhri 21
J.
contrary to VIII,
(=IHaukal
28)
32,
only has
*jjL/o
_^.
Vol. xxix.]
The Heterodoxies of
39
is
is
preserved [44]
i
Bagd.
94'^.
Ibn as-Sauda
(p.
18
36
is
^
a
t^OvXo
quoted as saying:
to
auL^f!^
^A*^!
aujt ci>Lo
Jjj
This "honey and butter" which is the food of the Messias seems
nothing but the t^'3""Jl H^Pfl which, according to Isaiah's prediction (7, ^2), "everyone shall eat that
It is but natural that to Kuthayyir, who
is left
was
at
in the land.
home
in Najd 10
and Hijaz, 2 water appeared a more appropriate article of food
3
than butter (or cream), which was accessible to every Bedouin,
the more so, since the Radwa mountains were believed to be
Musa
b. Ja'far,
is
born 129 and died between 183-186, IKhall. No. 756, Tab.
He w as imprisoned by the Caliph
Ill, 649, see also ib. 2509.
for a time, again imprisoned
been
released
Mahdi and, having
he
was poisoned in prison,
that
assumed
by Rashid. It is
buried
in the Kureish ceme-20
He
was
IKhall. ib., Shahr. 127.
T
tery (yioJ5
by pilgrims
OJJuL?
*jLftx>
^)
Bagdad, and
in
in the time of
*J!
Bagdad!
voLrl'
^] ^.^-.J! ^
grave was
r^*^-
i Oxx)
>?
still
ic-^V
(Bagd. 19
visited
A'* >
).
Isfr.
[add
his
^Vl ; JuoJ!
-
xJCjLAXi/*
L-fl-JLx>) L^-ix! .j^L^Lj
der
Kuthayyir lived mostly in Medina; Brockelmann, Geschichte
His poems are innumerable times quoted by Yakut
arab. Litt. I, 48.
(read
I.
40
The
[44]
sect
Friedlaender,
1908
Imamate,
or
126
Mtisawiyya (*Jj~y
(JjV*?*)' Shahr
b
and others. After his death
Bagd. 19 Isfr. 13 IHaukal 65"
in his
5 his followers still denied that he was dead and believed
more
a
"return."*
They were for this reason designated by
or Wakifiyya (see p. 51),
comprehensive term as the Wakifa
are called the
>
by
"The
Musa
to
b. Ja'far.
They
belief
Mamtura, and
is
a
similarly (fol. 104 )
Ss.-h^'.
this
20
them
to
SsJa^jo
^^L^V^
'Abderrahman: 3
b.
*JCjl
Lo.
y-^
^-V1
who
60"),
(p.
Bagd. ascribes
xj^^-Jt U^J-?
to Shahr.,
According
b. Isma'il
to
it
^^'
said
Yunus
(J-*
^^
Isfr.
Kashi 286
this belief.
tells
Two
One
p.
366
f.
Vol. xxix.J
The Heterodoxies of
- L. 20.
LUW^LAJY.
The name
Shahr. 126
derived from a
man
have nothing to
of
is
this
in
sect
is
spelt
doubt as to whether
or a place
\jj\-*
41
name
this
The other
L^li.
is
sources
considerations, confirmed
by
the^
notice Isfr. 13 a
*#
xI^.UJ!
The meaning
is
Medina
in
148
Nawawi, Tahdib,
during
p. 195
Mansur's
;
reign;
IKhall. No.
10
130;
Ja'far occupies
of the Shi 'a.
His author-
45,
1-
1-
On
15
[45]
is
the
especially
It is difficult to state
2
^..Li?
Ahmad b. Abi
Tusy,
Zeid al-Anbari
says of a
But the reading &juw.UJ! is no doubt correct, as immediman is mentioned who also belonged to the party of
ately afterwards a
Ja'far.
25
42
I.
[45] of
'Omar.
denunciation
ZDMG.
[1908-
Friedlaender,
is
50, 115.
n. 2,
sKeisanite
10
Typical
Khandak
tyrdom for
as
is
it.
The Sunnites
As
the
name Sabaiyya
is
therefore
ZDMG.
frequently applied
36, 280, n. 1.
to ultra-Shiitic
L. 2.
On Ibn
L.
The
3.
is
ff.
was hidden
ascribed by
whence
in the clouds
all
theological wi'iters
(Shahr. 132 ult. ; Iji 343; Maki-357 ; see also IKhald. I, 358)
to Ibn Saba.
While many, or most, doctrines attributed to this
20 is
an early period, as
numerous early authorities bear witness to it. Muslim, Sahih
h
I, 51) in the name of Sufyan (ath-Thauri, died
(Cairo 1284
the
among
extremely popular
Shiites
at
161)
25
v^-"
&* ^
J}*->
SuaiU-N i'
Zeid.
LIJLc.
Maali 158
calls the
Muhammed
104"
-*-*
JkJL5..y'
fol.
b.
Abu'l-
Ya'kub
Aj.Ji*xJt
named
b.
Saba, as one
whom
to
Vol.
xxix.j
LoJo
Jol
y-?i
43
etc.
c>^y )3-
"who was
silly,
weak-minded
clouds!'" (IKhald.
Ali, passing
h
died
The poet Ishak
757
an-Nasa'i,
).
in the
ridicules in a
much-quoted poem
II,
b.
Ali."
' '
:
my essay "Die
is
all
probability
h
(Cairo 1313 )
certain
(d. 103).
Sayan
"He
met Ibn as-Sauda (=Ibn Saba) in Madain.
(Ibn Saba) said: What is the news? I said: the Commanders
of the Faithful (=Ali) has been killed ... He said: Even if
you had .brought us his brain in a hundred bags, we would
surely know that he would not die till he should drive you with
a
his stick."
Bagd. 94 tells the same story, perhaps drawing
6
Jarir b. Keis
in a similar
manner:
woLfc
Jo
43"
Bagd.
94*
Bagd.
c) Joufl.
Kdmil
IBab.,
ed.
Wright
'
Ata,
ib.
Abu'l-Maali, 164
14
p. 30
4
Quoted by Suyuti, Ta'rikh 175, also by ad-Dimishki al-Karamani,
Akhbdr ad-Duwal (on the margin of I. Athir's Ta'rikh, Bulak, 1290 I,
1
')
22 1 1
1.
44
[45]
I.
aJ+?
(J'tLoJ
jl-fl
[1908.
Friedlaender,
XfclxxX?
yj
jJr!)
bj+AAS- (read
WAJ
-A.=.
^jj
&J
x.
c^+j
On Abu Muslim,
L. 13.
10
L. 15
see Index.
ff.
Omeyyad
Caliph in
Tab. II,
He was in temporary possession of the province of Faris, and this is significant in connecHe went so far as to
tion with 1. 16
the mountains of Isbahan.
strike his
order of
him
20
also
him:
Text 71 14
(read (ja.*S)
J^^A+J! ^.jJaiLl
-tlxiJi
xLM
*JLwUO
^J
UmAa>
(sic)
&AM.LjtJt
^tXx^ji aJ
jJ.jJt
JUu
v_.AA.LAO
/*^>j-"?
***}
W?
(read
25
'
The text
is
corrupt
^A
uf-
(sic)
8j-OLJ!
^J
name
of the
Vol. xxix.]
Imamate
45
Shiites, etc.
1
Talib.
is
note 4.)
p. 27,
Iji
and
God's
is
iJLS*
Cod. L.
II, 86"
^.J
Imams:
s
(read tXaJ) IcXsJ ivwO *j.
aJJ!
tX^-1
Of
xs
^"
fr
Juxj
(read JOOLJ)
*J^
viU jJ *
x Xxjb
Leyd. says:
xj
J^JD|
JLi
^e
LXJ.
f--
Bagd.
97*
cy Jj *J i>jiXO
*J
^^
r*t>l
JOL?
^ ojL^
*LxiVt
aJVl
breaks
off.
Between
is
10
46
I. Fi-iedlaender,
On
[45]
[1908.
moun-
tains of
Iji
Isfr. 57".
- L. 22.
On
the
80.
One
of his
stable companions
opinion that man
was
ibidem.
10
is
Malkisidek 3
b. Falig' b.
'Abir
[b.
Shalih]
b.
Arfahshad
b.
Sam
20
Ibrahim."
In our passage
(p.
Methuselah.
parallel
As
any doubt
1
L.
and V.
L. agrees
with Ed.
-
Ed.
L. V.
^JLa,
5
V.
10, 24.
6
^JLo ^j
(sic).
Ed. L. missing.
So L. V.
"L. V.
8
iJU.
Ed. xjiix.
Jjyb.
Methusalem
is
"|^J p'1^
"a
per-
and he
comp.
has nothing to do
Enoch.
Vol. xxix.)
47
Shiites, etc.
M.'s immortality
is
taught [46]
and it is
what extent
ff.,
this
by the Church
Xoah
of
<'it
"rn
I,
Eliezer,
nine Immortals
Eres
who
is
10
still
alive,
Derekh
Ztita, ch. 1.
It is
sage is
nated in Jewish circles merely as
DmDK
"O#-
"
15
immortality, which
Elijah's
of the Biblical report,
is
the Rabbinical legends clustering around Elijah see the exhaustive article (by Louis Ginzberg) in Jewish Encyclopedia V,
122
The
V,
II, p. 78.
25
7,
v**JUi^ "brainless" (Turkish).
The literature on al-Khadir is too extensive to be
- L. 8.
recorded here in
The
detail.
h
legends are found in Tha'labi's 'Arais (Cairo 1306 ), p. 137 ff. 7
h
Damiri, Hay at al-Hayawdn (Bulak 1284 ) I, 338 ff. (sub voce so
Taj
alis
Artis III,
Taj
The famous
Sufi
ib.), just as
note.
48
[1908.
Friedlaender,
existence of al-Khadir
[46] urination of their belief the continued
and Elijah, Shahr. 131, IKhald. I, 358.
L. 10.
Elijah
is
see, e. g.,
6,
Berakhoth
3",
Sanhedrin 98".
who
10
it
many
divided,
47,
1.
3.
" 'Abdallah
b.
Muhammed
b.
[47] as-Salam."
'Abd as-Salam, who defends the belief in al-Khadir, Taj al'Arrts III, 187.
He is mentioned by Ibn al-Abbar, Complementum librias-Silah^ ed. Codera, Madrid 1887, p. .136, No. 483:
2oJudJt (sic)
Talablra
is
situated on the
Tajo, in the
district
of
Toledo,
Yakut
III, 542.
- L. 6. I have not been able to
identify this Kutib with the
He
takes
I.
to Ali
xi!
Usd
xc
^y
\J^-
al-Athir,
al-
'
variant (^tX*J
S^AJ Y)
of the hadith is trans-
Whether
t5
I.
H. in Isnads
med
am
AXicl
p^L*J! tXx^
Ed.
I,
Vol. xxix.]
hadith see
The Heterodoxies of
p.
135
30
.
49
XAJ.r^
that of a reader.
tical
- L. 15.
is
It is
10
with L.
is
absurd."
- L. 17.
The Berber tribe Baragwata in the extreme North- 20
west of Africa formed an independent commonwealth under
His son
Tarif, who claimed descent from the tribe Simeon.
Salih pretended to be a prophet and composed a new Koran of
and Kitti'iyya
aLxXAaS.
The former
is
found,
e. g.,
Masudi VIII, 40; Shahr. 17, 127, 128, 147; Makr. 351". The
latter form is consistently used by I. H., Bagd. and Isfr., also
.M.isudi V, 443, 475.
The form Kitti'iyya as the more unusual
one seems to be original.
VOL. xxix.
35
50
I.
[1908.
Friedlaender,
The nature
[47]
The
successor.
oiJ'j^&jy*
or
J, v_aj'^
->^x>
L_iys
means " to be
reverse of
10
it is
2U*^J
ni'
transfer
cessor.
Imam was
"*
O^-*^ *2y+*
p.
40).
to
(^L*/) the Imamate from the dead Imam to his sucThis state of ,the case is still perfectly clear in Shahr.,
15
Then
v^i'
show: 173
^Hy*
and
&j
/kj
(in
128 ^*-+
were interpreted
^-As*.'i
"
x2y*
in their literal
"
"
meaning to stand still and the construction auX.(*_dJ3') oii*
came in use in the sense: " to stand still at him (at the Imam),"
i. e., to
uphold his Imamate without electing a successor because
20
expression
is
J'^-J
25UV.AJ, XX A*.'
LXjtJ
-r
J^MJ^
*iaj
' l
xj-o
to believe in the
Imam's
*b-'
Juts
or p. 16:
1*4^*}
in
I,
See,
e. g.,
*iai'
&1&I Jl
my
jjjo
^.^Vi
"Then we
are
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxix.]
^J'L*
^o
Both the
or
ib.
iJjLu
^o
51
&AJC&..J
*-^-*j
JLj
in
them-
somewhat
in
elastic
and change
whom
15
Milsa b. Ja'far
(p.
39
12
nickname, Mamtura, p. 40 ). Those, on the other hand, who
admit his death and in consequence transfer the Imamate to his is
(p.
65
11
a Kitti'iy,
i.
e.,
he believed that
b. Ja'far.
Musa was
dead.
Yet he was
Bagd. 19":
Thus Wakifiyya
it in
the sense "to cut off the series of Imams" and allow no further
In consequence, the contradictio in adiecto that those who
Imam.
(i. e., close) the series of Imams transfer the Imamate to their
descendants, is repeatedly to be met with in his translation. E. g., I, 25:
" Andere machen mit seinem Tode einen Abschnitt und fiihren das
Imamat auf seinen Sohn fiber," or, still more nonsensically, 192
"Andere schnitten mit seinem Tode (die Reihe der Imame) ab" and so
cut off
how
these
52
I.
The name
[47]
Kitti'iyya
is
of
"followers of
AH
b.
[1908.
Friedlaender,
found
in connection
Muhammed,"
term to the
cellar."
10
who
term
is
Those agai n
Imamate
&
475; Bagd. 19 expressly iOvXLcUjj'Y!
20
way
13
Isfr.
>J
^J
JUbj and
in the
same
ao^c^lAj'Y!
(jj^t>4 ^)j*)
old Marracci recognized the identity of the Kitti'iyya
with the Ithna'ashariyya. The rebuke preferred against him
The
by de Sacy
(II,
590
n. 1
= Wolff,
D-rusen, p. 83, n. 1)
is
without
justification.
- L.
as 260.
so
5.
The year
early entangled in
This shows
birth,
ency
of al-Hasan's death
is
unanimously given
myth and
itself at
legend.
which
is
is extremely problematic.
Conspicuous in its tendthe notion that he was born on the day on which his
Sibt,
Imam.
(comp.
Vol. xxix.]
Text here,
1.
53
Shiites, etc.
7)
258,
Ithbat 44
1.
e.,
h
sJJy instead of StUj); Ibn Zulak (died 387 )
573; Diyarbekri, II, 288.
Very frequently
No.
IKhall.
in
i.
2 (read
a
Abulgiven, Abu'l-Maali 164; Anon. Sufi 170
See
the
various
Shahr.
IKhall.
ib.
fedall, 222;
suppositions
129-130.
The insinuation that the Mahdi was not born at all I have not
is
15
Al-Hasan, however,
spring.
designated as Abu Muhammed.
The identity of the Mahdi's name with that of the Prophet
which is demanded by the Mahdi traditions is regarded by the
is
To
Imam.
the same end the Prophet's kunya Abu'l-Kasim was conferred 20
The generally accepted Mahdi tradition demands,
on him.
But there are variations
besides, identity in the father's name.
of this tradition which are so trimmed as to meet the special
Shiites as proof of the legitimacy of the twelfth
3
II,
f.
144
II,
ff.
288.
25
this
The motive
anecdote see
of the anecdote
ascribed to
Gerock,
The
ib.
ively.
2
Zeid. Mutaz. II
referring to
Muhammed
b.
al-Hanafiyya.
so
[1908.
Friedlaender,
I.
54
j^yo"
>&&
V!
g***A
V "
there
is
no Mahdi
wv
except Jesus
"
'
^^^
tX^O &&-&& 3
(read
'f-
T^Sx* ^
"that is, none except Jesus talks in the cradle (al-mahd)." See
IKhald. II, 163 and 169.
On the name or names of the Mahdi's
Lines 13, 15, 16.
mother see Diyarbekri, II, 288, IKhall. No. 573, who also adds
io"Khamt" 2 (a sort of fragrant milk). Narjis is given by the
See also Anon. Sufi fol.
authorities quoted by Blochet, p. 21.
170 a
On
this description
(jj*^vi "narcissus,"
names of
auo '(*'
15
4.
(ed. Sprenger),
1308, gives the following definition of "Inspiration" (al-
49,
[49]
p.
1.
ilham)
Jj
2otions a
yo
Stifi
J.j
men-
(?) "),
570 footnote.
is
the reason
why
asked
p. 16.
""
8
y^
Ed. de Slane,
^^
p. 632,
has
U>
^
j
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxix.]
55
But if they arrive at this sophism, then the latter is not beyond [49]
reach of any one man, and their opponents are very well able
to pretend that they have been informed by way of inspiration
1
Imams and
scholars
of the
Shi'a, p. 509:
IV, 97
is
found
in
It is possible to get
).
of oLs
"clever, ingenious."
- L. 9
I took this as an example of some mon-2o
(note 10).
strous (of course, imaginary) charge for which Inspiration might
be invoked.
Prof. Noldeke
9.
^j-*
(j^-
in the text
of
all
and
to translate
(in
He
pre-
"or
that
(lit.
25
heads."
- L. 13
still
One
he
is
278.
It
paragraph
is
possible
are
"If
is
p.
But perhaps
^^x!
' '
characteristic
that you
{OH
of this
I.
to
78-79 (repeatedly).
ilOO #0tr
a bastard."
may
00
all
Comp.
Wl ^"O " as he
S.
Krauss,
is
so impudent,
it is
VymO
clear that
so
56
I.
Friedlaender,
own
to your
[49] will have proved, according
are all bastards.
50,
[50]
1.
Comp.
if.
(read jj^oJl)
5
I.
^f*^ baAM
(Cod. L.
15
)
+ ^)
yOj jyo Ju
*li:2jJi tXA+JUs
(read
Juii'j
x-i-
No. 479, 58
Brockelmann
152.
I,
He was
a pupil of
an-
Nazzam
58
whom
Iji
341.
But
his
orthodoxy
is
socastically adds:
him
briefly
25
Extremely
man and
writer,
by Bagd. and
of Bagdadi's remarks
(fol.
Isfr.
69 a )
sol.
^.j
1
jJI
^fl> 5
Joa.14-1 (sic)
126,
Isfr.
different.
Jahiz as
is
quite
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxix.]
AJO
the Shiites,
J,
XSj [70 ]
^.iX.
XJuMXAJ
S.AA
(read L_OAAS
o*-axAfl
*j
ow4^X
aLxjLjvXJI
/-2L*.
^SXil.
j^xxjl.^.]!
^0
^ ^Axi
U(j
kxilJa^vJiJt
*Jo!
Is this identical
Isfr.
declares
aoLx
it
,v.\.
^-^
-AOXI
Sc^^-"
^LJ! >j!
&j!
-&.
-xis
auJ!
..wO
(jO^xaJJI JC^^
cVSj c^l^UwtaJ!
yc.
.... l^lj,
RJyxJt^JI
,^t
^
j.
la^Ull
57
etc.
LIj>-ft
58
I-
slxJL/ Ja^LLL?
auJI
&xi
[JuolSJI]
)3
w
(j^^
/-^'
^UJt
4^
^j
vsJU-'b
[70
^^ L^Lo
/s^"
/-JW-4'
'
Jo
Vj.
[1908.
Friedlaender,
5-ax
Ibidem.
is
^y* 3, \
man by the name
wise unknown.
of Bishr b. Khalid
is
other-
26
may
Abu
perhaps
Khali d.
p. 98.
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxix.]
59
I.
aAXcJ.
Lubb al-Lubdb s. v.
Agh. VII 9 and
His kunya
him
All
Muh. b.
b. an-Nu'man.
Kashi 122, 123 call
Goldziher,
ib.,
25
hence probably the mistake. See p. 58
His nickname was Sheitan at-Tak (see the sources quoted
above), which, according to Kamus, signifies "the devil of at-io
The Shiites, however, call him
Talc, a citadel in Tabaristan."
Mu'min at-Tak, Tusy ib. Kashi 123. The sect founded by him
509
Shi'-a
1S
),
is
Shahr. calls
it
Nu'maniyya,
He was an adherent
(comp. Goldziher in ZDMG. 61, 75, n. 2).
of Ja'far as-Sadik (died 146), who valued him highly, Kashi
He had a dispute with as-Sayyid al-Himyari about the
122.
is
is
and Kashi.
His book on the Imamate referred to on
by Fihr. and Tusy.
- L. 18.
1.
17
is
by Tusy
duly recorded 20
65
(p.
n
)
is
^j
xliJ! iUJL*fcX>
Hisham
b.
^s. jJI
al-Hakam25
i^UcS"
by
artificial
manner.
He was
once
j>
said
"
:
\J)*Ji*j
it is
forged" ^t
*ff>
Lo LJLfti
oliaJt
Comp. Barbier de Meynard in Journal Asiatique
jLUjL^.
"
245
note:
1874, p.
Quant an surnom Satan du portique, je n'en ai trouve
1'explication nulle part." Correct ibidem Hisham b. al-Hakain for Hi-
cham
s
b.
Malek.
have unfortunately
lost the
60
[50]
/.
[1908.
Friedlaender,
the verse
in his belief
sp. 61 f.
- L.
mar
His
3.
full
is
name
is
of
(VAX* (instead
***)
but he
b.
Mitham at-Tam-
Ali b. Isma'il b.
p.
io!2; Masudi VI, 369; Tab. (in the variants to the passages quoted
below n.
1)
15
4.
at-Tayyar.
found elsewhere.
Makr. 351
article) 53-58.
24
(
= de
Sacy
589) erroneously
Ali was l>y
II,
aooi'igin
lived
in
He
Basra.
named Text
75
p.
22
client of the
He had
He
25
a dispute with
is
b
Masudi, Fihr., Tusy, Makr. (=de Sacy). Bagd 21
x-o.il
In spite of it, he is reported to have been moderate
j_M.
in the deminciation of Ali's opponents, see Text p. 79 21
comp.
:
^^^
;
p. 80, 82.
Wolff, Drusen,
He
30
is
gave the
1
Tab.
name
2
1
254", 288 inserts between Isma'il
ib.
288 note a.
See, however,
Ill,
Salih.
Kashi 170
There
calls
is
question.
him repeatedly
of
^jo
..kjt, also
t i'^^Ji
c f. ib. n.
who may be
the name (1793 ),
Ja'far as-Sadik
meaning
6
Goldziher, Shi'a 510
_4JixJI.
3
249 13
p.
so that a
mere
who
Joui+AJ
^j
J^.
5).
among
Isma'il,
40".
the intimates of
copyist's error
is
out of the
Vol. xxix.]
61
Shiites, etc.
- L. 11.
which again
Islam.
of this belief
He.
-It
^%j
auyoLoV!
J$'&
^&\J>
*A*S>
,jl
p-^'j
10
tXi'
JJjs
^./o
&
oJW^
,jl5
iiuoLxi!
^fr
(ja-iJ!
xxi
(jL^Jo
xj'
-w^ [15]
au!
^j
*
-tXjl
3,
^xJ!
jut.jj.xiJI
AJI oi-JXi' X
.v*.;.
*Ub V
-.
j!
JXJ!
as
is
to
be expected, from a
76*
62
./.
[1908.
Friedlaender,
[51] "that
The
first
objection
H. discards
I.
briefly,
though somewhat
for their
their contention
10 first
They
heresy.
15
are
How can one be indignant over lies coming from people whose
"
He then prolowest rank in lying is such (as described) ?
He cleverly beats the
2oceeds elaborately to refute this charge.
Rawafid with their own weapons by pointing (Ed. II, 80 16 ) to
the fact that Ali himself, "who according to most of them is a
god, a creator, and, according to some of them, a prophet
25
infallible
shape and, while Caliph, did not fight the interpolators, which
would have been his sacred duty. "Thus the mendacity of the
so
35
stupidity."
Muh.
ziher,
Ed.
II,
St. II,
78 3
111
ff.
<>
See p 16 n 2
3
.
S ee
p< 68-
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxix.]
On Abu'l-Kasim AH Du'1-Majdein
L. 17.
of
the
63
Shiites, 355/966-436/1044,
Tusy, No. 472, p. 218; IKhall., No. 454. His negative attitude towards the "tabdil" doctrine is perhaps implied in Tusy's
remark
both
ao'^jJ! '^^aj
^i
s-oo JoLw*x>
aJj.
in
have restored
it
Note
same
in
"Better to be translated
12.
Text
1.
20.)
Otherwise
(*-$-**
'
or
(Noldeke.)
I could find nothing bearing on Abu Ya'la.
a possibility I would suggest his identity with at-Tusi,
missing."
L. 21
As
f.
the
catalogue of his
as a proper
own
writings, List, p.
name occurs
Fihr. 180".
The
variant
is
calls
is
10
He
I^VA.**
J^x* seems 20
much
easier.
death.
men known
This
however,
belief,
is
attributed
25
to several
27
64
I.
L. 8
52]
is
graph
[1908.
Friedlaender,
own
5
"Those
two
into
Ahmad
b. Ha'it
5
loNanus,
This
is
the belief of
[V
-4-
of Khorasan, of
left.
Muhammed b.
6
Zakariya ar-Razl, the physician,
who
[V-j-tfAe
15
who
made himself
bad actions is
transferred to the bodies of repulsive animals which wallow in
all kinds of filth, which are forced to work, are inflicted witli
20 pain, and are used for
slaughtering." See also Ed. IV, 198 ff.
- Note 5.
The addition of L. Br. is not justified. The
hatred of the Rawafid concentrates itself on Abu Bekr and
soul of the sinner
has
guilty of
7
'Omar.
&JLJ!
-j
&
JL3
-+.+
25
An
fol.
Ed.
_**$'
as curious as
v^Lxxxa
^ s^
^oU. p.
Lo
is
See de Boer,
is
quoted
.,
*.^J'!.AiO
^>o.
10 19 ".
p. 77
typical
&U^sJi
11
p. 10 .
it
C >
52
is
' '
fif.
in Ed.
Ed.
|
Vol. xxix.]
The Heterodoxies of
65
&JUI
aJUt tXx:
j|
jjAjUoJCj
JULc l*jj
WU'
utf
JLi'
^5-"*) ,-v^
xJU!
The story
is
- L. 17.
not impossible.
At any
JL&i ^j
Tjo J^LA*
rate
se
non
vero
22
22
On Hisham
JJ!
He belonged
16
),
but he had also, when still a young man (Kashi 167), come in
contact with Ja'far (Fihr., Tusy), who converted him from his
In spite of
heresies to the orthodox Imamitic belief (Kashi).
the difference in opinion, he held intimate intercourse with
'Abdallah
b.
20
Masudi V, 343.
He was considered an authority on the Imamate question.
When a Syrian once came to Ja'far and insisted, among other
things, on having an argument about the Imamate, he was 25
referred to
is
The theory
of the
He compared
the
Ja'far as-Sadik.
This either refers to Shei^an a$-T&k(p. 59 9 ) or to Hisham
this page, 1. 11.
They both bore the nickname al-Ahwal.
Imamate
Imamate
b.
al-Hakam,
3
Kashi quotes an exact topographical description of his Bagdad residence by an eye-witness.
4
According to Kashi, he died in Kufa twenty years earlier, 179, during
the reign of ar-Rashid. But this can scarcely be correct, as he was a
young man during Ja'far's (died 140) lifetime. See the following.
VOL. xxix.
66
I.
[1908.
Friedlaender,
admitted Musa
In the domain
51
b. Ja'far's death, p.
of
He was
17
the
prominent
of a
b
a
Bagd. 19 125
,
10
representative
14 a
Isfr.
b
15% 54
ff .
346.
Iji
- L. 18.
See Text 75
24
.
Abu
Ali
is
called
the pupil or
His
adherent (sahib) of Hisham in the other sources as well.
by-name is uncertain; see the variants p. 52 note 12 and 75 note
13.
JLCJI
Shahr. 145
JlCi,
the
same
isFihr.
176
Text 75 24
ib.
20
- L. 19.
this question
Ed.
II, 12S.
An elaborate
[53]
(Shahr. 59).
3
" Abu'l-Hudeil b, Makhul
a client of
al-'Allaf,
53,1- 1.
the 'Abd al-Keis of Basra, one of the leaders and foremost men
.
17
aoof the Mu'tazila" (Ed. IV, 192 ), died about 235 (Shahr. 37;
4
IKhall. No. 617
Zeid. Mutaz. 28) at an extremely old age
;
Ja'far
is
so
calls
(comp. Goldziher,
3
delighted
Zeid. Mutaz. 25
it
also
ZDMG.
v^AJCo
j^O,
ib. 177.
oofc'
S^oJL?
Ssb
Iji
exclaims
name
of his father
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxix.]
67
paid a visit to
Shahr. 141.
The
in spite of the
is
rather obscure,
Bagd. 20
gible.
(i
:
St>^-ou> j,
JU>
intelli-
xJ>!
Similarly
Mirza
fol. SO''
15
vl
J c\JLo
^1
*$^\.
Accordingly,
the
But "span"
voce).
characteristic of Hisham's doctrine
Interesting and
notice Bagd. 20"
&>>.*OIX>
A$|
Lj!
*Lci.JC
xJL***J
J-^-'
Perhaps
fj'
(JJ^A-O
,fd
J^^
^JL) ^\ Jl
"Hisham
it
Dozy sub
Jo<X$Jt
is
the 25
_}!
<X*-
.Lcoti
JU
^-
under the
n.
line).
4 and 75
n. 11,
^^
Shahr.
68
I.
Friedlaender,
[1908.
is found Shahr.
Haarbr. 115) Wolff, Drusen4S.
(
^'^4-'
143 (Haarbr. 215) Isfr. 55 a and is also reflected in the reading
On his extravagantly anthropomorof Ed. in our text, note 4.
[53] 77
phistic doctrines see the sources just quoted, espec. Shahr. 143.
- L. 6.
I. H. refers twice to the same belief in his Milal.
Ed.
II,
78
8
:
"Those
extravagant (still)
22
in discussing the question whether
for Ali b. A. T." Ed. V, 3
miracles can be performed by non-prophets, he refers to "the
10 claim of the Rawafid that the sun was turned back twice for
,
He
A. T."
b.
same miracle happening a second time if the reading be corin Babylon ('Irak).
He further quotes a poem by Habib
b. Aus (Abu Tamam, died 231) of which the last verse reads
thus: " By Allah, I do not know whether Ali has appeared to us
and the sun has been turned back for him, or whether Joshua has
1
isrect
20
something entirely
different.
is
found
"
in L. II,
166'' is
omitted
in Ed.
am
(L. unp.)
not certain as to the meaning of
follows a
text
is
rhymed
refutation
by Ibn
A^
Hazm which
sic
^JL^jLj.
missing in Ed.
is
In
The
j!
This remark
is
missing in Ed.
JU*
'r^
gv-rv 7^
offers the
f
Vol. xxix.]
The miracle
of
69
Shiites, etc.
tbe standstill of
Muhammed
seems that
official
' '
At
Sibt,
CA.
..wMh
*-wwo
j! Li!
tJLs
(jj*+x
--~_^.
L*- >
n ***
.-"
^
-^.j
yo.
V*\
auJLc.
,53.
*Sj>,l3
&3
oOv-
Mdu
JU.^N
>ioj^!
liXso
jj
i-a*A:)
Joj
ad.J!
Uc^wj
jLi'^
5J cv\Lo
c^Lcj^o^Jt
-o-xJ!
S.*L.
b
[32
1
I,
al-Jauzl,
500.
2
3
4
I.
70
yj
[53]
s^j
^.^i
&jl
[1908
Friedlaender,
'^UvioJI
^53;
aJ
5
JUi
jLoi V
(Ms.
ui.) eOi.
3*5 J; auJ!
JLiLs
Jb
cyliS'
Jt
L^j'!^ ^LjCAjb' (jbo!^
/^~'^
S.-AJ
gvy
(j
(jJ
-"'j
[33
Q
J,!
^i^J
..
-J<^t
<jV
>
xJLJ!
^-o
Jb Jo
(add ^LuoV!!.*-*
?)
The author
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxix.]
71
AJ
-.i+
jj_*2.AX)
[53]
j
iy*,iX/e aus>.UdLj
Jo.ct.Jt
^<ou
..
^<>Lou!t -jut
/-*ax
L^f
USLl /-^J'
J^ ^^axx> ^jt
1
* W.
iwJj
J.LAJ
(&?}**
*if
o-
i.*.^
-^-fr
X!
<?
*^)
-* (j^.
o.3i
from
It is clear
this
the standstill of the sun (see the legend quoted at the beginning
the verses just quoted speak in the same way of "Wukuf")
and
its
15
attributed to
Hezekiah
(II
of
Kings
Joshua
20, 11 520
38, 8).
Died 547 h
Or
.fA+\.
am
72
I.
[1908.
Friedlaender,
[53]
The
L. 12.
doctrine of
pleases God, he
Bada
may change
(i.
e.
"
"pleasing
previous
if
anything
decision)
by Mukhtar
17
79
The
20
Mukhtar.
Imamiyya, Appendix A)
(p. 136')
a
Shahr. 119 penult.
IBab., however, (I'tikadat fol. 6 ) protests
those
who
the
Imamites
with
Bada.
These
charge
against
people merely imitate the Jews who prefer the same charge (he
2
25
He quotes
apparently means Naskh) -against the Muslims.
Ja'far as-Sadik as saying that he who believes in Bada is a
Kafir.
Bada doctrine
is
quoted lAth. VIII, 21. Abu'l-Khattab (p. 112) and his adhersoents claimed that no sword could do them any harm.
But when
Ui
*JJ Ijo
AS
tf
<M
The text
of this passage
a reproduction.
is
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxix.]
L. 13,
73
The number of
this statement.
(official)
4, 4.
by a Carmathian
dietary restrictions
14
The
Ohwolsohn, Ssabier
is
II, 110.
referred to.
cabbage
reminds one vividly of the popular Shiitic notion which 10
that the sunset
originally was no doubt but a poetical figure
blood
of
al-Husein
and
never existed
the
glow represents
before, Goldziher, Huh. St. II, 331.
- L. 18. This notion is
probably the consequence of the
laid
on the significance of the
the
Shiites
by
great emphasis
AH
name
One
is
("Exalted").
where the prediction of Yahya's (John's) birth
|Lx*-^
>
O"
is
followed by
."0-?V.
aJ <>Ji^ *J.
is
8,
>
-j
J^xi'
^A
Comp.
name with
also
that of
20
Tabellen
Comp. Wiistenfeld,
Ali b. Bekr. b. Wail) kommen
54,1.1.
13.
(i.
feld, Register,
- Xote
- L.
from Nawawi).
1.
'
3.
25
e. g.,
16
.
Note
2.
AH
Mas'ud, C 15.
'Amir b. at-Tufeil, a contemporary of the Prophet, 30
5.
His kunya Abu 'All, see Agh., Tables sub voce
20.
b.
- L.
ib.
3- *'
- L.
xt.
83
x! tub.
31
ff.
I.
H. refers to
in a special chapter
it
more
^XSUUf
explicitly
JuAJi+JI 35
Ed. IV,
74
I.
dan)
Community
[1908.
Friedlaender,
is
its pain.
sects of the
(Muhamme-
its
b.
5
Jahm
But the movements of the latter will decay and they will remain
In spite of it, they will
in an immovable state like a mineral.
10 be alive and
enjoy pleasure and suffer pain respectively. The
party of the Rawafid referred to above believes that the residents of Paradise will leave Paradise and the residents of Hell
will leave Hell for some unknown destination (lit.
whither it
2
See Iji 336; Makr. 349".
is Allah's desire)."
On Abu'l:
'Abdallah b.
Shuneif attacks a friend of I. H. on account of his belief in the
eternity of Paradise and Hell, Ed. I, 19.
- L. 11. The
eternity of the world is taught by the Mu'ama
of the Khattabiyya, p. 114 11 see Shahr. 137
section
20mariyya,
Makr. 352* Iji 346. This belief is the outcome of the doc-
rection
25lsfr 57 b is apparently
remarks:
Jb
jCo 'J^
JLoLuLft
~*&2
.
The way
IxijJt
,j
^^
this
altogether
1
with
Comp. Kashi
Paradise
177
and
an-Nazzam
(p.
Hell.
IBab.,
Ptikdddt
58 6 ) said to Hishani
b.
12''
al-Hakam
(p.
p.
The
85"
last
ff.
mentioned
later,
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxix.]
*s**x
- L.
12,
the Shiites,
ij"*^
LMW
y
.y
75
etc,.
^aJ-Uulj JJu!j
*s-
if.
H.
I give Bekri's passage in translathe right of the Banti Magus there is a tribe called
I.
To
Banu Lamas. They are
name Bajaliyyun. There
tion
[54]
' '
all
of
Kastilia, before
His
(believe) that the Imamate is permissible only in the descendants of al-Hasan, not in those of al-Husein.
Their ruler was
Idris
Abu'l-Kasim
The name
ent form.
calling
name.
him
b.
Muhammed b.
IHaukal 65 21
= Yakut
I,
I.
H.
(Xi-Osj i-v?',
different
ones.
is
in
first 20
are altogether
are the correct
the
In contradiction with
were Musawites
i.
e.
it,
(cf. p.
IHaukal
40),
i.
e.
before 280 h
76
I.
[1908.
Friedlaender,
It is
Yakut IV,
- L.
10
fully
189.
55,
[55]
from
were Kharijites,
this region,
97, 800.
ties
is
Laws
wor-
The
Manu V,
of
''
- Note 1.
On 'Abdallah b. Yasin, the founder of the
Almoravide dynasty (middle llth century), see Dozy, Isl. 359 ff.
20 The
by-name al-Muttawwi' I have not found elsewhere.
sources.
- L. 22.
-liJ!
xJa*wJuJi
more
literally
" who
occupy the
diyya who are entirely free from it, the Imamiyya who partly
adhere to it (comp., e. g., Raj 'a, Tanasukh, etc.), and the
The reading of L. Br.'
Galiya who unflinchingly profess it.
(note 6) "who keep back from guluww" is thus justified.
However
35
any
this
affinity
chapter
47,
1.
be, the
^jL ^oj ^
Note
Hadith
may
7.
They betray
insist that
8f.
Muhammed
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxix.]
77
- Note
theism
is
56 J
H. (Ed.
I,
138 )veryi5
Allah
"
!
- L. 13
f.
But there
birth, see
- L.
Hisham
I.
15
I,
The reading
7).
On Muhammed's
;
in the
ff.
266
is
Tab.
1789
I,
ff.
I,
3467
12
so
ff.
is unprejudiced enough to
interesting to observe that I.
point
out that Muhammed was above middle-size.
The other writers
1
Allusion to Koran II, 91, comp.
dem Judentum aufgenommen, p. 13.
*
80, and
Geiger,
Was
I,
54*
V. + xJL*
JL
Sj-yJU
Ed. L. missing.
hat
Muhammed
aus
78
I.
the exact
57,
[57]
1.
medium between
On
ff.
Ali's
but
tall,
the two.
Ill,
[1908.
Friedlaender,
I,
Imams
Sibt,
3470
fol.
(=IAth.
gives a
"
4",
__
5
JJalM j^>
(
ol (read
/-*1-*-''
+*?>x3.-
xxoY! <Xs<X*i
VT5
J'
*J-o!) *-Lol.
,*o!
^o
'
<Xo!
38,
"
^JjCi! J.jj Here comes the big-bellied man !" (ZDMG.
It is characteristic that both Sunnitic
392, from Madainl).
and
15
mention
Ali which
is
sources at
my
this feature of
so
Mohammed's
first
21%
I,
lunar
205.
20
58,
1.
3.
The
is
charac-
Sabaiyya (Text 71 )
niyya and Nuseiriyya, which, according to I. H. (Text 66, 1. 17
and 71, 1. 18), are branches of the former.
- L. 4 ff.
The persons named in the following are the
25 twelve Imams of the
The biographical data
Ithna'ashariyya.
concerning these Imams can best be learned from the list in
Abu'l-Maali, p. 164-165, see Schefer's Introduction, p. 184 f.
more detailed account Diyarbekri II, 286-288. The omission
(in
so
I.
6) of the tenth
Imam, Ali
b.
Muhammed
(al-Hadi at-Taki,
born 214, died 254), is, it seems, not accidental. For in accordance with it, Ali (1. 7) is changed to Muhammed. The same
omission and the same change are exhibited by Codd. L. Br.
Text
p.
76, note 4
and
5.'
Whether
due
to his
10 > 11
his genealogy
is
given correctly.
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxix.]
Note
It is
6.
79
acox is [58]
added only after the name of Ja'far. Ja'far as-Sadik (died 146)
was not only the patron-saint of the Shiites. He was also highly
Of. ZDMG. 50, 123.
reined by the Sunnites, see p. 105
- L. 10.
On the Carmathians, see p. 19, 1. 32. Muhammed
b. Ismfi'il at-Tamm, "the Completer," is the seventh and last
12
-st
"open" Imam
After him
140.
b.
Dikrweih pretended
10
Muhammed b.
15
6
Bagd. 12
ff.
Isfr.
10 6
ff,
Wellhausen, Opp. 74
ff.,
5,
Ed.
gives an
Text
112
I,
ult.
20
34, [59]
and
elsewhere correctly.
Sa'd instead of Sa'id occurs Agh. XIX,
Ikd
Abu'l-Maali
267.
58,
157, gives him the by-name 25
-*if.
According
to Shahr. 134,
specifically designated as
al-'Ijli
is
(of the
Banu
'Ijl)
Shahr.
b
b
a
Iji 344; Makr. 349% 353
Bagd. 95 ; Isfr. 54 56 Tabari
Index (in the text the statement is missing). This is significant
1
134;
wali
of
15
Wright 20
seven men.
in
Ktifa,
;
119,
35
80
I.
[1908.
Friedlaender,
XV, 121 (here they are called by the general name al-Ja'fariyya,
1
The rebels
see p. 107 '"), Makr. 353 , van Vloten, Worgers, 58.
300 ("in Wasit ") Ikd
crucified, Tab. I, 1620*; IKot.
267 (probably quotation from IKot.). According to another
b
I. H. Text 60, 1. 17; Ikd ib.),
version (Tab. 1620 ff
they
were
An
Makr.,
Shiitic circles.
15
The Imamites
solicitously reject
any connection
believed
3
The Harninians,
XL
3
Kessler, Article "Mandaer" in PRE XII (1903), p. 172.
Kessler, Article "Manichaer" ibidem, p. 226, Fliigel, Mani 97, 105.
Chwolsohn, Ssabier I, 482 ff.
,
3
3
perhaps not insignificant that a part of the Banu 'Ijl (see above
lived in Bahrein "completely passed into the Persian nation" Islamisme et Parsisme" in Revue de Thistoire
des
ality." Goldziher,
It is
31
p. 79 )
who
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxix.]
the Shiites,
81
etc.
Abhandlungen
297
des 5.
ff.
is
sources of Mugira's
doctrines.
O
made
It
"Crown" prO)
is
Ten
Sefiroth (Spheres).
The
and
181''
the
in
""))N),
New is
York, 1907,
I,
183.
of
light.
"King
of Light."
1889)
'Am
aJI
and
similar description of
God
is
reflection of
XIV
1
wish to acknowledge
my
who
indebtedness to
my
me
lent
treatise.
5
all
30
82
[59]
I.
Marcus
who
1
:
"When
first
[1908.
Friedlaender,
He
spake the
first
word of
it
[of all
He
the rest] and that utterance consisted of four letters.
added the second," and so forth. In Jewish Mysticism similar
" God created
b
10 notions can be traced.
Comp. Menakhoth 29
:
He and Yod
A similar theory is elaborately set forth in
Berakhoth 55 a
Sefer Yesirah and is to be found in other ancient mystical
It may be mentioned in this connection that under the
15 works.
"
influence of a similar notion the Mandrcan verb
Kip to call"
.
"Mandaer"
20
See
Kessler,
art.
ibid. p.
ff.
Revue
Ikd
*
396, and (as an illustration) IKhall. No. 756.
of the sources dealing with Mugira report that he claimed
g.,
Most
It
f.).
1868.
According to
I.
ij'
s^\J!
^j!
j^fc
,jjLftJuo
-3
comp.
S.
171*
(V
gJL^'
Vol. xxix.]
83
Shiites, etc.
life
them.
'
fell (L.
Name)
and
^sli"
"and it (the Greatest
s^a
on
his
awe?
crown,"
Bagd., Shahr.
flew
fell)
^t
Instead of
L. 13.
Br.
^c
.-
tell
Bagd.
us,
to
Koran
as
found
1:
^tX-M
"he assumed
of
87,
u'f-d'O
*J
sJt
<>
^.
p-J
,v**<
Name was
Shem ha-Mephorash
in the Cabbala.
vt *-
J^V! ibp
identical
the identity
is
frequently
It takes the
down
- L. 15
ff.
The
in heaven.
additional
Gnostic doctrine.
belief
that
from the
tears
of
Achamoth
1
This is no doubt the original version. According to IKot. and
(probably quoting) Ikd 267, he claimed this power for Ali. This may
partly be the reason why these two writers designate Mugtra as one of
the Sabaiyya. For the latter was considered as the party of Ali KOT'
kt-ox.f/v,
2
see p. 101 21
Prof
84
I.
[1908.
Friedlaender,
of a liquid nature
is
"For when
it.
from her
tears,
10
A
:
somewhat
"Whence
similar idea
is
15
20
"fresh."
- L. 18
1.
19
is
XIV,
were made by
" The
a certain
world, again, and all things therein,
of
seven
was
the
too,
Man,
company
angels.
workmanship of
so
angels, a shining image bursting forth below from the presence
hold of
Comp. also Kessler, article "Manichaer," p. 236 ult. ''The rain was
considered to be the perspiration of the toiling archont."
2 =
Gabriel, the Demiurge of the Mandaeans.
1
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxix.]
the Shiites,
85
etc.
the well-known Jewish legend that originally the two luminaries were of equally large size and that the moon was subse-
and
10
2
On the
the angels,
the one wicked, and the other good."
6
lakes see before.
Instead of "the Faithful," Makr. 353 has
!
"the Shi'a."
wt**iJI
15
*>
||
.
^..L<Oj-J1
Extremely interesting
" Some
sage Ed. IV, 69*
people among the Rawafid are of the
opinion that the spirits of the Infidels are in Burhut this is a
4
and that the spirits of the Faithful are in
well in Hadramaut
:
2
another place, I think it is al-Jabiya."
This view is in all probability a reflection of the [60]
60, 1. 1.
Clementine doctrine of the "True Prophet" who appears in
is in
reality
I,
The persons
in
whom
25
XVII,
Magus) as Adam, Enoch, Noah, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Moses;
in XVIII, 13 (in a reply by Peter) as Adam, Enoch, Noah,
Abraham, Isaac, Jacob [and Christ], In both the number so
1
2
XX,
8, 9;
XIX,
12
ff.
See Yakut I, 598, where this belief is derived from a tradition transmitted from the Prophet, Ali and Ibn 'Abbas. Interesting is the remark
that the water of this well is dark and stinking. al-Jabiya is in Syria,
ibidem and II, 4.
4
86
[1908.
Friedlaender,
[60] seven
of
is
prophets
10
Index
(see
"true Prophet"
is
s.v.
Seven).
complemented,
it
that
God
of
15
Muhammed
\JJI iXxc
b.
'Abdallah (see
tX+^xx>
10)
V^\LbJoV aUxslJt
who
.>,^
died in 145:
^Yl#j
2b<
Earth" (Koran
soZDMG.
1.
"
by ^jO\^ abta the beast
38, 301.
Muh.
He
is
briefly
St.
of the
113, comp.
II,
mentioned Tusy
p. 73,
Xo.
139.
- L.
3.
'Amir
b.
Shahr.
14.
- L.
4.
35
Vol. xxix.]
87
Shiites, etc.
heretics
in
which
45 f.
- L. 6.
find
notice Bagd. 97
&j
-frfc
- L. 10.
wj cuo
-i rv--^ aLu^XJ!
aLuX
C-Xi
On Muhammed
Text
see
43.
LC.
JLC.
au?-
aLs -A
as
-AJLJI
-AJL
10
able to fix the date of his birth and cannot therefore confirm
b
the statement preserved in L. Br. (note 5).
Bagd. 17 and more
a
elaborately 96
reports that after Muhammed's death the
is
Radwa (Text 43
med would bring to life
tains of
n. 7).
seventeen
them
to
of his
Imamate
name and
his identity in
They adduced
father's
in
proof
that
name with
17
the
among
1
is
invested
is
II,
Mugiriyya not
Muhammed
but a
20
man named
wn o
is
i\
^a
- jfl
otherwise utterly
vj
b>^
unknown
25
88
I-
[1908.
Friedlaender,
lungen des
5.
The name
L. 16.
5(
'
io!96
10
etc.);
344
Iji
quoted in Dictionary of
(also
T-l,),l,'<il
isBagd.
95V
is
^Lo.
a
Baytin's teachings see Makr. 349', 352^; Bagd. 12% 91
a
a
him
Most writers ascribe to
very elaborately 95 ; Isfr. 56
the same doctrines as to Mugira.
According to Kashi 196, he
On
20
God
of
For
Heaven
a similar
- L. 17
ff.
The following
uncorporeality of
story
is
given Tab.
II,
1620
in a different presentation.
God and
"most emphatically
insists
on the
he
"
30
)
will
come
after me,
whose name
will
is
makes no
differ-
ence.
2
-iUuJf
.A$5
juo
_yjt
who
is
5.
is
assumed
Vol. xxix.]
- L. 18.
89
Shiites, etc.
Abu Hashim
propaganda.
Hashim, who
left
Ill, 24,
2500; IKhald.
ascribe to the
I,
360.
135
f.
larly
1.
On Abu Mansur
1.
JM267;
10
Shahr. [62]
b
b
particu-is
Iji
Bagd. 91% 97 Isfr. 56
van Vloten, Worgers 58. The appellation al-Mustanir,
17
which is not quite clear, does not occur in the other sources.
His nickname "al-Kisf " is explained Shahr. 136 in connection
with his assumption that he was lifted up to heaven, then hurled
downwards and thus became "a fragment falling down from 20
heaven." According to Ikd and Shahr. 136* (the later in contradiction with himself),
to Ali.
- L. 2.
Abu Mansur
Abu Mansur
'Ijl
to
de Goeje),
p.
185
15
:
j*f.
(jj
"To
these
(the inhabitants of
Abu Mansur
friends
(?)
out of the
the
Banu
Banu
Ijl,
'Ijl."
58.
On
Gen. Leyd., which enumerates only the Alides who left offspring,
does not enumerate Abu Hashim among the children of Ibn al-Hanafiyya.
1
next note.
^0
is
so
90
I.
[1908.
Friedlaender,
[62] to the Karmatian theory of the seven prophets and their substi6
The significant passage Kashi 187 (parallel
tutes (cf. p. 79 ).
Ja'far
bear
some
relation to the subject in question.
195) may
1
Kureish, however, struck out six and left only Abu Lahab."
When subsequently asked about the saying of Allah (Koran 26,
p.
),
2
Harith,
Abu Mansur
112)."
- L. 7.
(p.
15
Sa'id an-Nahdi, al-Harith ash-Sha'mi, 'Abdallah b. alHamza b. 'Omara az-Zubeiri 3 and Abii'l-Khattab
Abu
is
not mentioned.
ult.,
heaven and the Lord patted him on his head." The early
Jewish sects under Arabic dominion show a great many traces
which remind one of the early Muhammedan sects, especially
to
20
(note 8)
-L.
25
10.
The
"Word"
styled in Arabic,
Ahmad
/**.> \-2-
am
which
(see
our text
4.
1.
Christ, as he
is
(Logos)
21
Comp. Ed. IV, 197
in
b.
Ahmad
(see p.
one
is
often
and
" both-
b. Ha'it
10
who
f.)
is
eternal
is difficult (see
Dozy s. v.).
,. and the
meaning would be the following Among the pseudoprophets in Kufa seven attached themselves as maulas to the Kureish
and seven to the 'Ijl. The number seven is in any case noteworthy and
hardly accidental. See the Index to this treatise s.v. Seven.
:
P. 195
&L\
&JU! tXx
^Jo^J!
1
p. 195'
See
p. 124^.
^cjo Jt
197 8
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxix.]
and
this is Allah,
the
Word
the son
of Allah
(xJLJI
is
of
91
is
(^A^^-A^!),
-L.
[62]
11.
Comp. preceding
first.
"tafwid" and
e.
quently,
is
quoted alongside of
g.,
(j*dj..AxJL
,j!
^ftj
JJ.AJ
called
415,
He
defines
it
10
fre-
,-j
.. aJJt
is
ioxX^LM. JjJt).
J.iJ!
This doctrine
note.
as follows
xi!
8 JN\
oJUs
-'^-^^-
--
.^o
*
.
aJLM
tX.
v^jtXS'
JLfti
Lj'L/ol.
--
LAAA.!.
^y> ito^
*i
oJUJI
Ahmad
-JtXjlb.
Masudi
Yanush
(see
III,
266
calls
Ahmad
preceding page)
b.
Ha'it and
(ja^/jAJul
lol^fl
On Zurara b. A'yun (died 150) see Tusy 141 ff. He was a favorite of
Ja'far as-Sadik, Fihr. 220. (See also Index to this treatise sub voce
1
Zurara.)
'-
See
p. 19.
25
92
I.
Friedlaender,
[62]
negatively *aiLo
&
<X?
This doctrine
10
last
prophet
- L. 15.
is
76
(p.
38
).
The same
- L. 18
is
ff.
9
Mansuriyya) belong the Stranglers." Shahr. 136 says less
distinctly: "his (Abu Mansur's) adherents thought it permissible to kill their opponents and take away their property."
Assassination
20
terrorists
"
of the
"
eighth
century.
He who
practised
both
"
strangling and "skull-breaking was styled "Jami'," "Combiner." This extremely curious and interesting passage is
reproduced and discussed by van Volten, Worgers in Iraq (in
a Dutch article.
See List of Cited Works sub voce van Vloten,
25
The
Worgers).
Thugs in India, whose beginnings date as far
back as the first Muhammedan caliphs, also kill their victims
by strangling.
The
so
theological substructure for this peculiar tenet is supplied by I. H., Ed. IV, 171": "The command to do right and
the prohibition to do wrong must be carried out with the heart
1
and,
if
35
7, 156, etc.
p. 112 n. 3.
Vol. xxix.]
all
93
Shiites, etc.
the Mu'tazilites,
all
the [62]
note.
63,
1.
and note
1.
The Khashabiyya
are
10
encountered 'Obeidallah
followers
They were,
in
b.
Masudi
= Tab.
II,
1798
):
Ikd 269
"~ i
!>
-
elsewhere.
this
94
I.
Thus Tab.
694
IB
in
al-Mukhtar's rebellion.
who
arrived in
(comp. 693
5
II,
[1908.
Friedlaender,
Husein!"
Abu Muslim
also later in
the rebellion
of
(see
10
use.
It is often written
it
JUAxa. and,
in
is
contrast.
is,
as poor devils
who could
social aspect of the name was early forgotten and the name
assumed a religious coloring. It is frequently used to designate
Thus Agh. XI, 47: "It was Khindif althe Keisaniyya.
Asadi (cf. Comm. 42 where "Khandak" is incorrect) who
20
converted
25
(y^tfcXx)
of
the
Keisaniyya.
This peculiar idea which makes the use of arms dependent
on the arrival of the Mahdi stands in a remarkable contrast to the
Messianic conception of the Prophets (Is. 2, 4; Micah 4, 3).
it reflects the Messianic belief of post-biblical Judaism
Perhaps
so
to be preferred.
207,
*$JLX>
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxix.]
95
fid
put
mouth
into. the
of ash-Sha'bl
be no fighting for the sake of God until the Messiah, the Expected
One, goes forth and a herald from heaven proclaims (his arrival).
The Ran* da say, there is no fighting for the sake of Allah until
the
from heaven."
a rope descends
10
ance of Ibn Saba recorded by Jahiz (Comm. 43 16 ) that Ali " would
not die till he would drive you with his stick," the more so, as,
quite independently of Jiihiz, Zeid. (Comm. 42") reports the
same form of the Shiitic belief "that Ali is alive and has not
died, but will drive the Arabs and Persians with his stick."
Perhaps it is not accidental that Kuthayyir, who was a Khashabi
(see before) an'd had just returned from a visit to the neighbor-
Keisaniyya was
65
^>
20
ff.
- L.
6.
Extremely remarkable
is
But the
adepts of Terror did not even spare one another.
reason given for it and the solemn assurance of Hisham's trust- 25
worthiness leave no doubt as to the meaning of the passage.
- L.
8.
It
is,
whom
(al-Bakir)
had died
(in 117).
V_>XA*>
JyAJ;
"
Rope "gives no
sense.
Iji
Perhaps
_>.*.*
meaning recorded Dozy s.v. " Introducteur," the person who introduces
one to the Caliph The herald announcing the arrival of the Mahdi?
:
[64]
p.
25 n.
2.
35
96
I.
196:
[64] 197.
(sic)
^^
&JjJ; v57*^S
L?f^
^v*J^
^'
'
Ja far a ?~
197:
L*rV?
(sic)
i**?
On some of
[1908.
Friedlaender,
s i)
Comm.
(sic)
^-?j
and Index.
"When Ja'far was told that Bazig had been killed, he exclaimed:
"Praise be unto Allah! There is surely nothing better for
these heretics see
p. 90'
than to be
these Mugiriyya (read Jo*.AJLJf instead of
SyAi+JI)
will
never
for
killed,
repent."
(Kashi 197.)
they
On
10
Ed.
112
I,
ult.
reads
name
see
n. 7.
/*.-?:?
is
I,
112
The weaver's
ult.
Wellhaiisen, Opp. 62 n. 3.
Tosefta 'Eduyoth
Rabbis.
trade in the world.
- Note 10.
See
20
- L.
9.
p.
Mu'ammar
55
it
10
f.
held by the
designated as the lowest
is
is
16
.
appears
For
this
On
reason the reading of L. Br. (note 11) seems preferable.
Sari al-Aksam (with broken front teeth) I have found nothing
except the bare mention of his name Kashi 196, 197 (see this page
In his stead the other sources enumerate as one of the
25!. 1 f.).
sects
of the
^ai*,
s^-^a
Khattabiyya
137 and
Shahr.
others.
L. 10.
i^kJt ,jLo
'Omeir at-Tabban
a
Bagd. 98
is
Isfr.
Makr. 352 12
/-V*-^
Shahr. 137;
5
Most
346 (the latter ^jLo instead of (j^f^, comp. p. 88 ).
probably {j\-& ^J (or ^Lo ^j) is only another reading for
30 Iji
which
is
Comp. Text
69 n
Comm.
7231 113".
,
1.
12-13,
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxix.]
not
recorded
elsewhere.
That he was an
97
significant in
is
'Ijlite
view of
79
p.
34
ff.
'
to Makr., the
According
Omeiriyya erected a special tent in
Kufa for the worship of Ja'far as-Sadik, see later p. 107.
This contradicts Shahr.'s and Makr.'s statement
65. 1- 1-
1)
Mugira,
more
2)
Abu
Mansur,
Bazig, 4)
3)
3
96'" ),
5)
Mu'ammar
Omeir.
or,
The other
perhaps
writers,
3)
15
Mu'ammar,
b.
Mihrweih endeavors
to
win over
He
20
known
Alide.
n. 10.
But
it
Yahya pretended
is
to be a certain well-
II, 506,
Kaliss.
-
lAtli.
Tab3llen
ib.
v_jlx^.,
2-'
6
.
al-Litbdb s.v.
4
s.v.
30
98
J.
[1908
Friedlaender,
J
him."
[65]
^j.*
is
rather hard,
for
it
is
VHP
stands here, as
it
it
20voce:
JC
ji,tXi>j
25
avec
les
Ideen
p. 11,
'Ammar
\^>^
o-:Oi.Xi>-
"Khidache
Chiitisme, p. 49:
ongles,'
dechira
puisqu'il
who quotes
(de la racine
la
was
also
killed
religion)."
Kremer,
by Asad
- L. 12.
- L. 13 ff.
so
'
I.
'
On
'Abdallah
The
b.
incident
Saba see
is
p.
18
f.
The
107),
perished.
Vol. xxix.]
The Heterodoxies of
99
We
art he
who
created us and
parallel p. 198).
who
According
were
It can
who were
be easily
often
made
very
understood
the orthodox
why
Shiites
10
1.
f.
twam
asi."
15
- L.
5.
The same
- L.
7.
The
ants 49.
Isfr.
aJ
aot SuLuLi!
U+Jle.
quoted Kashi 48 and with vari(similarly Isfr. 55'') quotes another locus
verse
Bagd. 94
54"
<T
also
is
this auto-
20
da-fe:
*
dUJ> Jl
lrt>^
U^.i
!^[
xS!
*.CX
13t
^x^
x-o
c *J
AAJ
-olj
^^
r? r
TaMib
Kanbar
514; Tab.
I,
is
designated as a servant
3257
(^)-
He
([i>L=>.)
acts as such
of Ali,
Kashi 48,
100
I.
Tdj al-'Artis sub voce /.-*-*j', and Suyuti, Tarikh 159, call
maula of AH. He was wounded in the attack on Otlimaii,
[66] 198.
him
[1908.
Friedlaender,
Suyuti, ib.
All the authorities quoted throughout this treatise
sand a great many other writers equally attest that Ali burned
ib.
Tab.,
L. 11.
Saba.
icans proper (Tabari, Masudi, lAth. and the minor ones) are
The fact of an auto-da-fe at so early a
silent on this point.
in
itself
is
extremely unlikely. The tendency of the story
period
unmistakable (see
is
p. 99"),
it is
connected with
satisfactorily explained when we remember the pecu15 liar role assigned to this man and his sect by the Muhammedan
Being a Jew, Ibn Saba was made the scapegoat
theologians.
The name Saba'iyya
for all the subsequent heresies in Islam.
Ibn Saba
is
20
Yusuf
his successor
Ikd
'Omar.
"
to
Abu
See, e. g., IKot. 300; Ikd 267. According to Kashi 70, Ali burned
'Abdallah himself. This, however, is contradicted by all other sources
1
_^s.Lo)
of Ibn
Saba, IKhall. No. 645. p. 26. See Comm. 25". The same is the case
.with Mugira (d. 119), see this page 1. 30. Cf. Wellhausen, Opp. 12 n. 1.
Yol. xxix.]
The Heterodoxies of
101
them.
'
Thou
art
Thou
"
The
!'
dent
inci-
31
p.
16
10
of
Christ.
They
As
Imams.
and
religion
by assuming the
is
(con-
sidered by them) a human being which has assumed the attributes of the Deity and (they believe) that God has embodied
himself in his human (corporeal) essence.
This is the doctrine
of Incarnation which corresponds to the teachings of the Christians concerning Jesus."
- L. 17.
The sect named in the following is considered an
outgrowth of the Saba'iyya because it shares with the latter
The Saba'iyya
Cf.
Text 45
- L. 18.
f.,
65"
Apart from
is
is
^^AA/Yt.
called
Makr.
353
26
J^uu
KO.T
and
_**<XJ!
(sic)
_**^<XM
clxj
,.jj
pK3 ^3
1
See Kremer, Ideen. p. 377. The general Afshin (under Mu'tasim) did
not interfere with the inhabitants of the province Osrushna who styled
him "Khoda"
25
f.
aUjlAXc. are frequently found, see Text n. 7, Masudi III, 265 and
the references to be quoted presently. The founder of this
sect
20
so
102
I.
Friedlaender,
The 'Ulyaniyya
[1908.
are designated as
Dam-
98*.
Bagd.
- L. 19.
This Ishjik
cX.,sx/o
^.j
is
who frequently
figures in
as a nar-
Agh.
19
Ishakiyya and is closely related to the oSTuseiriyya (p. 127 ).
De Sacy II, 593 quotes besides a sect called Hamrawiyya, which
is he
rightly connects with this Ishak whose by-name was al-
On
Ahmar.
his
in general see
later."
[67]
the divinity of
are the counterpart of the 'Ulyaniyya who believe
in the divinity of Ali.
The literary champions of the Muham-
67,1- Iff-
Muhammed
20
madiyya are al-Bhnki and al-Fayyad, while Ishak b. MuhamShahr. and Makr. spe.ak of
represents the other party.
the two sects but allusively.
Thus Shahr., in speaking of the
29
Ilba'iyya (= 'Ulyaniyya, see p. 101 ), makes the following
25 remark:
"Among them are such who believe in the divinity of
med
50, 120.
Like
all
Rawis, his
as the founder of the Ishakiyya, one of the four Keisanite sects. There
is no evidence, however, for his identity with a certain Ishak who acts
Transoxania as an agitator for Abu Muslim, Fihr. 344 30 as is confidently assumed p. 180 ib.
5
Not to be confounded with the Muhammadiyya, as those who believe
in
ft
Vol. xxix.]
AH
to
in
divine.
Mimiyya."
Muhammadiyya
'Ainiyya. [67]
in the divinity of
both
Muhammed
They
called the
are
They
103
/Shiites, etc.
as regards divinity.
'Ain and Mim are apparently
Muhammed
The name
respectively.
tion of
their writers
critics,
Muhammadiyya,
them, Isliak
Muhammed
(did
it)
b.
by al-Fayyad
Ali
b.
b.
'
as-Sirat.
Muhammed
'
b.
One of
and others.
known
an-Nakha'i,
book entitled
in his
30
as al-Ahmar,
also mentioned
It is
15
p. 67, note 2) in his book known as 'al-Kustas,' in his refutation of the book 'as-Sirat.'
It is further mentioned by the
in
his
refutation
of
the
book
(?
entitled
this
- L.
6.
The name
of the Katib
is
Ali b.
Muhammed
b. al-
Fayyad
284, Bi-ockelmann
I,
in al-Buhturi's
Divan,
The Kasida
headed
is
80.
The
verse quoted
by
H.
I.
is
found
30
The
(another poem, I, 23 is headed jjo^ft! ^j ~^.-.
5)verse is the beginning of a nasib.
- L. 11.
Guweir is a drinking place of the Kelb between
'Irak and Syria, Yakut III, 827.
Bekri, Geographical Diction- 35
ary, ed. Wiistenfeld, Gottingen 1876/7, p. 703, pronounces the
name
-j.iJf
104
I.
- L.
[67]
AbiVl-Husein al-Kasim
16.
[1908.
Friedlaender,
b.
lah) died during the reign of Muktafi in 291, only over thirty
He is described as being very bloodthirsty, IKhall.
years old.
No. 474. The fact recorded by I. H. al-Fayyad's execution
5
my
[68]
hands of al-Kasim
at the
disposal.
68,
1.
f.
man," the
"
is
*J.J>J
Iy
the
of
jw*i
Manicha?ans, the
Adam
belief that
him worthy
tion
15
20
Adam
to
see p. 89 f
intended.
25
Ja'fai
Muhammed.
the
is
Zeid.
seventh
104
fol.
prophet
:i
beginning
as
designates
with
Rawah'd pure
S
among
so
*"
the Shi'a.
^-*^
<Xfr^Vx>
^J
r**-?*
*<y?-'' fjOli
J>f
He
is
cKw
called
***.?>
53,
name
permanently figures in Shiitic literature as authority for everyHe was also highly
thing that bears on religious doctriue.
esteemed by the Sunna. Typical of this unique position of
Ja'far
is
by
^
*>
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxix.]
^J v^U
|JCI
|VJ
xo
is
6J.
-a-
J<. LJ5
105
>
Jjj'
ao!
(sic)
'
AX. &AJ!
U-ui
(jyyij ~Jj-..ejJ
(Ms. ^jtXAAJ)
-*
(sic)
cJ
&
<^t
^.tXAJwa-j *-^y**
(V^--
o>-fc*
'!
10
Imams
Shiites credit
followin
characteristic
manner:
j
.x>
15
.jix^ Jli'
L.*Jt
Lo.
^i^JI
xa.jLv.JI
.(read
It is interesting to
among
the
When
See page
II, 51.
knew 25
56'23 f .
Muh.
St.
106
[08]
I.
Friedlaender,
[1908.
Garmathes 115 f., van Vloten, Chiitisme, 54 f., IKhald. II, 184 f
Bagd's remarks on the subject (fol. 99*) are worthy of repro.
duction
15
K-ftxs*
Jij
(Ms. ^yAJ.
OM..CX
zu
XAJ
"
..ydi'
"!
J1
L/C
f "-
^ji
*.J
Comp. Blochet, p. 13. There was a white and a red "Jafr," ib.
"
IKhald. II, 184 maintains that "Jafr" signifies dialectically " small
and that the book was so called because it was written on the hide of a
small (young) ox. According to Taj al-'Arus, the word signifies sheep
in the first few months of life. Neither explanation is in any way satis1
factory.
Van
The
real
meaning
Vloten, Chiitisme,
word and
that Jafr
forgotten.
inclined to regard it as a foreign
with Greek ypatyri. I am rather inclined to think
note 6
is
connect it
merely a variation of Ja'far to
to
is
of the
p. 56,
whom it is assigned.
5,
[I
have
same explanation.]
3
See Text,
p. 68,
1.
6.
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxix.]
107
- L. 8 ff.
The episode presupposes the allegorical method
Koran interpretation current in Shiitic circles which explains
the religioiis prohibitions as the names of persons and brings
[68]
of
all
religious
commands
in relation to the
Imam,
and Comm. p. 14' ff. It is obvious that the Hajj precept, if for 5
no other than political reasons, had to succumb to the same
allegorical transformation and to become a mere "going to the
Imam" (Text, p. 35 11 ). Accordingly, the Gulat of Kufa arrange
a regular hajj to Ja'far with all due requisites, including attire
and religious exclamations (Labbaika Ja'far, 1. 10). An inter- 10
1
(Comm.
79
36
in short trousers,
shouting:
'"
'with thee ("labbaika") o Ja'far! with thee, o Ja'far!
At first
one
feel
But
inclined
to
the
two
stories.
sight
might
identify
),
chronological considerations stand in the way of this identificaFor the rebellion of Mugira took place in 119 (Tab. II,
tion.
How anxious the Shiitic leaders were to abolish the hajj to Mekka,
the center of Sunnitic Islam, can be inferred from the pregnant utterance of Abu Ja'far at-Tusi (the author of List of Shy'ah books, died
1
by Mirza,
fol.
65 b
^ g-grv
.y.
( read
,.2*
aJLJ!
X-U!
"
)
2
.wAjLo
(
~
pi.
of
wd
X.
** U>J
>
'
,jlxi'
2.
Prof. Noldeke
to translate
(^^AAJ!
the Strawdealers."
is
inclined to take
\Jjy~
^=)
it
as the plural of
^xAlxJ! ^: "on
^Qj' and
the market of
15
108
I.
[1908.
Friedlaender,
[68] 1619 f.), while the story related in our text plays in the beginWellhausen, Opp. 97, note 1 is
ning of the Abbasside period.
But
the
reference
to
with
hajj incident told in Agh.
sceptical
it is
s
I.
probable.
- L. 11.
Abu Bekr
in 193,
'
t*-
Joj! .-3U
*4xJI
^*
I take (with a great deal of reserve) to indicate that he rememlobers the incident so vividly, as if it were before his eyes.
- L. 17.
15
See
Imam
comp. Comm.
19
Muhammed
32
.
b.
Isma'il
is
the
seventh
- L. 19.
Comm.
p. 104.
Al-Hasan
matians of Bahrein.
b.
He was
killed
by
his
servant in
The reading
301,
^^
20 (n. 6) is
Yakut
II,
122.
that Jannaba
25
this
is
- Note
7.
The form
critical points
30
himself
is
of
about in a tent so as to
1
lAth.,
is
who
Abu
Zahiriten, p.
3,
who
e.
g.,
Tab.
Ill,
ZDMG.
50,
2508
492 "
Yet,
Goldziher,
'Ajjas."
Vol. xxix.]
The Heterodoxies of
109
Sa'id)
al-Jannabi
larly to
it
16
( _j$XAo!)/'
Masudi, Tanbih,
him as "the young man (*ik*JI)
the
The other
his first
10
name, but
make out
is
20
title
referred to here;
see de
morels
Al-
Karmatian Missionary-in-ehief
which approached in significance that of the Mahdi. 2 There
was a Mansur al-Bahrein as well as a Mansur al-Yemen who is
Ilaushab
ib. 204".
made
Abu
of the
Goeje
ib.^
p.
170, n.
1,
204".
Ibn so
officers of
On Mansur
110
[68]
I.
[1908.
Friedlaender,
Halwani and Abu Sufyan, the Karmatian missionaries in MaghIbn Haushab dispatched him to that country (Makr. II,
rib,
10
Blochet
ff.,
ib.).
- Note
ince
Otherwise he
as Ali.
is
called
Muhammed,
e. g.,
Istakhri 24,
Nuweiri (quoted de Sacy CCCOLVI) has Abfl'lKheir Muhammed b. al-Fadl, comp. Weil, Geschichte der
The Banu Ziyad
Chalifen II, 510, Miiller, Islam I, 595.
traced back their origin to Ziyad, who pretended to be a son of
Abti Sufyan and was afterwards acknowledged as brother bv
i^Mu'awiya, IKot. 176. They were settled in Zebid. The Du10
de Sacy CCLV.
Manakh
- Note
-itxj^Jt
Is
8,
1.
5.
(jly-^-J!
is
it
H.'s text.
"En
etablit
I.
Abou Khatem
raves
3
.
I bn
Haushab.
Read
Adhari
^.j.
I,
292
is
It is possible
that
)^
i-, wn o
is
men-
tioned Comm.
among the Karmatian missionaries immediately
before 'Ali b. al-Fadl (see next note), is identical with our man. tj|
17 9
JU! Jocc
__
(ib.)
is
Abu
'Abdallah
ash-Shi'i.
The variant
sohn, Ssabier,
On
o^J)
v_>-wi.^!
Vol. xxix.]
1 '
Nakaliyya
is
found
Arib
various form's.
in
Ill
Shiites, etc.
1
elsewhere,
but [68]
de Goeje)
(ed.
p.
who
^-?
t>jjL*AfcX>,
former works
<3u~wwO
^>J!c>j>.afc,
note e)
(sic, see
r;i
is
jU~/
comp. de Goeje
iii/cl^ji
JJj.
^i
ib.
xxXixJI
p. 99.
s^
it
no doubt stands
Jjij
in
some
recorded
is
&
rise of
Khattabiyya
belong-
ing to
it
article
to
Perhaps
him
(pp.
jLLJi
"jl^J!
187-199),
jvJ'Ls*.
,j.J
I, 462),
calls
<X.^?
may
as referring
him Muhammad
..vJ *.J't^-
^^aiJI
nominis forma."
jj^o
_KM/!, quae
b.
Abi
Lubb al-Lubdb
J^c
^L.J!
20
cst alia
to locate the
'
:
J.I
In separato
tantum eiusdem
passage in lAth.
25
112
I.
Friedlaender,
b! Ldjf
^Ijoj
[1908.
JiAAU-J b!
lLj
{5
^tXu,Vi
J^>Y! ollJt
i^LuJoJ!
(p.
187).
^\
,-j.J
tX+,3?
or tXJW
the latter Kunya is declared to be correct
g>\ ^J
de
note
2.
Zeid. fol. 104" differs from all
by
Sacy CCCCXL,
;
^j3,
5
JLoUiiU
*^.J
Jli.J
soft
under
Js^
10
Islam.
is
sect as well as
to
Vol. xxix.J
113
Shiites, etc.
The orthodox Imamites are anxious to get rid of this unpleas- [69]
Hence the numerous utterances put into the
ant partnership.
mouth of Ja'far which curse Abu'l-Khattub (Kashi repeatedly,
see esp. p. 195) and declare those Avho follow him to be worse
than "Jews, Christians, Magians and heathens" (p. 192, 194;
in the year 138, p. 191 below).
They maintain that Abu'l-
Khattub told lies about Ja'far (ib. 195, 146) and that his
adherents "to this very day smuggle these traditions into the
books of the adherents of Abu 'Abdallah (i. e., Ja'far)" (ib,
146).Abu'l-Khattab was crucified
Shahr.
- L.
Kufa by
'Isa
b Musa
(d.
167),
Comp.
7.
J^LS! vjUarlt
uo
10
in
- L. 9 f
Iji
similarly
Bagd.
is
^\
^J
,J?*>Laft Juu*>;
quoted Koran
21 as the
5,
is
According to Shahr.,
pretension of the Jews and Christians.
Abu'l-Khattab applied this expression to the ancestors of Ja'far,
Makr. (352 5 ) states that he believed
i. e., to the Huseinids only.
Imams
were
like
Ali
and that his (i. e., Ali's) chilthat "the
s
dren were
all
prophets."
More
.,
aL^JJ
frU-j!
Ujojl
A*!S.|
***i!
(l.
JU-2VI
UcL^5
Our text
- L. 11.
25
cles, see p. 72
"men
that
migration.
Philosophically tinged
is
30
114
I.
Instead of
L. 12.
[69]
Friedlaender,
[1908.
the translation
offered in the
text,
which conveys no proper meaning, I would suggest to punctuate the Arabic phrase Ed. IV, 187' in the following manner:
4
in the opinion of
to be lifted
men regarding
up to heaven)
the Sheikh
is
whom
Abu'l-Khattab)." In other words, if anyone, then it is Abu'lKhattab who has no chance to get to heaven. L Br (note 5) read
Pei'haps in Ed., too, &A-&
10
On
is
to be corrected into
coincide.
This
^4-w
Mu'ammar
t^x-fr
^.J
is
po^ibly
-+mc Makr.
28
347
Iji 340, who expresses similar opinions, and with Mu'ammar who advocates the Imamate of 'Abdallah, the son of Ja'far
30
The latter view is assigned by Shahr.
as-Sadik, Makr. 35 1
126 to the Aftahiyya sect, which derives its name from alAftah, the by-name of 'Abdallah b. Ja'far. The name of the
,
15
founder
is omitted.
- L. 18.
Abu Mugith (Tab. Ill, 2289,
20
Abu Muhammed)
al-
One thinks
that Ja'far
iwwLAJ!
sentence.
of Makr.'s
was a god
But
words
(J^c.
(352
xlxco'
10
)
in his
Uitj (j*LJ!
L.s
to bring this
meaning into
^jj!
5>
^xJ
I.
H.'s
Vol. xxix.]
115
Shiites, etc.
101*)
- L. 19.
note 9).
He
- L. 22.
,
[69]
The by-name
of this sectarian
Hamid
Yakut
III,
is iisually
in the
314.
(not
Ibn
H.,
given as
neighborhood of
It
is
evident thatio
we
also find
^ji+
^JUi+XwJ!
I.
H.
*,
note 13 (this
Bagd. 102*.
Fihr. 176
is
who
designates
him
as Katib.
Perhaps this is due to a confusion with the
Katib mentioned soon afterwards (Text, p. 70, note 2, 1. 5).
The reading
L-^i'lvi,
I.
Ed.
I,
The
by the variant
and the extremists among the Rafida " who believe that people
Hallaj,
yjiJ!
j|
abbreviation for
^.j! (probably
_s!ya.J!
^j|
like
,j,jl
Comm. 116 n. 1) and others are Divine beings, while they sit in their
company, discharge the lowest human functions and exhibit human
see
desires.
-
See a
poem
of his transcribed in
Ijl
superscription
^JU!.)
au.fr
&XJ! c -^)
20
116
[69] however,
and
61
Isfr.
J>
call his
Masudi
^Sl
III,
Friedlaender,
[1908.
Kunya
a
a
Bagd. 91 102
-styxJI j-?!.
adherents SJiLxM.
j-?'-
The
5
of
God
good and
in a
himself
first
in
evil
Adam
principle.
and
Iblis,
e.
Thus,
etc.
He
he revealed
g.,
Moses and
called
Muhammed
they were not entitled. IAth. and Abulfeda II, 382, from
I have drawn this information, point out the resemblance
whom
between
this doctrine
is
(p.
126
f.),
Kremer, Ideen 75
Worthy
heretic.
20662),
Mirza
of note
Tusy
ff.
is
allots
official
work
in his
(p.
305, No.
fol.
Ij-Uj p-gj!
(sic)
is >
ityjj!
_j|
^_>!
JaJ!
^xj
^o
k-ojl
If
Ed.
117 14
form of the name and the difference between I. H. (note 11) and the
other writers could be easily explained. IAth. VIII, 372 calls him Ibn
Abfl-Kardkir.
2
This idea is clearly identical with the Syzygy doctrine taught in the
Pseudo-Clementines, RecognitionesIII, 59, 61; Homilies, II, 15 Eecogn.
Ill, 61 assumes ten such opposite pairs.
3
Died 726 ', Haji Khalfa II. 194.
;
Vol. xxix.J
xiLi
JUs
70,
1.
1 f
;jt &Jt=>x
(J>4>LflJf
and note
3^
1.
117
Shiites, etc.
7j
5xJ &.^L}
He
is 5
under al-Muktadir. I. H.'s assertion that he was killed conflicts with the statement of all other authorities that he renounced
ash-Shalmagani in time and thus saved his life. Bagd. reports w
that the ShafSite and Malekite judges were of different opinion
regarding the admissibility of his repentance, the former voting
the latter against its acceptance.
- Note 2, 1. 5.
Ibrahim b. Ahmad
'for,
'Aun
(so
Yakut
Bagd.
ib.
has
f^-Jt
tX*=>>!
<X^?
b.
ib.
^J
Muhammed b. Abi
omits Muhammed; is
,vA;oLj!)
was a wri-
Yakut, IKhall.
in t"he
20
man
mentioned by
is
leave the
JaJii
^AjljXH
r^^
is
109
20
ff.
differ considei-ably)
^vxxJ!
which
I,
(sic) (j*LjuX-j
3.
There
is
H. as a typical
as well as Cod. L
I.
^jD P j-^
IcXsC
(j^r? *+&
^V5
See
no means to deciders
'
The so
only Tab.
Ill,
118
I.
Friedlaender,
[1908.
clause
scarcely correct, as
is
stir
excusable
about 140, IKhall. No. 382; IKot. 191 gives the year 137.
The by-name
10
I.
when we think
The mistake, however,
(died 456).
and
Cordova
Basra.
of the distance between
- L. 7.
Abu Muslim, usually styled Sahib ad-Daula, was
born about 100 h and was assassinated at the command of Manis
-t*-uJ!
(as-Siraj
"Lamp"
or,
better, as-Sarraj
13
11
" Saddler
45 ).
"?) I found only in I. H. (Text here, 36
13
Here I. H. records the
Abu Muslim was dealt with Text 45
1
Abu
of
Imamate
Rizam
b.
Sabik,
He
Muhammad
Muslim.
to
Abbassides.
was an associate
20
Divinity.
^vJi'j
*-Lw*x>
^j| ^t (read
^Lo)
xLo
the
.V.i")
i^l U+-CS
iW
^La^
^AX) ;\i*i Y!
au!
Rizamiyya
of
Isfr.
x.j^/0.
^ty
l+*)
**\
.JLifcX
*^-***
j!
^ 3
L!
Makr. reads
Instead of
-.wA^Jt, see
^jj^
Text
ib.
note
6.
It
was apparently
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxix.]
119
jl^ LJLs
\-o.x+JI
tJj.2
^<XM ^.^
"VI, 186,
Muslim was
alive
(i^J'x^j
-.
variants)
*M
aul,
comp.
Comm.
38 13 ).
He men-
come forth
at a
is
enumerates among the Rawandiyya (p. 121 ff.) the aLx^X^J (see
footnote below) which transfers the Imamate from as-Saffah to 20
Abu Muslim. 2
1
See
p. 30'.
Makr.
354-
is
j^lxxjt
^o
&JjJ
v_/^.Lo
SLJLw
f^>\.
_j|,
de Sacy
T.TX
also
1.
3,
connects
difficulties.
.-?!
(as
Bagd. gives),
e. g.,
^..Ju
from
from
Grammar
jw.+xiJI tXx, comp. Wright,
of the Arabic Language (3d ed.) I, g 264 Rem. b. True, this contraction
does not exactly correspond with the examples given, I, p. 162 A. But
one knows that the abstractions of the Arabic grammarians are of little
avail, especially in the case of the Nisba endings.
120
/.
[70]
Blochet 43
- L.
is
5
9.
354
u!t>
(jLj^s\l^ LgJ
KLiai'
The
name
first
of al-Mukanna'
Hakim
I.
ibjj'
J^ef
Bagd. Abulfeda
H.,
instead
JLftj
(note
of
Lx*ai').
is
him Hashim
He was
^o.
II, 44,
He belonged
to
according
7),
respect-
and lAth.
also found Makr.
Ill, 484'
correctly, calls
perhaps
profession,
Mazdaism, see
Hakim.
10
connection with
his
ff.
not certain.
ively.
VI, 25.
[1908.
Friedlaender,
b.
Bagd.
a fuller
by
the
Ri/amiyyn
Abu MusHe commit-
in the divinity of
According
10
IKhall.
he died through poison, Tab. Ill, 490
Isl.
245
f.
to
another
Abulfeda
ib., Dozy,
ib.,
According
(recorded by Bagd. and Isfr.), he threw himself into a burning
furnace so that his adherents were unable to find his body and
were therefore induced to believe that he had been lifted up to
20 heaven.
lAth. VI, 34 f. gives room to both versions. Bagd.
100 b (shorter Isfr. 60 a ) adds the following interesting notice
about the adherents of Mukanna' at the time of this 'writer:
15
to one version,
aui
^j^-Laj
A^.AAW.
^t
5 y^
(j3}+
Y-
|-
-xi.
Very important
30
doctrine:
s^x
is
Bagd's statement
\^
On
^j
Yakut
I,
(lOO*)
*-'! J**
JLJ3
concerning his
*"
421.
f
Isfr.
has instead
.-aiJ.
> ^LA'/w.^
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxix.]
121
[70]
pLuuV!
\^a _5
"
II
'
/^
*.-o.-'
*.j'
*/.'_.:'
/
'
/-'
Muslim) 2oL*A
Sv..xiJ
/'
_s xi!
(then in
*^X xil
*->
11
,5
(j/.
f..
i***
^
See on this doctrine
- L. 13. Read
p.
85
21
ff.
homage
assigned
it
to the
Omeyyads
or Alides.
15
Masudi repeatedly
them as the (j*LuJf tXJj XJUyi who justified the transfer of the Imamate to the Abbassides on the basis of Koran 8, 76 20
and who hired the corruptible al-Jahiz (d. 255/869) to write
for them to order the book " Kitab Imamati waladi'l-' Abbas."
The latter fact alone, which brings
(Masudi VIII, 56.)
describes
the
to
(fol.
133 a ):
Jo
122
I.
Friedlaender,
[1908.
<'-
[70] (sic)
Jbjoj J!
J^i'
oSLskj x^diU!
Comp.
H. expresses himself similarly Ed. IV. 90
I.
18
also
fol.
12 a
"Another party
says: the Caliphate is only permissible in the children of al'Abbas b. 'Abd al-Muttalib. This is the opinion of the Rawan2
diyya."
It was only a small group out of this large party which
cherished extravagant ideas and, as the Muhammedan theologians
would say, exaggerated concerning the 'Abbassides. This is
10 still
tain
evident from Tab.'s statement III, 418', that it was a cercalled Ablak who arranged the attempt at the deifica-
man
tion of
in other
to join him,"
purposes.
15
The name
of the sect
is
written
abtXij!^
Tab.
ib.,
I.
H. and
82,
129
15
locality
may
more prob-
made an exception
in the case
The
permissible in the
Kureish only."
3
The view set forth in the text is in the main anticipated by de Sacy
LVI f. who similarly takes Mas'udfs statement as the point of departure.
4
It is to be regretted that the editor omitted the variations of this
name, which he declares (III, 82, note b) co be numerous.
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxix.]
123
also other views, note 1) seek the origin of this sect in that [70]
But this view contradicts the express statements of the
region.
Arabic sources.
sect, I
am
II,
a region near
>
s. v.,
This conjecture is raised to cer^cXi->>J!
the
fact
that
IKhall.
calls the very same region <X3tj
tainty by
al-L,ubdb
i-J-?
tX+^-t).
In
Aside from
derivation
is
name, another
found which must be discussed here. Isfr. 10 a
this geographical explanation of the
^J
^1
Makr. 35 l
combine
(add? {*
aJ
(VAwU
Abu Hashim,
o^*^
^-?)
^1
this statement
|*S
JUs *j
t\4^? Jl
15
(*-cibe
(strike out
^?)
(in his
-Xj
^Xiojt tXxc
aur. adJI
*Lx*J!
(j*x
them
as one.
as a whole,
from Riwand
1
De Sacy
in
Khorasan
name
we
124
[70]
I.
[1908.
Friedlaender,
set forth
above
may
remarkable
from the above, is
It is a
Rawandiyya.
15
= IAth.
b
V, 383; Bagd. 103
^ *iUtX$), figures
J! ^~*
j*J .sj^
1
^a!
abcX^j
other sources
among
the Rizamiyya
(p.
118
in the
It is clear that
f.).
One
sects are intimately connected with one another.
The difference
feels naturally inclined to take them for one.
the
-'o
129
Ill,
two
in the
names and
their derivations
identity.
- L. 15.
[71]
25
71,
the
name
p.
100
32
ff.
1-
I-
See
^>J.f
as follows:
&JLJI
+s.
Ju^ Text
37
5
,
Makr. 3G2 18
a
(quotation), Shahr. 112, Bagd. 12 (promiscue sr*-^
10
Isfr.
(reading of
30
Vr^)
^>y^\ (or
of
Y)
VT^ <J"?
^
the
35
sect
Kashi 195";
<^^>\
L Br), Kashi 188
Vfoten
JLo^iL!
ib.
*"^
ult.,
Text 37 (reading
Mafdtih
al-
<Xvfr
cW
The name
in his edition of
71, note 1
Makr. quoted
*^ <^ !s fr
n.
Jy^ Text
(parallel to 195"),
Text 71,
is
p.
&JJ?
and
158, van
of
p. 6;
Worgers,
p.
Vol. xxix.]
1
61, n. 8,
nection
125
Shiites, etc.
Text 71 17
is
Vloten, Worgers
ib.:
O*=U
,JJ OjA^X!
^J
Ci
|V-L
^~
The
inferred from
it
notice
is
that there
'Abdallah's ancestors
and i*.>y
among
responsible for the variations
both
is
much can be
who may be
^1?
and that the name of the sect does not, at least in this case,
necessarily conform with the immediate ancestor of the founder.
10
Very
b.
al-Ansari.
things and
him"
is
Thaur
Mu'awiya
al-Harith
Mu-
Beladori,
Fntuh al-Bulddn,
I,
r
No.
19, p.
&AJ!
^J
Vr
"
(u***^
.vJ
u--
tXJ!
Ahmad
b.
^.'^i
oi'
'Abul-Mahasin Leyden
.
)"<
^'
^J3
30 (biography of
&JJ' lXx
(see variants);
JojlJt
xJU! JULC
IKhall.
Hanbal):
v^vMfJi/0
.r~
U^J
is
126
[71]
I.
Friedlaender,
[1908.
a
According to Bagd. 97 'Abdallah adhered to the doctrine of
that
God
embodies
himself in the prophets and the
Bayan
that
the
Divine
Imams, claiming
spirit went over from Abu
,
Hashim
to
- L.
4.
Text
On
(quotation ffom
is
406)
- L.
16
The "Greatest
is
L.
10
I.
Is 17
ib.
Worgers
Name"
number
the
17
37, n. 3.
6.
Haarbriicker, II,
8.
ib.
express's
c-
f&J>f^
loXiLjJj
kehrte nicht
impossible,
^xs _ J
^>b
U.
~M /"^r^
U^
!yL?j
jvXJt
aJLxi
zur Religiositat
zuriick ")
/*^-rJ
^j
Mann
arc
form
AY hat
is most probably, judging by the stateH. and Makr.,*the exact reverse of it: that 'Abdallah did return to (true) knowledge and religion, and was con-
2oments of
I.
Mu'awiya
44"
ff.
- L. 19.
25
The name
see
Text 45 15 Coniin.
,
f.
and XJwyfl.i (see the readings note 15). The former is also
found Abulfeda II, 388 (lAth. VIII, 220, which is his source.
reads abwuojJI), Dictionary of Technical Terms,
tion
from
Iji;
eel.
p.
1385 (quota-
This difference
so is
citadel
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxix.]
A*!<itique 1877,
Muhammed
I, p.
name from
an adherent of
b.
127
man
al-Hasan
called [71]
al-'Askari
Xuseir,
7
The
(died 260), the eleventh Imam of the Imamiyya, Text 58
Catechism of the Druzes considers the founder of the Xuseiriyya
.
cation of
doctrine
is
the
deifi-
I.
reply:
Ali
is
gives
the Demiurge, see
neous incarnation of
p. 91.
God
in a
They
good and
348),
Iji
more exactly,
10
words,
Ill,
",
in seven such
Muhammed was
All's apostle
his recognition,
ZDMG.
to bring
is
116.
p.
mankind
to
Ill, 302.
Instead of
72,1.1.
t,
originally
XJ*^"
"army"
"army
geographical designation.
He
briefly of
read
district,"
says
"district."
ash.
JuL=.
pi.
[72]
The Jordan
district
with Tiberias
reference to this
outside of
- L. 2
I. II.
ff.
30
Yakut probably
says, referring to
them
(II,
refers to the
her children
lies
128
I.
AH who
But the
Creator."
I.
is
Friedlaender,
[1908.
al-Azdari.
he
the
is
144 5 (comp. Haarbrucker II, 413), Iji 21, 348, see de Sacy II,
559, that the Nuseiriyya (and Ishakiyya) worshipped the children of Ali as well. The modern Nuseiriyya catechism (ZDMG.
Ali in his capacity
as
man.
- L. 8.
This is a reflex of the belief in Docetism, p. 30.
- L. 13.
In his polemic against the Saba'iyya, who believe
10
that a devil was killed in Ali's stead, Isfr. 56 a uses the same
^
argument!
.j-rtj
Ljl
n*
>M
.^
\^o j*-^-*
&Xxi
1^5
*.
The addition in L.
73, note 2.
[73]
15 Zahirite standpoint.
- L. 3.
See Text
34" and
p.
- L.
Br
is
jJ!
jj
characteristic of
Comm.
p.
13"
H.'s
I.
ff.
- L. 6
The name
in
of this Sufi
is
Abu
Sa'id Abu'l-Kheir,
I.
ziher,
30
He was
1049.
a contemporary of
Avicenna (980-1037)
he
is
and consequently
said to have been his friend, Goldziher, ibidem
of I. H. (Text 73").
to
According
Dozy, however, ib. ( Kre1
mer, Ideen,
p.
he founded a monastery
66),
as in the year 200/815.
Khorasan as early
35 doubt incorrect.
The
Sacy
1
He
tombs
Sufis regard
ib.
is
him
(Khankah)
is
in
no
De
in Jackson, Persia
Vol. xxix.]
Abu
129
Shiites, etc.
Sa'id was a famous Ruba'i poet, Browne, ib. 261 if. [73]
his Rubu'is are believed to have a magic power.
Even now
They
number of times
as prayers
- L.
On
9.
The
ff.
On
St. II,
115
1.
4.
- L.
9.
74,
10
Muh.
ff.
On
On
name Rawafid
the
see
is
Appendix A.
He was a pupil of Wasil
b.
- L. 15.
three
first
name Butriyya
the
to both sects.
They
(p.
130
and the
f.),
a
Bagd. 10 applies
accordingly considered
legitimate Imams.
the
reserved
others
their
opinion concerning
him
(Shahr.,
Al-Abtar, however,
3
(sic)
the
'-'
2
not mentioned by him
^^
(sic)
.JLo
^j~?
men
xjyAAJt
t
VOL. xxix.
130
J^^
(j-r
JU-Lwj S-^y^
[1908.
p^*^
^J-?
^ ^
JJt
1^0
bYj ^jf
Friedlaender,
aUa-a^
j!
^j!
- Note
The word
6.
the
xJLixi in
It
by some
15.
those
also
same sense:
60
cyu
^a
unfortunately
lost,
the heresiologists,
^^ftA^fl^
^UiJ! v^O-
Masudi V, 473
His well-known,
Ax^ix>.
title
^ >c^Uu.M ^3 vjLxX3!
v^LiUtXJ!
I
^^
form of
^s ^>
/*^
^^
^-?
it
the latter
/C^T*"'
name
($+^
an(^
of
variously pointed as
Text
^*^'
^^
p.
(J-?
c^**^'-
I.
H.
opinio, sententia."
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxix.]
calls
131
19
Text 30
23 > 26
13
74 [74]
This
b. Hayy, 74
75", 79
rendered intelligible by the fact that
Hayy or, more exactly, Hayyan is identical with Salih; see Tab.
12
s
2517 (and notes), Wustenfeld, Tabellen 9 11
Fihr.
Ill, 2516
peculiar circumstance
is
*>
Hamdan
member
of
a
His
1.
(Bagd. 10
comp. Isfr. 9
S).
daughter was married to 'Isa, the son of Zeid b. Ali, the
founder of the Zeidiyya. Together with his son-in-law, who
the Thaur
;v
10
ib.,
Fihr.
- sLsoJI
oyc-u'
,-vJ
c*.-
U-vu
VC^x).
v-wu
*>J-2- ,->?
Dahabi, Huffaz
Isfr.
9a)
-=!!
15
Jjj
a.
JLss aJXl
A*u
ib.,
,*<
^S*
.x>
...
20
..vJ
jo.
yc
AH
or,
still
confine
narrower, to those of
Fatima
25
(see
'
among
the
ff.),
SbtXjyJt
autxxiJ!
a
^L*.^ registers
book of
his entitled
2
descendants of Ali by Fatima."
Mu'tazilite sect Salihiyya, Iji 340 2 comp. Shahr. 107. This assumption
inadmissible. Our al-Hasan is rather connected with the Salihiyya
,
is
among
p.
120
129"
ff.
Iji
353.
Comp.
30
132
I.
In contradiction to
[74]
Friedlqender,
all
these authors,
[1908.
I.
H.
Hasan shared the orthodox view which admits the Imamate "
in
all
i.
- L.'22.
- L. 23.
10
175,
Tusy
p. 355,
Xo.
771
[75]
1.
75,
This
4.
men
15
legitimate
'
IKhald.
the
20
is
I,
Imamate
See Introduction,
- L.
Comp. IKhald.
9.
Imamate
ib.
- Note
23 and
Comm.
p. 35.
jLY! ^jXj
the
^j! icx!*:
6.
_U.AA**.)!
UJ
JJL
V^ "and
is in him."
According to IKhald.
a written will of
so
p.
AH
in
I,
356, the
Imamiyya claim
-L. 20-21.
See Text 76 s
and Comm.
p.
L. 22.
35
- Ibidem.
104"
ff.
On
ff.
note 20,
Tusy
p.
11
ff.
356, No.
comp.
772, Kashi
p. 66".
Vol. xxix.]
- L. 23.
- Ibidem.
133
Shiites, etc.
[75]
in
him
He
comp. Kashi
is
ib.
- Ibidem.
- L. 24.
- L. 25.
14
- L. 26.
connection
with Ali
Mitham, both
being styled
^^.xXuis
Filii'.
(jfl.iU.jl.
b.
21 b in
+k&A
^J"*)-
incorrectly,
circle.
76,
They
3
1.
Comm.
outlived Ja'far,
and note
p. 19
27
1.
ib.
According
to
father
25
Blochet 51).
32
p.
19 and
- L. 7.
p.
f.),
The
79
s
.
ff.
dUL.>o ^j| which follows immediately is most probably a dittography from the next line. The editors identify this name
with Abu Malik. The difference in the Kunya (Abu Malik and Abu
'Abdallah) as well as in the Nisba (al-Hadrami and al-Isfahani) speak
.
134
I. Friedlciender,
- L. 20.
[76]
On
the
[1908.
contest
77, note 3.
I prefer the
143
"People
St.
ult.
quite clear.
Ja'far?
- L.
10
gj y+.
reading of L. Br
5.
The
2oKeisaniyya
- L. 13.
p.
33
ff.
25
- L. 14.
Kuthayyir 'Azza, so called because of his love to
'Azza, a girl of the Khuza'a tribe, died in 105, the year in
so
I,
48.
'
78, note 2.
[78]
that, as
The remark
in
Ray
Agh. Tables
p.
395" s.v.
^._x+-Lt jJ.**J!
" loue
Vol. xxix.]
- L.
T7ie
135
etc.
made against
often
Muh.
lAth. (VIII, 21) puts it forcibly as well as briefly: " When the
enemies of Islam gave up the hope to uproot it by force they
took to inventing false traditions." The Rawafid are on this
is
p.
16
19
Ash-Sha'bi,
invidious comparison.
of
course,
is
The Sunnites
25
descendants of Ali.
&jf
oo!
-xx>
a stand-
g*jA
^JJQ (Jj)'-*
*-M-*-?
which
is
so
50, 119.
35
See
Comm.
p.
4829
136
I. f}-iedlaender,
Shiites, etc.
[1908.
- L. 10.
[78]
p. 7
the
30
word
is
- L. 17.
5
[79]
The
79,
1.
'
Read vLw
(misprint).
3.
correct
accordingly Text 80
- L. 12.
This is the opinion of Suleiman b. Jarir (see 1. 21).
Shahr.
119: "The nation committed ... a sin which
Comp.
does not reach the degree of impiety." See Iji 3o:>, Mnkr.
.
10
352"
(ft*"-*'
is
instead of
^jU^Lu), Masudi V,
His party
-474.
- L. 18.
- L. 20.
20
This
is
p.
[80]
1.
2.
On Abu Kamil
- L.
7.
See Text 56
80,
see p. 76"
f.
ff.
61, 75 n.
2.
CORRECTIONS.
3 from below
Joseph is oversight for Samuel.
Al-Warrak is probably identical with Abu 'Isa
Harun al-Warrak, of Bagdad, quoted by Mas'udi, Mnruj
Introduction, p. 13
Comm.
1.
p. 15, n. 3.
Muhammed
b.
VII, 236.
Page 78
1.
15.
Comp.
*+&
APPENDIX
A.
THE
term.
literature bearing
Hazm
The abbreviations under which the sources are quoted in this appendix are the same as in the body of the article.
2
The form *>Aj> which may only represent a different spelling of
1
is
Comp. Taj-al-'Arus
36, 280, n.
(see
Lane
Dozy
s.v.),
s.v.
p.
511 6
1.
4
See p. 140, n. 3, and Comm. p. 106 18 Goldziher, Shva 460 6
The first
two examples occur in poetry, the third in rhymed prose.
Whether the variant (jidilJI (Text 63, n. 2) represents an actual
.
usage or
6
designated by a nickname:
.
SwxSX+JI,
*sJ!
RxJlX^!
(jtdil.^JLs
of the
xJLwJt
tU^ydt
name
J.J&L3
is
LoLj
evident from
2L&.(XX+4Jt
Lol.
138
I.
Friedlaender,
[1908.
it.
'
word owes
Zeid
b.
its origin.
al-Husein b.
Ali b.
encouraged by
throne of the Omeyyads.
AH
Kufa
the people of
b.
assist-
h
ance, he organizes in the year 122 an open rebellion which is
to take place on a prearranged day in Kufa.
The governor
Yusuf
legitimacy of the
3
it
Mu'taz.
/k^f
ite,
p. 2).
..
Bagd.
40",
iJyXjL+Jt
137"
uses the
word polemically
name
who
i-s JJiJI
himself a Mu'tazil-
is
derivation.
2
1698 ff.
Tab. II, 1699.
quote the passage verbatim, as it strikingly
illustrates the fundamental points of difference between the two most
important sections of the Shi'a.
II,
We
is
U-g.** 'Y^^-
The expression
^A^XwJI
nated as
^.sEUiJI
^.
Snouck-Hurgronje, Mekka
course of this appendix,
vXM
I,
See Goldziher,
33 n.
2,
^.
(or j^o)
^jxxjf
The opposite attitude is desig(
ZDMG.
36,
280 n.
2,
in the
Vol. xxix.]
said:
They
bly.'
'Why,
then, do
139
Shiites, etc.
this
'
'
If those did not wrong you, then these (the Omeyyads) have not wronged you either.
Why, 'then, should you
call (us) to fight people who are not doing you any wrong?'
They
He
said
here do
you
to
These
'
Imam
He
his father.
We
Avill
is
Imamate
is
after
no Imam.'
The
Comm.
-
6
p. 129-
,o
voce and
3
* fc A.M
Zeid.
It is
is
is
included.
vacillating.
See
l3*-*w
On
this
meaning
Codex B omits
See later
p. 141.
it.
140
I. Friedlaen*/, r,
[1908.
and pious a descendant of Ali. Shrewd as they were, they pretended that this name was hung on them by al-Mugira b. Sa'id
under whom they had risen shortly before and from whom they
had betimes withdrawn. 2 To have been thus nicknamed by so
1
6
quotations in Lane sub voce)
',
b
Bagd. 10
ing,
it
Comm.
But
if
f.
this is to
79.
is
also
Isfr.
assumed
9a
Shahr.
Sa'id, Text 59 f.
in the index to Tabari.
b.
"
it or not
men who desert
This apparently means You may
"
nickname us " deserters." But we are such only because we " desert
Abu Bekr and 'Omar who disregarded the Prophet's will and usurped
the Caliphate rightly belonging to Ali. See later p. 142 f. Barbier de
Meynard, Journal Asiatique 1874, p. 210 misunderstood the verse.
people of error
few
and ungodly
'
'
like
works.''
is
no
doubt secondary.
5
Comp.
also
Nawawi on
Comp.
fol.
If:
lv
U-t-*v
Muslim's Sahih
jj4JiLcL9>
LXXx>.j
'V
}'
*..$J
Jli'
I, 51.
~Z>-
iU3
cXA-C
5,.isLft3
Vol. xxix.]
The Heterodoxies of
141
those
who
and
this is the
original meaning."
It is well known that historical incidents quoted by Muhammedan authorities for the purposes of philological interpretation
cannot always be relied upon, as they are not infrequently manufactured for the occasion.
But no such scepticism is justified
in our case.
Tabari's report is derived from AbH Mikhnaf, who
in the
same
city
and
the
is
Zeid
of the Mu'tazila.
the
Imamate
Imamate was
essentially a question
Caliphs were
legitimate
rulers.
To
Zeid's
a question of birth.
in
and
its
nature
bequeathed to Ali
tary
very
Accordingly,
3
4
opponents the
It
by
express will
dis-
of Allah's Prophet,
6
1
Makr. 352
j
23
sums up
JyUI
*xi
4^ Jo
Snouck-Hurgronje, Mekka
I,
33,
^j!
n.
j*je.
aj.3'
This view
words LJLc
Udj!
<X>\
in
^jo*
142
I.
[1908.
Friedlaender,
the same question formed the point of issue between the legitimists of Kufa and the rationalistic and fair-minded Zeid at the
to take
ruling dynasty.
it
certain
word Rawdfid
that the
The
characteristic
specific
of the
in
RaAvafid, of
connection
those
who
degi'ee, of
of au^fij!
meritorious
of
the
act as
Companions."
"
Rdfida became the designation for this hostile attitude toward
the "two Elders" and the Companions, Itawdfid and its parallel forms the name of those who maintain this attitude/'
Thus
79' 8 .
to
no
attributed
to be favorably inclined
towards Shiism.
6
p. 19' ) is
is
19'20
t>..2~s
jjiijI.vJt
Of. p. 139. n.
1.
On "Sabb"
some very
4
Mirza), 42
ff.,
65 1
ff.
ff.
and ZDMG.
Comm.
28. n.
36, 280.
For
(quotation from
"Rawafid"
and 'Omar,
as
so
Vol. xxix.]
The Heterodoxies of
Bagd
following two
Rawafid as
143
JLs^ the
-*.*
*xi3^
.verses as characteristic of
"Rafd":
J&
o
_s
j^juo.
auot. (^+e.
/**?'
<l
uotes
able
O.,,-
is
\jo
juiAXcJI
<XLc
'
^Jv4JlJI
vu
&i^L=. LaJ
(
j^0
fSfcvA.t
<X^&2
L^
W^i>.
yi.Lj' jutjuiJ!
f-
y-^''
f r
JCA.
JbJk..5yJ!
*>
Uj
20!
.AS../)
IcJC.
<s
<
We
122),
who
name
This explanation
is,
original one, while the third, although the ordinary one, is apocryphal.
From the expositions in the text it will have become obvious why the
latter explanation had become so favorite.
From the remark above
quoted we also learn the fact otherwise unknown that the Shi'a,
Imamiyya,
to their adversaries.
Isfr.
15 b penult: (sic)
-^
*.
144
I.
j!
S'iXc
e^^
..X*'
Friedlaender,
In a dictum quoted
3^
(^AXi; .V'
15
Isfr.
[1903.
in
the
,+
O-Jyr
name
ash-Sha'bi
of
G x
7
103)
(d.
**
&
^\jo
^.jJI
!y>L5
ULai
[io ]
8cX* "xt
RxiYl
JUb
C-?
= Mahdl
^i
?)
^jj
is
^LxJI ^sJ
^jj
444.
f-
says instead
4
4
5
^x^V.xviJ!
^xS\.AA
Arwa was 'Othman's
Ms. LjiA+a*
i.
e.
sic
..wo
wAJ'
..y^o
Kdmus
lyjt.
(s.
v.
mother.
6).
Abu Bekr.
"was proclaimed*."
Agh. VII, 24" ascribes these two verses to as-Sayyid, who is said to
have uttered them with his last breath. The second verse appears here
in a considerably different form
6
LuAxu-Jt
^yo!
Leo
!j*..
^Jt'
cJ'' ?
The elimination of Abu Bekr's and 'Omar's name is certainly not accidental. See on Abu'l-Faraj al-Isfahani's attitude towards Shiism, and
especially towards as-Sayyid, Goldziher, Shi'a 441 f
7
See p. 142, n. 2. Although apocryphal, the utterance illustrates the
.
meaning attached
to
' '
Cf
Rawafid
"
p- 138> n> 4-
it.
Vol. xxix.]
The Heterodoxies of
them"
denounce
Rafida
145
(Dozy sub
N"u-
Aveiri).
Characteristic
is
the anecdote
Agh. XVIII, 59
4
:
the poet
...
Is
Di'bil
To
mind the
1
Cf.
fact so lucidly
Agh. XVIII,
the
we must bear
3
expounded by Goldziher,
in
29.
ZDMG.36,
280, n.l.
This
general aspect of our term is to be thought of, whenever it is found difficult to assign it to any of the more definitely circumscribed categories
to be mentioned in the course of this article.
Mukaddasi affords us two
While
interesting examples derived from his personal experience.
travelling in 'Irak, where there are "Galiya, exaggerating their love
8
Mu'awiya" (p. 126, 1. 14 and note m; cf. Comm. 12 J, our author
hears in the principal mosque of Wasit a man reciting a hadtth (forged,
of course) in favor of Mu'awiya. He remonstrates. The man shouts
for
V3
^(
ft
fj^jc
f.tX~>
to attack
him
(p. 126;.
"
Guluww
Similarly, in Ispahan, which is equally distinguished by its
"
for Mu'awiya
(cf also Goldziher, Shi'a 495, n. 3) the author protests
.
against a
tici
dasi
(p.
is
angrily pointed at as
-x
399 13 ).
"
cjaj\\ vocant quoque orthodox os moderates (Glossary to Mukads.v.
(jojy) but simply means that the people seeing that he
,
"
repudiaobjects to Mu'awiya or that he defends Ali. think that he is a
tor" of the Companions. In point of fact, Mukaddasi is very favorably
inclined toward the Zeidiyya (see p. 158).
3
ZDMG. 36, 280 f., 50, 111 f., Shi'a 460 ff., Muh. St. II, 110 f. Cf.
Snouck-Hurgronje. Mekka
VOL. xxix.
I, 33.
10
146
I.
[1908.
Friedlaender,
but slowly and gradually developed into an independent religious organism and at first represented rather a different current
within Islam than a separate sect.
Shiism (Tashayyu ) in itself,
1
attachment to Ali and the Alidic family, is, from the Sunpoint of view, by no means objectionable, nay, is even
commendable the word Shi^a in itself does not imply any
e.
i.
nitic
first
place of
'Omar.
Hence, even
in later times,
Rawdfid
is
(died
4
.
jjdijJ!
-3 LAJLC.
StXlj
LiJj
-Lc.
^'
<^^
*^
X.Aol_s
-A.C
>_>*
5j._J
,..x)
expression in a
^^
al-'l
-+
hadith,
(sic) \j*
g)))
aJJ!
JUi
'^j
xx*4"
(*-g-J
-Xj U! ^.^.AXio.
1
V Jlis
xJJt
vJ^w^
-xc
ibL^J! ,j.xi
3
ZDMG. 36,
..wX!
c>.Ax
tX-^-V
280 n.
2.
Jjc
J.AAOAAJ
ii^UJ!
LwCi.
^-fc.-.
(jalj\
JoJ (Makr.
b.
A'yun
is
858").
Ms.
dLoVj
t^xio
ib.)
A*LXj
ib.
LJ
^^?
^o
^jt-^-.
<^-t
Vol. xxix.]
147
Shiites, etc.
from denouncing
In consequence,
x^asLJI^
who cannot
refrain
deserve extermination.
Ill, 74.
Speaking of the
later Sufis,
Ibn
'
Prophet's reply
^t
oLLwwJI
is
more
c>j
in keeping
.j^xia..}*
viJLo
with
(jf*
strict
orthodoxy
In
(j+l U-?
Prophet also protests against those who, like the Zeidiyya, acknowledge
Abu Bekr and Oniar but reject the other Companions.
3
In this passage the author (a Persian Shiite of the eleventh century
;
he spells
it,
x^oiv,
cf.
137 n. 2) in a
He
says,
Shva
oil
ff.
-jUCs
and
who do
148
Khaldun
[1908.
above
exalt All
They
says:
Friedlaender,
all
other Companions
*x
*A*ujJI cX2uifr
Ubej "in
^e
^>^-\uo
S "This
*.&
L+J!^
(the system of
Be then,
one of Hashim.'
or become thou a Shiite!"
I pray, a Rafidi, if
thou wishest
it,
As
-5
(cf. p.
J-c-
" the
Shi'a, however, are outside
are
those
who prefer AH to Oththem
of
They
(the Rafida).
man but follow Abu Bekr and 'Omar." 5 Compare also above,
-Xj
Comm.,
LJ!
19
p.
^jyjJj* ^jL*Jtc
15
.
In this connection
treatise
also be
may
mentioned the
^J K^^W
title
^.xxxi^Jf ^yo!
&J >La-XjVt
of Jahiz'
s.x>(jo\
(jl^-ft,*/
With
^)(.X$
j!
iLo.it Jl
Ali in 122' developed into the Imdiniyya sect which out of the
belief in the hereditary nature of the Imamate and the repudia1
In this case, however, and possibly in some other cases Rdfida may
be taken in the more limited meaning of Imamiyya, see later in the
!
text, p. 149 f
4
cf.
late
Text 57 6
Cj
words
6
is
as clever as
See later
p. 158
it is
frivolous.
middle.
in these
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxix.]
149
iLoJt J!
^c.
The
t> Jl.
Thus
a Zeidite writes
v.jLx>
246 h ) applies the word in the same manner, e. g., Comm. 104 ,
The Zeidite Suleiman b. Jarir
similarly Zeid. Mutaz., p. 48.
(see
Comm.
p.
72
20
JLcLsU!
3,
^.xio
p.
Shi'a of Ali
"Know
is
that the
"
Jo\).
The
rest of
ab^xixtj abtXjUl^
Jiuai
Hazm.
Text 74
He
ff .
442.
judi*.
176":
it
*Ju
similarly IV,
1
is
the
as contradictory to Zeidiyya
in this meaning in his Milal.
often
it
veiy
applies
consciously defines
and
~y\
word ibidem, V,
to the
15
JbJ^Xj
J!j aujj+
171 ia-
10
.
Famous Imamites
are
designated as
"
Comp. Snouck-Hurgronje, Mekka I, 33 ult.
Ursprimglich bildeten
den Rafidhiten."
" Die
example see Brockelmann 1, 186.
:
p.
185, is
a contradictio in
adiecto.
a
Elsewhere (V, 473) he allusively refers to the origin of the name of
the Zeidiyya, for which he claims to have several explanations.
4
In this passage I. H. exactly defines the position of the Imamiyya in
the question of the " Imamate of the Inferior" (cf. p. 141, n. 8).
150
Rafidis,
e. g.,
Ali b.
al-Hakam (Comm. 65
b.
med
[1908.
Friedlaender,
1
11
),
ol
Hishain
Text 63
19
JY 47 (=Ed. IV,
ult.),
Juuui, for
On
181')
JUx>UVI, or
Tfcrf
31
20
p^JLTauaiyi
where several Imamites are characterized
j
112
aLycLoVt
"
JudjK
=
as
aut>yi
meaning of Rawafid
original
as
see this
!'>.< t
As
defines
jLo,j!J!
^, +*.,
,jl^
is
to
(ib.).
be read instead
rfJJT,.
3
(ib. n. 13)
8)
aLLoLoV!
x^pL
w/o
It
*^ LJlS aUxxiiaJ
see later.
6
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxix.]
down
151
Fatimides
the
(III,
8)
among
Rawafid.
the
son
Ja'far's
Musa
is
"Twelvers."
the
His treatise
entitled
same
sect.
Text 76', 77
The
I.
>
(jait^vJ!
(jdJiLjJt
xJLu/v
is
I,
139 and
1
.
influenced
Comm.
See
Another explanation
s5
p. 104 .
"
*'
repudiation of the
Goldziher, Shi'a 456.
4
1 Bab., IthbatBS.
is
first
cf.
5
Ib. 41.
It is worthy of notice that al-Hasan is so designated by one
of his admirers (although not a Shiite). This would indicate that, in
Shiitic countries at least, our appellation lost much of its derogatory
character.
6
Comp. IKhald.
I,
Comp. Bagd.
362
**J.J
LJo.~.
UoL
6b
see ib. 99 a
Introduction,
p. 21.
and Makr.
345.
Comp.
also
152
I.
Friedlaender,
[1908.
"they share
1:
1.
Imam
"the
this belief
and Rafida
the
Imams, observes:
e. Gulat
(i.
), because they maintain the divinity of
or the incarnation of the Deity in them."
Ibidem
tenets of the Imamiyya and Rafida of the Shi'a as
bly to be explained
/-**'5
T}
/-^^
i-V
/j)
sJu.J^
is
.j!
proba-
^#3.
r:>^
!^
..^x
klJLccL^wwVI
(P-
guluww
doctrines.
1 take
might designate
Ib. Ill, 74
IKhald. ,
Vol. xxix.]
and other
22)
sects'
153
tfhiites, etc.
sects
of
hold that
tribe."
Imamate
codices read
is
L^U-*)
(read
^|Utxi
^^
three
example
24.
Ill,
(Comm.
y^^Jo
ff.)
by the anecdote
afforded
Agh.
JuijJ!
p.
permissible
where instead of
is
is
121
p.
would hire
Gdliya jb^oxj' Vj
assassins to dispose of
w^**-
'
<&r>.
|J;
(Kamil,
ib.)
two
"but he
ultra-Shiitic
known
sects
duced
Af/li.
6
two expressions seemed synonymous.
Soil,
first
Text 42 17
j Jo
!j
Jo^l
as an independent sect.
Probably referring to the various sections of the Imdmiyya.
'-
It is
To
See
whom
xii! JL
Bashshar (Comm.
Comm.
92 12
ff
24*)
or auoi! J!
is
to be read.
belonged.
in
It is possible
I.
154
I.
[1908.
Friedlaender,
at the
as did the
The
Imamiyya.
At any
which
Raw:"i-
by the
Thus
Shiites.
fid
42
18
H. draws a similar
I.
(=
XA3.il *JI.
J'
^J-A
aLxJljLM
,jjo
xx-LjUl
line of distinction.
jUxlcVl
abJojJ!
the
5">>jl=M
(= Ed.
I,
13
.
.<>
use of Rawafid as a
Cf. T<
18
of "Repudiators"; Text 30
or
ult.)
synonym
Zeidiyya included.
till
now
is
the
This generalization
is
probably
and Comm. 61'). Strange is the meaning implied in our word in the
anecdote Agh. XII, 23 20 A company of poets is sitting at the wine
The poet Mansur an-Namari refuses to partake of the forbidden
table.
You only refrain from
He is thus accosted by the company
liquor.
wine drinking because you are a Rd.fidi
not from piety." I have
found no reference testifying to a particular scrupulousness of the
:
'
'
Comp.
13
Similarly Shahr. 8
(jdit, Ji
*}
p. 150 n. 5.
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxix.]
155
the outcome of a more hostile attitude toward the Shiites, particularly towards the Zeidiyya, on the part of the Sunnites, who
yS
^j.x>
(jdit^J!
x-yo^Lw*VI
Bagd. and Lsfr., who elab^4-w*J'
orately derive the origin of the word from Zeid b. Ali, consistently apply Rawafid to all the sects of the Shi'a without
To quote a few examples out of many: Bagd. 6 b
exception.
Lojl xjLAXwJlj
ibidem 22 a ), 9 a
(cf.
93 b
RxxiLxi^!
k^aiU^
*j
4\i'
R^iitJt
abcXjjJ!
^tXj,
112 b
IsLo
j!
As the Zeidiyya and Imamiyya,-so are the Gulat and their various
sections counted amon the Rawafid: fol. 103 a JuJUJt x^ist
14 a x-AoiI
.xt
x-oLxA*JI.
Isfr.'s use
^.
of the
kxjx^,
word
is
103 b
identical
observes
(p.
118 3 )
aLeLolj JLaJ!
j*c
vilj
J..A3.A4J!
For a characteristic
example of
n. 2.
this
(jajj.j)
same fact
became applied
to the
2
Ji5l v^
'
:
Afterwards
to all persons
e.,
(i.
.
Cf preceding note.
.
Cf.
Comm.
41 ".
156
I.
Friedlaender,
Isfr. 8
JbJoj-M
[1908.
O>i
&A-L:
^.t.+j^'
y^iJ^
Jf
Rxiil Jt
>
T^
7T
JoyJt
i,
\3~* /**
FT}^*^ U.57^'
^e same meaning
is
apparently
Hazm
Ibn
The
word.
5
one
only
exception
and
155 10 ),
this
'
(Ed.
IV, 178
tions
well
found Text 40
is
as.
16
),
perhaps a deceptive
where, instead of the
Bagdadi,
who
is
p. 484.
3
This
is
Jjs!
aoJoJf
L<a.5t>Jl
-yA*
&ij
This
somewhat
Comm.
^.
5J6' )
Elsewhere (cf.
inconsistent with the statement p. 148.
Ikd designates as Rawafid those who believe in the " return "
Muhammed
of
duction, p. 22.
Vol. xxix.]
TJie
Heterodoxies of the
of Ed. and Y.
superscription
iLtj
157
S/iiites, etc.
x!CA4-H
_->!y^
x.oj! J!
Those who have perused the material presented in this appendix with some measure of attention will have observed that the
word Shi'-a not unlike Rawafid is not a sharply and definitely
circumscribed term but is subject to not inconsiderable modificaIn distinction from Itawiififl, the term Shi'' a has nothing
tions.
objectionable or derogatory about
unhesitatingly assume
it
this appellation.
the Shiites
themselves
To
conveys no objectionable meaning, this, as it were, respectable character of the word being, in our opinion, the main
The
reason for the gradual spread of Rawdfid at its expense.
as
the
that
of
of
Shi^a
HawdSunnites, just
by
application
attitude towards the Zeid_A*'A is largely conditioned by their
The disagreement between the Sunna and Zeidiyya
iyya.
In
not one of
is
of
fact, the
point
deep-seated antagonism.
whole difference reduces itself to the question as to the candidacy for the Imainate. According to the Zeidiyya, the Imamate
is
to the
it
Comm.
31.
Cf. also
Cf. p. 146, n.
is
40, n. 3.
1.
Cf.
ZDMG.
50, 111.
i.
e.,
self.
Cf.
Comm.
22 31
ff.
158
/.
[1908.
Friedlaender,
Ali and his family, and the Zeidiyya, on the other hand, agree
with the Sunnites as to the legitimacy of the two Elders, the
" The
Zeidiyya,"
gap between them seems practically to close.
says Makr. 354 "are the best among the Shi'a, for they admit the
Imamate of Abu Bekr and deny the existence of a written will
concerning the Imamate of Ali." This stands to reason why
7
places the Zeidiyya outside the Shi a, applyto the Imamiyya and other radical sections
latter
term
the
ing
Thus p. 38 n. d (see above p. 142 n. 6):
of the Shi'a.
Mukaddasi,
e. g.,
t,
or p. 37"
^*+-
|*""
Shiites
"
p.
128
<*J
of
to the exclusion
fid.
and
of
the
Imdmiyya
term
A'///v/,
with-
is
able
This
in
is
the
were quoted
phrase
p.
147
aLxiit
f.,
Jl^
aui.uiJ!, of
notably so in
With
the rise within the Zeidiyya of sections which, unfaithful to their founder, did not refrain from the "denunciation of
"
This
is
clearly
/o
*
4
is
As
clififerent
(note
>^Lft*Jt
Cf. p. 146, n. 1.
This is in contradiction
(j>j
is
with Ikd, p.
borrowed from Ibn Koteiba, see ib.
also applied
156, n. 3.
a)
by Masudi, see p.
But the
+
152.
latter passage
Vol. xxix.]
TJie
now
its
applied to
all
159
etc.
sects of
Shiism,
the mean-
writings.
Originally JVaicdsib stood for the
revei'se of Rawafid: the "enemies" or "haters" (of
ziher's
exact
4
Ali),
is
Kashi
cardinal doctrine.
149 quotes
ances
of
similar
5
:
^UkxJt *&
tendency
can
Further utter-
aL><X>jJ!.
be
found
in
same
the
passage.
to the
Shi'a
XAJiJU!
UcU
Cf.
Mukaddasi
38':
io
.
*..!
s.A^:>4..'L
SvA^xJL.
ibidem 37 16
(j^jtj
JU
o *
,
way: s.^Lc ^! &J ixxaj
in the dictionaries.
it
in this
is
not recorded
23
Ahmad
b.
b.
b.
b.
Ab! Zeid,
b.
II.
74 16
II. 41 n. 2.
"
b.
b.
Harbiyya,
II. 124 f.
5
al-Harith, I. 37 71, II. 90", 124 ff.
b.
Ja'far b. Abi Talib, II. 45 n. 2.
b.
al-
b.
Aftah.
II.
Aftahiyya,
b.
al-Kharb
Il4 la
ff.
ib.
(II.
Kharbiyya,
I.
f.
II. 43'.
b.
Lahi'a,
b.
b.
b.
Nauf
b.
14
II.
I.
II.
II.
72 18
19,
37 :
19 i4
f.
I.
3.
n.
1,
100;
II.
24 19 25 n.
,
Raj'a of
words
is
appended
VOL. xxix.
to this index.
11
162
/.
'All
95 11 cf. 39 3 128 10
,
I.
[1908.
Fi-iedlaender,
ult.
II.
ff.,
ff.
'Alt, II. 42 n. 1, 43 n. 6, or
burned.
burned by 'AH,
his adherents
100 n. 1
II.
99 f
II.
14
155 penult.
Saba'iyya, I. 45', 65 n. 7, II. 17', 101
called Sabbabiyya, II. 41 f.; principal Alidic sect,
II.
101 2S
100", cf. 83 n.
II.
155
'
n. 4.
'Abdallah
Sabbab, II. 42 n. 1.
8
Yasin, I. 55 n. 1, II. 76'
Yazid al-Ibadi, I. 30'% II.
b.
b.
b.
'Abdarrahman
Ablak,
II.
b.
Muljam,
72 9 II. 128 12
,
10',
65".
122".
Abna, appellation
al-
I.
129"
35 ult.,
See Kathir al-Abtar.
for Persians,
II.
I.
18 6
Abtar,
II.
Abu
'1
ff.
and
Rawandiyya.
'Abdallah al-'Ajani, II. 17 8 110 n. 1.
"
31
110 n.
ash-Shi'i, II. 75', 109
,
1.
"
"
52 penult., 75 24
Bashshar al-Ash'ari, II. 96 3
'Ali (ash-Shakkak),
I.
66 i:
II.
138
f.,
16
21
22, 74 , II. 21
I.
or illegitimate,
141, 158,
129 24
"
'
'1
panions.
" b
'Ayash, see Ibn 'Ay ash.
Faraj al-Isfahani, author of Agani,
Gifar,
II.
Hanifa,
"
"
"
I.
12 32
29",
II. 8 s ,
I.
30 2 53
4sa al-Isfahani,
II.
Isma'il al-Bittikhi,
'1
See
Com-
6.
152 penult.
Muhammed H.
II.
14
II.
35
Abu
'!-'
3
89', 126 .
89 5
1(l
ff.,
"
"
b.
Ha^himiyya.
Hudeil,
f.
Hashim 'Abdallah
'1
144 n.
II.
79 12 141 penult.
35 8 52', II. 14' 1 28
I.
M 6024 66
,
See Imamate.
f.,
74.
Abbas.
90'\
I.
30
24
14
ult., II. II , 12
Bittikhiyya. I. 30 ult.
6
Jarud, called Surhub, II. 22
n 43
Jarudiyya, I. 42
n.
Kamil,
I.
1.
Surhubiyya,
s
SI
55% 80 II. 76
,
II.
22
-.
f.,
74 13
II. 22,
136 13 153
,
Vol. xxix.]
Abu
"
Karb,
'[
'
'1
II. 35-
"
36 n.
1.
52 1
I.
ar-Razi,
63 23
II.
sec al-Bawari.
Khatim,
'1
163
etc.
Karbiyya, ib.
Kasim 'All al-Murtada, I. 51", II. 63.
"
an-Najjar, see Ibn Haushab.
'1
"
"
Tlie
112
II.
Khattab,
19
69 4
divinity of, I. 34
II. 14 28 90 12 96-.
ff.,
byJa'far as-Sddik,
7
,
II. 17 3
attacked
69 16
96
II.
106' 3
69', II. 24 n.
(I. 65 n.
Khirash
r
'
1,
72 30
4),
see
Khidash.
Kubeis, mountain,
II. 67'27 .
Kurus, II. 36 n. 1.
6
Lahab, II. 90
Malik al-Hadrami,
I.
Mansur
95 31
75 ult.,
133 14
II.
called al-Kisf,
al-'ljli,
I. 34-*.
62
89
ff., II.
92 12
ff.,
4), I.
63,
ff.,
Mansuriyya, or Kisfiyya
II. 92 U 1S 97 1S 188".
(cf.
63 n.
I.
>
"
"
'1
Muzaffar
Mikdam
Tha'it
(?)
b.
124 14
'
II. 71.
Ardshir,
II. 130*.
al-Haddad,
,
II.
30 10 44 18
7
64', 94
118
f.,
120 12
119 n.
See
or
2,
Abu Salma
Ishak.
Sa'id
"
Abu
II.
Salma,
119 n.
Baslamiyya
124 13
ib.,
Tahir,
Ya-la.
68 la
II.
5
108", 109
n. 8, II, 14 20 , 110 U
Karmatian,
II.
I.
I.
2.
95 29 108 8S
ff.
51 ult., II. 63 14
'
"
"
ff.
16
.
II. 101, n. 1.
Ahmad
b.
Habit
b.
Ha'it,
b.
Idris,
b.
Nanus
ill.
I.
I.
b.
Ja'far al-Aftah.
10 11 ), see next.
30", II. 10
54 penult.
(II.
10"). see
ff.,
A.
II 8
b.
17
,
64 9
f.,
Yanush.
23
90", 91
164
Friedlaemt'
I.
Ahmad
9
Salih, II. 70
b.
Yanush,
b.
I.
10 11
II.
30'%
Ahwal,
II.
'Ainiyya,
'A'isha,
I.
65 n.
II.
103 1
[1908.
/-,
64 10 88 2 >, 90 56 91 i4
.
flf.,
35 ult., II. 18 13
I.
2.
.
35 5 52 16
,
20 11 130 4
II.
58
12".
'Ajarida, Kharijite sect, I. 31 II. II
'All b. Abi Talib, name, I. 53 penult., II. 73; age, I. 56 i4 II. 7T- J
9
appearance, I. 57. II. 78; grave unknown, II. 43 flf.. or
buried in Kufa, II. 43 n. 3 worthiest of Imamate, I. 32'M
,
139 5
II.
159 15
'
*'-,
clouds,
s. v.;
divinity of,
s. v., I.
72 15 II. 62 15
102
f., 112-',
ard,"
Jesus,
II.
s.
17
Azdariyya, ib.
" b. al-Fadl. I. 68 n. 8. II. 17 9 110' ff.
" b.
Haitham, see 'A. b. Mitham.
" b. al-Hasan b. al-Fadl, II. 4. n. 2.
" b. al-Husein b.
4
684 , 75 1S
'All, I. 58
"
" b.
b. Musa, see Abu '1-Kasim 'All.
" b.
Isma'il b. Mitham, see 'A. b. Mitham.
" b.
8
Mansur, I. 75* II. 133"
3
19
15
" b.
150'.
60, 133
Mitham, I. ol 3 75-' II. 40
" b.
Muhammed b. 'All, I. 58 6 76 9 II. 52 3 cf. 78 29
i4 8
" b.
6
b. al-Fayyad. II. 103
>, cf. I. 67
" b.
Musa b. Ja'far, I. 58 6 76 8 II. 52'.
.
--'.
an-Najjar,
II. 17
9
,
110 n.
1.
b.
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxix.]
'Amir
'Amr
"
545
b. at-Tufeil, I.
'Ammar
1420
b. al-'As, II.
Humeid,
b.
II.
98".
al-'Ibadi, II.
165
73 30
See Khidash.
.
II. 145.
18
Aristotle, II. 57 .
use
see
Arms,
of,
Khashabiyya.
Asad
b.
"
b.
'Abdallah al-Kasri.
87 4
65 6
I.
II.
98 25
ff.
Kurz,
Ashab, see Companions,
II.
al- Ash'ari,
I.
91
Asnm
31 17
I.
Ash'ariyya,
II. 8 5 .
al-'Ayyashi, II. 4 n. 2.
'Azakira. sect, see ash-Shalmagani.
16
II. 9 33
Azarika, Khanjite sect, I. 30
,
Azdariyya,
Babak,
36 9 II. IS",
I.
20'.
Babushiyya, II. 41 n. 2.
33
Babylonia, ancient, II. 80
Bada
II 25
ff.,
(doctrine),
53 10
I.
29
ff., 87'
II.
Bada'iyya,
69 19
Bagdad,
I.
Bahrein,
II.
flf.,
80 n.
108 :s
4,
See 'Irak.
II. 61 a , 72.
24
,
109 2
72 13
II s 80 34 125 n.
4.
111 16
II. 111.
Bakliyya,
Baragwata (commonwealth),
al-
Bara,
I.
al-Bari,
I.
70 6 II. II 3 41', 56 4
70% II. 117f.
Batiniyya,
5
II. 17
68 n.
Sam'an,
I.
Bazig,
I.
34, 64,
II.
95 w
M
,
"
(?), I.
Bishr
"
58 14 60", 66 30 n.
113 30
flE.,
7
90', 96', 126
II.
Bazigiyya,
114n.
1,
118 n.
II.
87 8
HOn.
3.
II. 119'.
66 n.
9,
67 3
I.
II.
102
f.
29 ult., II. 9 19
Giyath.
b.
Khalid. see next.
b. al-Mu'tamir Abu Khalid, I. 50 14
19
Bishriyya, II. 58
b.
3.
3423 60
b.
Bhnki
", 92 n. 2, 112 n. 3.
110 f
See al-Burani.
8, II.
Bayan
Berkukiyya,
al- Bavvari, I.
al-
I.
II.
58 15
4.
166
I.
Abu
see
al-
Buhturi,
Bunan
al-
67 9
I.
Friedlaender,
II.
Isma'il.
103 28 115 17
,
Sam Tin.
see Bayiin b.
(II. 88),
[1908.
Cabbage,
Cabbala,
II.
81
Carmathians,
ff.,
see
104 9
Karmatians.
and
Christians
101.
3 n.
I.
Christianity,
1,
II. 10-
7
,
ll lfl
See Jesus.
127 13
II. 116,
Communism,
'
Sht-a,
35 4
I.
41 s6
II.
45 ult,
1
II. 102
C/.
46J
>
8
,
54 J1
Davvud al-Hawari
67
"
see Gaiba.
II.
I.
Dammiyya,
60 2 % 61"
f.,
'Omar.
Concealment, of Imam,
Dahriyya,
3i
I.
31 19
53 3 75 53
,
II.
ff .
b.
f.; all
swine partly
I.
53 14
II.
73 6 ,
Dirarb. 'Amr,
I. 30', II.
9 24
Druzes, sect,
II.
Du Manakh,
tribe,
I.
50
f.,
68 n.
8, II.
HO
*.
15.
II.
2
Fadl, of Basra, I. 30'". II. II
s
9
II.
nature
8'>,
of,
Faith,
.
I.
46 3
f., II.
46 17 47 n
,
119-.
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxix.]
Fakhr ad-Din
al-
Faraj
ar-Razi, II. 6T 16 72 n.
Fatima,
Fatimids,
al-
Fayyad
72%
Gabriel
Gaiba,
66
b. 'Ali, I.
Fifth, tax to
45 1S
20 11
II.
151 4
II.
102
63 8 ,
I.
104 4
f.,
95 47
II.
Imamate.
80 7 II. 77, 84 n.
27 s 28. 46 1 47 31
,
f., II.
Imam,
(Jibril), I. 56,
II.
Ibn Haushab.
see
Haushab,
b.
I.
Faris, province,
I.
2.
al-Hasan
b.
167
2.
13
tion.
ing
6
of, II. 12
I.
42 ult., 55
145 n. 2
i8
by Paul, 16 ff., 17 compared with Christians,
Imamiyya, Rawafid, Shi'a, Zeidiyya.
;
),
Habashiyya (II.
Habib b. Aus, II. 68 16
I. 67'
see
l
,
II.
103 34
II. 101.
Khashabiyya.
Hadramaut,
85 19
II.
Hajir, mountain,
al-
I.
43 n.
7, II.
68, II.
Hajj (Pilgrimage),
I.
Hakam
II. 130'.
b.
'Uteiba,
Hallaj,
I.
34 13 69 17
,
II.
107
23 6
al-Hakam.
b.
1
4
13
18", 14 17 24 n. 2, 30
,
Hallajiyya,
al-
Halwcim,
II.
HO
Hamadan, city,
Hamdan, tribe,
Hamid
b.
b.
II.
13 19
1
.
II.
128 n.
1.
I.
see
Ishak
'Omara,
II.
Muhammed
b.
90
'
2
,
96 3
1.
Harb
Hamrawiyya,
Hamza
f.
114
f.
See also
168
al-
I.
Harith <=Suleim
"
b.
ash-Sha'ml,
[1908.
Friedlaender,
Mas'ud),
90 n
II.
II.
125 4
al-
Harun
Hasan
Abi Mansur,
b.
75 15
127
"
b.
I.
63 n. 10.
Abi Talib,
'Ali b.
b.
>
24
25"
II.
descendants
and al-Husein, I. 58 4
ff.
See Imamate.
11
;i7
Muhammed
b.
al-'Askari,
I.
55 5
of, I.
68 3 72 3 75 13
,
II,
II. 113--.
f.,
5
127*, 151 , n. 5.
"
"
"
"
b.
b.
Bah ram.
b.
b.
b.
Hayy
b.
b.
b.
2(i
b.
Salihiyya,
129 21
II.
2.
II. 129,
130
ff.
131 n. 2.
Butriyya
Hashim
Hakim,
b.
Hashimiyya,
Hashimiyya,
Hatim
al-
b.
(II.
Abu Hashim.
sect, see
n
city, II. 12i
Muhammed,
II. Ill n. 1.
Hindpo,
II.
Hisham
b.
76 14 99 14
,
al-Hakam,
ISO
I.
63 2 74* 9
,
s
II. 59* , 65, 132'
II.
10'-,
with
Mtisa
b.
II.
Ja'far,
Hishamiyya
Salim),
Hakamiyya.
"
b.
Hukeima,
(also
II.
66 9
II.
66 n.
2.
I.
48', II.
58.
Hululiyya,
Humeima,
in Palestine, II. 89 1
Hureith
b.
Hisham
referred to
II. 18".
b.
Hureith.
b,
Vol. xxix.l
al-Husein
Abi Mansur, I. 63 10
'Ali b. Abi Talib, I. 53 1S
b.
169
Shiites, etc.
39 5
72 12
b.
93 n.
94 6
1,
12
II.
to, II.
pilgrimage
107 n.
'
b.
IsnuVil b. Ibrahim,
b. al-Jarah, I. 70 n. 2.
b.
'
b.
43'%
I.
9
81", 32
II.
see al-Hallaj.
Mansur,
Muhammed
IS
an-Najjar, I. 29", II. 9
'Ubeidallah, I. 70 n. 2, II. 117".
12
Huseiniyya (II. 93 n. 1. 94 ), see Khashabiyya.
b.
b.
34 4
13 3 116 1
II.
Ibn
"
93i
II.
I:i
34
12, II. 47
I.
al-'Arabi,
'Ayash,
I.
II.
26 33 n.
1.
30 18
"
al-Farakid
Hamid
(I.
(I.
69 n. 11,
69 n.
9),
II.
see
Hatnid
'
Hazm,
life, I.
II. 21' 6
writings,
I. 38
ff.;
Zahirite,
I.
11
f.;
heterodox
9
8 n.
II.
Mitham
(II.
Mukaffa',
Mumlik
Nawus
''
"
"
16
I.
sects,
quotes a\-Jdhiz,
"
56 19
2),
see 'Ali b.
M.
44 n.
(II.
9),
see Navvus.
157 n.
see
4),
Muhammed
b.
Saba.
Warsand
al-Bajali,
I.
54
2.
Bajaliyya.
Zubeir,
Ibrahim
"
b.
plagiarized by airMakrizi,
Waki'
its sects,
'
on division of
16 1 '.
60 n.
II.
39'
43 n. 5
f.,
(I.
an-Nu'man
3,
f.,
II.
11 s ',
II.
f.,
I.
75 4 II. 94 n.
,
Ahmad,
see
ib.
1.
b. al-Ashtar, II. 93 1U , n. 1
[add
&.].
b.
Ja'far b. an-N.
170
I.
Idris b.
Muhammed,
[1908.
Friedlaender,
75".
II.
29
Idrisids, II. 75 .
<Ijl,
2
3
tribe, II. 79 ', 80 n. 4, 89, 97
29
31', II. II , 16".
I.
Ijma',
23
Ilak, mountains, II. ISO
al-'Ilba b. Dim- (II. 101 33 ), see 'Ulyan.
.
29
'Ilba'iyya, or 'Ilbaniyya, II. 101
Imams, divinity
of,
34 16
I.
92 36 112 n. 3
II.
"silent,"
II.
19
of, II. 33 ,
natural knowledge
seven
68 3
II.
twelve
5480
1329 101 19 112*% 11320 152; super3485 54 f., 105 f.; "speaking" and
25
(II. 78'
79 ; ), see Sab'iyya.
fundamental doctrine of Shfra,
see
),
Ithna'ashariyya
(II.
Imamate,
book on, by
Muhammed
Hisham
of, see
theory
b.
b.
al-Hakam
I.
31 28 of Khawarij, I. 3217
I. 50
II. 58-"
,
an-Nu'mdn,
b.
Ja'far
depends on personal
qualifi-
cation, according to Zeidiyya (and Keisdniyya, II. 34'J3 ), or hereditary and depends on Nass, according to Imdmiyya, I. 22, 74 f., II.
9
132 21 138-142; of Inferior, II. 141 n. 8, 149 n. 4, 155 n. 1;
22, 129
of Kureish, I. 74J5 II. 132 3 153 3 157 penult., outside of Kureish I.
,
of
of descendants of Ja'far b. Abi Talib, II. 45'
Abu Bekr, II. 60 2 of 'AH only, s.v., refuted by Ibn Hazm,
II. 135
ff.
of all descendants of 'AK, I. 75 s II. 35 5 130 5 cf. I.
132 9
33", II.
2li
Muhammed
of
13
34-, 79
II.
Imamiyya,
Abi
-I.
b.
'Ali
11
16
al'Hanafiyya (Keisdniyya), I. 58
and his son Abu Hdshim, I. 61 ls II. 35 n 44 8
b.
to 'Abbasids, II. 89
44-55, 57
:J
founder
of,
121 29 ,
118",
Muhammed,
Talib, Ja'far b.
123 16
77'-.
who
See also
Keisaniyya, Zeidiyya.
60- 5
II.
it
bequeathed
'All b.
al-Husein
s.v.
(Imdmiyya),
s.
reject
32
hence
s.v., cf. II. 127
'Omar, s.v.,
s
called Rawdfid, s.v.
Ithnd'ashuriyya, II. 151 n. 6 believe in
Mahdi, s.v. in interpolation of Koran, s.v., in Badd, II. 72claim Inspiration, s.v.; and Sunna, II. 151 and Mu'tazila^ s.v.;
and ShPa,
entines.
14
494 II. 16 8 54 f.
Inspiration, claim of, I. 35
13
13
145 n. 2. See Babylonia,
80, 141
'Irak, I. 4 f., II. 43
4
108".
'Isa b. MCisa, I. 43 4 68', II. 23
.
"
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxix.]
Isbahan,
45 16
I.
al-Isbahani,
68
I.
44t6 45 n.
II.
102 n. 4, 119 13
43 16 II. 323 8
II.
b.
Ibrahim
b.
Mus'ab,
b.
Kandaj,
I.
67 6 ['Abdallah
b.
Muhammed
I.
al-Ahmar,
is
'Omar,
II.
102 n.
Suweid, II.
Zeid al-Harith,
b.
Isma'il b.
"
128 5
4, 127-" ff.,
II.
125 13
II.
ff.
ib.
Ishak b. Muhammed 2)
'Abdallah ar-Ru'aini, II. 13 5
1)
103".
ib.
Harithiyya,
Ishakiyya,
II.
4.
Ishakiyya,
43.
b.
102 13 n.
102 14
II.
Hamrawiyya,
b.
2.
oversight],
II. 102 f.
66' 9
I.
Ishakiyya,
"
145 n.
ff.,
f.
Aba Muslim,
"
108
122 2S
2, 46*,
n. 7, II.
171
see
see
Ishak
b.
'Omar.
26
(II. II' ),
al-Bittikhi
45
b. Ja'far, I.
Abu
see
763 n.
Isma'il.
40 2
1, II.
51*',
12
Isma'iliyya, I. 37
40
n"
78"
II.
2, 52,
58,
'
Ithua'ashariyya,
I.
133 2S
II. 19'27 ,
133 32
ff.,
150 n.
152
6, 151,
n. 4.
lyad. Kadi,
II.
6925
50
al-Jabia, in Syria, II. 85
Jabir b. Yazid al-Ju'fi, I. 60 s II. 23 34 24', 86". 87? 7
Ja'far b. 'All, uncle of the Mahdi, I. 76" ff., II. 1343
.
"
b.
Muhammed Abu
'Abdallah as-Sadik,
41 1C
II.
and
his son
28
Ismd'il, II. 133
commanding position in Shi'a, II.
104 ff esteemed also by Sunna, II. 792 105 13 one of the
:
139
his
75 20
twelve Imams.
ff.,
I.
58 s
Imam
instead of Zeid
b.
'AH,
II.
10426
182 31
151 1
I.
II.
68 5
9
death, I. 76- ff., II. 89 is still alive and will return, I. 44
4
1
6
9
penult., 76 112
divinity of, I. 69 II. 97 112, 114 n. 1
in
his
s.
II.
106:
honor, v. apocryphal
omniscient,
hajj
;
utterances
belonging to his
1,
91 n.
1,
133 53
15
60 n. 3, 65. 66 n.
circle, II. 41 n. 2, 59
,
Ja'fariyya,
Jafr,
book attributed
al-Jahiz,
I. 50, II.
56
ff.,
b.
Safwan,
I.
Jahiziyya,
Jahm
804 107 12
II.
29 15
ff.',
II.
56''
30
.
31 16 , II. 7 32 8 15 14 39
Jahmiyya,
II. 8
4
.
15'
74 3
172
I.
Friedlaender,
[1908.
19
al-Jauzi,
1.
IT.
It 10
82 n. 2
16 31 , 17", 90
f.
compared with
47 15
I.
15
37", 49
II.
unreal (Docetism),
I.
'Alt,
66 15
52 35 53
II.
II.
19 54
f., with Muhammed, II. 24
Cf. Christianity.
and
in
believe
miracles of Jesus, s. v. bribed
Jewish,
Jews,
Judaism,
Paul II, 16-16 17 16 n. 4; and Shi'a, II. 19, 95'-. 135 1S and Guldt,
s.v.
and Badd, II. 72- 4 and Tashbih, II. 135 19 believe in
Immortals, I. 46, II. 46 ff. sects, II. 90" Jewish illustrations,
II. 85\ 96 18
See 'Abdallah b. Saba, Cabbala, Messiah.
-
'
Joshua, see
'Ali.
3
26
al-Jubba'i, II. 58- 66
,
al-Ka'bi,
57 4
II.
Kadar (Free
108 19
cf.
15
Will), II. 9
'
2ti
.
Kalam, doctrine,
Kanbar, I. 66 II. 99
II. 12*,
54 14
I.
II.
66 5 73 :i4
,
75 31
ff.
sect, see
Karakiriyya,
ash-Shalmagani.
Karbiyya, see Abu Karb.
Karmatians. I. 37 13 58', 68", II. 19 !i aO4 54-, 133 30 emissaries of,
II. 17 s ff., 95", 97 19 108 ff.
seven Imams of, II. 79 s 90 1 believe
,
in Transmigration,
64 13
II.
prayers of, s. v.
Karramiyya, see Muhanamed
al-Kashshi,
4 n.
II.
b.
of, II.
b.
73 4
fifty
Karram.
2.
al-Kasim
dietary restrictions
'
'
II.
104 1
'Omra,
77'",
34.
Keisaniyya, origin,
Shi-a,
I.
155, 156 n. 3:
33 f. position within
accept Imamate of 'Ali,
12
77 1?
al-Hanafiyya, I. 58
II.
gration.
1, II.
I.
Imamate.
7,eidiyya.
Vol. xxix.]
Kelb, tribe,
97 20
II.
25", 100 n. 2.
al-Khadir, prophet. I. 46 f.,
al-Kelbi,
173
Shiites, etc.
II.
Khalid
8
47", 48, 49
II.
'Abdallah al-Kasri,
b.
10024 107 14
,
I.
65 1
59', 60,
79
f.,
86
f.,
Khamt, mother
Khorasan,
44 n.
I.
14
3
10P, 118
119% 122-
5. II.
40 s1 49 if.
I. 50 18 51
I.
33-'
I.
II. 14 1S ,
KSR
Kufa, 'Alt
med
II.
12 1!)
II.
45 13 107
7),
65 13 n.
.
Zenj,
74 ult..
78 s
131",
99-'
80
Kureish, II. 39
38
Kuthayyir. II. 134
,
6, cf.
35, 73 n. 2,
I.
140 n.
6.
68 n. 8
;
people
Gulat
known
6
in, I. 62 , 64,
II.
of,
68
as stingy
71 2 II.
f.,
78'.
14
I. 77
II. 25", 35", 79 15
Keisanitic
ascribed to him (or as-Sayyid), II. 38 f. Khashabi, II. 94 9a
believes in his own return, II. 24 8 27 n. 2, in Transmigration'
:
Keisanite,
II. 26-",
II.
I.
b.
poem
95 16
153 n.
ff.,
'All b.
Hisham
Haushab,
II.
60 3 , 61
Yahya
65 n. 2
II.
4, 67', 1'on
3,
S3 4
II.
I.
f..
and treacherous,
79 36 89 W 97 4 107
,
see al-Isbahani.
al-Kasim.
I.
f., II.
39 3 43 n.
in, II.
138
128 34
b.
Sdlih,
68 n.
(?) (I.
119.
29
123''-
Abu Mansur.
Kisfiyya, see
Kitti'iyya,
19 39
II.
Khurramiyya,
65 n.
1,
143
27 n. 4, 45 6
aids Khindif,
42 5
II.
denounces Companions,
f.
:!
Madain,
I.
city,
al-Mada'ini,
II.
57 18
43 IS n.
,
6.
Maghrib, Karmatians
Messiah,
s.
Muhammed
30
al-Makrizi,
I.
ff..
v.,
cf.
16 14
36 19
al-Hasan
b.
53'*ff.
4
7. II. (4). 8' .
I.
b.
174
I.
[1908.
Friedlaender,
Mani
80 25
II.
'
an-Namari, poet,
"
title
153 n.
II.
53 13
Mas'ud
Masmuda),
(or
I.
I.
II.
12 16
37 15
II. 19 35 ,
I.
54 J6 ,
433
II.
Meimun al-Kaddah,
2.
120 1
39 n.
76 10
II.
10
5-
19 37
II.
Mazdakiyya,
Medina,
33- 5
1.
II. 109.
29 footnote.
II.
tribe,
b.
Mazdak,
4,
Masamida
125 n.
6.
of
121'- ff.,
20-.
2.
112 n.
II.
3.
ib.
Meimuniyya,
19
Messiah,
and Messianism,
3 n.
I.
1,
45 4
36
II.
43 14 94- 7
ff.,
ff.
ash-Shahrastani,
4
II. 60'.
70 1S 116% 135 31
14
3
9
Mu'ainmar, I. 64 69 II. 96 -\ 114"
Moses,
II.
ff.
Mu'ammariyya,
b.
'Abbad,
II.
114 13
II.
145 n. 2, 148 19
II.
s
11
74", 113 ', 114
Du'1-Janahein, II. 27 n.
24
Janahiyya, II 44
4,
44 55 454 n.
,
2.
Mufaddal-
as-Seirafi, II.
Mufawwida,
al-Mugira
sect, see
100 27
30
.
6
.
59 f.. II. 31 s
See Rawafid.
b. 'Sa'id, I. 34'21
II.
96'-
Tafwid.
,
79
ff.,
90 l
96 s
called SaM'i,
The Heterodoxies of
Vol. xxix.J
175
>
62 19
II.
92"
Muhammediyya,
II.
Muhanimed
b.
b.
102
I.
67',
f.
II.
b.
b.
II.
b.
b.
b.
b.
"
"
Abi Talib,
b.
see
M.
al-Hanafiyya.
al-Husein al-Bakir, I. 58% 64-, 68 4
22s 80", 95 33 139.
b.
b.
b.
b.
b.
b.
"
"
"
b.
Musa,
b.
I.
an-Nu'man
b.
75-", II.
b.
b.
s
48', 58, 76
6
(II. 59 ), see M. b. Ja'far.
.
see
ash-Shalmagan,
ash-Shalmagani.
Habib.
II.
109 s4
94
II.
biyya,
:!
supernatural knowledge
cf. 12*.
b.
al-Hasan
b.
58 1 76,
,
'Ali,
II.
52
Mahdi
61
ff.,
134'--'ff., cf. I.
27",
of Ithnd'ashariyya, I. 47 f.,
"man of the cellar, IL
1
11
'
77 n.
7.
b.
b.
Ja'far
b.
b.
b.
'
50
b.
f.,
Muhammed,
I.
76 3
II.
15 n.
3, 59,
n. 4.
b.
Nu'maniyya,
II.
59 13
Sheitaniyya,
II.
59 1:1 66- 4
9".
b.
al-Kasim
ff.
I.
31 19
176
I.
Friedlaender,
[1908.
Muhammed b.
an-Nu'man,
b.
"
"
see
M.
Ja'far b. an-N\
b.
b.
b.
b.
Zakariyya ar-Razi,
Muhammediyya
'Abdallah
Muhammed,
1) see
2.
ib.
Ya'kiibiyya,
"
45 n.
II.
b.
64".
II.
the Prophet
Muhammed
see
b.
al-Hasan.
b.
Mu'min at-Tak
Muhammed
see
(II. 59'-),
:i -
II.
Mus'ab,
93 15
Ja'far
b.
30
Murji'a, sect, I. 29", 31% 32, 34*. II. 7Musa b. Ja'far b. Muhammed al-Kcizim.
IMusawiyya.
33<25 79 18
II.
Mukktariyya,
f.
b.
an-Nu'man.
I.
II. 40,
50
al-Mu'tadid, Caliph,
"
al-Mu'tasim,
"
al-Mutawakkil,
I. 29-'
Mu'tazila,
138 n.
II.
32
II.
156 in
3l
12
.
s
.
is
.
32 1S 33 penult.,
II.
II 33
II. 9,
Transmigration,
and Shi'a,
II 3
67 s 77-
1.
ff.,
II.
63- 6
21 31
origin of
other doctrines.
and Imdmiyya.
ll
:i
cf.
63 n
II.
name,
6<r'
6
.
II.
93'
and Zeidiyya
'
ff.
Muzaffar
b.
Ardshir, see
Abu Mansur
Muzaffar.
1
Mystic lore (supernatural knowledge), of Muhammed. I. 38, II. 20
of 'AH, II. 33, of Muhammed b. al-Hanafiyya. II. 33 f. See Imams.
'
an-Nahkini
II.
Narjis,
88", cf.
I.
mother of Mahdi,
I.
i3
48
l:i
,
76 16
II.
54 10
Vol. xxix.J
177
Shiites, etc.
I.
7 f
artificial
forma-
I.
Nuseiriyya,
'Omar,
b.
Abi
b.
Ja'far b. an-Nu'man.
71
Abu
see
Omayya
Muhammed
see
Nu'maniyya,
f., II.
ff.
Bekr.
Salt, II. 28 n.
'Omeir at-Tabban,
64 10
I.
1.
96 28
II.
'Omeiriyya,
Osrushna, province,
II.
101 n.
II.
97 s
1.
II.
and
"
al-
I.
SO
132 15
74", II. 129
,
Khashabi,
II.
93 19
Paradise, nine enter while alive, II. 47 12 and Hell will decay, I.
54 9 II. 15', 73 f., cf. 75 2
Paul, apostle, see Gulat.
absorb
Persians, and Shi' a, I. 35 f., II. 16 and al-Mukhtdr, II. 94
9
call themselves "sons"
derogate 'All, II. 78
'Ijl, II. 80 n. 4
and "nobles," I. 35 ult., II. 185 Persian language, II. 9022 93 96
;
cf.
78 9
Phinehas,
still
I.
46 6
I.
33 24
alive,
II.
46 12 47 23
,
two a day,
n. 4, II. 126 5
fifty, I.
37 2 , II. 18 29
exempt from,
I.
35, II.
I.
37 4 n.
71 4
3,
I.
34 n 37 1 73 3
,
129 5
14, 107,
15
II. 13 16 14
;
abolished by AbH
20
14
17
by
Manstir, I. 62
by Imamiyya, 61
by Hdrithiyya, II. 125
25
15
Karmatians, 109 5 by Khattabiyya, 14, 112 by o\-Mukanna 120
6
8
Muhamafter
II.
13
inadmissible
I.
84
Prophecy, can be acquired,
38 92 9
True Prophet, see Clemmed, I. 47", 55 n. 7, 56', II. 49, 76
,
entines.
25
Ptahil, deity of Mandaeans, II. 84
VOL. xxix.
12
178
I.
Friedlaender,
[1908.
ar-Radi, Caliph, I. 70 n. 2.
Radwa, mountain, I. 43 n. 7, 4410 77 ult., II. 35
Raj'a, see Return miscellaneous uses of word,
,
ff.,
39 13 95 18
,
28 n.
II.
1.
33
mountains, II. 119 15
Ray, city, I. 78 n. 2, II.. 134
Rawafid, term, see Appendix A; different forms of word, II. 137,
origin, 138 ff., supposed to have been coined by al-Mugira b. Sa'id,
139 f., coined by Zeid b. 'Alt, 139, 141 4 142 n. 6, derogatory mean.
ing
of,
138 n.
140 n. 3
1,
Zeidiyya),
Gulat 151
ff.,
See Shi'a.
Rawand, near Isbah&n,
ar-Rawandi, II. 123 f
II.
122 S6
;=Riwand
(in
II. 123.
Khorasan)),
Rawandiyya,
I.
Reappearance,
70 13
100 3 -, 121
II.
Resurrection, denied,
I.
34 ult.,
Raj'iyya,
Riwand,
see
(II.
153".
45 19 74s *.
II.
ar-Riwandi
ff.,
see Return.
II.
II. 24',
23-28, 50
25 5
f.,
86 13 11496
,
Rawand.
123 24 ), see
Rizamb. Sabik,
II.
Rawandiyya.
118 14
U 124 10 18
Rizamiyya, II. 118 f., 120
Abbas.
see
Abu'l-'
Rububadiyya,
Rustem b. Huseiu b. Haushab, see Ibn Haushab.
b. Karhin b. Haushab, see Ibn Haushab.
.
'
Sabbab,
Sabbabiyya, ib.
or
(H. 17 n. 1, 41
Sababiyya
Sabbabiyya,
16
Sabuyya, II. 79% 108
as-Sadik, see Ja'far b. Muhammed as-S.
f.),
see Saba'iyya.
2S
18
as-Saffah, Caliph, H. 118 , 119
Safiyya bint 'Abd al-Muttalib, aunt of Prophet,
.
II. 145.
I.
34 ", n. 13 12
48
15
14
precepts, s.v.
Sakil, mother of Mahdi,
I.
Salih b. Tarif,
I.
47,
II.
49
76, II. 54
'
14
;
exempt from
religious
Vol. xxix.]
Salihiyya
al-Hasan
1) see
b.
Salih
Salim
b.
"
b.
Salma
b.
Kuheil,
Samak
b.
Samuel
b.
Harb,
2) sect
125 4
II.
179
Shiites, etc.
of Mu'tazila,
II.
131 n. 2.
II. 130'.
II.
131 21 .
[Joseph
is
oversight.]
II.
68 11
against divinity of
140 n. 3
Sects,
AU.
II.
denounces Companions,
number
Sefer Yesirah,
101 n. 2
144 n.
6.
II.
40 11 ,
1
of, I. 6 f.: classification of, I. 20 ff., 29 ,
82 14
II.
II.
against Rawafid,
II.
21 3 .
15
incarnations, II. 127
Seveners, see Sab'iyya.
3
23
on 'AbdaUah
ash-Sha'bi, I. 60 II. 86
104i8,s4
II. 86',
prophets,
89
f.,
19' 6 ,
'1
II,
43 18
26
;
utterances
I.
69 ult.
ff.,
115ff., 127".
2, II.
'Azakira,
II.
Karakiriyya,
116 2
II.
157
f.,
117 30 .
II.
Nu'man.
Shi'a, name,
Sabd,
b.
Muhammed
31 Z1 32* 4 78
Ja'far b. an-
both, 159
origin I. 3 n. 1 character,
21 ff., 42 15 II. 155 10 , 156', cf. I. 303 ;
1
b.
fundamental
beliefs of,
I.
"
ff.
Zeidiyya.
Shibash, see al-Basri.
Shukk
al-Leil, see
Simeon, tribe,
Simon Magus,
II.
Muhammed
II,
49W
II.
85 27
b.
127!3
'Abd as Salam.
ISO
I.
Friedlaender,
[1908.
Abu
6
6 1
30 34
10
, 126
Sufriyya, Kharijite sect, I. 37 71 *, II. 9
s3
Sufyan ath-Thauri, II. 42
Suleiman b. Jarir, I. 79 81 II. 72 20 129 24 136", 149 9
.
'
13
Sunbad
(or Sinbad),
Jaririyya,
36 9 II. 18 19
I.
II.
Suleimaniyya,
I.
as-Sits, city,
Syzygy,
ib.
.
4
Sunna, I. 20 33 U 348
Supernatural knowledge, see Mystic lore.
Surhubiyya, see Abu'l-Jarud.
Surr-man-ra'a (Samara), city, I. 76 n. 10,
,
136 11
8
54", 55', II. 76
II.
1826
see Clementines.
s
Takiyya
compulsion"),
("
11.
II. 91 13 .
9 10
II.
2S
4
Talabira, city in Spain, I. 47 II. 48
3
Talikan, city in Khordsdn, I. 44
,
6
21
at-Tammar, I. 79 II. 60 see 'All b. Mitham.
Tanasukh, see Transmigration of Souls.
;
22
Tarif, II. 49
Tashbih, see God.
.
Tawus, II. 41 n. 2.
14
at-Tayyar, (II. 60 ), see 'Ali b. Mitham.
Terrorism, among Shiitic sects, I. 35", 62
25
Thugs, in India, II. 92
f., II.
92
f.,
95- 4
153.
Tiberias,
Tiflis,
72 2
I.
II.
II. 125 n.
127 56
4.
25
Tigris, rise of, II. 114 .
4
Traditions, forged or interpolated by Shi'a, I. 78 II. 135 by Khat21
8
146,
by Sunna against Shi'a, II. 48'", 135
fdbiyya, II. 113
147
n.
2.
II.
against Zeidiyya,
;
Tanasukhiyya,
Trinity,
Tugj,
I.
II.
91
23
.
28
65, n. 2, II. 97 .
II.
3i
63 3 *.
12", 26
,
Vol. xxix.]
The Heterodoxies of
181
23
at-Tiisi, II. (5), 59 , 107 n. 1.
'Ubeidallah
[b.
Mnhammed
109 M 111 19
,
b.
II.
Ziyad,
al-'Uleis, tribe,
65 n.
I.
I.
69 1 H. 20s 95 30
,
93 U
2, II. 97*'.
'Ulyan
I.
'Ulyaniyya,
66 18
I. 72', II.
II.
127 26
101
f.
Vice, unnatural,
I.
6
3
70*, II. 109 , 117
al-
II. 41 n. 2,
,
Yahya
b.
"
"
b.
b.
Water, sanctity of I.
Mandceans, II. 84' 7 ff.
Weaver's trade, despicable.
World, creation
153.
Wasit, city,
II.
96 15 .
54 U ,
II.
74 19
ff.,
eternity of,
Dikrweih
I.
9
(or Zikrweih), II. 79 97.
23
102 n. 3, 138 s '.
Khalid, Vizier, II. 60
'Omar b. Yahya, I. 43 10 ff., II. 31 f.
,
Zahirism,
az-Zakari
(II.
I.
Zakariyya b. Muhammed,
15
Zebid, in Yemen, II. HO
II.
87 n.
2.
74 9
II.
Zeid
-Ali b. al-Husein,
b.
1.
Zeidiyya, onlmamate,
s.v. (twice)
141
f.
on Imam-
ate in Kureish, II. 152 ult. acknowledge Ab& Bekr and 'Omar,
16
79 13 II. 22 25 (see also s.v.), and doubtful about 'Othmdn,
I. 22, 74
;
182
I,
Zenj,
I.
65 n.
2, II.
31 20 98 5
,
I.
Friedlaender,
68 n.
b.
Mihrweih,
110 12
8, II.
[1908.
II.
97 19
"
Zubeir
Zutt (Gypsies),
II. 99.
LIST OF
18 6
ff.
18 13
ARABIC WORDS.
flf.
see
21' 4
Co
138 n 4 144
-
91 13
'
1-
see (jLs\
138 n.
4,
144 n.
8.
>
AXX
!XJ'
&
146, see
-U
28n L
-
jiuaJs,
jiudiU,
-,o.ifs,
105 n.
50 11
(jfiLsJ
137.
and
d\
^j-oj|*,
-L>flJ*J 142.
2.
51'.
See
Vol. xxix.]
TJie
145 n.
95 n.
1.
139 n.
&
x~
U.
67 23
2.
2.
55 n.
f.,
157
f.
&UUO
147
f.
fb Ji
55 1S
1.
32.
c.
12 5
134 5
s'
ff.,
145 n.
2.
50, 51 n. 1.
93 5
ff.
97 n.
4.
17 n.
3.
130.
109.
A^>Lj
j
97 n.
159.
5.
AS. ("and
Lai^j'^
/
J N
y
50.
etc.
183
University of California
UMlftL
QLJAN 2 01394
01
A 000112750