Lecture 9 - Phys 272 Currents, EMF (Voltage) Sources & Power
Lecture 9 - Phys 272 Currents, EMF (Voltage) Sources & Power
resistor
Battery
V volts
Viscous oil
Idealized Battery
VB = VR
= IR
Real Battery
I=
The real battery with potential has a small internal resistance r and
is represented by
r
b
a
+
Electrical Meters
Voltmeter, measures voltage
and has large internal resistance.
An ideal voltmeter has infinite
resistance and does not conduct
any current.
Ammeter, measures current
and has very small internal
resistance. An ideal ammeter
has zero resistance and behaves
like a conducting wire.
Ir = IR
I (R + r) =
12 V
I=
R+r
= 2A
Electrical Meters
How should we connect these meters in circuits ?
In parallel
In series
R
R = resistance in headlight
r = internal resistance in battery
Ir = IR
Rearranging:
Ir IR = 0
Can interpret this as
the sum of all potential
differences around a
closed loop must add to
zero.
Ir = IR
I (R + r) =
12 V
I=
R+r
= 2A
+ +
By varying R2 we can
controllably adjust
the output voltage!
V =?
V0
V = IR2 =
R2
R1 + R2
R2 << R1
V=0
R2 = R1
V0
V=
2
R2 >> R1
V=V0
Power
Very important
dU = (Vab ) dq
What is the time rate change in potential energy in this circuit element?
dU
dq
P=
= (Vab ) = (Vab ) I
dt
dt
Power, P, is the time rate change in energy and equals voltage current
P = (Vab ) I
Power
Resistor
Va
Vb
EMF
Va
- Vb
I2 r = 2*2 * 2 = 8W
What is the rate of energy conversion of the battery?
I = 12 * 2 =
24 W
dU
= IV = (50 A)(12 V ) = 600W
dt
U = P t = (600W )(1hr )(3600s / hr ) = 2.16MJ
P=
B.) if a electric battery charger supplies 0.45 kW, how long does
it take to fully charge a dead battery?
U = Pt
t = U / P = (2.16MJ ) / 0.45kW )
= 4680s = 78m
Parallel
R1
R1
R2
R2
Wiring
Voltage
Current
Resistance
Each resistor on a
different wire.
Increases
Req = R1 + R2
Clicker
problem
a) I2>I3
b) I2= I3 c) I2<I3
R2 in series with R3
Current through R2
and R3 is the same
I = V /( R1 + R2 )
Analyze this
R1 = R2 = R3 = R
How
do
we
handle
complex
problems
?
R
R
2
R3
R4
Conceptual Analysis:
Ohms Law: when current I flows through resistance
R, the potential drop V is given by: V = IR.
Resistances are combined in series and parallel
combinations
Rseries = Ra + Rb
(1/Rparallel) = (1/Ra) + (1/Rb)
Clicker
example
R
R1
V
R3
R4
BB
Series Combination
Ra
Rb
Rb
Clicker
Problem
R
R1
V
R3
R4
Rb
BB
Clicker
problem
R
R1
R3
R4
Combine Resistances:
Redraw the circuit using the equivalent resistor R24 = series combination of R2
and R4.
R2 and R4 are connected in series = R24 = 2 + 4 = 6
R1
V
R1
R3
R24
(A)
R1
R3
R3
R24
(B)
(C)
R24
BB
Clicker example
R1
V
R3
R24
R24 = 6
What is V2, the voltage
across R2?
Combine Resistances:
What is the value of R234?
(A) R234 = 1
(B) R234 = 2
BB
Y&F 25.36
The circuit shown in the figure contains two batteries, each with an
emf and an internal resistance, and two resistors.
A) Find the direction and
magnitude of the current
in the circuit
B) Find the terminal voltage
Vab of the 16.0-V battery.
C) Find the potential
difference Vbc of point b
with respect to point c .
8
A = 0.471A
17
display
battery
electric motor/generator
Gas Engine
1.5 L
4 cylinder 16 valve
76 HP at 5000 RPM
Electric Motor
50 kW power
Brakes
67 hp at 1200 1540 rpm
regenerative (primary)
500 V maximum
hydraulic (secondary)
ABS (anti lock)
Rated MPG
60 city
51 highway
Leyden
Jar