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US005505982A
United States Patent [19]

[11] Patent Number:

[45] Date of Patent:

Krawczyk et al.
[54] CHOCOLATE CONFECTION

Aggregation Numbers of Various Surfactants In Water At

Room Temperature; Remingtons Pharmaceutical Sciences;

1990; Chapter 19, pp. 270-271. Disperse Systems Chapter.

[75] Inventors: Gregory R. Krawczyk, Princeton

Junction, N.J.; Edward Selinger,
Langhorne; Emanuel J. McGinley,

Food Chemicals Codex; National Academy Press; 1981;

Third Edition; pp. 78-81, 98-99, 289, 300-301 and 307.

Morrisville, both of Pa.

Emulsi?ers In Modern Food Production; Flack, Eric and

[73] Assignee: FMC Corporation, Philadelphia, Pa.

Related U.S. Application Data

[63]

Continuation-impart of Ser. No. 188,513, Jan. 28, 1994, Pat.

No. 5,441,753.

[51]

Int. Cl.6 ......................... .. A23L 1/0534; A23L 1/308

.. 426/660; 426/804; 426/99
Field of Search ................................... .. 426/660, 548,

426/804, 99, 613

[56]

11-13.

518-522.
MCCutcheons Emulsi?ers & Detergents; McCutcheon

Division, MC Publishing Co.; 1987; North American Edi

tion; pp. 1-14.
Novagel Cellulose Gel Fat Replacer; FMC Corporation;
1992; pp. 1-5.

Phospholipids andlFatty Acid Esters of Alcohols; St.

Angelo, Allen J. and Vercellotti, John R.

Physical Chemistry of Foods; edited by Schwartzberg,

References Cited
U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
3,023,104

Krog, Niels; Jan. 1990; Lipid Technology, vol. 2 No. 1; pp.

Handbook of Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Excipients; Smo
linske, Susan C.; 1992; pp. 295296.
Interaction Between Surface Active Substances and Pulp
Fibers; Friberg, Stig, Bruun, Henrik H. and Enqvist, Rein
hold; 1975; Svensk Papperstidning, mr 14, 1975; pp.

[21] Appl. No.: 379,047

[22] Filed:
Jan. 27, 1995

[58]

5,505,982
Apr. 9, 1996

2/1962 Battista ....................................... .. 99/1

Henry G. and Hartel, Richard; IE1 Basic Symposium Series;

Marcel Dekker, Inc.; 1992; 361-367.
Remingtons Pharmaceutical Reference Book; Polysor
bates; Chapter 66; p. 1314.
Principles of Food Science; Edited by Fennema, Owen R.;
Food Chemistry, Part 1; Marcel Dekker, Inc.; 1976; pp.

3,067,037
3,539,365

12/1962
11/1970 Durand
Herald etet a1.
a1. ..

3,573,058

3/1971 Tiemstra e161.

4,109,018

8/1978 Thompson ...... ..

426/62

559-566.

4,143,163

3/1979 Hutchison et a1.

426/96

4,156,021

5/1979

Richardson

4,219,580

8/1980

Torres

4,232,052

11/1980

Surfactants and Interfacial Phenomena; Rosen, Milton J.;

Relationship of Surfactant Chemical Structure to Emulsify
ing Behavior; 1978; pp. 241-293.
Handbook of FoodAdditives; Surface Active Agents; Grif?n,
William C. and Lynch, Matthew J .; Chapter 9; pp. 398-429.

Nappen

. ... ...

99/1

. . . . ..

426/104

... . ...

. . . . ..

426/549

. . ...

. . . . ..

426/601

4,374,702

2/1983 Turbak C131. .

4,748,027

5/1988 Schou et a1.

426/96

4,810,516

3/1989 Kong-Chan

.. 426/548

4,814,195

3/1989 Yokoyama

4,911,946
4,923,981

3/1990 Singer et al. ..

4/1990 Weibel et a1. .

5,011,701

4/1991 Baer et a1.

5,026,569

6/1991

Forand

5,132,128

7/1992

Rockland ..

.. .. . .

162/100

.... .. 426/633

426/658
426/602

426/573
. . . . . . . . ..

426/549

........ .. 426/658

5,158,798 10/1992 Fung etal.

5,192,569 3/1993 McGinley et al..

426/602
426/96

5,209,942

5/1993 Bauer et a1. ..... ..

426/573

5,356,644 10/1994 Hendrick et a1. ..

420/99

5,366,742

11/1994 Tuason, Jr. et a1. .................... .. 420/96

OTHER PUBLICATIONS

The Rate of Wetting of Textiles by Detergent Systems;

Durham K. and Camp, M.; Solid/Liquid Interface (Wash
ings, etc.) and Cell/Water Interface; l957;pp. 3-11.
Primary Examinerleanette Hunter
Attorney, Agent, or FirmAnthony L. Cupoli; Polly E.
Ramstad; Robert L. Andersen

[57]

ABSTRACT

A chocolate that contains a composite of surfactant/cellu

lose. The composite is made by the process of coprocessing

the cellulose with a surfactant. The composite can be used as

CRC Handbook of Food Additives; Furia, Thomas E.; 1972;

a bulking agent or functional formulary aid in low-moisture

or in fat phase compositions.

vol. 1, Second Edition pp. 320-413.

Table VllI-Critical Micelle Concentrations and Micellar

8 Claims, N0 Drawings

5,505,982
1

CHOCOLATE CONFECTION

powder, such as Solka?oc cellulose powder, a product of

the Fiber Sales and Development Corporation, a subsidiary
of Protein Technologies; a ?brillated cellulose, a ?brillated

This is a continuation-irr-paxt application of prior appli

cation Ser. No. 08/188,513 ?led on Jan. 28, 1994 now U.S.

rnicrocrystalline cellulose, an attrited rrricrocrystalline cel

Pat. No. 5,441,753.

lulose, an attrited ?brillated cellulose, and any other par

ticulate cellulose or microcrystalline cellulose. Any cellu~

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

lose source can be used. These sources include wood pulp,

This invention relates to new functional bulking and

texturizing materials used as an ingredient in chocolate.
More particularly, the invention relates to an improved

bagasse, sugar beet, cocoa, oats, and the like. The starting
particle size may range from 1.0 to 500 micrometers
(microns; u), with a preferred range of l to 50a for most
cellulose, and a most preferred range of from 1 to 20a. The
shape of the particles may be round or spherical, rod-like,

nonwoody plant sources such as wheat ?ber, soy ?ber, cane,

10

chocolate containing a particulate coprocessed cellulose.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In this era of calorie consciousness in which many con
sumers are interested in reducing their calorie intake, par

platelet shaped, or irregular. The preferred particle size and

15

shape are determined by the particular end use, and the

general considerations operative in such a selection are

sumption, there is a need for reduced calorie food

known in the art.

The term surfactant denotes a chemical compound with

ingredients that provide bulk, but few, if any, calories. These

bulking aids can be incorporated into speci?c foods to

20 range of from 1 to about 40. A surfactant has at least two

replace or otherwise reduce the amount of fat and/or other

calorie source that would normally have been present in the

moiety. Although HLB was developed as a means for

ticularly their fat intake, without reducing their food con

a calculable HLB (hydrophilic/lipophilic balance) within the

types of moleties, a hydrophilic moiety and a hydrophobic

food. Typically, although not always, these bulking aids

preserve the texture of the food and the mouthfeel of the

food and preferably enhance either~the functionality of other

food ingredients or the e?iciency of the process of forming
the foods.

25

categorizing emulsi?ers according to their tendency to form

emulsions containing oil and water, the HLB system has
been and here is applied to surfactants. Generally, the lower
the HLB the greater the tendency is for the surfactant to
dissolve in oil, and the higher the HLB the greater the
tendency is for the surfactant to dissolve in water. A low
HLB surfactant has an HLB of about 2 to 8 and is usually
oil soluble or at least oil dispersible. A high HLB surfactant
has an HLB of about 13 or greater and is usually water
soluble or at least water dispersible. Intermediate HLB

Cellulose is one such material that has historically served

as a functional formulary aid in a wide range of food
applications. The use of cellulose as a non-nutritive bulking

agent in food systems, especially in nonaqueous food sys~

terns, is limited by several characteristics of cellulose. These
include an inherent chalky or other disagreeable taste, espe

surfactants have intermediate tendencies. This system,

cially at high use levels; difficulty in forming a dispersion,

which was developed by Grif?n at ICI America, is now a

which adversely affects its mouth feel; and an adverse affect

35

widely accepted empirically derived standard that is used to

help select alternative surfactants based on the HLB of the
surfactant being used. It is also used to select groups of
surfactants which individually may not have the desired
HLB, but collectively have a net HLB within the needed
range.

on texture or consistency.

The traditional approach to overcoming these limitations

has been to coat the particulate cellulose with carboxym
ethyl cellulose, with a gum such as guar gum, or with some

other hydrocolloid. Such coatings work with various degrees

of effectiveness in aqueous systems; however, they do not

The term surfactant as used herein does not include any

The present invention is directed to a chocolate containing

as an ingredient a composite of a particulate cellulose and

more than 30% by weight generally, and may denote a lower

hydrocolloid. Hydrocolloids are naturally occurring colloi

tend to work well in systems containing little or no water.
dal
products, typically gums such as carboxymethyl cellu
This invention is directed to a novel particulate cellulose
lose(cmc),
carageenan, pectin, agar, konjac, and gelatin,
composite that is dispersible in a low moisture or in a 45
which have hydrophilic moleties, but not hydrophobic mole
non-aqueous system, such as chocolate. The composite can
ties. Hydrocolloids are sometimes used as protective col
be designed, if desired, to provide good texture and/or to
loids or as stabilizers for emulsions and suspensions. Some
avoid the chalky taste of cellulose. It can serve as a bulking
have also been processed with cellulose. Hydrocolloids are
agent or it can be used to provide functionality
not, however, considered to be surfactants within the context
of this invention.
SUMMARY
The term low moisture denotes a moisture content of no

moisture content if so speci?ed herein.

The term mid-range moisture denotes a moisture con
onto the surface of the cellulose, which composite has 55 tent within the range of greater than 30 weight percent up to
surfactant(s) with an HLB within the range of from 1 to 40.
but no more than 40 weight percent.
This composite can be made by coprocessing a particulate
The term high moisture denotes a moisture content
cellulose with a surfactant.
one or more surfaetant(s) in which the surfactant is adsorbed

greater than 40 weight percent.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE

PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

60

The term cellulose denotes a particulate cellulose that

has not been coprocessed with a hydrocolloid or with a

surfactant. Such a particulate cellulose includes microcrys

talline cellulose (MCC), such as Avicel microcrystalline
cellulose, a product of the FMC Corporation; a cellulose

This invention is directed to a novel cellulose composite,

and to methods for its preparation and use. The novel
composite is the product of a cellulose that has been copro

cessed with surfactant. This composite is characterized in

that its surface properties have been modi?ed to customize
65

its hydrophobic or hydrophilic characteristics, as required by

its desired end use properties. Other end use properties that
can be controlled include the degree of dispensability and

5,505,982
3

the potential use levels, especially in low-water or hydro

phobic systems, and the masking of the chalky taste

(HLB=8.0) food emulsi?ers for baked products and mixes to

improve structure, volume, dough tolerance, shortenings,

low pH emulsions, improve food suspensions, imparts

sometimes found in cellulosics at high use levels. Generally,

the composite has a size within the range of from about 1 to
about 505p; preferably it has a size within the range of from
about 1 to about 55p; and most preferably, it has a size
within the range of from about 1 to about 25p.
For the composite of this invention, a surfactant having an
HLB within the range of from 1 to 40 is preferred, an HLB

freeze/thaw stability; Span 60, Sorbitan monostearate, a

product of ICI Americas, nonionic (HLB=4.7) cake and cake
mixes, icings, ?llings, confectionery coatings and cocoa

products to retain gloss, coffee whiteners, whipped toppings,

?avors, antifoam, mineral oil; or wax protective coatings for

fruits and vegetables, rehydration aid for dry yeast; Tween

80 POE(20) sorbitan monooleate, a product of ICI Americas,
nonionic, (HLB=15) emulsi?er for icings and ?llings,

of 1 to 10 is more preferred; an HLB of l to 8 is even more

preferred, and an HLB of 2 to 7 is most preferred. HLB in

this context includes not only the HLB of a single surfactant,
but the effective, net HLB of a combination of surfactants.
The HLB of the composite is essentially the same as the

whipped toppings, shortenings, dietary supplements, ?avors,

gelatin desserts, poultry defeathering scald water, antifoam,
crystallizing aid for salt; Acidan citric acid ester of

HLB of the surfactant or surfactants used to make it. 15 monoglycerides, a product of Grinsted Products, anionic,

Examples of materials suitable in the broad aspect of this

(HLB=11.0) for frying margarine and meat emulsions;

invention may be found in McCutcheons Emulsi?ers and

Aldosperse MS-20 FG a POE 20 glycerol monostearate, a

product of Lonza Inc., nonionic (HLB=13.0) used as a

Detergents. For the food uses, contemplated herein suitable

bakery and general food emulsi?er; Capmul EMG, an

surfactants are listed in the Food Grade section of McCutch
eons. These include but are not limited to food-grade 20 ethoxylated GMS, a product of Capital City Products Co.,

nonionic (HLB=13.1 ), used as a dough conditioner for

lecithin, fractionated lecithin, monoglycerides and diglycer

ides; esters of monoglycerides and diglycerides with acetyl,
lactyl, ethoxyl, succinyl, ricinoleic, or diacetyltartaric
groups; polyglycerol esters, propylene glycol esters, sorbi
tan esters, and sucrose esters. Fats, oils, proteins, other lipid

yeast-raised baked goods; Capmul POEL polyoxyethylene

(20) sorbitan monolaurate (polysorbate 20), a product of
Capital City Products Co., nonionic (HLB=16.7) used as a
25

materials, and blends of the above are also included to the

extent they are generally recognized as safe for such use by

the appropriate regulatory authority. Such recognition may

vary with venue.

Some of the food grade surfactants listed in McCutch 30

eons are provided by their trade name, common name,
manufacturer, ionic character, HLB, and use as follows:

Alcolec 628G Lecithin/coconut oil nonionic; Aldo DC

fractionated ester, a product of Lonza Inc., nonionic (HLB
2.0) emulsi?ers used in baking, ice creams, and general use

35

WDF soya lecithin, a product of W. A. Cleary Corp, non

ionic (I-[LB=8.0) used in icings, cakes, and instant cocoa.
An effective percentage of surfactant for the composite is
about 1% to 50% by weight of the composite. The amount
of surfactant required has been found to vary somewhat with
surfactant, with 5-10 wt % being required in some situa
tions, with a lower surfactant percentage being effective in

others, and with higher surfactant percentages being better in

in foods; AldoMOD FG, glycerol mono/dioleate dispers

ible nonionic (HLB=4.0); Aldosperse0~20 PG, 20%
Polysorbate 80/80% glycerol monostearate, nonionic
(HLB=5.0) a frozen desert emulsi?er; Capmul GMVS-K
glyceryl mono shortening, a product of Capital City Prod
ucts, nonionic (HLB:3.4), shortenings for cakes and icings,

solubilizer for ?avors; Capmul POE-S polyoxyethylene (20)

sorbitan monostearate (polysorbate 60), a product of Capital
City Products Co., nonionic, (HLB=14.9) used in icings,
frozen desserts, whipped toppings, and coatings; Clearate

still other situations. Below 1% of surfactant there is insuf

40

?cient surfactant to satisfactorily modify the surface prop

erties of the cellulose. As the percentage of surfactant
increases, the surface of the composite increasingly tends to
approach the properties of the surfactant. The optimum

margarine, whipped topping; Caprol 2G4S diglycerol tet

surfactant percentage can be determined without undue

rastearate, a product of Capital City Products, nonionic

(HLB=2.5); Caprol 3GS Triglycero l monooleate, a product
of Capital City Products, nonionic (HLB=6.2) a whipping
agent, stabilizer, frozen desserts, fat reduction; Caprol 3GVS
Triglycerol mono shortening, a product of Capital City
Products nonionic (HLB=6.0) icings, shortenings; Cetodan
acetylated monoglycerides, a product of Grinsted Products,
nonionic (HLB:1.5) food emulsi?er, aerating agent for

experimentation; it changes with the particle size, the sur

factant used, and the nature of the system the composite is
45

large. As the particle size decreases, the amount of surfactant

required to provide satisfactory masking of the undesirable

50

shortenings, toppings, cakes, edible coating, plasticizer for

chewing gum base, antifoam agent, lubricant; Dimodan
Distilled monoglycerides, a product of Grinsted Products,
nonionic (HLB=3.85.3) food emulsi?er for starch com

plexing, margarine, icings, shortenings, whipped toppings,

vegetable, dairy systems, bakery hydrates, peanut butter,
stabilizer, instant potatoes; Dur-Emmono and diglycerides
with citric acid, a product of Durkee Industrial Foods,

nonionic (HLB=3.3) frozen desserts, caramels, dried pota

toes; Famodan Sorbitan esters of fatty acids, a product of
Grinsted Products, nonionic (HLB=2.37.7) food emulsi?
ers for fat crystal modi?cation and bloom retarders;
IceTMNOZ blend of vegetable fat derived mono- and dig
lycerides with polysorbate 80, a product of Durkee Indus
trial Foods, nonionic (HLB=5 .4) ice cream, milk, mellorine,
frozen desserts; Panodan Diacetyl tartaric acid esters of
monoglycerides, a product of Grinsted Products, anionic

to be used in are considered. At high surfactant percentages,

the properties of the surfactant can begin to dominate or
become more dominant, especially if the particle size is

55

inherent properties of the cellulose increases. Thus, a 500

micron particle can be satisfactorily coated with 1% surfac
tant, whereas a 1 micron particle requires a higher percent
age of surfactant to adequately cover the surface. As the
particle size increases, adding the same percentage of sur
factant as required for the small particle size results in the
needless addition of unwanted calories found in the surfac
tant. Thus the preferred percentage of surfactant is within the
range of 1 wt % to 50 wt %, and a more preferred percentage
of surfactant is within the range of 3% to 30% of the total,
an even more preferred percentage of surfactant is within the
range of 3 wt % to 20 wt %; and a most preferred percentage
of surfactant is within the range of 5 to 15 wt %.

Coprocessing is accomplished by any of several physical

processes. These include Coprocessing a mixture of a cel~
65 lulose with an emulsion, a suspension, or a solution of
surfactant. Suitable processes, alone or in combination,

include intensive co-milling of cellulose and surfactant,

5,505,982
5

either wet or dry using a bead mill, such as a Dynomill, or

nougat, the cookie ?lling, the confectionery ?lling, the icing,

a mechanofusion processor; high-intensity mixing using a

Henschel, a Littleford-Day or other suitable mixer; spray
drying; bulk co-drying using a ?uid bed dryer or some other

and the extruded snack. Some of the products in this

category have less than 5 wt % moisture, other have less than
15 wt % moisture, and others may have up to 30% water;
however, in most cases, most of this water is bound water
that is not available to disperse the composite. Available

suitable dryer; ?uid bed drying or agglomerating using a

Glatt dryer or other suitable dryer; air drying; freeze drying
using a Stork dryer or other suitable dryer; or spray chilling
of emulsi?ed, or suspended cellulose and surfactant using a
Niro or other suitable spray chiller; or by coextrusion of the
cellulose and the surfactant, using any one of a number of

water is a term which describes not the absolute amount of

water contained in a product, but rather the amount of water

in the product that is not chemically bound. Examples 1

through 10 particularly exemplify the low moisture foods.

commercially available extruders. When wet-processed, the

The composite can also be used in a mid-range or in a high

moisture food, such as a pudding, a bread, a cake, a syrup

liquid may be water, a nonaqueous solvent such as alcohol,

or a mixture thereof. Agents that improve the compatibility
of the components may also be used in any of the above

processes. A preferred process includes high-intensity mix

ing in an aqueous solution followed by either co-spray

phase confection, a margarine, a salad dressing, a non-dairy

creamer, a mellorine, or a whipped dessert. A few of these
15

speci?c foods may be prepared with less than 30 weight

percent water, in which case, they would be a low moisture

drying, or high-intensity, dry co-milling.

Coprocessing is required. The simple blending of cellu

food. Examples 11 through 24 exemplify these higher mois

lose and surfactant is not sufficient to produce the novel

composites of this invention. To form such a composite, the
surfactant must be free to ?ow onto the surface of the

The composite of this invention is a cellulose, the surface

of which has been physically modi?ed by a surfactant, with
the composite assuming some of the surface properties

cellulose. Such ?ow can occur near, at, or above the melting
temperature of the surfactant or it can occur if the surfactant
is in solution or if the surfactant is dispersed or emulsi?ed.

hand, a cellulose coprocessed with a lipophilic surfactant

ture foods.

characteristic of the surfactant. For example, on the one

A typical process used for making the composites of this

invention involves a high shear with a temperature that is 25

has a hydrophobic character, easily dispersing in oil, but

?oating in water without dispersing; while, on the other

hand, a neat cellulose clumps, rather than disperses without

dispersing in an oil, while a neat cellulose disperses in water
with instantaneous settling. This novel surface characteristic
of the coprocessed material is maintained even after it has
face of the starting cellulose, and at least the less hydropho
been washed in water. This would not be expected if the
bic part of the surfactant molecule, requiring a signi?cant 30 composite were merely a simple nrixture. It is obtained
energy input, either mechanically or through a solvent
because the composite is not a simple mixture, but a
system. As a general rule, the more uniform the distribution
cellulose having the surfactant a?ixed thereto. Because the
of surfactant is throughout the surfactant/cellulose system
surface of the composite is hydrophobic, it tends not to
being coprocessed, the better the composite. Absent such a
adsorb or absorb water. Thus, the composite can be used in
distribution, the surfactant will tend to aggregate particles of 35 systems that have a low moisture level, whether or not it is
surfactant rather than coat individual particles. A high
a high oil content.
degree of surfactant distribution leads to a more effective use
Using the guidelines described herein, a composite can be
of the surfactant on the cellulose and it leads to a more
su?icient to melt, to soften, or to otherwise improve the ?ow
characteristics of the surfactant. The intensity must be
su?icient to force association between the hydrophilic sur

prepared which effectively masks the objectionable chalky

uniform composite particle size distribution. A more uni

taste and mouthfeel of cellulose, such as microcrystalline

cellulose. Thus, a ooprocessed cellulose dispersed in a food,

form composite particle size distribution provides greater

quality control in the food or other end product for the
composite. Thus, the ?ner the surfactant dispersion or the
greater the degree of emulsion in the coprocessing, the better
the product will be. Coprocessing creates a physical inter
action between the cellulose particle and the surfactant;
however, it is hypothesized that it generally does not tend to
create covalent chemical bonding.
It is critical to the invention that the resulting composite
be substantially dried before use. Generally the composite

will not exhibit a chalky mouthfeel even when used in high

45

of the surfactant in the food, or otherwise. In contrast, a

unmodi?ed cellulose added to a similar food composition
still has the chalky taste and the other properties of neat
cellulose.
The primary use of the composite as a low calorie bulking
agent or as a texturizer. In general, any limited moisture

has a maximum moisture content of less than about 10 wt %,

preferably less than about wt 6%, and most preferably in the

range of 2-5 wt %. The drying process ?xes the surfactant

level food system which has limited moisture, including any

food with a signi?cant level of lipid in its formula may

onto the surface of the cellulose in a manner that tends to

prevent, or at least retard, its being stripped from the surface

of the cellulose by solvent.

potentially be improved by using the composite to lower its

55

The resulting dry composite is a free-?owing powder that

ing: peanut butter, other high fat nut pastes; confectionery

as a dry powder, the mere use of such a composite will not 60

appreciably increase the moisture content of the food to

which it is being added. Thus, the composite can be used in

non-aqueous; and is typically high in fat content. This is

particularly true of the chocolate, the peanut butter, the

fat and/or its caloric content, or to alter its rheology or its

texture. The composite can be incorporated into a number of

low moisture, including nonaqueous, food systems, includ

may be added directly to a ?nal-use system, such as, but not

limited to, a food product. Since the composite can be added

foods having extremely low moisture requirements, such as

fat phase confections and cookie ?llings.
The food in this low moisture category is generally

concentrations. This is true despite the opportunity, during

the sometimes extended processing of the food, for the
surfactant and cellulose to become separated by dissolution

spreads including cookie and wafer spreads (such as Oreo

type cookies); chocolate and other compound confectionery

coatings; confectionery ?llings such as nougat, caramel,
truffle, fudge, etc.; confectionery icings and glazes and
bakery icings and glazes; bakery creme ?llings and snack
spreads and ?llings; and the like, with favorable results.

65

Depending on the particular end use l to 35 weight percent

composite can be used. One to 20 wt % is preferred, while
1 to 10 wt % is most preferred. The percentage used will be

5,505,982
7

a function of either the amount of fat to be replaced in the

food or the use of other bulking agents in conjunction with
it. The usage level will be lower in those instances where the

ality in food by controlling the particle size, the particle size

distribution, the particle shape, and the ingredients used.

composite is used in conjunction with other bulking agents

surfactant added separately to a food system, the copro

cessed material improves the taste of the ?nished food by a

Compared to cellulose alone or to a cellulose and a

or the composite is used as a bulking agent in a food that has

a low fat content to begin with. The usage level will be

reduction or an absence of the well-known dryness or

higher where the composite is the sole bulking agent or

astringency which is inherent in cellulosic materials under

texturizer. Similarly, a composite made with a surfactant

having an appropriately selected HLB can be incorporated

into mid-range or high moisture food systems within this

same speci?ed usage range.

low-moisture conditions. This allows the use of cellulose as

10

Industrial and other non-food uses are also contemplated.

Potential uses are most especially those in which moisture is

limited and fat, lipid or surfactant are important components.

These uses include, but are not limited to: lotions, ointments,

lanolin products, cosmetic facial creams, lipstick, mascara,

and dry pharmaceutical applications such as a tablet, a

15

capsule ?lling, and spheronized materials for drug delivery

a bulking agent in materials where it is desirable but was

previously not acceptable, and especially allows the use of
higher levels of cellulose. Thus, while prior-art cellulose can
be objectionable above a few percent in low-moisture sys
tems, the coprocessed composition of the invention can be
used at levels of 10 to 20% when the appropriate surfactant
is selected.
In addition, the composite can make a signi?cant
improvement in the texture of the food, especially in the
mouthfeel and melting properties of the food. The composite

systems. The ability to act as a ?nely-dispersible source of

can also cause an improvement in the viscosity or process
surfactant can be important in such systems. Hard waxy
20 ability of the ?nished food in manufacturing, which may be
emulsi?ers were found to be readily dispersible in oil after
described as an improvement in the rheology of the ?nished

being coprocessed with cellulose, while solid particulate

emulsi?ers were very dil?cult to disperse in oil. Formation

of dispersible surfactant ingredients by coprocessing with

cellulose is another aspect of the present invention.
Other uses are suggested by the list of surfactants reported
in McCutcheons, since the composite has many of the
characteristics of the surfactant it is made of. Thus, the uses
accorded the emulsi?er is potentially a use for the compos
ite.
Because the ratio of surfactant to cellulose in the com

posite is variable within broad limits, by tailoring the HLB

and composition of the surfactant portion of the mixture, and
by choosing the particle size of the cellulose component,
compatibility with particular systems can be optimized for

25

or mouthfeel.

The inventive coprocessed material, if made from an

appropriate HLB level surfactant, readily disperses in an oil

30

The coprocessed material further provides an improvement

35

any contemplated end use. This tailoring can be accom

in the compatibility of the cellulose with certain non

aqueous food systems, such as fat phase confections.

Furthermore, the coprocessed material provides function

ality for non-aqueous food systems. In chocolate, for
example, the coprocessed material has an e?ect on viscosity,
yield point, and taste.
Chocolate is a dispersion of predominantly sugar and

surfactants and particle sizes otherwise known to be effec

tive in the particular system. Such procedures are known in
the art. For example, methods of selecting surfactants, and
some suggestions for certain food systems, can be found at

cocoa particles in fat. Reduction of fat content has a pro

found elfect on the rheology, and sensory attributes of

p. 404 in the CRC Handbook of Food Additives (T E

45

chocolate. The rheology of this non-Newtonian system

depends mainly on fat content, and the particle size distri

bution of dispersed solids, (the average particle size being

within the range of 18-23 microns), emulsi?er type, and

quantity.

their use in particular foods, can be found in industry

listings, such as McCutcheons Emulsi?ers and Detergents

(MC Publishing, Glen Rock, N.J.).

continuous food such as a fat phase confection like choco

late, and in low moisture food such as a peanut butter. In

contrast, the unprocessed cellulose alone, and often the

surfactant itself, may be poorly dispersible in such systems.

plished without undue experimentation simply by choosing

Furia, ed.; second edition, volume I; CRC Press, Cleveland;

1972). HLB is described by Rosen (Surfactants and Inter
facial Phenomena, Wiley, NY, 1978; p. 241-49). Flack and
Krog (Lipid Tech. 2 p 11-13, 1990) describe selection of
emulsi?ers. Alist of suitable emulsi?ers, and suggestions for

food. For example in chocolate the composite can signi?

cantly reduce the viscosity of the chocolate despite the
addition of higher levels of solids, thereby improving the
coating properties of the chocolate, without affecting its taste

50

All suitable coprocessing methods result in the formation

Coprocessed material, when tailored to provide hydro

phobic surface characteristics is very compatible with
chocolate, bene?cially has minimal caloric value, and evi
dences a signi?cant reduction in the chalkiness and dryness
of native microcrystalline cellulose.
Although any food grade surfactant that can render the

of a surfactant layer over at least part of the cellulose

particles surface. This layer, which may be either a con
tinuous or a discontinuous layer, is su?icient to modify the

general surface characteristics of the cellulose particle, and

is generally lipophilic for low HLB surfactants and hydro
philic for high HLB surfactants. As a result, the composite
bulking agent, consisting of the coprocessed cellulose and
surfactant, can be designed to be easily dispersed into

55

systems of low moisture and/or high oil content, or they can

60

surface of the coprocessed material, the composite, hydro

phobic is appropriate for chocolate, the following surfac
tants were found to be especially useful: polyglycerol polyri

cinoleate; synthetic lecithin; mono and diglycerides;

distilled monoglycerides; phosphated, lactylated, succiny

lated, and acetylated mono, diglycerides; propylene glycol
esters; sucrose esters; sorbitan monostearate, monooleate,

be designed to be readily compatible with rnid-range and

high moisture systems. The coprocessed material is very

and tristearate; and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate.

?exible, in that the HLB of the coprocessed material can be

adjusted during its manufacture to have a HLB suitable for
a particular use, simply by selecting the HLB or other

method, is to ?rst mix chocolate liquor, sugar, a portion of

properties of the surfactant used. The coprocessing step may

also be used to modify or to tailor the composite function

Chocolate can be prepared in a number of ways. One

65

cocoa butter, and the composite of coprocessed microcrys

talline cellulose/emulsi?er. The dough mass is re?ned, pref
erably, immediately, to reduce the average partice size to a

5,505,982
10
relatively uniform size. Conching was done by a batch
process in a C. W. Brabender Prep Center unit. Conching

percent fat, 3 to 30 weight percent of a cellulose/surfactant

was also done in two Teledyne Readco continuous proces

sors set in series. Conching refers to the rheological modi

composite, and 0.5 to 50% sweetener, preferably an alternate

These chocolate confections can contain 20 to 30 weight

composite, preferably a rnicrocrystalline cellulose/surfactant

?cation of chocolate which reduces the viscosity by the

addition of fat and by high shear mixing. For evaluation

sweetener.

Preferably the chocolate confection contains from 20 to

28% fat, 10 to 30% composite, and the sugar is a sugar
substitute. More preferably, the chocolate confection con
tains 24 to 27% fat, 10 to 30% composite, and 0.5 to 40%

purposes, the ?nished chocolate was tempered and molded

in solid bars. The tempering stage is a process which sets the
cocoa butter crystals into their most stable form. The molded
chocolate was then evaluated for rheological and sensory

alternate sweetener.
The composite can also be used to provide a reverse phase
chocolate or a chocolate crumb.

properties. The above described procedures relating to

chocolate can be varied.

The rheological properties of the chocolate, yield value

and viscosity, were measured using a Rheometrics RPS

rheometer, using oscillatory dynamic mechanical measure

The following examples are intended as a further illus

15 tration of the invention, but not as a limitation on the scope

of the invention. All parts and percentages in the examples,

ments. Because chocolate exhibits a non-Newtonian flow

they were also measured on a rotational Fann rheometer

and throughout this speci?cation and claims, are by weight,

and all temperatures are in degrees centigrade, unless oth
erwise indicated.

and the calculation of Casson plastic viscosity and yield

value were made using Haake VT-500 software, which
exhibited an excellent correlation (R=0.991.0).
Addition of the composite enabled a signi?cant reduction
in fat content of chocolate. Although the fat content of

20

EXAMPLE 1

Preparation of a Coprocessed Cellulose Surfactant

chocolate varies by type, taste preference, and use, atypical

dark chocolate contains about 3233 percent fat, although
other chocolates, such as reverse phase chocolates, generally
contain from 0.5 to 32 weight percent fat, and some pre
mium chocolate confections, such as chocolate tru?les, can

Ingredient
25

contain as much as 50% fat.

Using the composite, the fat content can be signi?cantly

reduced. For example a typical dark chocolate can have its
fat content reducted from 32 wt % to as low as 15% fat, and

more typically within the range of 20 to 30 weight %, or 20

to 28 weight %, or 20 to 27 weight %. This is a reduction of
40% fat content, 12% less fat than the original. For choco
lates generally, a fat reduction of 040% is achievable, a fat
reduction of from 15 to 40% is preferred, and a fat reduction
of from 25 to 40% is most preferred.
In addition to reducing the fat calories of the chocolate,
the sugar calories of the chocolate can be reduced. Typically,

30

Avicel PD 006 rnicrocrystalline cellulose, a product of

FMC Corporation, has an average particle size within the
range of about 5 to 10 microns. Of this material, 1846.15 g.
was dispersed in 11,287.15 g. of deionized water that had
been heated to 82.293.3 C. (l80200 E). The disper
sion was processed using a Gifford-Woods Colloid Mill set
at 70% speed (approximately 4900 rpm) and at 40 mil
clearance. Then 200 g. of a surface active agent, a Polycon
$60K sorbitan monostearate, a product of Witco Corpora
tion having an HLB about 4.7 was ?rst heated to 76.7 C.

chocolates contain various monosaccharides or disaccha

(170 R), then added to the Avicel dispersion in the colloid

mill. The mixture of dispersed Avicel and emulsi?er was
maintained at a temperature of 71.1 C. (160 F.) to keep the
emulsi?er above its melting point and in a liquid state. The
mixture was then homogenized at 60.065.6 C.
(l40l50 F.) using a Manton-Gaulin homogenizer set at

rides. These can be replaced by alternate sweeteners. These

include sugar substitutes, such as aspartame, acesulfarne K
and the like; sugar alcohols, such as maltitol, lactitol,

2500 pounds per square inch (2000 psi, ?rst stage, 500 psi
second stage). The homogenized mixture at 600 C. (140
F.) was then pumped by a Moyno pump from a holding tank

mannitol, and xylitol, and the like; and other polysaccha

rides such as polydextrose, polyfructose, and the like. These
sugar substitutes, also called alternate sweeteners, typically
are not metabolized by the body, or are less e?iciently
metabolized than are the mono and disaccharides normally

to the spray head of a two-?uid nozzle atomizer that was

located in a Stork Bowen 3 foot diameter spray dryer. The

material was atomized at 90 psi air pressure using a 0.1 inch
nozzle, and then dried at 175 C. inlet temperature and 90
C. outlet temperature. The ?nal material was dried to 2-4%

moisture and was screened through a US. 60 mesh screen to

used in chocolate.
50 produce a ?ne free ?owing powder. This material can be
The typical sugar content of chocolate is variable, but
used for a confectionery ?lling, such as for a caramel, a
usually lies within the range of from 40 to 50%. However,
peanut butter ?lling or a spread.
in sugar reduced chocolates, the sugar content may be within
the range of from 0.5 to 50 weight % sugar; preferably
EXAMPLE 2
within the range of from 0.5 to 30 weight % sugar and most 55
preferably within the range of 0.5 to 20 weight percent sugar.
Coprocessed Ingredient from a Cellulose Floc
Some or all of this sugar can be replaced using these
alternate sweeteners. The sugar calorie content of chocolate,
Eight hundred ?fty grams of Solka Floc 200 FCC
can thus be reduced. Generally the reduction can be from 0
cellulose powder, a product of Fiber Sales and Development
to 100%; preferably, from 50 to 95%, and most preferably 60 Corporation, a subsidiary of Protein Technologies, having a
from 80 to 100%.
mean particle size 35 u was slurried into 9000 grams of
Using the composite and the alternate sweeteners provide
water heated to a temperature of 933 C. (200 F). One
a chocolate confection having signi?cantly fewer calories
hundred-?fty grams of sorbitan monostearate, a lipophilic
than traditional chocolate. Using this combination, one can
surfactant having a PHJB of about 4.7 and a melting point of
prepare a chocolate confection having a total calorie content 65 544 C. (130 F), was melted and gradually added to the hot
per 100 grams of from 180 to 415, preferably from 180 to
cellulosic slurry circulating through a Gifford Wood colloid
280, and most preferably from 180 to 220.
mill (10 mil clearance) to produce mechanical emulsi?cation

5,505,982
11

12

of the surfactant in the continuous water phase. The resulting

dissolved surfactant to MCC, mixing the MCC with the

surfactant and evaporating the solvent. Thus, 10 g of Poly
con 60 sorbitan monostearate, a product of Witco Corp
having an PHJB of about 4.7, was dissolved in 100 g of
2-propanol at 60 C. Then 90 g of ?ne grind MCC was added
to the solution and stirred with a laboratory mixer for 5 min.
The resulting paste was spread in a 6 inch cake baking dish
and dried at 50 C. The resulting powder was evaluated in
a manner described in Example 3. The powder performed

emulsion was passed through a two stage Manton Gaulin

homogenizer ?rst at 2500 psi then at 500 psi, and then spray
dried to form a powder.

The spray drying was performed as follows: The homog

enized slurry was atomized by feeding it at 90 psi atornizing

air pressure to a 3 foot Bowen spray dryer having a nozzle
with a 0.1 inch atomization opening. The slurry was fed to
the dryer by means of a variable feed Moyno pump at a rate

to provide the desired outlet temperature. The operating inlet

and outlet air temperatures of the spray dryer were about
150 C. and 80 C., respectively. A free-?owing powder was
obtained.
Essentially normal cellulose particles were observed

10

very similarly to the powder in Example 3.

EXAMPLE 5

when the free ?owing spray dried powder was placed on a

rnicroslide and examined microscopically. Heat applied

Use in Peanut Butter.

directly to the rnicroslide with a hair dryer lique?ed the

particle surface layer and produced a puddling of material at
the bottom of the cellulose particles when the melt point of
the lipid layer was exceeded. The spray dried powder
containing 85% cellulose and 15% sorbitan monostearate

A sample of coprocessed microcrystalline cellulose com

posite prepared as in Example 1 was incorporated and tested
in a formulation for reduced fat peanut butter as a bulking
20

was reconstituted in water at 10% solids by vigorous hand

stirring. The coprocessed powder tended to ?oat and to

collect on the surface of the water. As a control, uncoated

(not coprocessed) cellulose powder was added to water; it

readily dispersed, swelled and remained suspended for sev
eral minutes.

sample of the same commercial creamy peanut butter. The

25

30

Mechano Fusion is a technology for coprocessing two or

more materials to obtain a modi?ed material in which one of

the materials is deposited onto the surface of another. The

technology is based on using high intensity mixing and a

compaction device. Ninety grams of Avicel FDOO6 micro
crystalline cellulose, a product of FMC Corporation, and 10
grams of Polycon 60 sorbitan monostearate, a product of
Witco Corp. having an HLB of about 4.7, were dry blended

peanut butter made with the composite.

EXAMPLES 6 (a-o)

generated by the high intensity mixing and compaction and

powder. The powder was mixed, compacted, and scraped o?f
45

stopped after the temperature reached 7l.l C. (160 F.) for

Addition of cellulose-based ingredients at other levels (5%,

13%) was also done; the approximate use levels can be

The resulting dry, coprocessed powder dispersed easily in

found simply by altering the weight of cellulose added.

1. Mix chocolate liquor (9%), sugar (45%), milk powder (for

oil, signi?cantly faster than microcrystalline cellulose alone.

When added to water the coprocessed powder ?oated on the
surface; it would wet and settle to the bottom of the ?ask

milk chocolate) (14%), a portion of cocoa butter (about

15%, of a ?nal total of about 22%), and coprocessed

only after prolonged stirring; however, a non-coprocessed

material or control cellulose (at 10% when present), in a

Sigma/Z mixer for 10 to 20 minutes with a jacket tem
perature set at 54.4 (130 E). (Dry ingredients are

cellulose, such as the Avicel FD006 microcrystalline cel

lulose, settled to the bottom immediately. This water washed

composite, after prolonged high shear stirring in water and

preblended prior to mixing.) Adjust the consistency of the

after the water was decanted, was air dried to a constant

?nal dough mass with either added cocoa butter or a

longer mixing time.

60

EXAMPLE 4

is by dissolving the surfactant in a solvent, adding the

the following example of a basic chocolate recipe, cellulose

or a coprocessed cellulose/surfactant ingredient is assumed
to be added at 10% of the weight of the entire composition.

5 minutes, which allowed the surfactant to melt.

An alternative method for coating MCC with a surfactant

Coprocessed compositions and control compositions

various non-cellulose ingredients are variable in the art. In

of the walls of the chamber and the process was repeated.

Coprocessing in a Non-Aqueous Processing Fluid

Use in Chocolate

using cellulose were used in the following procedure for

making chocolate. The amounts and proportions of the

was monitored by an increase in the temperature of the

weight. This dried powder also would not wet easily when
added to water indicating that the surface of the coprocessed
microcrystalline cellulose was still modi?ed compared to
untreated microcrystalline cellulose.

was smoother than a comparable material made using the

parent cellulose. The sample made with cellulose alone was
dry and chalky, was slower to melt, and was more viscous
after melting, compared to the parent peanut butter or to the

35

and placed in the Mechano Fusion AM-lS coprocessor, a

product of Hosokawa Micron International Inc. Shear was 40

During the process, the temperature increased because of the

intense shear. For this particular sample the process was

samples were mixed in a Hobart mixer for 10 minutes at

speed #1; then mixed for 30 minutes at speed #2. Between

mixing sequences, any wall build-up was returned to the
general mixture using a spatula.
The product with the composite had a creamy texture and

EXAMPLE 3

Dry Coprocessing

agent according to the following procedure: To 100 g of a

commercial creamy peanut butter was added 10 g of the
composite; and, as a control, 10 g of the parent, non
coprocessed cellulose was added to a corresponding 100 g

65

2. Re?ne the dough mass immediately on a Day 5"Xl2", 3

roll re?ner. Adjust the feeder rolls to deliver consistent
mass to re?ning rolls; adjust the re?ning rolls to reduce
the particle size to a uniform minimum of 20 microns. For
milk chocolate, cooling water at 14.4 C. (58 F.) may be
needed to maintain a ?nished re?ned mix temperature of

under 60.0 C. (140 F); dark chocolate can be processed

at a higher temperature.

5,505,982
13

14

3.& 4. Conching 1 and 2: Conch in either of two continuous

containing the inventive composition. In addition, with the

processors set in series for a continuous process; or conch

coprocessed material, in contrast to cellulose, a higher level

of non-nutritive material can be incorporated without
adverse taste effects, which leads to a greater reduction of fat
and total calories for the ?nished food.
Also, the coprocessed material demonstrated a great sta
bility in use. In the extended processing required to make
chocolate, there was ample opportunity for the surfactant to
become detached from the surface of the cellulose. It is
evident from the results of the testing shown below that at
least an effective layer of surfactant remained on the cellu
lose, so that it didnot become aggregated and did not revert
to the taste of unmodi?ed cellulose.

for 8l2 hour in a Sigma mixer for a batch process. First,

set to dry conch; second set to wet conch: add cocoa butter

(the rest of the 7% saved from the ?rst step) and lecithin
(0.5%) if required to reduce process viscosity in the ?nish
conch. Product temperature during the process should not
exceed 87.8 C. (190 F.) for dark chocolate, or 65.6 C.
(150 F.) for milk chocolate.
5. Temper the ?nished chocolate as follows: Pour out about
2/3 of the warm ?nished chocolate onto a marble table.
Spread the chocolate into a thin layer about l/4" deep onto

the table. Work the chocolate by scraping and respreading

until the mass is cooled to 300 C. (86 F.) for dark
chocolate and 27.8 C. (82 F.) for milk chocolate. This
will form stable seed crystals of cocoa butter. Reintroduce
this cooled mass back into the container and mix vigor
ously with the rest of the chocolate. The ?nal temperature

should reach 333 C. (92 F.) for dark chocolate and

30.0" (86 F.) for milk chocolate in order for the entire

15

20

mass to now crystallize into the most stable crystal form

Sensory Evaluation of Milk Chocolates

Samples of milk chocolate made by the above method
with coprocessed compositions and with cellulose were
evaluated qualitatively for taste and texture. Coprocessing
was by the method of Example 1, using the Avicel FDO06
microcrystalline cellulose of Example 1, or a related mate

rial Avicel FD008 microcrystalline cellulose, having a

for cocoa butter.

signi?cantly larger median particle size (So) than FD006

6. Pour the tempered chocolate into moulds and tap to even

the mass and remove excess air. Cool quickly with good

ventilation at 183 C. (65 F.). Cooling will take about 40

minutes. Gently twist and remove the cooled chocolate
from the moulds once the chocolate has fully contracted;
the store the chocolate at 2l.l C. (70 F.) to develop

(about 6p). Particle sizes were measured on a Horiba 7000

25

particle analyzer. The results are reported in Table 1.

In Table l, # denotes an example number, ratio
denotes the weight percent surfactant in the coprocessed
composition, and % in Choc denotes the amount of
cellulose or coprocessed material added as in step 1. Evalu
ation was by an expert informal sensory evaluation panel.

optimum gloss and maintain proper temper.

TABLE 1
E?ect of additives in chocolate.

6a

Cellulose Surfactant

Ratio

(milk chocolate control, no additives)

% in

Choc. Evaluation

none

(standard of

reference)
6b FD006 (none)

10%

less taste, slow

melt, slightly chalky

6c FDOO6 (none)

5%

difference less, but

still detectable
no chalkiness,
like standard

6d FDO06 sorbitan monostearate

20%

6%

6e

FDOO6 sorbitan monostearate

20%

10%

6f.

FD006 sorbitan monostearate

10%

10%

no chalkiness; a little
greasy
standard - no

detectable difference
slow melting, palate
adhesion

6g FDO06 sorbitan monostearate

6%

6%

6h FDOO6 sorbitan monostearate

6i FD006 soy lecithin

6%
20%

4%
6%

6]

20%

6%

detergent olf
taste, not chalky
of)c ?avor, waxy

FD006 sodium stearoyl lactylate

almost standard
oxidized lecithin
taste; not chalky

6k FDOO6 glycerine

10%

6%

61. FD006 polydextrose

20%

6%

poor texture, off

?avor

6m FDOO6 maltodextrin
6n FDlOO (none)

10%

6%
4%

very chalky, gritty

very chalky, dry

texture

The ?nished chocolate product produced with a copro

cessed cellulose/surfactant material showed several
improvements over a chocolate product with cellulose alone.

These tests show that:

60

1. With a preferred surfactant for a particular food, in this

case sorbitan monostearate for milk chocolate, very high

In some variables, it was also an improvement over con

levels (at least 10%) of a coprocessed cellulose/surfactant

ventional chocolate. Among these improvements is a lower

process viscosity and yield value, which can be dramatic at
10% and above of the coprocessed material, which is
superior to control material containing cellulose alone.
These improvements make it much easier to coat confec
tionery to a de?ned thickness and uniformity with chocolate

ingredient can be incorporated with no e?ect on texture or

taste.
65

2. With other surfactants ditfering in HLB, poor taste can

result, even if chalkiness is masked. The most successful

surfactant employed in this Example 6, sorbitan monostear

ate, had a HLB of about 4.7. Emulsilac SK, sodium stearoyl

5,505,982
15

16

lactate, a Witco product that has an HLB of 20 was used, and

it appeared to work better as moisture levels increase.
Lecithin with an HLB of about 5 and mono, di-glycerides

chalky mouthfeel. Note that the perceived values of the

control (no additive) material vary between tests over a
range of 0.7 units.

with an HLB of about 2.8 gave taste notes intrinsic to their

compositions. Surfactant intrinsic taste is also a variable

TABLE 2

commonly considered in food manufacture.

3. Coprocessing with materials not of the invention, as in
samples 6k, 61 and 6m, failed to mask the chalky taste of the

Relative chalkiness

Additive type.

Cellulose only

coprocessed S

2.4
2.1
2.7
2.7

1.7

cellulose and/or imparted a bad texture, even at low use

levels.

10

additive use level:

no-additive control
5% 2.9
10% 4.8
20% 7.2

EXAMPLE 7

Preparation of Samples for Quantitative Evaluation

of Sensory E?ects

At 5% addition, the unprocessed cellulose was not sig

ni?cantly chalkier than the base cocoa butter; however, at

A standard simple test system was used and prepared by

the following recipe. In a 600 ml. beaker, 250 grams. of a

10% and 20% addition, the cellulose-only samples were

hard fat, cocoa butter, was melted by heating on a heating

very signi?cantly chalky. The coprocessed material was
mantle. With constant mixing, using a Caframo mixer set at 20 similar to the no-cellulose control at a low level of addition;
500-1000 rpm speed, a quantity of 12.5 grams, 25.0 grams,
at higher levels, however, the coprocessed material
or 50 grams, of the coprocessed ingredient was added and
increased in chalkiness only slowly with use level, whereas
dispersed in the melted fat by stirring. The fat was at a
the cellulose only control increased rapidly in chalkiness
temperature of 48.8 C.~60.0 C. (120 F.l40 E), which
with increasing use level; and even at a use level of 20% the
is above the melting point of cocoa butter.
25 coprocessed sample was not signi?cantly higher than the

The melted fat containing the dispersed material was

poured into forms of about 1" square (small polyethylene

control level, while the cellulose only sample was signi?

cantly chalkier.

weighting boats). The samples were then set in a freezer for

30 minutes to 1 hour to set the dispersed material in the fat.

These samples with varying levels of ingredients were tasted

by a speci?c sensory protocol to characterize and quantify

EXAMPLE 9
30

Dispersion of Surfactant

diiferences.

A coprocessed material was prepared as in Example 1

with the exception that a small amount of the oil-soluble dye

EXAMPLE 8
35

Quantitative Sensory Results

A formal sensory protocol was used to quantitify taste and

Oil Red 0 was used with the surfactant. As a control, the

surfactant, sorbitan monostearate, was melted, mixed with

an equivalent amount of dye, cooled, and cut up into pieces.
When added to a room temperature liquid soybean oil, the

texture differences, using standard sensory panel testing

coprocessed cellulose-surfactant ingredient easily dispersed,

methods. This sensory protocol identi?ed three groups of

attributes affecting the mouthfeel, which were important in

producing a smooth viscous suspension, and the dye was

extracted from the particles into the oil. When pieces of dyed

40

understanding the eifect of incorporating cellulosic materi

sorbitan monostearate were dispersed into room temperature

als in a non-aqueous/low moisture system. These attribute

groups were astringency-related, described as drying, rough

oil, the pieces immediately settled to the bottom of the

container without dissolution of the surfactant, and the dye
was not signi?cantly extracted from the particles. When the
so Bution was heated, the particles dissolved and the dye

ing, puckering; particle-related, described by overall amount

of particles, size, chalkiness; and melt- related, described by
melt rate, melt consistency (homogeneity), and by residual

45

was extracted. This demonstrates that the coprocessed mate

rial of the invention can also act as a method of dispersing
su?actants into a food or other system.

mouth-coating.
The results of the testing showed improved mouth feel
characteristics in all three attribute groups. Cellulose alone 50
had a considerable gritty or chalky feel depending on the

EXAMPLE 10

particle size. The coprocessed cellulose/surfactant material

Fat Phase Tru?le

signi?cantly reduced those eifects. There was also an

improvement (decrease) of the drying, roughing, pucker

ing eifect especially at the higher use levels of the copro
cessed material in the cocoa butter medium. Finally, there
was an improvement in melt consistency by using a copro
cessed material. All these improvements together gave a

The following is one method for preparing a fat phase

55

tru?le. Dark chocolate is heated in a microwave set at full

power for 5 minutes to heat it to a temperature of 54 C.,

then placed in a bowl and cooled to 32 C. Nut paste, melted

vegetable fat, and ?avoring are then added, and the mixture

much more palatable texture.

is mixed using a Hobart paddle mixer, ?rst at about speed 1.
The averaged results obtained by nine taste testers on the 60 The mixer speed is then increased to speed 2, with either the

composite or the microcrystalline cellulose being added with

variable chalky were obtained, using materials prepared as

in Example 7. The coprocessed ingredients were prepared as

mixing.

in Example 1, using Avicel FDO06 microcrystalline cel

lulose (cellulose), a product of FMC Corporation copro

The admixture is poured into and spread in a shallow pan;

then it is cooled to 30 C. or lower, until it is su?iciently ?rm

cessed with 10% of sorbitan monostearate (sample S).

Results are shown in Table 2. The numbers obtained are the

perceived chalkiness; higher numbers indicate a more

65

to scoop with a cookie dropper or a melon scooper; after

which it is rolled and dusted with a cocoa powder, using

dutched cocoa powder, which contains lOl2% fat.

5,505,982
17

18

The truffle containing the composite tastes the same as the

tru?le that contains no cellulose ingredient, and has a better
taste and texture than cellulose alone; in this example the use
of either the neat cellulose or the composite results in a

The use of the composite provides a higher moisture

caramel with the same texture and ?ow characteristics as a

product having an approximately 10% reduction in fat in the

lower moisture caramel; thus, a caramel can be made that

will have similar texture and ?ow properties as a caramel
that has an approximately 2% lower overall moisture con

formula, as compared to the control.

tent. For example, this product permits the production of a

caramel with 14% moisture, that will have the same texture
and ?ow as a traditional caramel having 12% moisture. The

TABLE 3

composite permits control of graining and cold ?ow.

Fat Phase Tru?le
10

Control

Neat Cellulose

Composite

Ingredients

%/grams

%lgrarns

%/grams

Dark Chocolate

62.18%
1200 grams
31.09%

56.99%
1100 grams
31.09%

56.99%
1100 grams
31.09%

600 grams

600 grams

Hydrogenated

6.22%

Coconut Oil
Rum Flavor

120 grams
0.52%
10 grams

Composite
Neat Cellulose

Hazelnut Paste

Total

The texture of the caramel made with the composite has

approximately 2% more moisture and 33% less fat than does
the control, and is as good as the control. The composite also

provides better tooth release and eating quality.

The caramel is prepared by ?rst dissolving salt and then
15

dissolving sugar in water. The solution is brought to a boil

600 grams

at 110 C. While maintaining this temperature, the following

1.45%

1.45%

28 grams
0.52%
10 grams

28 grams
0.52%
10 grams

0%

0%

9.95%

0.00 grams
%
0.00 grams

0.00 grams
9.95%
192 grants

192 grams
0%
0.00 grams

20

ingredients are added with stirring: corn syrup, followed by

lecithin, sweet condensed skim milk, butter oil, and then a
slurry of composite dispersed in 200 grams of water. The
resultant mixture is cooked to 110 C., and is then carmel

100.00%
1930 grams

100.00%
1930 grams

100.00%
1930 grams

'

ized at 118 C. with a controlled cook time of about 21

minutes. Then 200 grams of water is added and the mixture

is quickly brought to a reboil at 118 C. for 12 minutes,

except that for the caramel containing 10% composite reboil

Preferred ingredients:

occurs at 114 C. Vanilla is then added with stirring,

followed by cooling the mixture to 90 C. This mixture is
then transferred onto a slightly greased sheet tray, cooled to

Dark chocolate couverture

room temperature, and cut to any desired shape.

25

Pure hazelnut paste

The caramel containing the composite is comparable in

Partially hydrogenated palm kemel/coconut, Pureco 90/92, a

30

product of Karlshamns Co.

taste and texture to the caramel without the composite, and

has a better texture than caramel with cellulose alone.

Natural and arti?cial Jamaican rum extract FA 34, a product

of Virginia Dare.

TABLE 4

Avice1n1icrocrystalline cellulose, Avicel is a trademark of

the FMC Corporation.

Composite: 90% Avicelmicrocrystalline cellulose/10%

Caramel

35

Ingredients

sorbitan monostearate.

Sugar

EXAMPLE ll

40 Water

Caramel is a syrup phase confection having a sugar syrup

base of water soluble components. Into this base other

45

Composite
%lgrams

Composite
%/gra.ms

20.21%

18.94%

18.94%

(630 g)

(680 g)

(630 g)

13.44%

18.89%

18.89%

(452 g)

(678 g)

(678 g)

33.65%

31.53%

31.53%

(1132 g)

(1132 g)

(1132 g)

Sweetened

20.21%

18.94%

18.94%

Condensed

(680 g)

(680 g)

(680 g)
6.69%

63 DE Corn Syrup

Caramel

Control
%/g'ra.ms

Skim Milk
Butter Oil

11.77%

6.69%

(396 g)

(240 g)

(240 g)

0.28%

0.28%

materials are dispersed to form taste and texture. These

Vanilla

0.30%

components include sweetened condensed milk and butter

oil. The milk solids, speci?cally the proteins in the milk
solids, react with the reducing sugars to produce the Mail

(10 g)

(10 g)

(10 g)

Lecithin DA 51

0.21%

0.19%

0.19%

50

lard reaction known as carmelization. That reaction pro

vides the characteristic color and ?avor of caramel. The

butter oil provides luibricity to the confections.
In a caramel, the composite functions as a texturizer,

which permits the production of a higher moisture formula,

(7 g)

(7 g)

(7 g)

Salt

0.21%

0.19%

0.17%

(7 g)

(7 g)

(7 g)

Composite

0%

0%

4.35%

(0 g)

(0 g)

(156-0 g)

Neat Cellulose

0%
0.00 g

4.35%
156.0 g

0%
0.00 g

55

thus giving the manufacturer an opportunity to reduce the

cost of the caramel. The higher moisture also permits a

Total

100%

100%

100%

(3364 g)

(3590 g)

(3590 g)

process time reduction because not as much water has to be

boiled off to get the proper structure for the soft caramel.
Typically each caramel has the same ingredients but differ

60

ent degrees of softness, sometimes called chewiness, which

is controlled by the modi?cation of the moisture content.
Typically, softness varies with moisture content over a range
of from 6 to 12% moisture based on the weight of the

caramel, with very noticeable changes in the texture and

flow characteristics of the caramel as it increases in overall
moisture content at 2% increments.

Preferred ingredients:
Dixie Crystals extra ?ne granular sugar, Savannah Sugar
Re?nery, Savannah Foods and Industries, Inc.
Staley Sweetose 4300, 63DE corn syrup, A. E. Staley

Manufacturing, Co.
65

Sweetened condensed skim milk, Galloway Co.

Anhydrous milk fat, Mid-America Farms.
Twoafold vanilla extract, Virginia Dare.

5,505,982
20

19
Metarin DA51 lecithin, a product of Lucas Meyer, Inc.
Premier ?ne ?ake salt, Cargill Salt Division.
Avicel FD 006 microcrystalline cellulose. Avicel is a
trademark of the FMC Corporation.
Atmos 150K glycerol monostearate having an HLB of
3.5. Atmos is a trademark of Witco Corporation.
Composite is a particle with a median size of approxi
mately 10 micron that is an 90/10 w/w Avicel FD008

microcrystalline

celluloselAtmosl50K

glycerol

TABLE 5-continued
Fudge
Neat

EXAMPLE 12
15

Fudge, like caramel, is a syrup phase confection; how

ever, unlike caramel, fudge includes sugar crystals to shorten

%lgrams

%/gra.rns

Vanilla

0.22%

0.16%

0.16%

(10 g)

(10 g)

(10 g)

0.19%

0.14%

0.14%

(8-5 g)

(8-5 g)

(8-5 g)

Salt

0.19%

0.14%

0.14%

(8-5 g)

(8-5 g)

(8-5 g)

Compsosite

0%

0.00%

6.75%

(0 g)

(0 g)

(412-4 g)

0%

6.75%

0%

(0.00 g)

(412.4 g)

(0.00 g)

Neat Cellulose
Total

its texture; as a consequence, fudge is sometime referred to

as a grained confection.
20

The fudge is prepared by ?rst dissolving salt and then

dissolving sugar in water. The solution is brought to a boil

at 110 C. While maintaining this temperature, the following

ingredients are added: corn syrup, lecithin, sweet condensed

skim milk, and butter oil; then followed by a slurry of the

Composite

Control

10 Lecithin DA51

monostearate.

Fudge

Cellulose

Ingredients

25

100%

100%

100%

(4521.4 g)

(6105.4 g)

(6105.4 g)

Preferred ingredients:
Dixie Crystals extra ?ne granular sugar, Savannah Sugar
Re?ner, Savannah Foods and Industries, Inc.
Staley Sweetose 4300, 63DE, corn syrup, A. E. Staley
Manufacturing Co.

composite, which slurry had been prepared by dispersing the

Sweetened condensed skim milk

composite in 200 grams of water. The resultant mixture is

?rst cooked to 110 C., and then carrnelized at 115 C. Then
200 grams of water is added and the mixture is quickly
brought to a reboil at 118 C. for 12 minutes, except that for

l2>< fondant and icing sugar

Neosorb liquid sorbitol, 70/02, Roquette Corp.

30

the 10% composite containing fudge, reboil occurs in 7

minutes at 114 C. Vanilla is then added with stirring,

followed by cooling the mixture to 90 C. Add icing sugar

predispersed in sorbitol to set the sugar crystals to grain.
This mixture is then poured onto a slightly greased sheet

35

Anhydrous milk fat

Two-fold vanilla extract, Virginia Dare
Metarin DA51 lecithin, a product of Lucas Meyer, Inc.
Premier ?ne ?ake salt
Avicel FDOOS rnicrocrystalline cellulose, Avicel is a

trademark of the FMC Corporation

Atmosl50K glycerol monostearate having an HLB of

tray, cooled to room temperature, and cut to any desired

shape.
The recipe used for the control and two different products,

3.5 . Atmos is a trademark of Witco Corporation.

one containing a composite, the other containing a neat

Composite is a particle with a median size of approxi

mately 10 micron that is an 90/10 w/w Avicel FD008

cellulose, are described in Table 5. The fudge containing the

composite has approximately 2% higher moisture and sig

microcrystalline

ni?cantly (67%) less fat than the control; yet, the fudge
containing the composite is comparable in taste and texture

celluloselAtmos150K

glycerol

monostearate.

to the control and has a better texture than does the sample
45
with cellulose alone.

EXAMPLE 13
TABLE 5

Nougat

Fudge

Use the following procedure and the recipe provided in

Neat

Cellulose

Composite

Ingredients

Control

%lgrams

%/grams

Sugar

25.04%

18.54%

18.54%

(1132 g)

(1132 g)

(1132 g)

Water

17.52%

38.92%

38.92%

(792 g)

(2376 g)

(2376 g)

63 DE Corn

25.04%

18.54%

18.54%

Syrup

(1132 g)

(1132 g)

1132 g

Sweetened

15.04%

11.14%

11.14%

Concensed

(680 g)

(680 g)

(680 g)

Skim Milk
Butter Oil

11.77%

1.96%

1.96%

(532 g)

(119.6 g)

(119.6 g)

Icing Sugar/

2.50%

1.85%

1.85%

Fondant

(113.2)

(113.2 g)

(113.2 g)

Sorbitol

2.50%

1.85%

1.85%

(113.2 g)

(113.2 g)

(113.2 g)

Table 6 to make a nougat. First predisperse the microcrys

talline cellulose control or the composite in enough water to
make a slurry or a paste. Dissolve sugar in water; add corn
55

syrup and malt and cook to 126 C. Add the predispersed

microcrystalline cellulose control or the composite at this
time. Dissolve egg albumen in water and invert sugar and
whip in a Hobart mixer with a wire whip, starting with the

60

?nal whip. Then add cooked syrup and whip to a density of

slowest speed but progressing to the highest speed for the

0.40.5, again mixing at the highest speed. Then add cocoa
powder and icing sugar; follow this with fat addition with
slow mixing. The fat must be melted to a liquid before this
addition; then transfer the ?nal mixture onto a slightly
65 greased waxed or poly coated paper; cover overnight; then
cool, cut to shape, and enrobe in chocolate. The two samples
are similar in taste and in texture to the control.

5,505,982
21

22
EXAMPLE 15

TABLE 6

Pudding

Nougat
Control

Neat Cellulose

Composite

Ingredients

%/grarns

%/grams

%/grams

Sugar

27.43%

25.29%

25.29%

1300 grams
8.44%
400 grams
33.76%
1600 grams
0.84%
40 grams
0.84%
40 grams
6.33%
300 grams
10.55%
500 grams
2.11%
100 grams

1300 grams
15.56%
800 grams
31.13%
1600 grams
0.78%
40 grams
0.78%
40 grams
5.84%
300 grams
9.73%
500 grams
1.95%
100 grams

1300 grams
15.56%
800 grams
31.13%
1600 grams
0.78%
40 grams
0.78%
40 grams
5.84%
300 grams
9.73%
500 grams
1.95%
100 grams

Water
63 DE Corn

Syrup
Malt Extract

Egg Albumen
Water

Invert Sugar
Cocoa Powder

Icing Sugar/

2.11%

0.97%

0.97%

Fondant

100 grams
7.59%
360 grams
0%

50 grams
4.4%
226 grams
0%

50 grams
4.4%
226 grams
3.58%

0.00 grams
0%
0.00 grams

0.00 grams
3.58%
1840 grams

184.0 grams
0%
0.00 grams

100.00%
4740 grams

100.00%
5140 grams

100.00%
5140 grams

Cellulose or

Composite
Neat Cellulose
Total

Preferred ingredients:

LII

to 8 micron median particle size, is coprocessed at a 80 to

20 weight ratio with a EmulsilacSK sodium stearoyl
10

lactylate (ssl) (a product of Witco, having an HLB 20) and

dried to a ?ne powder according the procedure of Example
1.

15

The pudding is prepared using the ingredients as speci?ed

in Table 7, by ?rst mixing the dry ingredients; then adding
the ingredient mixture to cold milk; followed by blending
the milk with those ingredients.
The mixture is stirred and cooked in a double boiler until
thickened at about 822 C. (180 F.), at which time the heat
is reduced to a medium setting and cooked with continual

20

25

stirring for about 15 minutes.

The resulting mixture is cooled slightly within the range
of about 489 C. to 600 C. (120 F. to 140 F); vanilla is
then added; and the resulting mixture is poured into molds
which are placed in a refrigerator and cooled for l or 2
hours.
The Blanc Mange made with the composite is as tasty as

that made without composite.

TABLE 7

30

Pudding

Extra ?ne granular sugar

Staley Sweetose 4300, 63DE corn syrup, a product of A.

Control
Weight %

Composite
Weight %

1% Fat Milk

84.86

84.86

Sugar

10.37

9.37

Corn Starch
80% mcc/20% ssl

4.53
0.00

4.53
1.00

Table Salt
Two~fold Vanilla

0.13
0.11

0.13
0.11

100.00%

100.00%

Ingredients

E. Staley Manufacturing Company

Malt Extract #102 medium, a product of Malt Products

A pudding is prepared, as follows.

First a composite is prepared, as follows: A coprocessed
?ne particle size microcrystalline cellulose (mcc) having a 6

35

Corporation
Egg white solids, spray dried, P-1l0, a product of Hen

ningsen Foods, Inc.

Nulomoline invert syrup, Ingredient Technology Corpo~

Extract
Total

ration

Dutched l0l2% fat cocoa powder, PD 205, a product of

Cocoa Barry
12X fondant and icing sugar, a product of American

crystal Sugar Company

45

Partially hydrogenated palm kemel/coconut oil, Pureco

90/92, a product of Karlshamns Co.
Avicel FDOO8 microcrystalline cellulose. Avicel is a
trademark of the FMC Corporation.
50
Triodan55 polyglycerol ester, a product of Grinsted Prod
ucts, having an HLB of 6.8.
Composite is a particle with a median size of approxi
mately 8 to 12 micron that is an 90/10 w/w Avicel

FD008 microcrystalline cellulose/Triodan 55 polyglyc

55

erol ester.

Corporation, having an l-lLB of 20.

A microcrystalline cellulose having a median particle size
of 6 to 8 microns.
Composite is a particle with a median size of 10 to 15
microns that is an 80/20 w/w microcrystalline cellu

loselEmulsilac sodium stearoyl lactylate.

EXAMPLE 16
Use in a Bread

A bread dough is made by mixing 63 pounds of a wheat

?our, 1.5 pounds of table salt, 1.5 pounds of yeast, 36

EXAMPLE 14

pounds of water, and 1 pound of a lard. The mixture is

60

allowed to sit for 4 hours, and then baked in an oven at

176.7 C. (350 F.) for one hour.

Chocolate Chip

A second bread dough is made by mixing 57.2 pounds of

A typical chocolate chip is about 30% fat. The chocolate

wheat ?our, 1.5 pounds of table salt, 6.3 pounds of com

posite prepared as in Example 2 (with the exception that

chip is a dark chocolate that has been prepared as in

Example 6, with the exception that it is deposited as a drop.

The sensory result good for each of the respective choco
lates.

Preferred Ingredients:
Emulsilac sodium stearoyl lactylate, a product of Witco

65

Myverol SMG succinylated monoglycerides, a product of

Eastman Chemical Products, Inc. having an HLB of 4 to 6,
was used as the surfactant), 1.5 pounds of yeast, 36 pounds

5,505,982
23

24

of water, 0.5 pounds of lard. This mixture is allowed to sit

si?er and carrageenan. In a separate container disperse a

for 4 hours, and is then baked in an oven at 350 F. for one

cellulose/surfactant composite in water with a high speed

mixer, preferably of the Silverson type, with about 10
minutes of mixing; then add the dry blend from the ?rst
container with continuous stirring. While stirring, bring the
heat up to 80 C. using a steam-jacketed kettle. Homogenize
the mixture at 180 kg/cm2 to insure proper mixing; then cool

hour.
One hour after the breads have been removed from the
oven, they are compared. The taste and texture are compa
rable.
EXAMPLE 17
Low Fat Meat

l0

A low fat meat can be prepared using the following

to 15 C. Once cooled to 15, aerate and then deposit into

containers.
The chocolate mousse made using the composite is at
least as good as the chocolate mousse made using neat
cellulose.

procedure, and the ingredients speci?ed in Table 8. First,

Trim pork and beef then blend to make a 50:50 mixture at

desired fat levels. Chop a lean meat portion, add salt, sodium
nitrite and half the volume of water as 50% water/50% ice;

TABLE 9
15
Reduced Fat Chocolate Mousse

then add the remaining dry ingredients; then add what

remains of the water and the fat meat blend. Run this mixture
through an emulsi?er with a 0.4 mm plate; stuiT the mixture

into casings; cook it in a smokehouse using gradient heating

with fast air circulation; then shower it; chill it; peel it; and
vacuum package the ?nal product.

25

ation using a 9-point hedonic scale on which a score of 9

represents an excellent product and a score of 1 represents

an extremely poor product.

Using this evaluation process, both the control and the
composite containing sample obtain a score of 6 to 7.

Composite
Percent

Percent by Weight

by Weight

Water

64.89

64.45

Sugar
Non-Fat Dry Milk

15.00
6.10

15.00
6.10

5.00
2.55
2.00
2.00

5.00
2.55
2.00
2.00

Ingredients
20

For evaluation, the products are simmered in water and

served warm without condiments. A sensory preference

panel can then evaluate the products, for preference evalu

Cellulose-no
composite

Milk Chocolate Crumb

Cocoa
Milk Protein
Modi?ed Starch

Gelatin (200 Bloom)

1.75

1.75

Avicel CL 611 Cellulose

0.50

0.50

0.55

Composite

0.00

Emulsifer

0.11

0.00

Carrageenan

0.10

0.10

100.00%

100%

30

Total

TABLE 8

Preferred ingredients:

Low Fat Meat

Ingredients
Lean Meat Blend
3.6% Fat

Composite
Fat Meat Blend
48.1% Fat
Water
Salt

Seasoning
Sodium

Control
%

Composite
%

20.33

33.92

0.00

1.50

52.47

24.38

21.73
2.20

34.43
2.20

3.22
0.04

3.22
0.04

Erythorbate
Sodium Nitrite

0.01

0.01

Carageenan

0.00

0.30

100.00%

100.00%

Total

Ingredients:

35

composite used in the other example.

AvicelCL6l1 microcrystalline cellulose. Avicel is a
40

45

of FMC Corporation.
55

by of Witco Corporation having an HLB of 2.8.

60

REDUCED FAT CHOCOLATE MOUSSE

A reduced fat chocolate mousse can be made using the
ingredients speci?ed in Table 9, as follows. In a ?rst 65

container, dry blend sugar, non-fat milk, milk chocolate

crumb, cocoa, milk protein, modi?ed starch, gelatin, emul

Whipped Topping
1. Using a high speed mixer, disperse NovagelRCN l5

mono and diglycerides. Avicel is a trademark of FMC

Corporation. Atmul84K is a surfactant manufactured

EXAMPLE 18

microns.
Composite is a particle with a median size of approxi
mately 15-20 micron that is a 80/20 w/w microcrys
talline cellulose/Lactodan p22 k

A reduced fat, bakers whipped topping can be prepared

as follows using the ingredients provided in Table 10.

Gelcarin XP8004 carageenan. Gelcarin is a trademark

AvicelFD008 microcrystalline celluloselAtrnul84K

trademark of FMC Corporation.

A microcrystalline cellulose having a particle size of 10

EXAMPLE 19
50

Composite is a particle with a median size of approxi

mately 15 to 20 micron that is an 80/20 w/w

Lactodan p22 k lactic acid ester of monoglycerides, a

product of Grinsted Products, Inc. used as the emulsi
?er in the no composite example and used to make the

microcrystalline cellulose, in water. Novagel is a trade

mark of FMC Corporation.
2. Gradually add a cellulose gum and continue mixing for 5
minutes.
3. Blend nonfat dry milk and sugar. Add the blend to the
above mixture and continue mixing for 5 minutes.
4. Add corn syrup and start heating to 628 C. (145 F.).
5. In a separate container, heat the fat and emulsi?ers to

600 C. (140 F.).

6. Add the oil and emulsi?ers 60.0 C. (140 F.) to the

aqueous phase (batch) when the aqueous phase reaches

628 C. (145 F.) with continued mixing.
7. Pasteurize the mix at 71.1 C. (160 F.) for 30 minutes.
8. Homogenize the mix at 2500 pounds per square inch.

5,505,982
25

26

9. Cool the mix to 44 C. (40 F.) and age for 24 hours.

71.l C. (160 .F) with the main vegetable or meat compo

nent. A 60:40 weight ratio of main component to dressing is
recommended. Hot ?ll and retort the total product using

10. Whipping instructions: Measure 700 grams of the just

prepared mix into a chilled 5 quart Hobart mixer bowl.
Using a wire whip attachment at high speed(#3), whip for

good manufacturing process techniques.

2 1/2 to 3 minutes.

The AvicelCL-611 microcrystalline cellulose and the

composite samples each performed well, each with about the

The whipped topping containing the composite is as tasty

and as light and as airy as the whipped topping containing
cellulose, but no composite.

same results, when compared to other dressings.

TABLE 11

TABLE 10

10

Salad Dressing

Whipped Topping

Ingredients

Cellulose(no composite)

Percent

Percent by Weight

by Weight

Water

62.90

61.10

Non~fat dry milk

Sugar

12.50
9.00

12.50
9.00

Partially hydrogenated
vegetable oil

7.00

7.00

Corn Syrup, 42 DE.

Novagel RCN 15

6.00
2.00

6.00
2.00

20

coprocessed
microcrystalline
cellulose/guar
Composite
Polysorbate 60

0.00
0.30

2.25
0.00

Cellulose gum

0.15

0.15

Distilled monoglycerides

0.15

0.00

100.00%

100.00%

Total

Preferred Ingredients:

MCC
Weight Percent

Composite
Weight Percent

Water

54.08

54.08

Vinegar (5O grain)

15.00

15.00

Vegetable oil
Sorbitol (70% solution)

12.00
10.00

12.00
10.00

Avicel @ CL611 MCC

4.50

3.54

Composite
Starch-purity 420

0.00
2.00

1.20
2.00

Salt
Mustard Powder
Xanthan Gum

1.50
0.30
0.25

1.50
0.30
0.25

Polysorbate 60

0.24

0.00

Onion Powder

0.10

010

White Pepper

0.02

0.02

Ascorbic Acid

0.01

0.01

100.00%

100.00%

Ingredients

Composite

25

Total

EXAMPLE 21

30

A Paramount B partially hydrogenated vegetable oil, a

product of Van Den Bergh Foods

Non-Dairy Creamer
A reduced fat, non-dairy creamer is prepared using the

CMC-7HF cellulose gum, a product of Hercules Inc.

ingredients speci?ed in Table 12, as follows: Dry blend the
Composite is a particle with a median size of approxi 35 ingredients; then mix them with water at 140 F; then mix
mately 15 to 20 micron that is an 80/14/6 w/w Avicel FD008

microcrystalline cellulose, a product of FMC corporation,

and a surfactant that is a mixture of Tween 60, polysorbate

60, a product of ICI Americas, Inc., having an HLB of 14.9

and Myverol 18-06, distilled monoglycerides, a product of
Eastman Chemical, having an HLB of 3.8.

40

product at 0 to 10 F.

The non-dairy whiteners are added to colfee, then stirred,

EXAMPLE 20

Salad Dressing

in premelted vegetable fat; and then mix in corn syrup.

Pasteurize the mixture at 160 F. for 30 minutes; then
homogenize the mixture in a two stage homogenizer having
a 2500 pound per square inch ?rst stage and a 500 pound per
square inch second stage. Cool and freeze the homogenized

45

and ?nally tasted. Each appears the same and has the same
characteristics for blending and for taste, as does the other.

TABLE 12

A reduced calorie heat stable salad dressing can be made

Non-Dairy Creamer

as follows, using the ingredients as speci?ed in Table 11.

Part 1
Prepare a cellulose composite as in Example 1 using 80 wt 50 Ingredients

Control
Weight Percent

Composite
Weight Percent

% of a microcrystalline cellulose having a median particle

size of 8 to 12 microns and 20 wt % of Tween60 a

Water

74.50%

74.50%

polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate, a product of ICI

Americas, Inc., which has an HLB of 14.9.

36 DE Corn Syrup
Solids

12.75%

12.15%

Hydrogenated Soybean

10.0%

10.0%

Part H

Predisperse the cellulose, either the Avicel CL-611 micro

crystalline cellulose or the composite, in 90% of the avail
able water using a planetary mixer. Then add xanthan gum
and hydrate for 10 minutes. To this mixture add a previously
combined Polysorbate 60 and oil in a slow continuous
stream with mixing for 15 minutes. Add starch slum'ed in the

55

a total pounds per square inch of 2500. Heat in a kettle to

2.5%

2.5%

Sodium Stearoyl

0.10%

0.00%

0.05%
0.10%
0.00%

0.00%
0.10%
0.75%

100.00%

100.00%

Lactylate
Polysorbate 60
Dipotassium Phosphate
60 Composite
Total

remaining water. Add and blend the remaining dry ingredi

ent, except salt, and mix for 2 minutes. Ad sorbitol solution
and mix 2 minutes. Combine vinegar and salt and add to the
above emulsion, with mixing for 5 minutes. Homogenize
this mixture at 2000 psi (1st stage) and 500 psi(2nd stage) at

Oil
Sodium Caseinate

Preferred Ingredients:
65

Composite is a particle with a median size of approxi

mately 15 to 20 microns that is an 80/14/6 w/w Avicel
FD008 microcrystalline cellulose, a product of FMC

5,505,982
27

28

corporationlEmulsilacSK sodium stearolyl lactylate,

TABLE 13-continued

a product of Witco Corporation having an PH_.B of 20,

and

PolyconT60K

polyoxyethylene

sorbitan

Fabricated French Fry

monostearate, a product of Witco Corporation having

an HLB of 14.9.
Ingredients

EXAMPLE 22

Emulsi?er
Avicel RC-591F
Cellulose Gel

Fabricated Frozen French Fry

A fabricated frozen french fry was prepared using the
ingredients speci?ed in table 13, as follows:

10

Part I

Composite

0.35
1.0

0.00
0.40

0.00

1.75

63.91

64.51

Total

100.00%

100.00%

EXAMPLE 23

Vegetable Oil Spread

about 3.8 to provide an 80/20 w/w composite having an

median particle size of approximately 25 to 30 median 20

particle size.
Part II

Use the following procedure to prepare a vegetable oil

spread.
Aqueous portion
Disperse AvicelRC59lF cellulose gel in available water
Add xanthan gum and allow 5 minutes for complete incor

With a high-speed propeller mixer disperse the cellulose,

either the Avicel cellulose gel or the composite, in the

water portion of the batch, mixing for approximately 10

Composite
Weight Percent

Water

First a composite is prepared according to the procedure

of Example 1 using an initial rnicrocrystalline cellulose
having an approximately 10 micron median particle size and
Myveroll8-06 a monoglycerides from hydrogenated veg
etable oil produced by Eastman Kodak having an HLB of

minutes.
Part III

Control
Weight Percent

poration.
25

Incorporate the remaining aqueous portion and mix thor

oughly for 10 minutes.
Heat the resulting aqueous mixture to 4550 C. (113

Completely blend the remaining dry ingredients using a

F.122 F.).

Hobart type mixer with a wire whip on speed #1 for 3

Lipid portion
minutes.
30 Heat the combined fats to 60 C. (140 F.) and hold at this
Place the dry blended ingredients in the Hobart mixer
temperature for 15 minutes.
with a paddle type attachment. Set the mixer on #1 speed,
In a small portion of the heated fats, melt the emulsi?ers,

slowly adding the predispersed cellulose prepared in Part I;

and then mixing for a maximum of 3 minutes.

Allow the mixture to stand for 10 minutes to hydrate and

develop the dough.

bring the temperature to 80 C.(176 F.) and add back to

the main portion of the fats.
35

Part IV
Extrude, then cut and pan fry at 173 C. (3459) for 30
seconds, then quick freeze and store.

To evaluate the product, fry the french fry at 190.6 C.

(375 F.) for 90 seconds; and evaluate under a 60 C. (140

Emulsi?cation and crystallization

Add the aqueous portion to the lipid portion gradually under
controlled mixing so as to obtain a uniform crude w/o
40

The composite provides structural ?rmness and integrity

to the dough, thus improving the extrudability of the dough
reducing breakage during and after extruding. This struc
tural effect also improves the body and texture of the
?nished fry providing a smoother consistency, fewer void

Pass through a scraped surface chilling unit with an exit

temperature of ~15 C.(59 F.).

ing increase in the ?rmness.

TABLE 14

45

Aqueous Portion

Aqueous Portion
50

spaces, and a thinner crust. The result is a more tender but

?rm fry with a more pleasing mouthfeel.

As the composite level is increased, there is a correspond

emulsion, maintain a minimum temperature of 40

C.(104 E).

F.) heat lamp.

Results
The fabricated frozen french fries made with the com
posite as well as with those made with the Avicel micro
crystalline cellulose are comparable in quality to those made
without either of these two ingredients.

Add fat soluble ?avors and or colors

Cool the fat phase to 4550 C.(113 F.122 E).

55

% FAT

40%

Ingredients

Avicel RC591F cellulose gum

Xanthan gum
Salt
Potassium sorbate

0.8
0.08
0.50
0.2

Water to 100 %
Color and ?avor

to 100%
to suit

TABLE 13
TABLE 15

Fabricated French Fry

Ingredients
Potato Granules

High Amylose Corn

Starch
Salt
Guar Gum

Control
Weight Percent

Composite
Weight Percent

26.49

26.49

7.02

5.62

0.70
0.53

0.70
0.53

Lipid Portion

60

Lipid Portion

65

% Fat

40

40

Ingredients
Soya oil
Hydrogenated Soya Oil

%
20
11.64

%
20

Re?ned Palm Oil

7.9

6.50

11.64

5,505,982
29

30
heated to about 933 C. (200 F.) by boiling water is placed

TABLE l5-continued

about 11.3 Kg of deionized water. The mill we operated at

a rheostat setting of 70% (approximately 5000 RPM) and a

Lipid Portion
Distilled monoglyceride
Composite

0.35
0.00

000
1.75

Flavor

to suit

to suit

40.5 mil clearance to disperse 1846.15 grams of FD 006 in

the water. To aid mixing a Lightnin mixer was also inserted
into the mill hopper. Milling continued for about 10 to 15
minutes to fully disperse the FD 006 cellulose. During the

dispersion, 200 g of Polysorbate 60 (Tween 60) was

melted to about 60 C. (140 F). Upon completion of the

Preferred ingredients:
AvicelRC59l cellulose gum. Avicel is a trademark of

milling operation, the molten polysorbate was added to the

dispersed FD 006 in the colloid mill hopper at a reduced

FMC Corporation

rheostat setting of 50% to minimize foaming, during which

Composite a 80/20 w/w microcrystalline cellulose/Dime

the temperature was maintained at about 71.1 C. (160 F.)

dan mono and diglycerides, a product of Grinsted

Products, which has an HLB of 3.0.

to keep the temperature above the melting point of the

15

EXAMPLE 24

surfactant. The mixture was then homogenized at about 60

C. (140 F.) using a Manton-Gaulin homogenizer set at 3000

pounds per square inch (2500 psi ?rst stage, 500 psi second
stage). The homogenized mixture was then pumped at 60
C. (140 F.) by a Moyno pump at setting #2 from a holding

Lowfat Frozen Desert

Prepare a lowfat frozen desert as follows:

Dairy mix procedure:

1. Assemble all liquid ingredients (cream, whole milk,
condensed skim milk, liquid sweeteners) in a vat, then
heat with agitation.
2. Dry blend powdered sweeteners, stabilizers, and emulsi
?ers. Add slowly to the liquid ingredients under good
agitation. Mix 30 minutes to allow for dispersion and

20

25

hydration of ingredients.

tank to the spray head of a two-?uid nozzle atomizer located

in a Stork Bowen 3 foot diameter spray dryer. The material
was atomized at 90 psi air pressure using a 2.54 mm (0.1
inch) nozzle and then dried at 150 C. inlet temperature and
80 C. outlet temperature. The product was dried to about
24% moisture and is screened through a U.S. 60 mesh
screen to produce a ?ne, free ?owing powder. This proce
dure was used for all examples of coprocessed microcrys
talline cellulose reported herein except that shown in

3. Pasteurize the mixture.

Example 2.
4. Homogenize the mixture, using a two stage pasteurizer, at 30

2,000 pounds per square inch (?rst stage) and 500 pounds
per square inch (second stage).
5. Cool the mixture rapidly to 5 C. (40 F.). Age and mix
overnight, if desired.

*EXAMPLE 26

Preparation of Coprocessed Cellulose/Sucrose Ester

Surfactant Ingredient

6. Freeze the mixture to an appropriate draw temperature,

usually between (19 F. and 22 F.), pack the mixture in

35

containers, and place it in a hardening room.

Avicel FD 006 was dispersed as in Example 1. A

monostearate ester of sucrose (S570) from Mitsubishi-Kasei
Food. Co. was melted at 7l.l C. (160 F.) and small

quantities of hot (82.293.3 C. (l80200 F.)) deionized

TABLE 16

water sufficient to prepare a slurry added. The amount of

40
water was equal in volume to the surfactant, and the slurry

Low Fat Frozen Desert

% Solids

% Solids

resembled a semi-solid carrageenan or pectin gel. This slurry

Butterfat
Milk solids nonfat
Sucrose

4.00
12.50
11.00

4.00
12.50
11.00

cellulose in deionized water which was maintained at

Corn Syrup Solids

5.00

4.30

remainder of the processing was the same as described in

Avicel RC5811

0.40

0.40

Example 2.5.

Ingredients

was added very slowly to the dispersion of microcrystalline

cellulose gel
Composite

0.00

1.00

Cellulose gum

0.10

0.10

Carrageenan

0.01

0.01

Emulsi?er
Total Solids

0.30
33.31

0.00
33.31

45

82.293.3 C. (180200 F.) during the addition. The

EXAMPLE 27 (a-o)
50

Batch Preparation of Dark Chocolate Having a Fat

Content Of ~27% Using Coprocessed

Microcrystalline Cellulose/Su?actant Ingredients

Preferred ingredients:
Composite is a particle with a median size of approxi
mately 15 to 20 micron that is an 80/20 w/w Avicel FDOOS

In a Brabender Prep Center Sigma mixer heated to 56

55

microcrystalline cellulose, a product of FMC corporation!

Tandem 100 K a blend of mono and diglycerides and

polysorbate 80, a product of Witco Corporation.

*EXAMPLE 25

Preparation of a Coprocessed Cellulose/Surfactant

C. (l32.8 F.) was placed 208.70 grams of chocolate liquor

(West African, medium roast (#1 natural process) from
Wilbur Chocolate Co.) and 215.00 grams of prernilled sugar
(approximately 4X from Wilbur Chocolate Co.). This com
bination was mixed for 15 minutes at 75 rpm after which

60

50.60 grams of coprocessed microcrystalline celluloselsur~

factant was added and mixing continued until a uniform
mixture was obtained. In some cases it was necessary to add

a small portion of cocoa butter and/or lecithin to improve the

mixing. This mixture was then milled twice on a Day
AvicelFD 006 microcrystalline cellulose, a product of 65 5"><12", 3-roll re?ner with the rolls adjusted to deliver a
FMC Corporation, has an average particle size within the
mass having a uniform particle size of 20 microns. The
range of 5 to 10 microns. In a Giiford Woods Colloid Mill
mixture was then returned to the Brabender Sigma Mixer

Ingredient

5,505,982
31

32

heated to 733 C. (l63.9 F.) and operating at 25 rpm. A

31 Dimul DDMK, distilled monoglycerides from Witco

small amount of cocoa butter added at this time to facilitate

Corp. Viscosity =2.96 Pa.s; yield value=275.60 Pa.

Myverol SMG, succinylated mono, diglycerides from
Eastman Chemical Co. Viscosity=0.99 Pa.s; yield value:

mixing. The dry conch period began when small dough balls
appeared in the mixture and then continued for two hours.
Wet conch began at the conclusion of this two hour period

291.00 Pa.

in the same mixer. The speed was set at 45-50 rpm, and a

3n Myvacet 9-45, distilled acetylated monoglycerides

predispersion of 2.50 grams of lecithin in 23.30 grams of

from Eastman Chemical Co. Viscosity=3.15 Pa.s; yield

cocoa butter was added to the mixture. The amounts of

cocoa butter and lecithin were reduced by any amount that

value=25l.00 Pa.
30 Tween 60, sorbitan monostearate from Surfactants.
Viscosity and yield value are too high to measure.

had been introduced into the mixture during mixing or the

dry conch step. After mixing was completed, the speed of the
mixer was maintained at approximately 20-45 rpm at which
time the wet conch began and then continued for a period of
two hours. At the conclusion of the conching the mass was
removed from the Brabender Sigma Mixer. When the choco
late reaches a temperature of 489 C. (120 F.), two-thirds

Sensory Evaluation of Dark Chocolates

Samples of the dark chocolate made by the above method

with coprocessed compositions prepared by the methods of

Examples 1 and 2 are evaluated by an experienced indi
vidual for taste and texture. The control being used for
comparison has 32% fat and contains no microcrystalline
cellulose or microcrystalline cellulose coprocessed with a

of the chocolate was poured onto a marble table for tem

pering. During this step a thin layer (approximately 6-7 mm

thick) of chocolate was worked back and forth to crystallize
the cocoa butter. When the tempered chocolate cooled to
28.9 30 C. (about 8486 F.), it was mixed vigorously
with the remainder of the chocolate mixture that had not
been tempered. The ?nal temperature of the entire mixture

20

surfactant. The results of this evaluation are shown in Table

1, # denoting the corresponding example:

TABLE 17

is 32.333.3 C. (about 9092 E). At this point the

E?ect of additives in dark chocolate

chocolate was poured into molds which were tapped to 25

remove air bubbles. The molded chocolate was cooled

3a Triodan @ R-9O

Good melt, slightly better than control;

quickly to 183 C. (65 F.) and then stored at 21.1 C. (70

F.) and 50% relative humidity until it was evaluated. The

3b Triodan R-55

Melt is very good, slightly cleggy;

satisfactory ?avor
Melt is very good, slightly cleggy";
satisfactory ?avor
Melt is good, very slightly cleggy";

?avor almost the same as the control

following coprocessed microcrystalline cellulose/surfactant

materials, all containing 90% FD O06 microcrystalline cel

3c Span 55
30

3d Polycon S-80

lulose and 10% of the identi?ed surfactant, were fonnulated

?avor slightly worse than the control

using the above procedure. They were evaluated for viscos

ity yield value using a rotational Fann rheometer, and
calculations of the values according to the Casson model

3e YN lecithin

Melt is good, very slightly cleggy;

good ?avor

3f Emphos TM D7030

Melt equal to the control;

were made using Haake VT-500 software. The surfactant 35

coprocessed with FD 006 microcrystalline cellulose, sensory

3g Panodan 150K

evaluations and the calculated values of the viscosity and

yield value are shown for each formulation below:

3h S570

excellent ?avor

3a Triodan R-90, poly glycerol polyricinoleate from Grind

sted Products Inc. Viscosity=5.57 Pa.s; yield value=l6.57
Pa.

3b Triodan 55, Grindsted Products Inc. Viscosity=2.57

Pa.s; yield value=l 63.09 Pa.
30 Span 65, sorbitan tristearate from ICI Surfactants.

Viscosity=2.92 Pa.s; yield value=ll4.68 Pa.

3d Polycon S-80, sorbitan monooleate from Witco, Corp.
Viscosity=3.05 Pa.s; yield value=l09.75 Pa.

3i

Myverol P-O6

3j

Atmul 2622K

3k Atmul 84K

45

Dimul DDMK

3m Myverol SMG
3n Myvacet 9-45

value=l09.50 Pa.

3j Atmul 2622K, lactylated monoglycerides from Witco

Co. Viscosity =4.32 Pa.s; yield value=ll9.60 Pa.
3k Atmul 84K, mono, diglycerides from Witco Corp.
Viscosity=2.l7 Pa.s; yield value=231.70 Pa.

Melt is fairly good; ?avor is satisfactory

Melt is fair, slightly cleggy;
satisfactory ?avor, but with a
slightly sharp taste
Melt is fair, slightly cleggy";
satisfactory ?avor, but
with a slightly oif taste

30 Tween 60

50

value=l50.l0 Pa.
3h S570, sucrose monostearate from Mitsubishi-Kasei Food. 55

Co. Viscosity=2.0l Pa.s; yield value=14.69 Pa.

3i Myverol P-06, distilled propylene glycol monoesters
from Eastman Chemical Co. Viscosity=3.39 Pa.s; yield

Melt is good, very slightly cleggy";

satisfactory ?avor
Melt is good, very slightly cleggy;
satisfactory ?avor
Melt is very good, slightly cleggy";

satisfactory ?avor, but slightly chalky

31

3e Synthetic lecithin YN from Palsgaard Industrie A/S.

Viscosity=2.20 Pa.s; yield value=84.l7 Pa.

3f EmphosTM D7030, phosphated mono, diglycerides from
Witco, Corp. Viscosity=2.05 Pa.s; yield value:85.46 Pa
3g Panodan, diacetyl tartaric esters of monoglycerides
from Grindsted Products Inc. Viscosity=2.57 Pa.s; yield

very good ?avor

Melt is cleggy", sticking to mouth;
satisfactory ?avor
Excellent melt; good snap;

Melt is cleggy"; ?avor is slightly 0E

and tastes chalky

EXAMPLE 28 (a-d)
Batch Preparation Of Dark Chocolate Having a Fat
Content of ~27% Comparing Various Methods of
Reducing the Fat Content
By the method of EXAMPLE 27 four formulations of
reduced fat (~27%) chocolate were prepared and evaluated
for viscosity and yield value. Table 18 shows the formula
tions and the calculated values.

5,505,982
33

34
TABLE 18
Formulation

*4a
grams

Ingredients

Chocolate liquor
Sugar
Cocoa butter
YN
Admul WOLb
FD 006 cellulose
FD 006/YNc
FD 006/Amul WOLd
Lecithin
Viscosity
Yield value

*4b
grams

*4c
grams

*4d
grams

224.90
252.60

208.70
215.00

208.70
215.00

208.70
215.00

14.95
2.53
2.53

28.25

23.20

23.20
2.53
2.53
45.54

45.55

2.50
3.29 Pa
13.4 Pa-s

2.50
3.83 Pa
108.70 Pass

25.30
25 .30
2.50
5.46 Pa
27.14 Pa-s

2.50
3.45 Pa
9.11 Pa~s

aSynthetic lecithin from Palsgaard Industrie AIS.

bPolyglycerol polyn'cinoleate from Quest

Coprocessed 90% FD 006 with 10% YN synthetic lecithin
dCoprocesscd 90% FD 006 with 10% Admul WOL

EXAMPLE 29 (a-e)

and a portion of the cocoa butter. The dry ingredients are

premixed before being placed in the Sigma/Z mixer. Mixing

Continuous Preparation of Dark Chocolate Full and
Reduced Fat Formulations

In a 6 liter Sigma/Z mixer heated to 54.4 C. (130 F.)

were mixed at 45 rpm the chocolate liquor, sugar, microc

requires about 520 minutes. The dough mix is re?ned on a

25 Day 5" 12", 3-ro1l re?ner with the rolls adjusted to reduce the
particle size to a uniform minimum size of 20 microns. The

rystalline cellulose (if included in the formulation), and a

portion of the cocoa butter. Mixing requires about 5-8

temperature during mixing and re?ning is maintained below

60 C. (140 F.) to prevent release of the water of crystal
lization from the lactose in the milk powder. Conching is

carried out in two Teledyne-Readco Continuous Processors

minutes. The dough mix was re?ned on a Day 5"X12", 3-roll 3 placed in series. Both units have 2" ?at elements set at 90

re?ner with the rolls adjusted to reduce the particle size to

a uniform minimum size of 20 microns. Coaching was
carried out in two Teledyne-Readco Continuous Processors
placed in series. Both units have 2" ?at elements set at 90
to produce maximum shear. The running speed of these units 35
is 200 rpm with a weir/slide plate set at an opening of 6.35

mm (0.25 inch). The ?rst unit was set up for dry conching,
and the second unit for wet conching. Both units were heated
at 71.1 C. (160 F.). Residence time in each unit was

to produce maximum shear. The running speed of the ?rst

unit is 271 rpm and the second unit is operated at 311 rpm
with a weir/slide plate set at an opening of 7.94 mm (0.3125

inch). The ?rst unit is set up for dry conching, and the second
unit for wet conching. Both units are operated at 37.8-48.9
C. (100-120 F.). Residence time in each unit is approxi
mately 58 minutes, and the product temperature during this
time is not allowed to exceed 65.6 C. (150 F.). The

tempering and molding procedures described in Example 3

approximately 58 minutes, and the temperature during this 40 are followed except that the temperature at which tempering
is complete is 27.8 C. (82 F.), and the ?nal temperature
time was not allowed to exceed 87.8 C. (190 F). The
after mixing the tempered chocolate with the one-third that
tempering and molding procedures described in Example 27
is
not tempered is 30 C. (86 F.). The speci?c formulations
were followed. The speci?c formulations follow in Table 19.
follow in Table 20.

TABLE 19
Formulation

19a

19b

19c

19d

19e

Ingredients

kilograms

kilograms

kilograms

kilograms

kilograms

Chocolate liquor
Sugar, 4X
Cocoa butter
FD 006
Lecithin
Percent fat
Viscosity
Yield value

2.413
2.713
0.463
0.000
0.028
32.0
1.52 Pa-s
24.81 Pa

2.304
2.486
0.517
0.281
0.028
30.2
1.05 Pa-s
14.83 Pa

2.304
2.486
0.417
0.281
0.028
30.0
1.55 Pa-s
22.03 Pa

2.191
2.259
0.572
0.558
0.028
30.2
1.49 Pa-s
13.29 Pa

2.191
2.259
0.476
0.558
0.028
29.5
2.25 Pa-s
20.58 Fa

EXAMPLE 30 (a-e)
Continuous Preparation of Milk Chocolate Full and
Reduced Fat Formulations
In a 6 liter Sigma/Z mixer heated to 544 C. (130 F.) are
mixed at 45 rpm the chocolate liquor, milk powder, sugar,

rnicrocrystalline cellulose (if included in the formulation),

5,505,982
35

36
TABLE 20
Formulation

30a

30b

30c

30d

30c

Ingredients

kilograms

ldlograms

kilograms

kilograms

kilograms

Chocolate liquor
Sugar, 4X
Milk Powder
Cocoa butter
PD 006
Lecithin
Percent fat

0.599
2.640
1.034
1.143
0.000
0.027
30.4

Viscosity
Yield value

2.28 Pa-s
22.20 Pa

0.544
2.558
0.871
1.170
0.272
0.027
30.0

0.544
2.558
0.871
0.925
0.281
0.027
28.1

0.490
2.449
0.735
1.197
0.544
0.027
30.0

3.47 Pa-s
4484 Pa

0.490
2.449
0.735
0.767
0.544
0.027
28.3

2.69 Pa-s
39.36 Pa

EXAMPLE 31 (a-f)
TABLE 22
Formulation

Batch Preparation Of Dark Chocolate Having a Fat

20

32

32d

32B

32f

Ingredients

grams

grams

grams

grams

grams

grams

Chocolate

208.7

208.7

208.7

208.7

208.7

208.7

145

145

94 5

94'5

94'5

132-3

13-3

32b

32

3.

Content-of ~27% and Reduced Calone Content by

Replacing Sugar with Lower Calorie Ingredients

The procedure of Example 27 is followed in the batch

liquor

preparation of the dark chocolate formulations having 25 24311331

reduced calorie content by replacing sugar with lower calo-

Sorbiml

'

945

me sweeteners. The only exception 1s that when Aspar-

Rafliline

110.0

110.0

tame, a product of G. D. Searle, is used it is added one hour

16mm

23 2

23 2

before the conching is ?nished. The formulations are shown 30

mfg:

'

'

'

'

'

'

in Table 21.

MCC/Sur-

50.6

50.6

50.6

50.6

50.6

50.6

Lecithin

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

Aspartame @

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

152(2)

13-2

factant

TABLE 21
Fommmion

35

Ingredient

31a
grams

31b
grams

31c
grams

31d
grams

3le
grams

31f
grams

Chocolate

208.7

208.7

208.7

208.7

208.7

208.7

215.0

145 0

175.0

214 5

Acesulfame
K

0.5

0.5

EXAMPLE 33 (at-d)

liquor
Mmml

'

130.0

Xylitol
Isomalt

70.0

85.0

Cocoa

40

'

Batch Preparation of Dark Chocolate Having a Fat

Content of ~27% and Reduced Calorie Content by

40.0

Replacing Cocoa Butter with Lower Calorie

Ingredients

214.5
23.2

23.2

23.2

23.2

23.2

23.2

50'6
25

506
25

50'6
2,5

50's
25

506
2.5

50'6
25

45 chocolate formulations, replacing cocoa butter with fat sub

stitutes having lower calorie content or alternate calorie

05

metabolism with the following modi?cations. One exception

is that the tempering process is modi?ed to account for the
presence of the fat substitutes The other exception is that

butter

The procedure of Example 27 is used to prepare the dark

Lmimm

Aspartame @
cgulfame

0.5
50

Aspartame, a product of G. D. Searle, is added one hour

before the conching is ?nished. These formulations are
shown in Table 23.

EXAMPLE 32 (a-f)

TABLE 23
55
Formulation

Batch Preparation of Dark Chocolate Having a Fat

Content of ~27% and Reduced Calorie Content by

33a
grams

33b
grams

33c
grams

33d
grams

Chocolate liquor
Caprenin @
MC'l(M5/Cl0)
Maltitol
Lactitol
Rafn'line

42.0
100.0

42.0

42.0
100.0

42.0

94.5

100.0
94.5

Litesse

1200

120.0

Ingredients

Replacing Sugar with Lower Calorie Ingredients

The procedure of Example 27 is followed in the batch
preparation of the dark chocolate formulations having
reduced calorie content by replacing sugar with additional
lower calorie sweeteners. The only exception is that Aspar
tame, a product of G. D. Searle, is added one hour before
the conching is ?nished. These formulations are shown in
Table 22.

60

104.5

100.0
104.5

110.0

110.0

Cocoa powder

90.0

90.0

90.0

90.0

MCC/Surfactant

50.5

50.5

50.5

50.5

5,505,982
37

38

TABLE 23-c0ntinued

TABLE 25

Formulation

Ingredients

Formulation

33a
grams

33b
grams

33c
grams

33d
grams

2.5
0.5

2.5
0.5

2.5
0.5

2.5
0.5

Lecithin
Aspartame

10

EXAMPLE 34 (a_b)
_

Ingredients

35a
grams

35b
grams

Chocolate liquor
Sweetened condensed milk

105.0
750.0

105.0
750.0

42DE Corn syrup

Cocoa butter
Lecithin
MCC/Surfactant

45.0
90.0
3.75

45.0

Fat content

21%

13%

15

Batch Preparation Of Revese Phase Crisp, Dark

EXAMPLE 36

Chocolate

3.75
90.0

Batch Preparation Of White Chocolate Having a

Fat Content of ~27% Using Coprocessed

In a 1200 mL beaker 375.6 grams of sugar is dissolved in

Microcrystalline Cellulose/Surfactant Ingredients

75.1 grams of water with heating to the boiling point. When

all Ofthe sugar is dissolved, 939 grams of 42DE com syrup 20

In a Brabender Prep Center Sigma rmxer heated to 56
C. (132.8 F.) are placed 115 grams of milk powder and
is added, and this is followed in succession by 4.70 grams of
small amounts of cocoa butter and prernilled sugar (approxi
lecithin, 375.6 grams of chocolate liquor, and 75.1 grams of
mately 4X from Wilbur Chocolate Co.). This combination is
cocoa butter. This mixture is emulsi?ed using a Silverson
mixed for 15 minutes at 75 rpm after which a preblend of

turbine mixer. After emulsi?cation and, if necessary, homog

enization, the mixture is poured into a shallow tray and dried

25

under a vacuum of 635-771 mm (2528 inches) of mercury

at a platent temperature of 7l.176.7 C. (l60170 F.)

until the moisture content of the product is less than 3%. The
product is then cut into smaller pieces to be consumed. The
formulations of reverse phase, crisp, dark chocolate are
shown in Table 24.

rrrixture is obtained. In some cases it is necessary to add a

small portion of cocoa butter and/or lecithin to improve the

mixing. This mixture is then milled twice on a Day 5 "X12",
3-roll re?ner with the rolls adjusted to deliver a mass having
a uniform particle size of 20 microns. The mixture is then
returned to the Brabender Sigma Mixer heated to 56 C.
(132.8 F.) and operating at 25 rpm. A small amount of cocoa
butter may be added at this time to facilitate mixing. The dry

TABLE 24
Formulation

35

*lla

11b

Ingredients

grams

grams

Chocolate liquor
Sugar
42DE Corn Syrup

375.6
375.6
93.9

375.6
375.6
93.9

Cocoa butter
Lecithin
MCC/Surfactant
Water

75.1
4.7
75.1
27%

4.7
75.1
75.1

coprocessed F006 microcrystalline cellulose/S570 sucrose

monostearate and the remaining sugar (total sugar amount:
237 grams) is added and mixing is continued until a uniform

conch period begins when small dough balls appear in the

rrrixture and continues for two hours. Wet conch begins at
the conclusion of this two hour period in the same mixer.
The speed is set at 4550 rpm, and a predispersion of 2.50
grams of lecithin in cocoa butter and the remaining cocoa
butter (total cocoa butter content=95 grams) is added to the
nrixture. The amounts of cocoa butter and lecithin are

reduced by any amount that has been introduced into the

mixture during mixing or the dry conch step. After mixing

has been completed, the speed of the mixer is maintained at

approximately 20-45 rpm at which time the wet conch
45
begins and continues for a period of two hours. At the
conclusion of the conching the mass is removed from the
Brabender Sigma Mixer. When the chocolate reaches a
temperature of 489 C. (120 E), two-thirds of the choco
EXANIPLE 35 (ab)
late is poured onto a marble table for tempering. During this
50 step a thin layer (approximately 67 mm thick) of chocolate
is worked back and forth to crystallize the cocoa butter.
Batch Preparation Of Reverse Phase, Crisp, Milk
When the tempered chocolate cools to 26.727.8 C. (about
Chocolate
80 82 F.), it is mixed vigorously with the remainder of the
chocolate mixture that has not been tempered. The ?nal
In a large vessel is placed 750 grams of sweetened
condensed milk heated to 60 C. (140 E), and to this are 55 temperature of the entire mixture is 28.9-30 C. (about
8486 E). At this point the chocolate is poured into molds
added with mixing 105 grams of chocolate liquor, 90 grams
which are tapped to remove air bubbles. The molded choco
of cocoa butter, 45 grams of 42DE corn syrup, and 3.75
late is cooled quickly to 183 C. (65 F.) and then stored at
grams of lecithin. After being mixed completely, the mixture
21.1 C. (70 F.) and 50% relative humidity until it is
is emulsi?ed with a Silverson turbine mixer, After emulsi
evaluated.
?cation and, if necessary, homogenization, the mixture is
Fat content

20%

poured into a shallow tray and dried under a vacuum of

6357'7l mm (2528 inches) of mercury at a platent tem

perature of 7l.l76.7 C. (160170 F.) until the moisture

content of the product is less than 3%. The foamed product

EXAMPLE 37 (ab)
Batch Preparation Of Milk Crumb Containing

Microcrystalline Cellulose Coprocessed with

Surfactants
is then cut into smaller pieces to be consumed. The formu 65
lations of reverse phase, crisp, milk chocolate are shown in
In a Brabender Prep Center Sigma mixer heated to 73
Table 25
C. (163.40 E.) are placed 405.45 grams of sweetened con