Goat Production Manual
Goat Production Manual
paravet manual
production and
commercialization
NOTICE
For any reuse or distribution, the license terms of this work must be made clear to others.
Any of the above conditions can be waived if permission is obtained from the copyright holder.
Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the authors moral rights.
Fair dealing and other rights are in no way affected by the above.
The parts used must not misrepresent the meaning of the publication. ILRI would appreciate being sent a copy of any materials in which text, photos etc. have been used.
Authors: Gisela Costa Pereira (Independent consultant), Birgit Boogaard (ILRI), Michaela Cosijn (CARE), Saskia Hendrickx (ILRI), Amosse Maheme (CARE),
Felisberto Maute (ILRI)
ISBN: 9291463450
Correct citation: Costa Pereira G., Boogaard B., Cosijn M., Hendrickx S., Maheme A. & Maute F. 2013. Goat production and commercialization paravet manual. ILRI
(International Livestock Research Institute), Nairobi, Kenya and CARE Maputo, Mozambique.
ilri.org
paravet manual
paravet manual
List of sheets
Sheet 1
Sheet 2
Causes of disease
Sheet 3
Parasites
Sheet 4
Sheet 5
Feeding
Sheet 6
Sheet 7
Sheet 8
Sheet 9
Sheet 10
Sheet 11
Sheet 12
Commercialization (1)
Sheet 13
Commercialization (2)
paravet manual
paravet manual
It walks well
It is active, alert and has a lively look
It eats and drinks well and ruminates after meals
It has a smooth and shiny pelt
It breaths normally
It has clear urine and droppings with normal
consistency
K e y me s s age s
and sick
Signs of healthy
animals
an
What to do when
k is sick
animal in the floc
ences
and the consequ
ck
of not treating si
animals
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K e y me s s age s
s
Causes of disease
imals
How to avoid an
ased
from getting dise
and how to treat
ccur
diseases if they o
Similarly as in people, there are several factors that can cause goats to get sick
Limited feeding
Contact of healthy animals with sick animals
Water or pasture contaminated with droppings
Parasites present in the pasture or in the shelters
Why is prevention better than cure?
It is better to do all we can to prevent animals from getting sick. By doing so, we can avoid concerns and losses when the animals
get sick and need to be treated.
How can we prevent diseases in the flock?
Feed the animals well as this makes them more resistant to diseases (we will talk more about this in a future session).
Always give them clean water to drink.
Keep the goat shelter clean and well ventilated.
Separate sick from healthy animals, so that the disease is not transmitted.
Regular (twice a year) treatment against internal and external parasites (we will talk more about this in a future session).
Where applicable, give goats vaccinations provided by the Veterinary Services.
And when the animal is sick, how can we treat it?
Some diseases can be treated with dewormers, others need drugs such as antibiotics. The best is to call a paravet to assess the
situation and treat accordingly.
Attention: after drug administration, animals shouldnt be slaughtered and consumed immediately (ask the paravet how many
days you should wait)!
paravet manual
Sheet 3 Parasites
paravet manual
Sheet 3 Parasites
What do we see on the pictures? A goat with ticks is grazing. Ticks on the grass going towards the goat; a big tick falling on
the pasture and laying eggs. A paravet is spraying the goat against external parasites (ticks).
What are parasites?
Parasites are very small animals that live by benefitting from other animals, in this case, goats.
Examples of parasites are ticks, worms, flies, acarus (often very small or tiny animals that cant be seen with the naked eye
that live on the skin or inside the animal).
How does an animal with parasites look?
Skinny
Sad
It gets sick easily
It has difficulties to reproduce
It can have wounds on the skin.
K e y me s s age s
s
Types of parasite
How animals get
w to
parasites and ho
prevent them
Deworm goats twice each year (once at the end of the dry season/
beginning of the rainy season and again at the end of the rainy
season/beginning of dry season);
Deworm young goats after weaning;
Dont deworm pregnant goats during the first month of gestation to
avoid harming foetus;
Rotate the grazing areas;
Build goat shelter in an elevated and dry location and keep it clean!
Treat:
With dewormer,
If the animal is seriously ill, apart from a dewormer, it can be
given an antibiotic to treat possible secondary infections.
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10
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K e y me s s age s
e
Importance of th
shelter
to build
How and where
d what
a goat shelter an
ke
precautions to ta
11
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Sheet 5 Feeding
12
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Sheet 5 Feeding
What do we see in the pictures? A flock of goats grazing with cattle. On the pasture we see grass as
well as shrubs and trees.
Just like people need a balanced diet, animals also need good feeding to grow healthy.
What should goats eat to grow well and be healthy?
It is very important to have a diverse diet consisting of grass, shrubs and tree leaves.
K e y me s s age
Importance of
g
good goat feedin
ear
throughout the y
13
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14
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K e y me s s age
Good practices
on the use and
management of
ure
community past
areas to avoid
overgrazing
Overgrazing is what happens when animals stay for too long on the same pasture and
Eat all that exists;
The pasture gets depleted and is not productive the following year;
When the pasture is depleted, the animals start suffering, getting skinny and sicker.
For these reasons it is important to move animals to different grazing sites regularly (rotation
of grazing areas).
How should the pasture area be?
Animals should graze freely (not tethered).
Goats and cattle can graze on the same area. This is advantageous because they will eat
different plants.
The pasture area should have varied vegetation.
Animals should be moved before depleting the pasture area.
Young animals, being less resistant to diseases, should graze in cleaner sites (less
parasites)
Rotation of grazing areas is advised.
15
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16
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K e y me s s age
n the
Good practices o
ment
use and manage
of community
avoid
pasture areas to
overgrazing
17
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18
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K e y me s s age
Advantages of a
ve
good reproducti
eal age
management; id
es of
for and advantag
castration.
By planning parturitions, good quality offspring will be born in the right period of the year.
With a good reproductive management system we will have healthy flock growth to address our needs!
What are the advantages of castration?
In order to have good offspring, we must only choose the best breeding bucks and castrate the others (with a
burdizzo).
The advantages of castration are:
Castrated bucks will put on weight faster than non-castrated bucks;
Since they gain weight faster, castrated bucks are easier to sell.
Meat from castrated animals is of better quality (it doesnt smell and is tenderer).
The number of abortions caused by attempts of mating pregnant does is reduced and, therefore, the
number of births increases.
The castrated bucks are quieter (less fighting).
It avoids propagation of undesirable characteristics in the flock (poor quality bucks should be castrated).
When should animals be castrated?
As soon as possible, when the animal is young (before 3 months of age).
Old bucks that are not needed for reproduction could be castrated and sold afterwards.
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20
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K e y me s s age s
osition
Ideal flock comp
bucks
(right number of
lanced
and does for a ba
vantages
flock) and the ad
ck
of considering flo
composition
f good
Characteristics o
als
reproductive anim
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22
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K e y me s s age
ritions
Planning of partu
antages
and possible adv
The more good quality and quantity offspring, the more income we will generate through sales.
To achieve this, it is important to select the animals we want to keep in the flock and plan
parturitions.
By planning parturitions, good quality offspring will be born in the right period of the year.
With a good reproductive management system we will have healthy flock growth to address our
needs!
What is the advantage of planning parturitions?
Goats will be born in the time that is more advantageous to us
when we want to sell,
when there is more pasture,
when we have less work in the field
If we dont plan the parturitions:
offspring can be born at any time
does may run out of feed and get weak and sick
offspring can be born when it is not good time to sell
How to plan parturitions?
We know that the gestation period of goats is 5 months; therefore, the mating time has to be 5
months before the desired time of parturition.
For instance, for offspring to be born in February, the does must be mated in September. This way, the
offspring can be sold by Christmas at 10 months of age.
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K e y me s s age s
ke with
Precautions to ta
pregnant does
e in
Importance of ag
reproduction
to
The mechanisms
ductive
increase the repro
rate of the flock
What is the best time for does to mate for the first time?
It depends on their weight not on their age. A doe that has reached of its adult weight is ready for mating. For instance, if
the normal weight of an adult doe is 20kg, it can be mated at 15Kg.
Only healthy does should be mated!
What are the disadvantages when a doe gets pregnant at a young age?
It will have to share their energy for their own development with that of the kid
It will never fully develop
The kids born are often small and weak and can easily die
How can we increase the flocks reproductive performance?
As goat keepers, our objective is to improve and increase production so that we can sell more animals.
To increase the number of parturitions per doe in the flock we need to:
Carefully choose the breeding bucks and does
Replace the breeding bucks every 2 to 4 years with younger and stronger animals from other villages so that they wont be
from the same family as the does
Castrate the males that are not good for reproduction
Sell or slaughter does with undesirable characteristics
Keep the animals well fed and de-wormed.
25
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26
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K e y me s s age s
of a
The importance
gement
good flock mana
ss, cost
Basics on busine
and revenue
For selling,
For offering,
To give prestige in the community, etc.
Why is it important to have a good flock management?
To ensure that we are not losing money with animal production and that we will continue improving our production.
Are we always earning money when we sell an animal?
Note that not all money from selling animals is profit!
We have to think of the costs we had while rearing the animal (e.g., deworming, treatments, transportation to the market,
herder, etc.)
Out of the money that we receive from selling an animal (revenue) we have to put aside what we spent on that animal.
The remaining of the amount we can consider gain or profit.
For example: If we sell a does for 900 meticais (30 USD) while we spent 60 meticais (2 USD) on it (40 on treatment and 20
to go to the market to sell it), then our profit is of 840 meticais (28USD).
Revenue - Costs = Profit (900 - 60 = 840).
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29
K e y me s s age s
of
The importance
ock
investing in the fl
ces that
Production practi
profit
help increase the
paravet manual
TEcHnicaL
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