4g Telecommunication
4g Telecommunication
4g Telecommunication
Serial
Content
Number
1
INDEX
Page
Number
INTRODUCTION
approaching
4G
(fourth
generation)
mobile
communication
voice
to
high-definition
video
to
high-data-rate
wireless
channels.
The term 4G is used broadly to include several types of broadband
wireless
HISTORY
The history and evolution of mobile service from the 1G (first
generation) to fourth generation are discussed in this section. Table 1
presents a short history of mobile telephone technologies. This process
began with the designs in the 1970s that have become known as 1G. The
earliest systems were implemented based on analog technology and the
basic cellular structure of mobile communication. Many fundamental
problems were solved by these early systems.
Numerous incompatible analog systems were placed in service around
the world during the 1980s.The 2G (second generation) systems designed in
the 1980s were still used mainly for voice applications but were based on
digital technology, including digital signal processing techniques. These 2G
systems provided circuit-switched data communication services at a low
speed. The competitive rush to design and implement digital systems led
again to a variety of different and incompatible standards such as GSM
(global system mobile), mainly in Europe; TDMA (Time Division Multiple
Access) (IS-54/IS- 136) in the U.S. PDC (Personal Digital Cellular) in Japan,
and CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) (IS-95), another U.S. system.
These systems operate nationwide or internationally and are today's
mainstream systems, although the data rate for users in these system is
very limited. During the 1990s, two organizations worked to define the next,
or 3G, mobile system, which would eliminate previous incompatibilities and
become a truly global system.
The 3G system would have higher quality voice channels, as well as
broadband data capabilities, up to 2 Mbps. Unfortunately, the two groups
could not reconcile their differences, and this decade will see the
introduction of two mobile standards for 3G. In addition, China is on the
verge of implementing a third 3G systems. An interim step is being taken
between 2G and 3G, the 2.5G. It is basically an enhancement of the two
major 2G technologies to provide increased capacity on the 2G RF (Radio
Frequency) channels and to introduce higher throughput for data service, up
to 384 kbps. A very important aspect of 2.5G is that the data channels are
optimized for packet data, which introduces access to the Internet from
mobile devices, whether telephone, PDA (Personal Digital Assistant), or
laptop.
However,
the
demand
for
higher
access
speed
multimedia
Technology
1G
Design Began 1970
2G
1980
2.5G
1985
3G
1990
4G
2000
Implementati
1984
1991
1999
2002
2010?
on
Service
Analog
Digital
Higher
Higher
Higher
voice,
voice,
capacity,
capacity,
capacity,
synchron
short
packetized
broadband
completely
-ous data
messages
data
to
9.6
Mbps
kbps
multimedia,
data
to
hundreds Of
AMPS,
TDMA,
GPRS,
WCDMA,
megabits
Single
TAGS,
CDMA,
EDGE,
CDMA2000
standard
INMT,
GSM
1XRTT
Data
etc.
1.9 kbps
PDC
14.4 kbps
384 kbps
2 Mbps
200 Mbps
Bandwidth
Multiplexing
FDMA
TDMA,
TDMA
CDMA
CDMA?
core Network
PSTN
CDMA
PSTN
CDMA
P3TK,
Packet
internet
packet
network
Standards
network
SYMBOLS:
1xRTT = 2.5G CDMA data service up to 384 kbps
AMPS = Advanced Mobile Phone Service
CDMA = Code Division Multiple Access
EDGE = Enhanced Data for Global Evolution
FDMA = Frequency Division Multiple Access
GPRS = General Packet Radio System
GSM = Global System for Mobile
NMT = Nordic Mobile Telephone
PDC = Personal Digital Cellular
PSTN = Public Switched Telephone Network
TACS = Total Access Communications System
TDMA = Time Division Multiple Access
WCDMA = Wideband CDMA
TDMA frame structure showing a data stream divided into frames and those
frames divided into time slots.
TDMA is a type of Time-division multiplexing, with the special point that
instead of having one transmitter connected to one receiver, there are
multiple transmitters. In the case of the uplink from a mobile phone to a base
station this becomes particularly difficult because the mobile phone can
move around and vary the timing advance required to make its transmission
match the gap in transmission from its peers.
TDMA CHARACTERISTICS
Less stringent power control than CDMA due to reduced intra cell
interference
2G TECHNOLOGIES
2G technologies can be divided into TDMA-based and CDMA-based standards
depending on the type of multiplexing used. The main 2G standards are:
The digital systems were designed to emit less radio power from the
handsets. This meant that cells had to be smaller, so more cells had to
be placed in the same amount of space. This was made possible by cell
towers and related equipment getting less expensive.
ADVANTAGE
While digital calls tend to be free of static and background noise, the
lossy compression used by the codes takes a toll; the range of sound
that they convey is reduced. You will hear less of the tonality of
someone's voice talking on a digital cell phone, but you will hear it
more clearly.
DISADVANTAGES
In less populous areas, the weaker digital signal may not be sufficient
to reach a cell tower. This tends to be a particular problem on 2G
systems deployed on higher frequencies, but is mostly not a problem
on 2G systems deployed on lower frequencies. National regulations
differ greatly among countries which dictate where 2G can be
deployed.
Analog has a smooth decay curve, digital a jagged steppy one. This
can be both an advantage and a disadvantage. Under good conditions,
digital will sound better. Under slightly worse conditions, analog will
experience static, while digital has occasional dropouts. As conditions
worsen, though, digital will start to completely fail, by dropping calls or
being unintelligible, while analog slowly gets worse, generally holding a
call longer and allowing at least a few words to get through.
EVOLUTION
2G networks were built mainly for voice services and slow data transmission.
Some protocols, such as EDGE for GSM and 1x-RTT for CDMA2000, are
defined as "3G" services (because they are defined in IMT-2000 specification
documents), but are considered by the general public to be 2.5G or 2.75G
services because they are several times slower than present-day 3G service.
2.5G (GPRS)
2.5G ("second and a half generation") is used to describe 2G-systems
that have implemented a packet-switched domain in addition to the circuitswitched domain. It does not necessarily provide faster services because
bundling of timeslots is used for circuit-switched data services (HSCSD) as
well.
The first major step in the evolution of GSM networks to 3G occurred with the
introduction of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). CDMA2000 networks
similarly evolved through the introduction of 1xRTT. The combination of
these capabilities came to be known as 2.5G.
GPRS could provide data rates from 56 kbit/s up to 115 Kbit/s. It can be used
for services such as Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) access, Multimedia
Messaging Service (MMS), and for Internet communication services such as
email and World Wide Web access. GPRS data transfer is typically charged
per megabyte of traffic transferred, while data communication via traditional
circuit switching is billed per minute of connection time, independent of
whether the user actually is utilizing the capacity or is in an idle state.
1xRTT supports bi-directional (up and downlink) peak data rates up to
153.6 kbit/s, delivering an average user data throughput of 80-100 kbit/s in
commercial networks.[3] It can also be used for WAP, SMS & MMS services, as
well as Internet access.
2.75G (EDGE)
GPRS1 networks evolved to EDGE networks with the introduction of 8PSK
encoding. Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Enhanced GPRS
(EGPRS), or IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC) is a backward-compatible digital
mobile phone technology that allows improved data transmission rates, as
an extension on top of standard GSM. EDGE was deployed on GSM networks
beginning in 2003initially by Cingular (now AT&T) in the United States.
International
Mobile
Telecommunications-2000
(IMT-2000)
infrastructure. The cell phones are typically UMTS and GSM hybrids.
Several radio interfaces are offered, sharing the same infrastructure:
o The original and most widespread radio interface is called WCDMA.
o The TD-SCDMA radio interface was commercialised in 2009 and
is only offered in China.
o The latest UMTS release, HSPA+, can provide peak data rates up
to 56 Mbit/s in the downlink in theory (28 Mbit/s in existing
services) and 22 Mbit/s in the uplink.
especially
in
North
America
and
South
Korea,
sharing
infrastructure with the IS-95 2G standard. The cell phones are typically
CDMA2000 and IS-95 hybrids. The latest release EVDO Rev B offers
peak rates of 14.7 Mbit/s downstream.00000000000000000
APPLICATIONS OF 3G
The bandwidth and location information available to 3G devices gives rise to
applications not previously available to mobile phone users. Some of the
applications are:
Mobile TV
Video on demand
Video Conferencing
Telemedicine
Location-based services
ADVANTAGE
1. The customers will get a high speed network for their communication
which
is
far
better
than
the
2G
technology,
particularly
in
data
communication.
2. The customer will get wireless broadband.
3. Customer can see video or satellite based programs like TV programs
using this technology.
4. Customers can use all the facilities at same time.
5. It may also be cheap than the other traditional media we are using, as a
result of price war.
6. The many in one service will be available at the same network. Due to use
of the DTH & the 3G technology, everyone will use these multi-purpose
services to avoid time loss and keeping records for different service
providers.
DISADVANTAGE
1. Since in telecom sector, there is much competition, so the companies
have a very marginal price for their facilities.
2. The companies who will not get license from the spectrum distribution
authorities will suffer to use only 2G, which will badly affect their business. In
this situation these companies will either disappear from this sector or will
run with losses. Because of the customers will start to use the services of the
companies having 3G technology.
3. Due to use of the DTH & the 3G technology, everyone will use these multipurpose services to avoid time loss and keeping records for different service
providers.
So
the
traditional
cable
business
will
badly
affected
by
VISION OF 4G
This new generation of wireless is intended to complement and
replace the 3G systems, perhaps in 5 to 10 years. Accessing information
anywhere, anytime, with a seamless connection to a wide range of
information and services, and receiving a large volume of information, data,
pictures, video, and so on, are the keys of the 4G infrastructures. The future
4G infrastructures will consist of a set of various networks using IP (Internet
Protocol) as a common protocol so that users are in control because they will
be able to choose every application and environment. Based on the
developing
trends
of
mobile
communication,
4G
will
have
broader
bandwidth, higher data rate, and smoother and quicker handoff and will
focus on ensuring seamless service across a multitude of wireless systems
and networks. The key concept is integrating the 4G capabilities with all of
the existing mobile technologies through advanced technologies. Application
adaptability and being highly dynamic are the main features of 4G services
of interest to users
.
These features mean services can be delivered and be available to the
personal preference of different users and support the users' traffic, air
interfaces, radio environment, and quality of service. Connection with the
network applications can be transferred into various forms and levels
correctly and efficiently. The dominant methods of access to this pool of
information will be the mobile telephone, PDA, and laptop to seamlessly
access the voice communication, high-speed information services, and
entertainment
broadcast
services.
Figure
illustrates
elements
and
TRANSMISSION
KEY 4G TECHNOLOGIES
Some of the key technologies required for 4G are briefly described below:
usage.
It
ensures
very
robust
transmission
in
multi-path
MIMO
(multiple-input
and
multiple-output)radar
antenna
.OFDM
to
providing
development
multi-standard,
effort
and
costs
multi-band
through
equipment
simultaneous
with
reduced
multi-channel
processing.
waveform is correctly designed for the channel. This aspect of OFDM greatly
simplifies processing. The signal transmitted by m antennas is received by n
antennas.
Processing
of
the
received
signals
may
deliver
several
QUALITY OF SERVICE
What QoS does 4G provide to us they are as follows:-
(a) Traffic generated by the different services will not only increase
traffic loads on the networks, but will also require different quality of service
(QoS) requirements (e.g., cell loss rate, delay, and jitter) for different streams
(e.g., video, voice, and data).
(b) Providing QoS guarantees in 4G networks is a non-trivial issue
where
both
QoS
signaling
across
different
networks
and
service
SECURITY
Security is a major issue in todays convergence communication world what
securities does 4G provide to us they are as follows:(a) The heterogeneity of wireless networks complicates the security issue.
(b) Dynamic reconfigurable, adaptive, and lightweight security mechanisms
should be developed.
(c)
Security
in
wireless
networks
mainly
involves
authentication,
AAA
(Authentication
Authorization
Auditing)
protocols
provide
framework for such suffered especially for control plane functions and
installing security policies in the mobile node such as encryption, decryption
and filtering.
BENEFITS
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
(c)
Convergence benefits
(i) Broadcasters will benefit from the use of cellular mobile systems to adapt the
content of their multi-media services more rapidly in response to the feedback from
customers.
(ii) Cellular operators will benefit from offering their customers a range of new
broadband multimedia services in vehicular environments.
(iii) Users will benefit from faster access to a range of broadband multi-media
services with reasonable Quality of Service (QoS) and lower cost.
RE-CONFIGURABLE TECHNOLOGY
(a) In order to use the large variety of services and wireless networks,
multimode user terminals are essential as they can adapt to different
wireless networks by reconfiguring themselves
(b)This eliminates the need to use multiple terminals (or multiple
hardware components in a terminal).
(c) The most promising way of implementing multimode user terminals is
to adopt the software radio approach.
IPv6 SUPPORT
Unlike 3G, which is based on two parallel infrastructures consisting of
circuit switched and packet switched network nodes respectively, 4G will be
based
on
packet
switching
only.
This
will
require
low-latency
data
transmission.
By the time that 4G was deployed, the process of IPv4 address
exhaustion was expected to be in its final stages. Therefore, in the context of
4G, IPv6 support is essential in order to support a large number of wirelessenabled devices. By increasing the number of IP addresses, IPv6 removes the
need for network address translation (NAT), a method of sharing a limited
number of addresses among a larger group of devices, although NAT will still
be required to communicate with devices that are on existing IPv4 networks.
(ii)
(iii)
(b) OPERATORS:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(c) MANUFACTURERS:
(i)
(ii)
PERSONAL MOBILITY:
In addition to terminal mobility, personal mobility is a concern in
mobility management. Personal mobility concentrates on the movement of
users instead of users' terminals, and involves the provision of personal
communications and personalized operating environments. Once the caller's
agent identifies user's location, the caller's agent can directly communicate
with his agent.
APPLICATIONS
(a) VIRTUAL PRESENCE: This means that 4G provides user services at
all times, even if the user is off-site.
(b) VIRTUAL NAVIGATION: 4G provides users with virtual navigation
through which a user can access a database of the streets, buildings
etc.
(c) TELE-GEOPROCESSING APPLICATIONS: This is a combination of GIS
(Geographical
Information
System)
and
GPS
(Global
Positioning
4G
wireless
systems
are
expected
to
deliver
efficient
services.
available bandwidth.
CONCLUSION
As the history of mobile communications shows, attempts have
been made to reduce a number of technologies to a single global standard.
Projected 4G systems offer this promise of a standard that can be embraced
worldwide through its key concept of integration. Future wireless networks
will need to support diverse IP multimedia applications to allow sharing of
resources among multiple users. There must be a low complexity of
implementation and an efficient means of negotiation between the end users
and the wireless infrastructure. The fourth generation promises to fulfill the
goal of PCC (Personal Computing and Communication) a vision that
affordably provides high data rates everywhere over a wireless network. In
few countries like South Korea and Japan 4G was launched in 2010 and the
world is looking forward for the most intelligent technology that would
connect
the
entire
globe.
In
India,
Mukesh
Ambanis
Reliance
REFERENCES
1) Communication Systems
2) www.comsoc.org
3) www.techonline.com
4) www.ieee.org