PETSOC-2002-051-P Drilling Variables at Technical Limit of Drilling Rate
PETSOC-2002-051-P Drilling Variables at Technical Limit of Drilling Rate
PETROLEUM SOCIETY
CANADIAN INSTITUTE OF MINING, METALLURGY & PETROLEUM
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
a
WOB WOB 5
d b db t
f5 =
........................................(3)
WOB
d b t
RPM
f6 =
60
a6
................................................................ (4)
DR = f1 f 2 f 3 f 4 f 5 f 6 f 7 f 8 ..............................................(1)
The functions f1 through f3 represent the effect of
uncontrollable drilling variables on drilling rate. For
example, f1 represents formation strength on penetration
rate. The functions f2 and f 3 model the effect of
compaction on penetration rate. For example, the
function f2 accounts for the rock strength increase due to
normal compaction with depth, and the function f3
models the effect of undercompaction experienced in
abnormally pressured formations (14). The functions f4
through f8 represent the effect of controllable drilling
variables on the drilling rate.
f 4 = e 2.303 a 4 D (f ) ......................................................(2)
To graphically demonstrate the effect of mud weight
on drilling rate, equation 2 was substituted in equation 1,
and DR in equation 1 was solved for the data given in
table 1. Note that all the other controllable variables are
kept at constant values while MW was changed.
2 57.662 * IF2 m + 2
Q=
............................................(6)
j m MW
2.
f7 = e
a 7 h
........................................................................ (7)
P + 150
f = f
.................................................................. (8)
0.052 D
Formation breakdown or formation compressive
failure is a type of the borehole instability, which
emerges when insufficient mud weight is in use during
the drilling of sensitive formations (17-18). To determine
whether compressive failure will occur at borehole wall
for a given mud weight, the stress state defined by two
oct
and effective
Co =
2.68 x 1010 (1 )
b
....................................................(14)
2
t
z =
0.6968 Cos b
4b
1 Sin t c 3t s2
dz ........................................................................(9)
b
= 2 H Pm = 2 z
D .......................................(11)
1
Pc Pf =
oct =
+ z + r
Pf ..........................................(12)
3
( r )2 + ( z )2 + (z r )2
6
2.
.............(13)
...........................................................(15)
t s
t 1
c
1 t s
1
2 t c
and 2z
D for
1
1
Pf Co
= 2 H Pf z
2 ............................(17)
D
+ 1 +
Weight on Bit
2.
CBL = 1,617
Rotary Speed
Rotary Speed or RPM is among the controllable
variables that significantly affect the rate of penetration.
Assuming that bottom hole cleaning is adequate drilling
rate generally increases with increased RPM. However,
in most practical applications, the optimum RPM is
selected so that per footage cost of drilling is at a
minimum. This is called minimum cost RPM (NMC). This
number and minimum cost WOB can be determined
simultaneously (12-15). However, before applying
minimum cost RPM, the torsional strength of pipes must
be investigated. If minimum cost RPM will put drill pipes
in helical buckling mode before it reaches to drill bit,
than the maximum safe RPM must be determined
considering the torsional strength of drill pipe.
2J
c
= 0.795 N HU J p
....................................... (20)
J
+
c J p
20, one can solve for the maximum value of RPM that
can be applied by avoiding helical buckling of drill pipes
in case the bit hangs-up (NHU).
6,649.35 IF2 m + 2
...........................................(23)
Q=
j m f
= 7.04
V I eff mff
BHA ...........................................(21)
N RD
Q =
2
H OD 2
4
)[(V Cos )+ (V
1
Sin )] ..............(24)
SW
f
V2 = 60
Circulation Rate
3 H OD 3 6
g
..........................(25)
12
CONCLUSIONS
Drilling rate strongly depends on several controllable
drilling variables. Hence, appropriate selection of these
variables can significantly improve the drilling rate.
However, there is an upper limit of drilling rate, which
cannot be exceeded without risking the safety of drilling
operation. This rate is called the technical limit of drilling
rate and can be approached if:
1714 BHHP m +1
Q=
.............................................(22)
j m
V1
V2
WOB
Weight on bit
NOMENCLATURE
Hole inclination
a1-a8
Coefficients
ts,
Bf
Buoyancy factor
tc
BHA
CBL
Poissons ratio
Formation depth
eff
f1-f8
Functions
Acceleration of Gravity
Hole size
Amperes consumed
Torque transmitted
Ic
IF
Impact force
ID
Inside diameter
REFERENCES
J&m
Jc
Jp
Length of pipes
Pf
Pm
Hydrostatic pressure
mff
NMC
NHU
4.
NRD
OD
Outside diameter
Flow rate
RPM
SW
5.
VCl
2.
a2
a3
a4
a5
a6
a7
a8
f1
f2
f3
D
Pore Pressure Gradient
0.00007
0.000005
0.00003
1
0.5
0.5
0.5
27.8 ft/hr
0.724
1.023
12,000 ft
12 ppg
22
WOB=40,000 lb/in2
RPM=80
h=4/8
Fj=1,200 lbf
20
DR (ft/hr)
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
12
12.5
13
13.5
14
MW (ppg)
Figure 1 Effect of mud weight on drilling rate
25
MW=12 lb/gal
RPM=80
h=4/8
Fj=1,200 lbf
DR (ft/hr)
20
15
10
5
0
0
10
WOB (1,000 lb/in2)
10
15
20
30
MW=12 lb/gal
WOB =40,000 lb/in2
h=4/8
Fj=1,200 lbf
25
DR (ft/hr)
20
15
10
5
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
RPM
20
MW=12 lb/gal
RPM=80
WOB =40,000 lb/in2
h=4/8
18
16
DR (ft/hr)
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
50
100
Q (gal/min)
11
150
200
30
25
DR (ft/hr)
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
12
0.8
A
Octahedral
Shear
Stress, oct
Unstable
C
Stable
B
Stable
(15)
Drilling
Rate
Figure 7 Laboratory and field drilling tests show that drilling rate rises with increased bit
hydraulics to a maximum value and thereafter fails to cause a further rise.
13
Flow
Rate
Region of
Unstable Beds
10
20
30
40
Region of
Stable Beds
50
60
70
Hole Inclination
Figure 8 Full transport annular flow rate diagram.
14
80
90