Small Wars Animal Packers Manual: X-File 3-35.23
Small Wars Animal Packers Manual: X-File 3-35.23
23
Small Wars
Animal Packers Manual
X-File 3-35.23
Small Wars
Animal Packers Manual
W. D. Catto
Brigadier General, USMC
Commanding General
Marine Corps Warfighting
Laboratory
Marine Corps Combat
Development Command
Quantico, Virginia 22134-5059
W. E. Gaskin
Colonel, USMC
Commander
Training Command
Marine Corps Combat
Development Command
Quantico, Virginia 22134
9 Add
9 Change
9 Delete
9 Correct
2. Proposed Text:
3. Justification/Source:
NOTE:
1. Only one recommendation per page.
2. You may use locally reproduced forms for E-mail submissions to:
[email protected]
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Stable Routine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Grooming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Equipment for Cleaning and Grooming the Animal
Bathing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Feeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Grazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Muck-Out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Routine Stable Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Bad Conformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Size (Weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Size (Height) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Basic First Aid for Horses and Mules . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Horse and Mule First Aid Kit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Injuries Below the Knee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Injuries Above the Knee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
General Health Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thrush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Worming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vitamins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Considerations for Administering First Aid . . . . . . .
Treating an Animals Wound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hemorrhage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Colic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Laminitis-Founder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 2 Sketch of How Laminitis Affects the Hoof
Thrown Shoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Destroying Stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Saddling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Placement of the Saddle .
Figure 23 Saddling Step 1
Figure 24 Saddling Step 2
Figure 25 Saddling Step 3
Figure 26 Saddling Step 4
Figure 27 Saddling Step 5
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Bivouac Considerations . . . . . . . .
Pack-String Bivouac . . . . . . .
Organization of a Bivouac Site
Picket Lines and Hitch Racks
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38
Bull Carts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bull Carts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Contracting for Bull Carts . . . . .
Preparing and Packing Bull Carts
Handling Bull Carts . . . . . . . . . .
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Listing of X-Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
iv
S
S
Pack Mules. The mule is the ideal pack animal for supply trains, pack
trains with foot patrols, and pack trains with detachments mounted on
mules. The mule has certain advantages over the horse which that make
him the first choice for this kind of work.
The mule withstands hot weather better and is less susceptible to
colic and founder than the horse.
A mule responds better than a horse in the hands of an unqualified,
unsure or incompetent driver.
The mules foot is less subject to disorders.
The mule is invariably a good walker in difficult terrain.
Age and infirmity count less against a mule than a horse.
Pack mules are habitually driven and not led. However, pack mules
carrying weapons and ammunition will, for safety purposes, be led in a
column by having the leader of each mule drive the next mule that is
immediately in front of him. His mule will, in turn, be driven by the man
next in line in the column.
Pack Horses. Any good riding horse of normal conformation, good
disposition, and normal gaits can be used as a pack horse. A horsemounted detachment should always use horses as their pack animals in
order to maintain the mobility of the mounted detachment. Each pack
horse is led alongside a ridden horse. On very narrow trails and any time
when it is impossible for two horses to travel abreast, the pack horse is
led behind a mounted horse (with a rider). Horses properly packed can
march at the same gaits as the ridden horse.
Pack Bulls. Under certain conditions, bulls can be used to good
advantage as pack animals. A pack bull with its wide-spreading hoof can
negotiate mud in which a mule with its small hoof will bog down. Bull
can carry heavier cargoes than the mules usually found in most small war
theatersalthough they travel slower.
Good pack bulls can carry from 200-250
pounds of cargo. They can make about 15 miles
a day loaded but, after five days march, they
will require a rest of between five to seven
daysif they are kept in good condition. In
employing pack bulls, it is advisable to hire
native bull keepers to handle them.
3
Mixed pack trains of bulls and horses do not operate smoothly due to
their different characteristics.
Approaching a Pack Animal. When approaching a pack animal, the
handler should:
Approach from the front if possible;
S at a 30-degree angle,
S with your body between the animals head and shoulder area.
Approach while speaking to the animal to prevent startling it.
S Use a calm voice.
Make physical contact with the animal when approaching by
touching its neck or shoulder area first.
In order to avoid getting kicked:
Do not approach from the rear;
S if at all possible.
Do not approach without warning or surprise the animal.
Avoid sudden movements.
Maintain wariness for a kick.
S Dont get overconfident because its never happened before.
Leading a Pack Animal. Once youve reached your animal, lay the lead
rope over the animals neck. Now you can ease the halter onto the animal
and fasten the buckle.
Never coil lead rope around your hand.
Hold loose bights; i.e., the loop in the middle of your rope.
Pay attention to what you are doing at all times to prevent injury.
Always follow the example of the Pack Master.
Important Points in Packing. You must adjust your loads and distances
traveled to the conditions of the animals. Do not overload your pack
animals. The short term gain will be offset by the long term negative
effects of injured animals. You can avoid delays in packing through
careful planning and systematic arrangement of loads matched to an
animals known capability and behavior.
Pack Animal Conditioning. You have to physically condition your pack
animals before taking them on an extended march. If you do not do this,
you will almost certainly experience heavy losses of animals.
Key Packing Tips.
When packing, reduce the time interval between placing the loads on
the first and last animal to an absolute minimum.
S This time interval should never exceed 30 minutes.
Assemble and neatly arrange all equipment the night before a march
is to begin.
S Check every single piece of equipment to avoid needless delays
4
in the morning.
Weigh, balance and lash up all cargoes the night before a march is to
begin.
Establish a standard system for stowing all pack gear and cargo loads
for the night.
S This facilitates the checking of equipment after the halt and
greatly reduces the number of lost pieces.
S A satisfactory system is to place saddles on the ground in a row
just in rear of the picket line or, if the animals are pastured at
night, place them on line in a space suitable for packing up in the
morning.
S Place the harness, lash ropes, and all other gear belonging to that
particular saddle and its load on top of each saddle.
S Put the loads in a row parallel to the saddles;
S Put each load in the rear of the saddle on which it is to be
packed.
Begin the march immediately after the last animal is packed.
Pack Trains with Combat Columns. Make combat column pack trains
as mobile as possible. To safeguard supplies, baggage, ammunition and
weapons, try to make both the number of the animals and the cargo loads
as small as is consistent with mission essential needs. If there is a choice,
it is better to increase the number of animals than to increase the weight
and size of the individual cargo loads.
In general, the pack loads accompanying a combat column should never
exceed 25% of the weight of the pack animal upon which it is to be
placed. For small horses and mules, the average load is about 130
pounds. This is only a general rule of thumb. You should tailor loads to
the conditions of the trails and the animals. Some loads will exceed this
amount when the animals size, strength, and overall condition is
considered.
Stable Routine
Grooming. Grooming helps prevent injury or discomfort to the animals
by ridding the coat of foreign objects, e.g., dirt, pebbles, burrs, etc. You
should groom prior to saddling and after unsaddling. Grooming also
allows you an opportunity to inspect the animal for cuts or sores that
may need medical attention.
When grooming, work from the head to the hind with the curry comb
and body brush. Then groom the mane and tail, and finish up with the
hooves. If the animal is lathered up by sweating brush the hair in a
direction to make the hair stand up to aid in drying. Inspect shoes and
hoofs for looseness, cracks, abscess, and small rock and debris.
Equipment for Cleaning and Grooming the Animal.
Curry Comb: For removal of larger chunks of mud, rocks, and twigs.
Body Brush: For brushing entire body.
Mane and Tail Comb: For brushing out the mane and tail.
Hoof Pick: For scraping mud and other debris from hooves.
S Always start at the heel of the hoof and work toward the toe of
the hoof.
Bathing. It is good to bathe an animal at least once a month to insure its
cleanliness and good health, if weather permits. Here are some simple
steps for bathing:
Wet entire animal.
Apply soap and work into coat.
Rinse animal off thoroughly.
Dry animal thoroughly.
Feeding. Feed all animals twice a day. The feed consists of hay, grain,
and water. Horses and mules that are working every day need a lot of
feed. At least 20 to 25 pounds of hay or an equivalent amount of grass
whichbecause it is wetwill weigh even more.
Grain: Give 1-2 pounds of grain to each animal prior to and after a
field movement.
Individual horses vary considerably in their feed requirements, but a
good approximation is 2 percent of their body weight in dry weight of
feed a day. The same approximation holds for most mammals, including
mules.
Grazing. The length of time that a horse has to graze to in order to fill
his belly and fulfill his nutritional requirementsthe two arent
necessarily the samedepends on the quality of the pasture. Where grass
is thick and continuous and a horse can put his head down and eat on a
straight line, six hours of feeding in a 24-hour period is probably a
minimum. Where forage is sparsea nip here and a mouthful
therehell need considerably more time feeding.
Muck-Out. This is the cleaning out of all manure from all stalls and
corrals. Do this to prevent flies and mosquitoes in the stable area that
can infect the animals with diseases. The required tools include:
Wheel barrow for removal of manure to a disposal site.
Shovel and manure rake for picking up piles of manure.
Garden rake to gather manure in piles.
Broom to sweep out stalls and barn.
Low croup.
Deep girth and large barrel to accommodate big lungs.
Well-developed hind quarters.
Straight, strong legs.
Short, wide, cannon bones.
Short, strong pasterns, that have a moderate slope.
Tough hooves in proportion to size and weight of animal.
10
ski boot buckle. These boots are easy to use and are remarkably durable,
though they slosh after stream crossings. They are also a safe solution to
the problem of mules who wont stand to be shod.
Destroying Stock. Be humane, do not allow an animal to suffer if its
legs are broken or if its chest or abdomen is lacerated. There are four
ways of destroying an animal that is injured beyond help. The tactical
situation will dictate which of these methods you should use.
Strikingbetween the ears, on the pole with a forceful blow with a
blunt object.
Cuttinguse large knife to cut the throat on the lower 1/3 of the
neck to sever the jugular vein.
Shootingshoot in front of the skull in the softest portion.
Turn the animal looselet nature take its course of action.
15
16
17
Figure 5 illustrates the fifteen main parts of the Sawbuck pack saddle.
Figure 6 is a picture of the Sawbuck on a pack mule (Brown & Elser).
Additional Tack.
Horse Halter
S Heavy duty; made of nylon or leather.
Mule Halter
S Extra heavy duty; made of harness leather.
Bridles and Bits: used to steer animals. The three types are:
S Snaffle: A bit for a horse. It consists of two bars jointed at the
center. It is used for green broken animals.
S Shank: A chain or strap that passes under the horses lower jaw
and helps restrain him. It is used for normal broken animals.
S Hackamore: A simple bridle with an adjustable noseband and no
bit. It is used for expertly broken animals
Panniers
S Used for carrying loose cargo.
S There are several types, but the most common is the box pannier.
Tack Used for Military Operations.
Box panniers
S A pair of baskets, canvas, or leather pouches carried on either
side of the pack animal.
S .50 caliber machine gun panniers.
S 81mm and 60mm mortar panniers.
18
19
Sling panniers.
Pack Saddles
S Figure 8 pictures the parts of a pack saddle (from Brown &
Elser, used by permission).
S This photo is from Packin In on Mules and Horses by Smoke
Elser and Bill Brown (Used by permission of Mountain Press
Publishing Company, Missoula, MT)
The names of the pack saddles that can be used include:
S Decker, Sawbuck, McClellan, Phillips, Morgan.
Riding Saddles used:
S Western riding saddle, and
S the McClellan can also be used for riding.
Body brushes.
Halters.
Curry combs.
Main and tail combs.
Hoof picks.
Bridles.
Mantee ropes.
Cleaning of Tack.
Wipe all tack down with a damp rag or sponge, while checking for
serviceability.
S Repeat every time tack is used.
Apply a saddle soap and/or conditioner to all leather components and
work it into leather.
Apply pure neats foot oilnot neats foot compound which rots the
stitchingto a saddle once or twice a year.
S Neats foot oil is a light yellow oil obtained from the feet and
shinbones of cattle; used chiefly to dress leather.
Repairing Tack.
Lacing.
S Use a hole punch and leather string
to face the overlapped broken
ends together.
S Figure 9 shows an improvised
punch.
Sewing.
S Broken leather may be sewn
together by overlapping the broken
ends and stitching them
Figure 9 Improvised Leather Punch
together by hand or with a
sewing machine.
Riveting.
S Broken leather may be repaired by overlapping the ends and
using a hole punch to punch holes to place rivets in for riveting.
Saddle pads.
Half breeds.
Lash lines.
Canvas tarps.
S These are called mantees or manties
S Explained later in this X-File
20
21
most difficult to construct. The side bars must apply equal pressure onto
the animals back. The side bars are made of soft wood, such as birch or
pine. The cross bars are made of hardwood, such as oak, hickory, or elm.
A similar saddle may be constructed by substituting horseshoes for the
cross bars to make a Decker. If animal use is anticipated, the buck frames
can be constructed beforehand. The shape and size will depend on the
species of animals used. The average angles of a horse and mules pack
saddles is approximately: 110 for the front of saddle and 120-130 for
the rear of saddle. The bars are made of 2-3 inch softwood. The cross
bucks are made of 2 x 2-inch hardwood.
Tie Your Own Rope Halter. This requires at least 24 feet of inch or
thicker Polyester or nylon yacht braid rope. Hard, thin
rope is more severe than thick, soft rope. Measurements
are for adult horse with a small head. As horse tightens
the knots, the halter will get bigger. Some rope halters
shrink after they get wet. The simple overhand knot is
the foundation of this halter. An overhand knot is the
same knot you tie in a shoelace.
Step 1 (Figure 11):
T Tie two simple knots that are nine (9) inches apart
and are two (2) feet from the center of the
ropethis means that one end of the rope should
be four (4) feet longer when measured from the
center.
Figure 11 Step
One: Rope Halter
23
24
Shape the load to the practical limits of the height of the pack animal
and the design of the pack saddle.
S Youll have no problems if you imagine your load to conform to
the size and shape of a hay bale.
S Keep the width to between 16-24 inches, the length to 30-40
inches and thickness (which isnt very critical) from 5-24 inches.
Load the heavy item at a third and a third. This means that the
center of the heavy item (imagine a cannonball) should be one-third
of the way down from the top of the load and should be in the center
third of the load coming out from the pack animal.
S In this position, the weight rides on the tree of the saddle and
directly under the sling rope when you use a basket hitch.
S By focusing the weight at a third and a third you also insure
that two loads of equal weight actually balance.
S For example, even though the weight is the same, if a load with
the heavy item at the bottom is loaded on the left side and a load
of equal weight but with the weight concentrated at the top is
loaded on the right side, the saddle will sag to the left.
Figure 16 shows the basics of tying a bale of hay mantee.
Hitches and Knots. Just about any knot that will stay tied will do the job
to tie off a mantee, but the ones shown in figures 17 to 20 (from Brown
& Elser, used by permission of Mountain Press) have the advantage of
being extremely easy to untie. Just take the half hitch off the loop and
pull the loose end. (The half hitch is only there to prevent the knot being
accidently untied if the loose end of the mantee rope snags a tree.) Do
not under estimate the importance of easy untying. When you have to
make camp in bad weather, in the dark or if under attack, the last thing
27
you want to do is struggle with knots. With the knot untied, the mantee
practically unties itself. Since there are no pulled-through ropes, you
simply throw off the half hitches, but drop each half hitch off the end it
went on or youll end up with knots in the rope.
Figures 20 and 21 are included to show how the load might be loaded on
the animal(s). However, use these illustrations only to refresh your
memory of formal trainingpreferably at the MWTCin animal
packing.
Do NOT attempt to apply the techniques illustrated in these two
diagrams unless you have received prior pack training.
28
29
Saddling
Placement of the Saddle. After grooming the animal, begin saddling by
placing the saddle and pad in front of the horse where he can see it.
Check the saddle pad for crud: burrs, pine cones, sticks or grass deeds.
Then put the pad on well ahead of the withers and slide it all the way
back on off his rump. This aligns the hair on the back and if you have a
fuzzy pile pad, it also aligns the nap. Now put the pad on ahead of the
withers and slide it into position. On the average horse or mule, the
leading edge of the pad should line up with the front of the foreleg. Two
inches of pad should show ahead of the half-breed when the saddle is in
position. Now swing the saddle on. Nothing should be dangling. The
saddle tree is designed to fit in one particular place. The curve at the
front of the tree fits the hollow just behind the withers. If you put the
saddle ahead of this, it will pinch the shoulders and impede freedom of
movement. If you put it too far back, the tree will gouge the kidney area.
Shake the saddle to seat it in the proper position. Now follow the steps
shown in figures 23 through 27.
Step 1: Place pack saddle far
enough up on withers so that the
front cinch will rest comfortably
just back of the front legs.
30
31
32
Pace of Movement.
Match your pace to the last animal in the string.
For example, once clearing an obstacle, remember to NOT
increase the pace of the string until the last pack animal has
cleared the obstacle.
After traversing short dips in a trail, hold your horse back until the
last pack animal is down on the level.
Your horse and all trailing animals will sit back as they start
down.
River Crossings. These evolutions, particularly in the spring or after a
heavy rainfall, can be treacherous and demand special skills. Even small
streams can cause problems when the water is rolling and muddy. Look
at all crossings carefully. If theres any doubt about a strings ability to
cross easily, send a single rider on a surefooted horse to check depth,
bottom characteristics and current strength. Theres a huge difference in
footing between a sandy or gravelly bottom and a bottom of large mossy
boulders. Similarly, fast water, deeper than a horses belly exerts its force
against a much wider surface than water swirling around a horses thin
legs.
On all crossings of smaller streams,
Angle the string into the current.
This gives the stock better balance against the force the current
and counteracts the tendency to move downstream.
The pack string will drift even when wading in shallow water.
The last mule will always end up further downstream than the
mule ahead.
35
For a difficult crossing, drive loose pack horses. Each horse or mule can
pick its own way, and if one goes down or slips, he wont start a chain
reaction. You may have to use a skylining technique that involves
stretching a rope across a stream or river two or three feet above the
water.
Tie each pack animals lead rope with a bowline to the skylined
rope and pull the animal across with a third rope tied to the bowline.
This keeps each animal pointed upstream.
It provides a fifth point of balance when the water isnt quite
deep enough to make him swim.
When you are in the saddle in deep water, you weight your horse down,
make him work harder, raise his center of gravity and can induce a
tendency to roll over like a canoe. If the water is so deep that you have to
swim your horse across, we recommend the following approach
Tie a knot in his reins short enough so that he cannot get a leg
through them.
Ride into the water until it gets deep and slip out of the saddle on the
downstream side and float, holding on to the saddle horn.
Even if your horse does not have to swim, in this position your body
will act as an outrigger, counteracting his tendency to roll.
Where there is a chance of the horse being washed against a boulder
or snag, your safest position is behind the horse so slide off the
back and hold on to the tail.
Dont worry about getting kicked. Youll be towed along well
behind your swimming horses feet.
Resting the Pack String on Long Slopes. When climbing or descending
a long hill or slope, frequent, short rest stops are better than a few long
stops. When your saddle horse is breathing hard and worked up a good
sweat, its time to stop. The same advice holds true for a long downhill
stretch. Holding back with a 200-pound load is hard work, although
perhaps not as obvious as the uphill effort.
Turning a Pack String on a Narrow Trail. The best way to do this is to
turn each horse or mule in place.
First, tie your saddle horse to the mule who led the string.
Work backward until the last mule becomes the lead mule.
On foot, lead the string back to a place where you can reorient the
string.
On steep side hills, contrary to earlier advice, you may have to work
on the downhill side of your animals to calm the stock.
However, this may put you in some danger of being bumped
down the steep hillside.
36
Bivouac Considerations
Pack-String Bivouac. Bivouac sites are reconnoitered using basic
infantry tactics. However, there are some additional considerations for
site selection due to the animals. These include:
Access to foliage for grazing.
Access to water.
Within a forested area to reduce the noise by the animals.
A place to hitch the animals to prevent straying.
Protection from the elementswind, rain, snow, and heat.
Failure to adequately provide for the animals could result in dehydrated,
malnourished animals.
Organization of a Bivouac Site. This is how you to go about unloading,
unsaddling and organizing a proper bivouac site.
Drop packs in one centralized area.
Remove loads, tarps, and lash lines and store them.
Loosen saddle, cinches, and commence grooming of the animal.
Once this is completed, remove saddle and pads and store them.
Complete the grooming process
This process should take 15-20 minutes to be completed and
allows time for the animal to cool off properly.
Pack Master supervises the watering of the animals at the watering
site by taking one animal at a time to avoid compromising the
bivouac site.
Once each animal has been watered, picket the animals in the rear of
the bivouac site.
Pack master sets pack handlers into position to provide perimeter
security for the bivouac site.
Stage cargo within the perimeter in a centralized location for
accessibility and to ensure concealment from overhead observation.
Picket Lines and Hitch Racks. Allowing your stock to roam freely to
graze is the best method. However, during combat operations where
enemy contact may be imminent, you must confine the animals. These
are methods that can be used to do this effectively.
Single Picket Line: Use this to graze animals during daylight hours
(figure 29).
Minimal equipment required is a halter and lead rope.
Use in an area with good foliage that provides cover and
concealment.
37
38
39
Bull Carts
Bull Carts. In some localities, the bull-drawn cart is the principal means
of transporting bulky articles. When large quantities of supplies have to
be moved, the bull cart may be the best means of transportation
available. It is a suitable means of transportation when trucks or tractors
are impracticable and when the time element does not require supply by
the faster methods. Supplies shipped in bull carts will ordinarily arrive in
good condition when they are properly loaded and protected. Weapons
and munitions so transported should be constantly under special guard.
To the maximum extent possible, do not purchase bulls for Government
ownership. Private ownership is more feasible and less expensive in the
long run. Furthermore, it is unlikely that good animals can be purchased
at a reasonable price. Natives are willing to part with their aged and
disabled animals, but rarely will they sell their good animals.
Whenever possible, you should hire or appoint a chief bull cart driver.
He should be a man in whom the other native drivers have confidence,
and through whom general instructions can be issued to the drivers.
Contracting for Bull Carts. Draw up a contract with the native owner
before the movement begins. Clearly set forth all details of pay, rations
for native drivers and animals, breakage and damage to animals and
cargo. For example, state that deductions from his payment can be made
for losses or damage to supplies en route. Get firm assurance that the
native contractors thoroughly understand the terms of the contract. Make
the contract on the basis of weight or bulk delivered at the destination.
You should also specify that the natives will be paid when the agreed
upon services are completed. Although in some cases, it may be
necessary to advance sums of money for feeding of the animals en route.
Preparing and Packing Bull Carts. Marines charged with supervising
the loading of bull carts should be aware of these essential elements:
The bull cart is a simple outfit, but it requires experienced
bullwackers to guide and man it.
The maximum load for a cart drawn by two bulls is 2000 pounds.
If the going is bad, from 1000 to 1600 pounds is a sufficient load.
A load more than 2000 pounds is dangerous, regardless of road
conditions or number of bulls per cart.
This load is too great a strain on the cart and will cause
breakdowns which are almost impossible to repair on the trail.
It is better to arrive safely in moderately loaded cartswith cargo
and bulls in good conditionthan to gamble on overloads with their
40
En route and in camp, ensure that security forces keep careful watch
on the cargo to prevent any breaking into containers and consuming
unauthorized rations.
In camp, arrange the carts in a way that both facilitates security and
makes it easy to load the train for the next days departure.
42
X-File
Publication Status
3-02.1
November 2000
Combined Arms
3-1.1
Published
3-11.21
Published
Designated Marksman
3-15.31
Published
3-15.81
March 2001
Urban Attacks
3-35.31
Published
HA/DR Assessment
3-33.61
Published
HA/DR Operations
3-33.62
Published
3-35.11
October 2000
Cliff Assault
3-35.21
Published
Water Procurement
3-35.22
October 2000
3-35.23
Published
Urban Defense
3-35.32
Published
Urban Patrolling
3-35.33
Published
Security Operations
3-35.34
Published
3-35.35
Published
3-35.36
October 2000
Urban Sustainability
4-11.71
Published
Tactical Instrumentation
6-2.1
Published
6-2.2
December 2000
3-35.37
Published
3-35.xx
March 2001
43