Professional Documents
Culture Documents
History - Combined (Chapter 1-28)
History - Combined (Chapter 1-28)
THE PEOPLE
-A Filipino is basically a Malay.
COMMON TRAITS
Hospitality- makes life worth living for you.
Close family ties-father is the head of the
family.
-the mother governs.
-the grandparents opinions and decisions are
the most sought.
-the tyranny of the elders has remained
basically the same.
Respect for elders- the filipino parent exercise
almost absolute powers.
-the elders believe and demand that they must
be obeyed- whether right or wrong.
-Yours is the knowledge, theirs is the wisdom.
-the closeness of the family ties, the collective
responsibility, accounts for late development of
Filipino nationalism.
Fatalistic- he believes that whatever happens
to him is a work of fate.
-bahala na
- such fatalism has bred in Filipino a sense of
resignation.
-bahala na attitude prevents him from being a
crackpot.
Loyalty- ostracism is the lightest punishment
that can be meted out to a person who
betrayed his friend.
Sensitive- the Anglo Saxon frankness is
something the Filipino seldom appreciates.
-He would not tolerate anyone berating his
countryman.
Indolent- Rizal explained this as a result of the
tropical climate.
-also because of abundance of Nature.
CLOTHING
- Male KANGGAN upper, black or blue collarless
jacket w/ short sleeves. BAHAG strip of cloth;
thighs and legs exposed. PUTONG cloth wrapped
around the head.
- Woman BARO/CAMISA jacket with sleeves. SAYA
by the Tagalogs. PATADYONG by the Visayas.
TAPIS cloth wrapped around the waist.
ORNAMENTS Bracelets, rings, earrings, leglets, gold
ornaments, and tatoos.
Pintados the Visayans or tattooed people called
by the early Spanish writers
HOUSES
Barrio House = Ancient House (made of wood, bamboo
and nipa-palm leaves)
- Ilongots , Kalingas, Mandayas, Bagobos houses
on tree tops
- Bajaos (Sea Gypsies of Sulu) houses on boats
SOCIAL CLASSES
3 Classes of the Philippine Society:
1. Nobles cheifs and their families, tremendous
influence. In the Taglog region they are are called
GAT of LAKAN.
2. Mahadlika/Freeman dependents who earned
freedom.
3. Alipin/Dependents acquired his status by
inheritance, captivity in war, failing to pay his
debts, by purchase, or by commiting crime.
ALIPING NAMAMAHAY has own family and
house, helps his master.
ALIPING SAGIGILID no property of his own, lived
with his master, cannot marry without masters
consent.
VISAYANS: TUMATABAN (work when told so)
TUMARAMPUK (one day work) AYUEY (three-day
work)
POSITION OF WOMEN
- Right to be equal of men, own and inherit property,
engage in trade and industry, chief of a barangay in
the absence of a male heir, right to give names to
their children.
MARRIAGE CUSTOMS
- No strict custom; courtship, marriage ceremony, and
wedding festival
- BIGAY-KAYA or dowry, land, gold or dependents
- PANGHIMUYAT payment for the mothers nocturnal
efforts in rearing the girl to womanhood.
- BIGAY-SUSO girls wet nurse who fed her during her
infancy with her own milk.
- HIMARAW reimbursement for the amount spend in
feeding the girl during her infancy; for the parents
- SAMBON bribe to be given to the girls relatives;
from the Zamblas
- PAMUMULUNGAN/ PAMAMALAE courtship
immediately before the marriage
(Muslim customs are a bit similar pp.38-39)
- PEGKAWIG wedding festival; six days of festivity;
seventh night is when the groom spends the night
with his bride
- HADJI or judge that reads instructions to the couple
MIXED MARRIAGES
- If a couple belonged to different classes, they would
divide their children in so far as social status was
concerned
INHERITANCE and SUCCESSION
- The legitimate children automatically inherits the
property of their parents.
- Property was divided among the children (favoritism
may occur)
- The first son of a barangay chiefcaptain can succeed
his father, if he died without leaving an heir the
second son will follow.
- In absence of any male heir , the eldest daughter will
became chiefcaptain.
GOVERNMENT
- BARANGAY (Malay word balangay or boat)
- Ruled by a chieftain (executive, legislator, judge and
supreme commander in time of war)
LAWS
- Customary laws handed down orally from
generation to another and consisted the bulk of the
laws of the barangay
- Written laws made by the chieftain and his elders;
Code of Kalantiyaw and the Muslim Laws
- Major crimes punishable by death or heavy fine
- Minor crimes punished by exposure to ants, small
fine, flogging, cutting fingers, swimming for a
number of hours
HOW A LAW WAS MADE
ELDERS the ones who approve of the chieftains
decisions; the jury
- UMALOHOKAN or public announcer; announcer of
new rules and regulations; carries a bell to call
attention
JUDICIAL PROCESS
- Trials were held publicly and decisions were
rendered promptly
-
TRIAL BY ORDEAL
- Taking out a stone by dipping ones hand in a vessel
with boiling water; refuse=guilty; most scalded
hand=guilty
- Lighted candles; fire out=guilty
- Plunge into the river or lake with lances; came to the
surface first=guilty
- Chewing of uncooked rice and then spitting it out;
thick saliva=guilty
IFUGAOS
- BULTONG/wrestling ordeal; loser=guilty
- ALAW/combat;loser=guilty
RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
- Immortality of the soul and life after death
- BATHALANG MAYKAPAL a ranking deity
- BATHALA equivalent of the Spanish DIOS; creator of
the earth and man
Deities:
Idiyanale - agriculture
Sidapa death
Balangaw rainbow
Mandarangan war
Agni fire
Magwayen other world
Lalahon harvest
Siginarugan hell
Diyan Masalanta love
Importance of the relationship between man and
the object of Nature
Anitos or saints (Tagalog); diwata (Visayan)
Baylana or Katalona priests or priestesses
BURIAL
- MOROTAL mourning for a woman
- MAGLAHI mourning for a man
- LARAW mourning for a dead chief
- SIPA or fasting; limited nutrition of vegetables
- BALATA or avenging the death of a relative from an
act of foul play or battle
- PASIYAM the ninth night after the death of a person
- TIBAWAN a play in honor of the dead
- TIBAW the play so staged
DIVINATION and MAGIC CHARMS
- Interpreted signs in Nature
Beings:
- PANGATAUHAN tells the fortune of anybody who
cared to know beforehand what the days ahead
had in store for him
- ASUWANG or poltergeist (European)
- MANGKUKULAM pricking an image of a man in any
part of the anatomy
- MANGGAGAWAY brings harm to anybody he
wanted to destroy
- TIYANAK sucking blood from unborn babies
- TIKBALANG misleads travelers by shifting its own
form
Charms:
Anting-anting/agimat insured against dangers
Gayuma makes a man lovable to all the ladies
Odom/Tagabulag(Tagalog) makes a Bicolano
invisible
Wiga(Visayan)/Sagabe(Tagalog) walk in a
storm or swim in a river without getting wet
Tagahupa the unfortunate drinker will be a
vassal to the man with the magic potion
ECONOMIC LIFE
- AGRICULTURE is the main source of livelihood
- Land cultivation: Kaingin and Tillage
- Foreign trade with China, Japan, Siam,
Cambodia, Borneo, Java, Sumatra, and other
islands of the old Malaysia.
- Barter System was used
- Prices in terms of gold or metal gongs
VILLALOBOS EXPEDITION(1542-1546)
- RUY LOPEZ DE VILLALOBOS, 6 ships and 370
men
- Naming of Tandaya of Kandaya (LEYTE) in 1543
as LAS PHELIPINAS in honor of then crownprince
Philip II, by BERNANRDO DE LA TORRE,
commander of the ship San Juan de Letran
LEGAZPI-URDANETA EXPEDITION(1564)
- Feb 1565, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi reached
Cebu and contracted blood compacts with Si
Katunaw ans Si Gala at Bohol.
- VILLA DE SAN MIGUEL, later changed to CIUDAD
DEL SANTISIMO NOMBRE DE JESUS, after the
discovered SANTO NINO OF CEBU became the
first Spanish town established in the
Archipelago.
THE SPANISH INDIO
- it was very easy for Legazpi to accomplish an
almost bloodless conquest of the Philippines
considering its physical and human geography
- with the permanent colonization by Legazpi, the
indios lost the freedom they earlier enjoyed
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS
- 1565-1821, the Philippines was a captaincygeneral administered by the Spanish king
through the viceroyalty of Nueva
Espana(Mexico)
- Royal and Supreme Council of the Indies (Real y
Supremo Consejo de las Indias) governed all
Spanish possesions
- The King is the paramount lawmaker and
administrator over-seeing the colonies of the
Spanish empire.
- The King is guided by laws compiled in 1681
La Funeraria
- first funeral parlor established by Carlos March in
Manila
CULTURAL TRANSFORMATION:
Doctrina Christiana
-first published book, 1593
Francisco Tello
instructed by the Crown that in order to make reduccion
successful, the Filipinos should be taught Castillian and
the friars should learn the language of the Indians
Nicolas de la Cruz Bagay
-first Filipino engraver
TO
SPANISH-IMPOSED
Magalat
-chief in Tugegarao, revolted against illicit tribute
collection
Gen Luis Magtangaga
-chief of Malaueg, led the Itawis and Gaddangs to rise
up in arms
Juan Caragay
-led a revolt in Pangasinan
Joaquin
de
Diego Silang
-opposed the exaction of comun(annual tribute of one
real fuente)
**PEASANT UNREST**
Maginoos of Silang
- disputed land surveys which usurped a large portion of
the communal lands in Latag and Lantic
Joseph de la Vega, Francisco Santos de Medina, Ignacio
Marvelo, Julio Lopez de Montoya, Andres Pulido,
Francisco Gonzales
-principales of Silang, assaulted the controversial
hacienda and razed granaries
Casimiro Camerino
-unjustly labeled El Tulisan by the Spaniards
**THE MORO RESISTANCE**
Moro raids
-in retaliation for Spanish acts of reducing Moro captives
to slavery and razing their homes
**FAILURE OF THE REVOLTS**
Reasons for the failure
-insular make-up of the Philippines
-no lingua franca
**FILIPINO NATIONALISM:DECELERATORS**
-Philippines was called Las Islas Filipinas
-The term Filipinos only applied to insulares, Spaniards
born in the Phil.
Divide and Rule Policy
**ACCELERATORS**
The Philippines in World Commerce
*Manila proper and the suburban areas developed by
leaps and bounds with the official and permanent
opening of the port to international trade.
Banco Espanol-Filipino de Isabel II
-first Phil. bank to issue the first paper money
Rise of the Clase Media
*The Clase Media rose from the economic boom derived
from expanded agriculture and commerce embarked on
by the rising native entrepreneurs
principalia
-an elite social group composed of gobernadorcillos and
minor native bureaucrats
European Liberalism
John Locke
-wrote Two Treatises on Govt
-posited that social contract between the King, who did
not exercise absolute powers, and his subjects, means
that if the king failed to do his duty and did not respond
to natural rights, his subjects had the rights to overthrow
him.
Jacques Rousseau
-re echoed the same in The Social Contract
-if a govt didnt satisfy subjects, they have all the reason
to alter the govtto whatever they thought best
Gov. Gen Carlos Maria de la Torre
-abolished press espionage and proclaimed freedom of
speech
-led a group of elites in a toast of liberty
Racial Discrimination
Fr. Miguel Lucio y Bustamante
-opined that Filipino could never learn the Spanish
language or be civilized
-indio will always be an indio...
Francisco Canamaque
-hated Filipino laziness and incapacity
Pablo Feced
-described rural folks as carabao herd
Fr. Gaspar de San Agustin
-quoted that God created the indios with the rattan
Regular-Secular Conflicts
Fr. Jose Burgos
Francisco Baluyot
-first known indio priest
La Algarada Cavitena
*there was an unreasonable deduction in the Cavite
arsenal workers' measly wages caused by the imposition
of new tribute ordered by Izquierdo
*they revolted as other workers lost their lost exemption
privileges from tributes and polo y servicios personales
*believed to have stemmed from the worker's strike of
the Cavite arsenal
GOMBURZA
-accused as agitators of the Spanish movement
Archbishop Meliton Martinez
-refused to defrock Gomburza
Rafael de Izquierdo
- said "I shall govern with a cross on one hand and a
sword in the other
CHAPTER 8
The Campaign for Reforms
Peninsulares Spaniards born in Spain.
Insulares Spaniards born in the Philippines. They
were also called Filipinos.
Indios the name given to the Filipinos by the
Spaniards.
Gov. Gen. Basilio Augustin the indios were
called Filipinos during his regime.
Gov. Gen Carlos Maria de la Torre the
governor whom the Filipino middle class found as
an ally.
July 12, 1869 the Filipino middle class went to
Gov. Gen. De la Torres residence.
Assimilation thez transformation of the
Philippines to a province of Spain and making the
Filipinos fellow-Spaniards.
Graciano Lopez Jaena the Great Orator. He
was born in Jaro, Iloilo on Dec. 17, 1856. His
parents are: Placido Lopez and Maria Jacobo Jaena.
He died because of tuberculosis on Jan. 20, 1896 in
Barcelona.
Fray Botod one of the works of Lopez Jaena that
deals with the ignorance, abuses and immorality of
a friar.
Botod (fat) Hiligaynon word for big-bellied man.
The tagalog equivalent of Botyok.
CHAPTER 9
Bonifacio and the Katipunan
Katipunan Kataastaasan, Kagalang-galangan na
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan. It was formed
on July 7, 1892 at a house on Azcarraga, near
Elcano Street, Tondo.
Triangle Method a recruitment technique used
by the Katipunan in order for the society to increase
in number.
3 Governing Bodies: Kataastaasang Sanggunian
the highest governing body of the society and was
composed of the president, fiscal, treasurer and
comptroller or interventor; Sangguniang Bayan
represents the province; Sangguniang Balangay
represents the municipality or town.
Sangguniang Hukuman a sort of a court where
judicial matters affecting the member of the society
were referred.
3 Grades of the Society: Katipon wore black
hood. Password: Anak ng Bayan; Kawal wore
green hood. Password: Gom-Bur-Za; Bayani
wore red mask and sash with green borders.
Password: Rizal.
Katipunan Codes a system of writing made by
Bonifacio to maintain the secrets of their societys
communications.
Andres Bonifacio the founder and organizer of
the Katipunan. He was born in Tondo, Manila on
Nov. 30, 1863. His parents are: Santiago Bonifacio
and Catalina de Castro.
Siblings of Bonifacio: Ciriaco, Procopio,
Espiridiona, Troadio and Maxima
Monica Andres Bonifacios first wife who died of
leprosy.
Gregoria De Jesus second wife of Bonifacio
whom he met in Kalookan. She was initiated in the
Womens Chapter of the Katipunan and was called
the Lakambini of the Katipunan.
republican
government established by Aguinaldo at Biyakna-bato
The provisional constitution of the Biyak-nabato Republic was prepared by Felix Ferrer and
Isabelo Artacho, who copied almost word-forword the Cuban constitution of Jimaguayu
Truce of Biyak-na-Bato Pedro Paterno served
as mediator between Spaniards and Filipinos to
stop the conflict. He negotiated with Aguinaldo
and Primo de Rivera. The truce provided:
1) that Aguinaldo and his companions
would go into voluntary exile abroad
2) that Primo de Rivera would pay the
sum of P800,000 to the rebels in 3
installments: (a) P400,000 to Aguinaldo
upon his departure from Biyak-na-bato,
(b)
P200,000
when
the
arms
surrendered by the revolutionists
exceeded 700, and (c) the remaining
P200,000 when the Te Deum was sung
and general amnesty proclaimed by the
governor;
3) that Primo de Rivera would pay the
additional sum of P900,000 to the
families of the non-combatant Filipinos
who suffered during the armed conflict
To make sure the Spanish authorities were
sincere, the revolutionists demanded that 2
Spanish generals were to remain at Biyakna-Bato as hostages and another, Col.
Miguel Primo de Rivera, the governors
nephew, to accompany the exiles to Hong
Kong. Primo de Rivera agreed. Aguinaldo
went to Hong Kong with his men and Pedro
and Maximo Paterno, and thus received
P400,000.
convocation
of
Revolutionary Congress at Barasoain, Malolos.
First significant act: ratification, on September
29, of the independence proclaimed at Kawit
on June 12.
o President: Pedro Paterno
o Vice-Pres: Benito Legarda
o 1st Secretary: Gregorio Araneta
o 2nd Secretary: Pablo Ocampo
Malolos Constitution
1st
democratic
st
constitution in Asia; 1 important Filipino
document ever produced by the peoples
representatives. It is anchored in democratic
traditions that ultimately had their roots on
American soil. It created a Filipino state whose
government was popular, representative, and
responsible with 3 branches: executive,
legislative and judicial. The constitution
specifically provided for safeguards against
abuses and enumerated the national and
individual rights not only of the Filipinos, but
Chapter 13
The Filipino-American Hostilities
American Apostasy:
There was an informal alliance between Dewey
and Aguinaldo an alliance to fight a common
enemy, the Spaniards.
Aguinaldo and his men looked upon the
Americans with suspicion.
Mckinleys Benevolent Assimilation
Proclamation
Benevolent Assimilation proclaimed on
December 21, 1898.
Barbarous Acts
Brutality is an instrument to weaken an enemys
resistance.
Gen. Jake Smith assigned to Pacify Samar.
Gen. Miguel Malvar took over the leadership
of the Filipino govt.
Gen. Vicente Lukban ambushed American
soldiers.
Gen. Jacob Smith ordered the massacre of
all men and children below 10 yrs. old. :|
Macario Sakay established a Tagalog
Republic but was not serious enough to
endanger American rule.
Chapter 14
The Religious Schism
Aglipayan or Philippine Independent Church
the Filipino church.
- Only living and tangible result of the
revolution.
Gregorio Aglipay on the Scene
Gregorio Aglipay appointed as Military Vicar
General on Oct. 20, 1898.
- Went to Cavite and joined Aguinaldos
movement upon his return from the Northern
provinces.
Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda together
with Gen. Basilio Agustin, commissioned
Aglipay to confer with revolutionary leaders to
bring them back to the Spanish side.
Colonel Luciano San Miguel sent by
Aguinaldo to persuade Aglipay for the Filipino
cause.
Validity of civil marriage was recognized by the
revolutionary govt.
Nozaleda against Aglipay.
Aglipay was assigned by as :
Revolutionary Govt Military Vicar General
Catholic Hierarchy Ecclesiastical Governor
Nozaleda charged Aglipay with usurpation of
power.
Juan de Vargas punished with less than
excommunication.
CHAPTER 16
Compromise W/ Colonialism
Schurman
Commission
(1899)1st
significant body by McKinley which introduced
non military approach of Am. Colonialism
Military government (1898-1901)- Replaced
by civil govt
Taft Commission- Phil Commission with
William Howard Taft as the 1st military gen
Gregorio Araneta & Benito LegardaCayetano Arellano- 1st Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court
Exported oriented- XD
CHAPTER 17
Colonial Politics: Towards Complete
Autonomy
Warren G. Harding (1921)- US Republican
President
Wood Forbes Mission- led by Cameron
Forbes and Leonard Wood; indicted the
Harrison Era for many problems during
investigation
Leonard Wood- became gov gen during
Harding era
Cabinet Crisis- open break between Wood
and Filipino leaders led by Manuel Quezon
Manuel Quezon- president of the Senate
Manuel Roxas- Speaker of the House
Ray Conley (American)- Chief of the vicesquad of the Secret Service Branch of Manila
Police Dept; charged of keeping mistress,
bribery from Manila gamblers known as
Conley Case
Davis,
CHAPTER 18
Campaign for Independence
Commission of Independence (1918)created by Phil Legislature to study the
negotiation of Phil Independence
1918- Commission is composed originally by
11 senators and 40 congressmen. After
subsequent recruitment, leadership remained
Nacionalista. Missions were sent with
Nacionalista (Qurzon, osmena, Roxas, Santos,
Quirino etc) and Democrata (Recto, gil, Tirona
etc)
1st Parliamentary Mission (1919)- led by
Quezon and Palma with both parties; during
Wilson era; received by war sec, Newton
Baker; at bad timing of War
2nd Parliamentary Mission (1922)- led by
Quezon & Osmena to present Fil viewpoints on
the questions raised by Wood Forbes Mission;
missions successively sent to Washington in
1923-1925. Happened during the Cabinet
Crisis
Manuel Roxas- led a special mission in Nov
1923to protest alleged illegal and arbitrary acts
of Wood
Calvin Coolidge- delivered the the Pres.
Reply that the American govt would take
measures to grant the Phil independence since
Filipinos are unprepared because they cant
cooperate with Wood administration
Fairfield Bill- Administration alternative to
independence measure after the Ind. Missions;
establishment of
10 year commonwealth
before the proclamation of ind. On jul. 4, 1946.
It was rejected by Filipinos because of
provisions affecting trade relations, power of
high commissioner is too indefinite & military
and naval provisions.
Tydings McDuffie (1934)- hare hawes cutting
law under diff nameby Quezon; eliminates the
provisions for military reservations.
US- in 1934 1st nation to voluntary relinquish
sovereignty over a colony powers.
Progress in Education
Individual Freedoms
Religion is optional
The first public school teachers were the American
soldiers, replaced by Thomasites, named after S.S.
Thomas
English came to be the language of instruction in all
schools
University of the Philippines established the higher
education
Public Health and Welfare
Quezon in Corregidor
Cultural Aspects
Educational Re-orientation
1)
2)
3)
4)
CHAPTER 22
The Liberation
Social Conditions
CHAPTER 24
The HUKBALAHAP movement
Banal Taruc chairman of the committee.
The HUKBALAHAP sovereignty unity and
discipline of the men and women under the HUK
influence made Central Luzon and other provinces a
HUK territory who saw to it that peace and order
reigned in their respective areas.
Roxas and the HUKs when Roxas finally won the
presidency, he instituted a campaign against the
HUKs. The HUKs however, succeeded in electing
Taruc and other members of the Democratic
Alliance to Congress.
The Quirino Administration
Judge Antonio Quirino sent by his brother Pres.
Quirino, to the field to contact Taruc in order to
know what the HUKs wanted.
The Murder of Mrs. Quezon on April 28, 1949,
Mrs. Aurora Aragon Quezon, her daughter, baby,
and ten others, in Nueva Ecija, were shot merciless
to death.
Emphasis:
-the social reforms promised by Marcos must be carried
out faithfully and sincerely
-they must be protected by the govt in such a way that
nobody would take advantage of their helplessness
The Huk Resurgence
-captureof Dr. Jesus Lava, the last brains of the Huks left
the Huk movement destitute of ideological basis
-social conditions all of which the govt had not solved
satisfactorily lead many desperate peasants to join the
Huk
-Pres Marcos discovered through his agents. He urged
the town mayors of Pampangga to bind themselves into
an anti-Huk league in order to arrest the Huk
resurgence
-as if to challenge Maros, the Huk ambushed and killed
the president of the league
The Manila Summit
-Sept 1966, President and Mrs Marcos went to US for a
state visit
-Marcos announced a meeting of a summit in Manila to
help solve the Vietnam problem. I which the US had
been warring against the helpless Vietnamese people
who had not known peace
-President Johnson of US was the brains behind the
summit meeting; he wanted the world to believe that
not only America was in Vietnam to preserve
democracy in that helpless land
Agenda:
-peace talks on the war in South Vietnam
-evaluation in case of the rejection of this proposals by
North Vietnam
-an assessment at the resistance and subversion in
South Vietnam
-a review and discussion of the economic stabilization
and rehabilitation of South Vietnam
-discussion of the political problems of South Vietnam
-a peaceful settlement of the war
The Summit Document
-a joint communiqu
-a declaration on peace and progress in Asia and Pacific
-the goals of freedom
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
- War affected the productive capacity of people
- With the help of US, the govt partially solved the
economic problems (first 10 years)
- Increase in crop production, expanded area for food
crops, fertilizer, irrigation, better seeds, chemicals
against plant pests and diseases, production of export
crops increases (copra, sugar)
- Abaca, tobacco not yet recovered
- Partial recovery fish production resulted in reducing
fish importation, livestock poultry increased (meat
supply)
- Lumber and timber industry soared because of
rehabilitation
DOMESTIC TRADE
- The economy suffered from alien control of domestic
trade (so build nationalization laws to loosen the
stranglehold of the aliens)
- Market Stalls Act (1946) Filipino shall have
preferences in the lease of public market stalls
- Retail Trade Nationalization Law (1954) No nonFilipino owned companies shall engage in retail trade
- Filipino Retailers Fund Act (1955) provides credit
facilities to be extended to Filipino retailers
- NAMARCO Act (1955) provides the establishment of
the National Marketing Corporation (NAMARCO) to
assist Filipino retailers by supplying them with goods at
prices that would enable them to compete in the open
market
- Effect domestic trade in the hands of the Fil.
- Only contradict are the DUMMIES (Anti-Dummy Board
to eliminate these but only to a small effect)
FOREIGN TRADE AND COMMERCE
- Unfavorable balance of trade (so build reforms to
eliminate this)
- Reforms made systems of import and exchange
controls
MINERAL PRODUCTION
- The minerals were not fully exploited
- Increase production (gold, silver, base metals and nonmetals
THE BELL MISSION REPORT