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Learn Spanish
Learn Spanish
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Contents
Introduction.......................................................................................................03
Pronunciation....................................................................................................05
LESSONS.................................................................................................10
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
Cmo te llamas?........................................................................................10
Cundo es tu cumpleaos?.......................................................................18
Introduccin a la gramtica.......................................................................26
Dnde vives?.............................................................................................33
Qu te gusta hacer?..................................................................................41
Qu comes?...............................................................................................51
Qu hora es?.............................................................................................61
Dnde vas a ir?.........................................................................................69
Cul es tu trabajo?....................................................................................83
ABOUT THE
BOOK............................................................................. ..........92
Introduction
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error
Book definition
Scope: This Wikibook aims to teach the Spanish language from scratch.
It will cover all of the major grammar rules, moving slowly and offering
exercises and plenty of examples. It's not all grammar though, as it offers
vocabulary and phrases too, appealing to all learners. By the end, you
should be able to read and write Spanish skilfully, though you'll need a
human to help with listening and speaking.
Purpose: The purpose of this Wikibook is to teach you the Spanish
language in an easy and accessible way. By the end, as mentioned,
you should be a proficient reader and writer, though listening and
speaking require a human tutor.
Audience: Anyone who wishes to learn Spanish, though adult and
teenage learners are likely to enjoy it more.
Organisation: This Wikibook requires no prior knowledge of the
subject, and all relevant terms are explained as they are encountered. The
book runs chronologically from lesson 1 to lesson 2 to lesson 3 and so on
until the end.
Narrative: Generally engaging and thorough, with plenty of examples
and exercises to aid learning. Once concepts are introduced, they are
repeated, building a base of vocabulary and grammar that will stay in your
mind.
Chapter
Style: This book is written in British English, and the Spanish taught is
generally "Spanish" Spanish, though key regional differences are explained
as we go along. The formatting is consistent throughout, with Spanish in
italics and all tables using the same formatting. Each lesson begins with a
conversation, including the key grammar and vocabulary in the lesson. At
the end, there is a summary, explaining what has been achieved.
Exercises are linked throughout, and each new concept or set of
vocabulary
is accompanied by examples, each with a translation
underneath.
Introduction
You are about to embark on a course learning a second language, the Spanish
Language!
The first lesson begins with simple greetings, and covers important ideas of
the Spanish Language. Throughout education, methods of teaching Spanish have
changed greatly. Years ago, the Spanish Language was taught simply by
memory. Today, however, the Spanish Language is taught by moving slower
and covering grammar and spelling rules.
Again, this is an introduction. If this is the first time you are attempting to
learn Spanish, do not become discouraged if you cannot understand, pronounce,
or memorize some of the things discussed here.
In addition, learning a second language requires a basic understanding of
your own language. You may find, as you study Spanish, that you learn a lot
about English as well. At their core, all
languages share some simple
components like verbs, nouns, adjectives, and plurals. Your first language
comes naturally to you and you don't think about things like subject-verb
agreement, verb conjugation, or usage of the various tenses; yet, you use
these concepts on a daily basis.
While English is described as a very complicated language to learn, many of
the distinguishing grammar structures have been simplified over the years. This
is not true for many other languages. Following the grammatical conventions of
Spanish will be very important, and can actually change the meaning of phrases.
You'll see what is meant by this as you learn your first verbs ser and estar.
Do not become discouraged! You can do it.
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4 | Spanish
Pronunciation
0 P RONUNCIATION
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error
Chapter 0
H h
hache
Ii
Jj
jota
x/h
Kk
ka
Ll
ele
Ll ll
doble ele, /j
elle
M m
eme
N n
ene
ee
O o
P p
o
pe
o
p
Q q
cu
R r
ere, erre r
not touch the soft palate (no similar sound in English, but
it's somewhat like Arabic ghain).
Silent, unless combined with c (see above). Hu- or hifollowed by another vowel at the start of the word stand
for /w/ (English w) and /j/ (English y). Also used in foreign
words like hmster, where it is pronounced like a
Spanish j (see below).
Like e in he. Before other vowels, it approaches y in you.
Like the ch in loch, although in many dialects it sounds
like English h.
Like the k in ask. Only used in words of foreign origin Spanish prefers c and qu (see above and below,
respectively).
Does not have an exact English equivalent. It is similar to
the English "l" in line, but shorter, or "clipped." Instead
of the tongue touching the roof of the mouth behind the
teeth, it should touch the tip of the teeth themselves.
Properly, like gl in the Italian word gli. Does not have an
English equivalent, but it's somewhat similar to li in
million. Very commonly simply pronounced as /j/ (English
y).
Like m in more.
Like n in no. Before p, b, f and v (and in some regions m)
sounds as m in important. For example un paso sounds
umpaso. Before g, j, k sound (c, k , q), w and hu sounds
like n in anchor: un gato, un juego, un cubo, un kilo, un
queso, un whisky, un hueso. Before y sound (y or ll), it
sounds like , see below.
/nj/]] (ny) + vowel, as in canyon, where the y is very
short. For example, when pronouncing "aos", think of it
as "anyos", or an-yos. To practice, repeat the
onomatopoeia
of chewing: "am, am, am".
Like o in more, without the following r sound.
Like p in port.
Like q in quit. As in English, it is always followed by a u,
but before e or i, the u is silent (lquido is pronounced
/'li.ki.o/). The English /kw/ sound is normally written cu
in Spanish (cuanto), although qu can be used for this
sound in front of a or o (qusar, qurum).
This has two pronunciations, neither of which exist in
English. The 'soft' pronunciation sounds like American
relaxed pronunciation of tt in "butter", and is written r
(always written r). The 'hard' pronunciation is a multiply
vibrating sound, similar to Scottish rolled r (generally
written rr). 'Hard' r is also the sound of r at the start of a
word or after l, n or s.
S s
ese
Tt
te
U u
u
Vv
Ww
Xx
Yy
Z z
uve, ve,
ve corta,
ve baja
uve
doble,
doble ve,
doble u
equis
b,
vary with the position of the consonant in the word, whether it is between
vowels
Word stress
In Spanish there are two levels of stress when pronouncing a syllable:
stressed and unstressed. To illustrate: in the English word "thinking", "think" is
pronounced with stronger stress than "ing". If both syllables are pronounced
with the same stress, it sounds like "thin king".
With one category of exceptions (-mente adverbs), all Spanish words have
one stressed syllable. If a word has an accent mark (; explicit accent), the
syllable with the accent mark is stressed and the other syllables are unstressed.
If a word has no accent mark (implicit accent), the stressed syllable is
predictable by rule (see below). If you don't put the stress on the correct
syllable, the other person may have trouble understanding you. For example:
esta, which has an implicit accent in the letter e , means "this (feminine)"; and
est, which has an explicit accent in the letter a, means "is." Ingls means
"English," but ingles means "groins."
Adverbs ending in -mente are stressed in two places: on the syllable where
the accent falls in the adjectival root and on the men of -mente. For example:
estpido estpidamente.
The vowel of an unstressed syllable should be pronounced with its true value,
as shown in the table above. Don't reduce unstressed vowels to neutral schwa
sounds, as occurs in English.
The diaeresis ( )
In the clusters gue and gui, the u is not pronounced; it serves simply to give
the g a hard-g sound, like in the English word gut (gue [ge]; gui [gi]).
However, if the u has a the diaeresis mark (), it is pronounced like an
English w (ge [gwe]; gi [gwi]). This mark is rather rare.
Examples:
pingino = penguin
agis (2nd person plural, present subjunctive of the verb aguar). Here,
the diaeresis preserves the u (or [w]) sound in all the verb tenses of aguar.
Cmo te llamas?
1 C MO
TE LLAMAS ?
Dialogue
Ral: Hola! Me llamo Ral. Cmo te llamas?
Sofa: Hola, Ral. Me llamo Sofa. Cmo se escribe Ral?
Ral: Se escribe R-A--L. Qu tal?
Sofa: Bien. Y t?
Ral: Fenomenal, gracias.
Sofa: Qu fantstico! Adis, Ral.
Ral: Hasta luego!
Hello!
Spanish Vocabulary Cmo te llamas?
Hola! Hello!
Ingls
Hello
Good morning!
Good day!
Good evening!
Good night!
See you later!
Goodbye
Espaol
Hola (listen)
Buenos das! (listen)
Buenas tardes! (listen)
Buenas noches! (listen)
Hasta luego! (listen)
Adis (listen)
Notes
Hasta means "until"; luego means "then". In the same vein, hasta
maana means "see you tomorrow".
Note the upside-down exclamation and question marks; you will learn
more about them in lesson three.
Examples
Espaol
I am called
Me llamo
You (familiar, singular) are called
Te llamas
He/She/You (formal, singular) is/are called Se llama
We are called
Nos
llamamos You (familiar, plural) are called
Os
llamis They/You (formal, plural) are called
Se
llaman
Notes
"Os llamis" would only be used in Spain. In all other Spanish-speaking
countries, "Se llaman" is used in both familiar and formal situations.
Examples
Me llamo Chris
My name is Chris
Se llaman Peter y Robert
They're called Peter and Robert.
Cmo te llamas?
What's your name?
Cmo se llama?
What's his/her name?
Espaol
Qu tal? (listen)
Cmo ests?
Fantstico
Wikibooks |
1111
Very well
Well
Bad
Really bad
And you?
Thank you
Fantstica
Muy bien
Bien
Mal
Fatal
Y t?
Gracias (listen)
Note
For some of the words above, there are two options. The one ending in "o" is
for males, and the one ending in "a" is for females. It's all to do with agreement,
which is covered in future chapters.
Examples
K and W are part of the alphabet but are mostly seen in foreign derived words
and names, such as karate and whiskey. For instance, kilo is commonly used
to refer to a kilogram.
Although the above will help you understand,
Spanish consonants is a bit more complicated:
proper pronunciation of
Most of the consonants are pronounced as they are in American English with
these exceptions:
b like the English b at the start of a word and after m or n
c before a, o, u and other consonants, like English k
c before i and e like English th in think (in Latin America is like
English s)
ch like ch in cheese
d between vowels (even if it starts a word following a word ending in a
vowel) or at the end of a word, like English d in dental
g before e or i like the Scottish pronunciation of ch in loch, except
that it is voiced
g before a or o like g in get
h is always silent (except in the digraph ch)
j like the h in hotel
ll is pronounced like English y in yes
like nio in onion (or gn in French cognac)
q like the English k
r slightly trilled; like a soft d except at the beginning of a word or after
l, n or s where it is trilled
rr should be trilled longer than a single r
v is pronounced like b, there is no distinction whatsoever between B
and V.
z like the English th (in Latin America, like English s)
te
Espaol
Cmo se escribe?
Se escribe
B de Barcelona
Examples
Summary
In this lesson, you have learned
How to greet people (Hola; buenos das; adis).
How to introduce yourself (Me llamo Rosa).
How to introduce others (Se llama Roberto).
How to say how you are (Fenomenal; fatal; bien).
How to spell your name (Se escribe P-E-T-E-R).
How to ask others about any of the above (Cmo te llamas?;
Cmo ests?; Cmo se escribe?).
You should now do the exercise related to each section (found below), and
translate the dialogue at the top before moving on to lesson 2.
Exercises
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comment
The answers can be found below. Also, try translating the dialogue at the
top of the lesson page.
Hello!
What greeting would you use...
1.
2.
3.
4.
At 8:00pm?
At 10:00am?
At 3:00pm?
When you're going to bed?
2. Cmo os llamis?
3. Nos llamamos Peter y Carlos.
4. Cmo se llaman?
1. Her name is Sally.
2. What are you called?
3. His name is Ral.
4. My name is Santiago.
Bien
Fantstico
Fatal
Mal
Muy bien
RR
Q
N
S
R
A
D
Exercise answers
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Dialogue
Ral: Hello! I'm Ral. What's your name?
Sofa: Hi Ral, I'm Sofa. How do you spell Ral?
Ral: It's spelt R-A--L. How are you?
Sofa: Well. And yourself?
Hello!
1.
2.
3.
4.
Buenas tardes
Buenas maanas
Buenos das
Buenas noches
My name is Sophie.
What are your names?
We are Peter and Carl.
What are they called?
1. Se llama Sally.
2. Cmo te llamas?
3. Se llama Ral.
4. Me llamo Santiago (James in English).
Cundo es tu cumpleaos?
2 C UNDO
ES TU CUMPLEAOS ?
Dialogue
Ral: Hola, Sofa! Me llamo Ral. Qu fecha es hoy?
Sofa: Hola, Ral. Hoy es el diecisiete de octubre.
Ral: Muchas gracias. Mi cumpleaos es el viernes.
Sofa: Feliz cumpleaos!
Ral: Gracias. Cuntos aos tienes?
Sofa: Tengo veinte
aos. Ral: Vale. Adis,
Sofa. Sofa: Hasta
luego!
The numbers
1. Uno
2. Dos
3. Tres
11. Once
12. Doce
13. Trece
21.
Veintiuno
22.
Veintidos
23.
Veintitrs
4. Cuatro 7. Siete
5. Cinco 8. Ocho
6. Seis
9. Nueve
10. Diez
24.
Veinticuatro
25. Veinticinco
26. Veintisis
27. Veintisiete
28. Veintiocho
29.
Veintinueve
80. Ochenta
90. Noventa
20. Veinte
30. Treinta
100. Cien
Notes
To form the numbers from thirty to one hundred, you take the multiple of
Chapter 2
ten below it, then y, then its units value ("54" = cincuenta y cuatro; "72" =
setenta y dos).
When using "uno", masculine form often uses "un" instead, if the noun that
Examples
Tengo diecisiete gatos
I have 17 cats.
Hay treinta y cinco aulas
There are 35 classrooms.
Tengo noventa y seis primos.
I have 96 cousins.
Hay veintidos alumnos en esta clase.
There are 22 students in this class.
Cuntos hermanos tienes?
How many brothers/sisters do you have? (when asking , the masculine
form is used as neutral, if gender is unknown)
Uno/una. (Short answer, note that gender is applied as gender is now
known)
One.
Tengo un hermano. / Tengo una hermana (note the use of "un"
instead of "uno" for masculine form)
I have a brother. / I have a sister
Quiero un caramelo!
I want a candy!
Quiero uno!
I want one!
Espaol
Tengo
Tienes
Tiene
Tenemos
Tenis
Tienen
Note
"Tenis" would only be used in Spain. In all other countries one would
use "Tienen" in both familiar and formal situations.
Examples
Espaol
enero
febrero
marzo
abril
mayo
junio
julio
agosto
septiembre
octubre
noviembre
diciembre
Espaol
lunes
martes
mircoles
jueves
viernes
sbado
domingo
Notes
Neither days of the week nor months of the year are capitalised, unless
at the beginning of sentences.
On the first of the month, the Spanish say primero (Hoy es domingo,
primero de enero).
Examples
Qu fecha es hoy?
Espaol
Cundo es tu cumpleaos?
Mi cumpleaos es
El primero de mayo
El mircoles
Feliz cumpleaos!
Examples
Summary
In this lesson, you have learned:
The numbers from one to one hundred (uno; veintiocho; noventa; cien)
The days of the week (lunes; mircoles; viernes)
The months of the year (enero; abril; octubre; diciembre)
How to say your age (Tengo cuarenta aos)
How to ask the age of others (Cuntos aos tienes?)
How to say today's date (Hoy es jueves, el veintinueve de noviembre)
How to say your birthday (Mi cumpleaos es el primero de agosto; mi
cumpleaos es el martes)
How to ask the birthday of others (Cundo es tu cumpleaos?)
You should now do the exercise related to each section (found below), and
translate the dialogue at the top before moving on to lesson 3.
Exercises
live version discussion edit exercises add an exercise comment
The answers can be found below. Also, try translating the dialogue at the
top of the lesson page.
The numbers
Write the following numbers using Spanish words.
1. 5
2. 27
3. 69
4. 48
5. 84
6. 1
7. 77
8. 53
9. 38
10. 100
Yourself
Your parent(s)
Two of your friends
Exercise answers
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Dialogue
Ral: Hello, Sofa! I'm Ral. What's the date today?
Sofa: Hi, Ral. Today is the 17th of October.
Ral: Many thanks. My birthday is
on
Friday. Sofa: Happy birthday!
Ral: Thanks. How old are you?
Sofa: I'm 20 years old.
Ral: OK. Bye Sophie!
Sofa: See you soon!
The numbers
4. Cuarenta y ocho
1. Cinco
7. Setenta y siete
5. Ochenta y
2. Veintisiete
8. Cincuenta y tres
cuatro
3. Sesenta y nueve
9. Treinta y ocho
6. Uno
10. Cien
Chapter 3
3 I NTRODUCCIN
A LA GRAMTICA
Articles
As in many languages, Spanish gives each noun a gender: masculine or
feminine, both for singular things and plural ones.
Spanish, like English, has two articles: the definite article ("the") and the
indefinite article ("a" or "an"). However, there are 4 forms, depending on the
number and gender of the noun. The plural indefinite article is "some" in
Spanish.
If the noun ends in a vowel, to make it plural, add s (gato - "cat"; gatos
- "cats").
If the noun ends in a consonant, to make it plural, add es (papel "paper"; papeles - "papers").
Happily, the gender of Spanish nouns is usually pretty easy to work out.
Some very simple rules-of-thumb:
Definite articles
Spanish Grammar Introduccin a la gramtica
The definite article
El artculo definido
masculine
feminine
singular
plural
singular
plural
el
los
la
las
el hombre
los nios
la mujer
las nias
the
the
the
the
man
boys
woman
girls
Indefinite articles
Spanish Grammar Introduccin a la gramtica
The indefinite article
El artculo indefinido
masculine
feminine
singular
plural
singular
plural
un
unos
una
unas
un hombre
unos nios
una mujer
unas nias
a man
some boys
a woman
some girl
Introduccin a la gramtica
Regular Verbs
We have already seen the present tense conjugations of two Spanish verbs,
llamarse and tener. However, both of these verbs are irregular verbs. Luckily,
most verbs follow an easy to understand conjugation scheme.
In Spanish, the conjugation depends on what the last two letters of the
infinitive are. The infinitive form is the form that is given in the dictionary.
An example of an English verb in the infinitive might be to run or to speak.
Spanish verbs in the infinitive end with "-ar", "-er" or "-ir". To conjugate them,
remove the ending("-ir", "-er" or "-ar") and add the desired suffix.
Unlike English, Spanish verbs conjugate depending on the person; That is,
they change depending on who is being talked about. This occurs in English in
the third person singular (highlighted below) but in Spanish this occurs for every
person. As a result, pronouns are often omitted because they can be inferred
from the conjugation.
Person in English
Singular
Plural
First
I play
We play
Second You play
You all play
Third He/She/It plays They play
Chapter 3
Third
-e
-en
cocinis,
Notes
There are many more "-ar" verbs than "-er" or "-ir". Make sure you are
most familiar with these endings.
Introduccin a la gramtica
end of the question), since questions are often identical to statements. Te llamas
Richard means "Your name is Richard", and Te llamas Richard? means "Is your
name Richard?".
You can also use questions words, as indicated below.
Spanish
Vocabulary
Introduccin
gramtica
Questions Preguntas
Espaol
Dnde?
Quin?
Qu?
Cmo?
Por qu?
Cundo?
la
Ingls
Where?
Who?
What?
How?
Why?
When?
Examples
Con quin?
With whom?
Dnde est el banco?
Where is the bank?
Cundo es tu cumpleaos?
When's your birthday?
Qu fecha es hoy?
What is the date today?
Hasta luego!
See you later!
Summary
In this lesson, you have learned:
The Spanish articles (el; la; los; las; un; uno; unos; unas).
How to conjugate regular verbs in the present tense (lloro; comes; vive;
cocinamos; bebis; cubren).
How to question people and exclaim in Spanish (Cuntos aos tienes?;
Qu fantstico!)
You should now do the exercise related to each section (found below) before
moving on. This is a very important topic for future lessons; it's important
that you know it well.
Chapter 3
Exercises
live version discussion edit exercises add an exercise (answer)
comment
The answers can be found in the next section. Also, try translating the
dialogue at the top of the lesson.
Articles
Regular verbs
The following are conjugated verb forms; what person are they?
1. Lloro
2. Cocinis
3. Tenemos
4. Hablan
Introduccin a la gramtica
5.
6.
7.
8.
Compro
Abrazas
llevo
Vivimos
Exercise answers
live version discussion edit answers add an answer (exercise)
comment
Articles
1. Some girls
2. The men
3. Some men
4. The girls
5. A boy
6. The boy
7. The woman
8. A woman
1. Las mujeres
2. Unos hombres
Chapter 3
Introduccin a la gramtica
3. El nio
4. Las nias
5. Unas nias
6. Un hombre
7. Unos nios
8. Una nia
1. Los chicos
2. El gato
3. Un perro
Regular verbs
1. I
2. You plural
3. We
4. They
5. I
6. You singular
7. I
8. We
1. Cocinan
2. Come
3. Amamos
4. Tengo
5. Hablas
6. Temo
7. Comis
8. Vive
Dnde vives?
4 D NDE
VIVES ?
Dialogue
Vocabulary
London
But
Well
Londres
Pero
Pus
Ral: Hola! Dnde vives?
Sofa: Hola, Ral. Vivo en un piso en Londres, Inglaterra. Y t?
Ral: Vale. Vivo en el sur de Espaa.
Sofa: En el campo o la ciudad?
Ral: El campo. Las ciudades son ruidosas.
Sofa: S, pero no hay nada para hacer en el campo.
Ral: Pues, adis, Sofa!
Sofa: Hasta luego!
Escocia
Gales
Irlanda
Espaa
Francia
Alemania
Italia
Rusia
Los Estados
Unidos
Canad
Mxico
Chapter 4
then ser (De dnde eres? means "Where are you from?").
While vivir is totally regular (vivo, vives, vive, vivimos, vivs, viven), ser is
about as irregular as they come. It is conjugated below.
Spanish Verb Dnde vives?
Ser To
be
Ingls
Espaol
I
You
He/She/It
We
You all
They
Soy
Eres
Es
Somos
Sois
Son
Examples
Vivo en Inglaterra
I live in England.
Son de Espaa, pero viven en Alemania.
They are from Spain, but they live in Germany.
The compass
El noroeste
El oeste
El sudoeste
El norte
X
El sur
El noreste
El este
El sudeste
Examples
Habitations
Spanish Vocabulary Dnde vives?
Casas Houses
Ingls
Espaol
A house
Una casa
A detached house
Una casa individual
A semi-detached house Una casa adosada
32 | Spanish
Dnde vives?
A
A
A
A
terraced house
flat
bungalow
room
Un piso
Un bungalow
Una habitacin
Note
It's una habitacin, but the plural is unas habitaciones (without the accent).
Examples
Vivo en un piso.
I live in a flat.
Vivo en una casa adosada en Canad.
I live in a semi-detatched house in Canada.
Vive en un bungalow que tiene diez habitaciones.
He lives in a bungalow that has ten rooms.
Adjectives
As we already learnt, Spanish nouns each have a gender. This doesn't just
affect the article, but the adjective; it has to agree. Also, adjectives go after the
noun, not before it.
If the adjective (in its natural form - the form found in the dictionary), ends
in an "O" or an "A", then you remove that vowel and add...
Examples
Un hombre bueno
A good man
Unos hombres buenos
Some good men
Una mujer buena
A good woman
Unas mujeres buenas
Some good women
Wikibooks |
3333
Chapter 4
La ciudad?
O el campo?
(Forest1, by Eleassar777)
Espaol
The city
La ciudad
The countryside
El campo
The good thing about ... is that Lo bueno sobre ... es que
The bad thing about ... is that Lo malo sobre ... es que
There are lots of things to do
Hay mucho para hacer
There isn't anything to do
No hay nada para hacer
You can walk in woodlands
Se puede caminar en los bosques
There isn't any foliage
No queda ningn follaje
Pretty
Bonito
Lively
Animado
Quiet
Tranquilo
Boring
Aburrido
Noisy
Ruidoso
Examples
La ciudad es ruidosa.
The city is noisy.
The countryside is boring.
El campo es aburrido.
Lo bueno sobre la ciudad es que hay mucho para hacer.
The good thing about the city is that there are lots of the things to do.
Lo malo sobre la ciudad es que no queda ningunas plantas.
The bad thing about the city is that there isn't any folliage.
Summary
In this lesson, you have learned
34 | Spanish
Dnde vives?
Various countries of the world (Australia; Italia; Francia; los Estados
Unidos).
How to say where you and others live and come from (Vivo en
Inglaterra; Somos de Gales).
How to ask where someone lives (Dnde vives?).
The points of the compass (el sur; el noroeste; el oeste).
How to describe your house (una casa; un piso).
The basics of adjectives ending in "O" or "A" (la mujer mala; el nio
bonito).
How to talk about the city of the countryside (la ciudad; el campo; no
hay mucho para hacer).
You should now do the exercise related to each section (found in the next
section), and translate the dialogue at the top before moving on to lesson five.
Exercises
live version discussion edit exercises add an exercise (answer)
comment
The answers can be found in the next section. Also, try translating the
dialogue at the top of the lesson.
Chapter 4
10.Where does he come from?
Habitations
Match the Spanish to the English.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Room
House
Bungalow
Apartment
To live
Terraced house
Rooms
Detatched house
Flats
a. Bungalow
b. Casa individual
c. Habitacin
d. Vivir
e. Habitaciones
f. Pisos
g. Casa
h. Piso
i. Casa adosada
Adjectives
Correct the following sentences.
1. Las hombres malas
2. Un nio buenos
3. Unas nias malo
4. Un mujer buena
5. El hombre buena
6. La nia bonito
7. Unos hombres malas
8. Los mujers malos
36 | Spanish
Dnde vives?
Exercise answers
live version discussion edit answers add an answer (exercise) comment
Dialogue
Ral: Hello! Where do you live?
Sofa: Hello, Ral. I live in a flat in London, England. And you?
Ral: OK. I live in the South of Spain.
Sofa: The the countryside or the
city? Ral: The country. Cities are
noisy.
Sofa: Yes, but there's nothing to do in the countryside.
Ral: Well, bye Sophie!
Sofa: See you!
Habitations
1. c
2. g
3. a
4. h
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Chapter 4
5. d
6. i
7. e
8. b
9. f
Adjectives
1. Los hombres malos
2. Un nio bueno
3. Unas nias malas
4. Una mujer buena
5. El hombre bueno
6. La nia bonita
7. Unos hombres malos
8. Las mujeres malas
38 | Spanish
Qu te gusta hacer?
5 Q U
TE GUSTA HACER ?
Dialogue
Vocabulary
Todo el tiempo All the time
Hasta maana! See you tomorrow!
Divertido
Fun
Ral: Hola, Sofa! Te gustan los deportes?
Sofa: Buenos das. Me encanta jugar al ftbol. Y t?
Ral: No mucho. Sin embargo, practico natacin todo el tiempo.
Sofa: Ah, no puedo nadar. Juegas al ajedrez?
Ral: S, me encanta; es un juego muy divertido.
Sofa: S. Adis, Ral!
Ral: Hasta maana!
Espaol
Un deporte
Un juego
Una actividad
Jugar
Practicar
El ftbol
El ftbol americano
El rugby
El tenis
El crquet
La natacin
El judo
El ajedrez
Cantar
Leer
Nadar
Ver la tele
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Chapter 5
A lot
Many
Notes
Mucho
Examples
Stem-changing Verbs
Jugar the first type of irregular verb; known as a stem-changing verb.
Basically, in the "I", "you, "he/she/it" and "they" forms, the u or o changes to a
ue. The jugar example is written out below.
Spanish Verb Qu te gusta hacer?
Jugar To play
Ingls
Espaol
I
Juego
You
Juegas
He/She/It
Juega
We
Jugamos
You all
Jugis
They
Juegan
Other verbs that follow this pattern
poder ("to be able to"): puedo, puedes, puede, podemos, podis,
pueden
40 | Spanish
Notes
The verb jugar always has a after it: jugar a. In Spanish, a el gets
contracted to al and de el gets contracted to del. So, it would be juego al
rugby.
Poder (meaning "to be able to") is usually followed by another verb,
making "I can do something". The following verb must be in the infinitive.
For example, puede leer ("he can read").
Examples
Juego al tenis.
I play tennis.
Jugis al ajedrez?
Compound Sentences
So far, everything we've written has been simple sentences "My name is
Santiago" (Me llamo Santiago); "The city is noisy" (La ciudad es ruidosa); "I play
american football" (Juego al ftbol americano). Wouldn't it be fantastic if we
could join them up? Below are some little words that will make our sentences
longer, and more meaningful. You use them just like you do in English.
Also, everything we've written has been positive ("I do this, I do that"). To
make it negative, we just add a word in front of the verb: no (meaning "not") or
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nunca (meaning "never"). For example, No juego al rugby (I don't play rugby");
Nunca como manzanas ("I never eat apples"). It's as simple as that.
Spanish Vocabulary Qu te gusta hacer?
Conjunctions Conjunciones
Ingls
And
O Because
Porque But
Pero
Also
So
Note
Espaol
Y Or
Tambin
As
Porque ("because") and Por qu ("why") are similar and easy to mix up;
make sure you don't!
Examples
Gustar
There is no verb for "to like" in Spanish. Instead, you use gusta (meaning "it
pleases") and a personal pronoun; you say that "it pleases me" or "I am pleased
by it". The personal pronouns are shown below.
Spanish Verb Qu te gusta hacer?
Gustar To please
42 | Spanish
Ingls
Me
You
Him/Her/It
Us
All of you
Them
Notes
Espaol
Me
Te
Le
Nos
Os
Les
Like any other verb, you can put no in front of it, to say "I don't like"
(No me gusta).
If you like an activity rather than a thing, just use the infinitive
afterwards: "I like swimming" (Me gusta nadar).
Gusta means "it pleases", so only works for singular things. If the thing
that you like is plural (the women for example), you add "n" (Me gustan las
mujeres - "I like the women").
Summary
In this lesson, you have learnt:
How to say some sports and activities (el rugby; la natacin; cantar).
How to say you play and do these things (juego al rugby; practicamos
natacin).
About a few stem-changing verbs (encuentro, encuentras, encuentra,
encontramos, encontris, encuentran)
How to make longer and negative sentences (no; nunca; as; pero).
How to ask for opinions (Qu opinas sobre el ftbol?; Te encanta
leer?)
How to express opinions (Me gusta; Le gustan; Me encanta; Odiamos)
You should now do the exercise related to each section (found in the next
section), and translate the dialogue at the top before moving on to lesson six.
Exercises
live version discussion edit exercises add an exercise (answer)
comment
The answers can be found in the next section. Also, try translating the
dialogue at the top of the lesson.
44 | Spanish
a. Rugby
b. Ver la tele
c. Ftbol
d. Leer
e. Judo
f. Natacin
g. Ajedrez
h. Cricket
i. Cantar
j. Tenis
Stem-changing Verbs
Compound sentences
Exercise answers
live version discussion edit answers add an answer (exercise) comment
Dialogue
Ral: Hi Sophie! Do you like sports?
Sofa: Good afternoon.I love playing football. And yourself?
Ral: Not much. However, I go swimming all the time.
Sofa: Ah, I can't swim. Do you play chess?
Ral: Yes, I love it; it's a fun game.
Sofa: Yes, bye Ral
Ral: See you!
Stem-changing verbs
1. Vuelvo
2. Vuelves
3. Vuelve
4. Volvemos
5. Volvis
6. Vuelven
46 | Spanish
1. Practico natacin
2. Juego al rugby.
3. Podemos cantar en Espaa.
4. Jugis al ftbol.
5. Por qu juegas al crquet?
Compound sentences
1. My birthday's on the 11th of January, so I'm 48 years old.
2. I'm 87 and he's 87 too.
3. He plays rugby and tennis.
4. We don't go swimming.
5. We live in the city because the countryside is boring.
6. I don't go swimming because I can't swim.
7. When do you all play cricket?
1. Juego al tenis pero no puedo nadar.
2. Viven en Italia porque no les gustan los deportes.
3. No puedes nadar?
4. Se llama Georgina tambin.
5. As, cmo te llamas?
6. No pueden jugar al ajedrez.
7. Cundo duermes?
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4747
Chapter 6
6 Q U
COMES ?
Dialogue
Vocabulary
Me he agotado I've run out
Necesitar
To need
Zumo de
Juice of
Ral: Hola. Qu compras?
Sofa: Hola, Ral. Compro una barra de pan y una botella de
leche. Ral: Vale. As, tomas leche y pan tostada para tu
desayuno? Sofa: S. Me he agotado. Qu desayunas?
Ral: Normalmente, como zumo de naranja y una manzana.
Sofa: Y tienes la comida que necesitas?
Ral: S. Adis.
Sofa: Hasta luego!
Pan (m)
(French bread, by
David Monniaux)
Tomate (m)
(Tomato je, by Softeis)
Manzana (f)
(Red Delicious, by
Bangin)
48 | Spanish
Queso (m)
Lechuga (f)
(Lettuce head batavia
variety, by Rasbak)
Huevo (m)
Arroz (m)
Pasta (f)
(Freerange eggs, by
Fir0002)
(Brown rice, by
Fir0002)
Pepino (m)
Zanahoria (f)
Naranja (f)
Pera (f)
Patata (f)
(Potatos cultivar
Marabel, by Tilmann)
FoeNyx)
Pltano (m)
(PearPhoto, by
Qu comes?
Uva (f)
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4949
Agua (f)
(Stilles
Mineralwasser, by
W.J.Pilsak)
Leche (f)
(Milk
glass, by Stefan
Khn)
Vino (m)
Caf (m)
T (m) (Meissen-
(Turkishcoffee, by
Bertilvidet)
teacup pinkrose01,
by Miya)
Notes
m indicates that the noun is masculine (el queso "the cheese"; los
pltanos "the bananas"), wheras f indicated feminine (la lechuga "the
lettuce"; las uvas "the grapes")
In South America, papa is used instead of patata.
While agua is feminine, it takes the masculine articles un and el. For
example, el agua curiosa ("the strange water") and las aguas curiosas ("the
strange waters").
Con means "with", sin means without (caf con leche means "coffee
with milk", caf sin leche means "coffee without milk").
Wine comes in two varieties, "red" and "white". In Spanish, they are
vino tinto and vino blanco.
Examples
Ingls
To eat
To drink
Tomar
Desayunar
Almorzar
Cenar
To
To
To
To
have (food/drink)
(eat) breakfast
(eat) lunch
dine (eat dinner)
Note
All of these verbs are regular except almorzar, which is one of the UE Verbs
we
learnt about in
the last chapter; almuerzo, almuerzas, almuerza,
almorzamos, almorzis, almuerzan.
Examples
Qu te gusta almorzar?
What do you like to eat for lunch?
Como naranjas y pltanos, pero no me gustan las peras.
I eat oranges and bananas, but I don't like pears.
Me gusta comer las uvas.
I like to eat grapes.
Bebes leche?
Do you drink milk?
A bottle of wine
Spanish Verbs Qu comes?
Eating and Drinking Comer y Beber
Espaol
Algo de
Un vaso de
Una copa de
Una botella de
Una barra de
Un kilo de
Un kilo y medi de
Un kilo y cuarto de
edio kilo de
Un cuarto de kilo de
Ingls
Some
A glass of
A bottle of
A loaf of
A kilo of
One and a half kilos of
One and a quarter kilos of
Half a kilo of
A quarter of a kilo of
Notes
You will have noticed "some" on the list, but "unos/unas" is some! Yes,
it would be unas manzanas ("some apples") but that only works for
plurals. "Some bread" has to be translated as algo de pan.
Also, there are two ways of saying "a glass of". Copa is for glasses with
a stem (mostly wine: una copa de vino), and vaso is used for without a
stem.
Obviously, in all these phrases, the un can be replaced with any number
(Dos vasos de leche means "two glasses of milk").
Examples
In the Shop
In Spanish, as in English, there are many ways of expressing what you would
like to buy, some of which are listed below. You will also see some other useful
words and phrases for when shopping for food.
Spanish Verbs Qu comes?
I would like... Me gustara...
Espaol
Quisiera
Querra
Me gustara
Ah est(n)
Comprar
La cuenta
Costar
Una tienda
Ingls
I would like
There you go; voila.
To buy
The receipt
To cost
A shop
Notes
Comprar is a totally regular verb (compro, compras, compra,
compramos, compris, compran).
With ah est(n), with the n is for plural. Without is for singular.
Costar is a O => UE verb (cuesto, cuestas, cuesta, costamos, costis,
cuestan), but obviously, you only use the third person.
Also, if you want to say "How much does it cost, you use Cunto
cuesta(n)? (cuesta is for singular things, cuestan for plurals, as seen
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5151
below).
Examples
Adjectives
"E" and Consonant Adjectives
In Spanish, clearly not all adjectives end in "o" or "a". The good thing about
these is that they stay the same, irrespective of gender.
Notes
When an adjective (or indeed a noun) ends in z, it changes to a c in
plural, then adds the "es" (feliz/felices "happy").
Examples
El hombre amable
The friendly man
La mujer amable
The friendly woman
Los nios amables
The friendly boys
Las nias amables
The friendly girls
El hombre difcil
The difficult man
La mujer difcil
The difficult woman
Los nios difciles
The difficult boys
Las nias difciles
The difficult girls
Colours
Colours in Spanish are just adjectives, so they still have to agree and go after
the noun. They are shown below.
Spanish Vocabulary Qu comes?
Los colores The colours
Ingls
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Purple
Brown
Pink
White
Grey
Black
Espaol
Rojo
Naranja
Amarillo
Verde
Azul
Morado
Marrn
Rosa
Blanco
Gris
Negro
Notes
All of these will function as nouns, if you add an article in front of them.
For example, el morado means "the purple one".
The plural form of marrn is marrones (without the accent); las
zanahorias marrones means "the brown carrots".
The colours naranja and rosa end in "a" even if they are applied to a
masculine; el coche naranja, "the orange car"; la casa rosa, "the pink
house"
Examples
La manzana verde
The green apple
Los huevos blancos
The white eggs
El queso amarillo
The yellow cheese
Las naranjas naranjas
The orange oranges
Summary
In this lesson, you have learnt
How to say some foods and drinks (la lechuga; una manzana; la leche).
How to say you eat and drink things (como, comes, come, comemos,
comis, comen).
How to say some simple quantities (un kilo de patatas; una copa de
vino tinto)
What to say in a shop (quisiera; querra; la cuenta).
How to form adjectives that don't end in "O" or "A" (la tienda verde; los
quesos azules)
You should now do the exercise related to each section (found in the next
section), and translate the dialogue at the top before moving on.
Exercises
live version discussion edit exercises add an exercise (answer)
comment
The answers can be found in the next section. Also, try translating the
dialogue at the top of the lesson.
a. Water
b. The carrots
c. Rice
d. White wine
e. An egg
f. A cucumber
g. Tea
h. Cheese
i. The pears
j. An apple
Conjugate the verb beber ("to drink") and cenar ("to dine") below:
1. ..............
2. ..............
3. ..............
4. ..............
5. ..............
6. ..............
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
A bottle of wine
Match up the following to make sentences that make sense.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
In the shop
Pretend that you are a customer in a shop. In the following dialogue, fill in
your part.
Buenos das.
.........................
Muy bien, gracias. Qu quisieras?
.........................
Vale. Ah estn.
.........................
Cuestan tres euros.
.........................
Adis!
Adjectives
Exercise answers
live version discussion edit answers add an answer (exercise) comment
Ceno
Cenas
Cena
Cenamos
Cenis
Cenan
A bottle of wine
1. c) Un kilo y media de patatas
2. e) Algo de pasta
3. a) Una copa de vino tinto
4. b) Un vaso de leche
5. d) Una barra de pan
In the shop
Buenos das.
Adjectives
Chapter 7
7 Q U
HORA ES ?
Dialogue
Vocabulary
Luego
Then
Salgo
I leave
Ral: Hola Sofa! Qu hora es?
Sofa: Son las ocho y cuarto.
Ral: Gracias. Qu haces normalmente por la maana?
Sofa: Me levanto a las siete. Luego, me ducho y tomo mi desayuno.
Usualmente, salgo a las ocho.
Ral: Ah, vale. As, cundo almuerzas?
Sofa: Suelo almorzar a la una.
Ral: Claro. Adis!
Sofa: Hasta luego!
Espaol
a.m.
de la maana
p.m.
de la tarde
It's half-past [hour]
Son las [hour] y media
It's quarter-past [hour] Son las [hour] y cuarto
It's quarter-to [hour]
Son las [hour] menos cuarto
Qu hora es?
Notes
If there aren't any minutes, just say son las cinco ("It's 5 o'clock") or
son las once ("It's 11 o'clock").
Remember: son means "they are", so son las... only works for numbers
greater than one. To say "it's one o'clock", you have to say Es la una.
Examples
When?
So, you now know how to tell the time in Spanish. Now let's use it to
describe when something happens. To do this, you use a las followed by the
time as described above (a las tres means "at 3 o'clock"). But what if you don't
know a specific time? What about just "In the evening"? Just use por la,
followed by one of the entries in the table (por la noche means "at night"):
Spanish Vocabulary Qu hora es? Los
tiempos del da The times of the day
Ingls
Morning
Afternoon
Night
Espaol
Maana
Tarde
Evening
Noche
Notes
Since it's always "por la", this means that these times-of-day are all
feminine.
Examples
Time-related Adverbs
It's all very well knowing how to say that you do things at a particular time,
but what about more habitual actions? What do you do usually? Normally?
Sometimes?
Spanish Vocabulary Qu hora es?
El tiempo The time
Ingls
Usually
Normally
Often
Sometimes
Occasionally
Rarely
Soler
Espaol
Usualmente
Normalmente
A menudo
A veces
De vez en cuando
Ocasionalmente
Raramente
To be in the habit of
Notes
You should notice that all the words ending in "ly" in English end in
mente in Spanish. To turn an adjective into an adverb: take the feminine
form of the adjective, then add mente.
Thus, normal, raro, ocasional and usual are all adjectives.
Also, ruidosamente, tranquilamente, etc, are adverbs (you met
tranquilo and ruidoso in lesson 4...)
Soler is a UE stem-changing verb (suelo, sueles, suele, solemos, solis,
suelen), and it is followed by the infinitive (Suelo comer queso con pan,
meaning "I usually eat cheese with bread").
Examples
Reflexive verbs
Reflexive verbs are verbs where the subject and object are the same. "To
wash oneself" or "to get oneself up". In Spanish, we do this by using a reflexive
pronoun before the verb. We've already met these relfexive pronouns, along
with a reflexive verb in the first lesson: llamarse ("to call oneself"). So, here are
the reflexive pronouns:
Spanish Vocabulary Qu hora es?
Reflexive pronouns Pronombres reflexivos
Ingls
Espaol
Myself
Me
Yourself
Te
Himself/Herself/Itself
Se
Ourselves
Nos
Yourselves
Os
Themselves
Se
So, here is an example, using the verb lavarse ("to wash oneself"):
Spanish Verb Qu hora es?
Lavarse To wash oneself
Ingls
Espaol
I wash myself
Me lavo
You wash yourself
Te lavas
He/she/it washes himself/herself/itself Se lava
We wash ourselves
Nos lavamos
You wash yourselves
Os lavis
They wash themselves
Se lavan
So, now that know how to conjugate them, it'd be useful to give you some
examples:
Spanish Vocabulary Qu hora
es? Relfexive verbs Verbos
reflexivos
Ingls
Levantarse
Ducharse
Baarse
Peinarse
Maquillarse
Relajarse
To
To
To
To
To
To
Espaol
get (oneself) up
shower (oneself)
bathe (oneself)
comb one's hair
put one's make-up on
relax (oneself)
Wikibooks |
6161
Notes
These are very similar to the indirect object pronouns used with gustar.
Make sure you don't get them mixed up.
When in the infinitive, the reflexive pronoun goes on the end of the
verb as a suffix. For example, me gusta ducharme means "I like
showering".
Examples
Por la maana, me maquillo y me peino.
In the morning, I put my make-up on and comb my hair.
Cundo te baas?
When do you bathe?
A las ocho de la maana, nos levantamos.
At 8am, we get up.
Nunca nos baamos por la maana; nos gusta ducharnos.
We never have a bath in the morning; we like to have a shower.
Me encanta baarme por la noche - es muy tranquilo.
I love having a bath in the evening - it's very quiet.
Ocasionalmente, se ducha por la maana, pero usualmente, le gusta
baarse por la tarde.
Ocassionally, he showers in the morning, but usually, he likes to have
a bath in the afternoon.
A las nueve de la tarde, me gusta mucho relajarme. Normalmente, bebo
vino.
At 9pm, I like to relax. Normally, I drink wine.
Summary
In this lesson, you have learnt
How to ask for the time (Qu hora es?)
How to tell the time (Son las cuatro y media; es la una menos cuarto)
How to say the times of the day (por la manana; tarde; a las tres y diez)
Various adverbs (ocasionalmente; normalmente; de vez en cuando; a
menudo)
How to use reflexive verbs (me bao; te relajas; se ducha; nos lavamos;
os lavantis; se maquillan)
You should now do the exercise related to each section (found in the next
section), and translate the dialogue at the top before moving on to lesson eight.
Exercises
live version discussion edit exercises add an exercise (answer)
comment
62 | Spanish
The answers can be found in the next section. Also, try translating the
dialogue at the top of the lesson.
Time-related adverbs
Translate the following from English to Spanish and vice versa.
1. Normalmente, cenamos a las siete.
2. Occasionally, I play football, but I really like rugby.
3. Juegas al ajedrez a menudo?
4. Sometimes I eat lettuce, but I never eat tomatoes.
5. Por la noche, me gusta mucho comer arroz.
6. I rarely have lunch at 1pm.
7. Usualmente, almuerza a las dos.
8. I usually play tennis at 3pm.
Reflexive verbs
Fill in the gaps in the following text. You might not need to put anything in
the gap.
Hola. (1)
llamo Milagros, y tengo diecisis aos. (2)
vivo en un piso
grande en Madrd, en Espaa. Normalmente, (3)
la maana, (4)
levanto a las seis (5)
media. Luego, (6)
peino, y desayuno con Rosa
(mi hermana). Despus, (7)
maquillamos. Nunca (8)
duchamos por
(9)
maana - me gusta baarme por la noche.
Usualmente, a (10)
cuatro (11)
la tarde, practicamos (12)
la
natacin. (13)
gusta mucho nadar. Por la tarde, (14)
relajo: me gusta
leer, (15)
ver la tele, pero usualmente, no hay nada (16)
hacer.
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Exercise answers
live version discussion edit answers add an answer (exercise)
comment
Dialogue
Ral: Hi Sofa! What's the time?
Sofa: It's 8:15.
Ral: Thanks.What do you normally do in the morning?
Sofa: I get up at 7:00. Then, I have a shower, do my make-up and
eat breakfast. Usually, I leave at 8:00.
Ral: Ah, ok. So, when you you have lunch?
Sofa: I normally have lunch at 1:00.
Ral: Ok. Goodbye!
Sofa: See you soon!
Time-related adverbs
1. Normally, we have dinner at 7:00.
2. De vez en cuando, juego al futbl, pero me gusta mucho el rugby.
3. Do you often play chess?
4. A veces, como lechuga, pero nunca como tomates.
5. At night, I really like eating rice.
6. Almuerzo raramente a la una.
7. Usually, he has lunch at 2:00.
8. Suelo jugar al tenis a las tres de la tarde.
Reflexive verbs
Hola. (1)
llamo Milagros, y tengo diecisis aos. (2)
vivo en un piso
grande en Madrd, en Espaa. Normalmente, (3)
la maana, (4)
64 | Spanish
Wikibooks |
6565
Chapter 8
8 D NDE
VAS A IR ?
Dialogue
Ral: Hola Sofa. La semana que viene, voy a ir a Italia.
Sofa: Cmo vas a ir? En tren?
Ral: No. Odio los trenes - son muy ruidosos.
Sofa: Claro. Prefiero los avines tambin.
Ral: Usualmente, voy a Irlanda pero tengo un billete para Italia.
Vocabulary
para
for
otro
other
take
tomarme
myself
un
a month
mes libre
off work
Sofa: As, vas a comprar un otro billete?
Ral: No - Italia es buena tambin. Puedo tomar el sol y experimentar la
cultura nativa.
Sofa: Cunto tiempo vas a pasar all?
Ral: Dos semanas. Quiero pasar un mes, pero no puedo tomarme un mes
libre.
Sofa: Entiendo. Hasta luego!
[Ir] a [infinitive]
Let's look at this more closely. First, you
must conjugate the (sadly
irregular) verb ir (meaning "to go"), followed by a (meaning "to"). Then you
have the infinitive of the verb you are going to do. So, voy a comer means
"I'm going to eat". It's as simple as that!
Ir is conjugated thus:
Spanish Verb Dnde vas a ir?
Ir To go
Ingls
I go
You go
He/She/It goes
We go
You all go
They go
Espaol
Voy
Vas
Va
Vamos
Vais
Van
Notes
For reflexive verbs, you have two options for where to put the
reflexive pronoun. You can either have it before ir (me voy a baar,
meaning "I'm going to have a bath") or as a suffix of the infinitive
(voy a baarme, meaning "I'm going to have a bath"). It doesn't matter
which you choose.
Examples
In the future...
Now that we know how to express future actions, it'd be great to be able to
say when we're going to do them. Here are a few key expressions for saying
when something is goig to happen.
Spanish Vocabulary Dnde vas a ir?
In the future... En el futuro...
Ingls
Espaol
Tomorrow
Maana
Tomorrow morning
Maana por la maana
The day after tomorrow Pasado maana
La semana que viene
Next week
La semana prxima
Next month
El mes que viene
Next year
In the future
El
El
El
En
mes prximo
ao que viene
ao prximo
el futuro
Notes
Notice viene in some of the phrases. This is from the E=>IE stemchanging verb venir, meaning "to come". So, literally, these phrases mean
"the week that comes" (la semana que viene) or "the year that comes" (el
ao que viene). This also means that you have to conjugate it when you're
talking in the past tense: "The year that came", but don't worry about that
for quite some time yet.
Maana por la maana means "tomorrow morning". In the same vein,
maana por la tarde means "tomorrow afternoon" and maana por la
noche means "tomorrow night".
Examples
Holidays
Grab your swimming trunks: you're off to the south coast of Spain!
Journey
So, when, where are how are you going to go? Look at the following phrase,
explained below.
You have all of the vocabulary here, except for the modes of transport, some
of which are below.
Autocar (m)
Coche (m)
Tren (m)
Barco (m)
Examples
Accommodation
To say "to stay" in Spanish, you use the reflexive verb alojarse, which is
regular (me alojo, te alojas, se aloja, nos alojamos, os alojis, se alojan). Then,
you use en (meaning "in"), then the type of accommodation, as shown in the
table below.
However, I hear you cry, what if you're already in Spain? How do you ask for
accomodation? Below are a few useful phrases for asking for accommodation...
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
Ingls
single room
double room
family room
hotel
youth hostel
villa
camp site
Espaol
Una habitacin individual
Una habitacin doble
Una habitacin familiar
Un hotel
Un albergue juvenil
Un chalet
Un cmping
Notes
A "camp site" is un cmping (remember the accent), "to go camping" is
ir de cmping and "a tent" is una tienda.
When in plural, habitacin loses the accent (una habitacin, dos
habitaciones).
Examples
El ao que viene, vamos a ir de cmping en Francia.
Net year, we're going to go camping in Francia.
La semana prxima, voy a pasar un da en un albergue juvenil.
Next week, I'm going to spend a day in a youth hostel.
Normalmente, cuando van a Espaa, se alojan en un chalet, pero el
ao prximo, van a alojarse en un hotel.
Normally, when they go to Spain, they stay in a villa, but next
year, their going to stay in a hotel.
Tienes habitaciones dobles libres?
Do you have any free double rooms?
Cunto cobra por noche en un habitacin singular? Se puede fumar
all?
How much does a single room cost per night? Are you allowed
to smoke there?
Puedes recomendarme un hotel barato que tiene habitaciones familares
libres?
Can you recommend a cheap hotel that has free family rooms?
Activities
Right. So you've arrived and unpacked. What now? How are you going to
spend your time? Obviously, you could jugar al futbl ("play football") or beber
vino ("drink wine"), but clearly there are more activities than just these...
Irse de juerga
Tomar el sol
Nadar
What about more general things? Why do you want to go there? What do you
want to get out of the trip? To say "in order to", you use para (meaning "for"),
followed by the infinitive.
Spanish Vocabulary Dnde vas a ir?
Porqu vas all?
Why go there?
Ingls
Espaol
Experimentar una cultura diferente To experience a different culture
Probar la comida nativa
To try the local food
Aprender el idioma
To learn the language
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Notes
There are quite a few new verbs here. Luckily, most are regular...
Sacar is regular (saco, sacas, saca, sacamos, sacis, sacan).
Tomar is regular (tomo, tomas, toma, tomamos, tomis, toman).
Irse is explained in more detail below.
Bailar is regular (bailo, bailas, baila, bailamos, bailis, bailan).
Nadar is regular (nado, nadas, nada, nadamos, nadis, nadan).
Experimentar
is
regular
(experimento,
experimentas,
experimenta, experimentamos, experimentis, experimentan).
Probar is an O=>UE stem-changing verb (pruebo, pruebas,
prueba, probamos, probis, prueban).
Aprender is regular (aprendo, aprendes, aprende, aprendemos,
aprendis, aprenden).
Examples
El mes prximo, voy a ir a Ibiza para irme de juerga.
Next month, I'm going to go to Ibiza to go clubbing.
Cuando en Francia, puedo rejarme - me encanta nadar y tomar el sol.
When in France, I can relax - I love swimming and sunbathing.
Por qu te gustara ir a Espaa? Para aprender el idioma?
Why would you like to go to Spain? To learn the language?
Van a ir a Grecia en noviembre. Les gusta probar comidas nuevas y
experimentar culturas diferentes.
They're going to go to Greece in November. They like trying new foods
and experiencing different cultures.
Cuando vamos a Inglaterra, nunca sacamos fotos buenas.
When we go to England, we never take good photos.
Os gusta bailar y iros de juerga?
Do you all like dancing and going clubbing?
Stem-changing Verbs
The second type of irregular verb is another stem-changing verb. This
time, the e changes to ie in the "I", "you", "he/she/it" and "they" forms. An
example (querer, meaning "to want") is written in the table below.
72 | Spanish
Espaol
I
Quiero
You
Quieres
He/She/It
Quiere
We
Queremos
You all
Queris
They
Quieren
Other verbs that follow this pattern
entender ("to understand"): entiendo, entiendes, entiende,
entendemos, entendis, entienden.
empezar
("to start"): empiezo, empiezas, empieza, empezamos,
empezis, empiezan.
preferer ("to prefer"): prefiero, prefieres, prefiere, preferemos,
preferis, prefieren.
pensar ("to think"): pienso, piensas, piensa, pensamos, pensis,
piensan.
Notes
Querer can be followed by the infinitive (quiero empezar means "I want
to start").
Remember tener? Well, that is a stem changing verb too: tengo,
tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenis, tienen!
Pensar is normally followed by que, meaning "to think that".
Examples
The day after tomorrow, you're going to dine in the hotel. Do you
all understand?
Cuando voy a Nueva Zelanda, quiero alojarme en un albergue juvenil,
pero Santiago prefiere los chaletes.
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Summary
In this lesson, you have learnt
How to form the simple future tense in Spanish (voy a comer; vais a
almorzar; van a ir)
How to say various future time phrases (pasado maana; maana por la
noche; en el futuro)
How to say when, where and how you're going on holiday (el mes que
viene, vamos a ir a Irlanda en autocar)
How to say for how long you're going to stay (voy a pasar un mes; pasa
una semana)
How to say what sort of accomodation you'll be in (un cmping; un
albergue junenil; voy a alojarme en una habitacin familiar)
How to ask for accommodation (Tienes cuartos libres?; Cunto cobra
por noche?)
How to say various holiday activities (me voy de juerga; bailan; probar
comidas nuevas)
How to form I=>IE stem-changing verbs (quiero; entendemos; cierran)
You should now do the exercise related to each section (found in the next
section), and translate the dialogue at the top before moving on to lesson nine.
Exercises
live version discussion edit exercises add an exercise (answer)
comment
The answers can be found in the next section. Also, try translating the
dialogue at the top of the lesson.
In the future...
Put the following in chonological order.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Pasado maana
El ao prximo
La semana que viene
Maana por la noche
El mes que viene
En el futuro
Maana por la maana
Holidays
Fill in the gaps in the following text. You might not need to put anything in
the gap.
El ao (1)
viene, voy (2)
ir (3)
Mxico en tren. Voy a (4)
dos
semanas all. Normalmente, paso solamente una semana, pero (5)
gustara (6)
relajarme totalmente.
Voy a alojarme en (7)
chalet familiar con hombres amables que (8)
en (9)
Estados Unidos tambin. El chalet cobra (10)
veinte euros
(11)
noche.
Cuando all, hay (12)
para hacer. Vamos a tomar (13)
sol durante el
da, y (14)
la noche, vamos a bailar y (15)
de juerga. Tambin,
(16)
encanta la comida all - los huevos (17)
fantsticos. (18)
a
cenar en un restaurante diferente cada noche.
Finalmente, (19)
voy a ir a Mxico porque quiero aprender (20)
idioma - espaol es fantstica.
Stem-Changing Verbs
Comnjugate the following verbs in the present tense.
1. Pensar
1. ..............
2. ..............
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3. ..............
4. ..............
5. ..............
6. ..............
2. Tener
1. ..............
2. ..............
3. ..............
4. ..............
5. ..............
6. ..............
3. The following are all verbs you have learnt. Say if they are stemchanging, or not, and say if they're E=>IE or O/U=>UE.
1. Jugar
2. Comer
3. Almorzar
4. Querer
5. Vivir
6. Cenar
7. Entender
8. Poder
Exercise answers
live version discussion edit answers add an answer (exercise) comment
Dialogue
Ral: Hi Sofa. Next week, I'm going to go to Italy.
Sofa: How are you going to get there? By train?
Ral: No. I hate trains; they're very noisy.
Sofa: Of course. I prefer airplanes, too.
Ral: Usually I go to Ireland, but I have a ticket for Italy.
Sofa: So, are you going to buy another ticket?
Ral: No, Italy is good too. I can sunbathe and experience the native
culture.
Sofa: How much time are you going to spend there?
Ral: Two weeks. I'd like to spend a month, but I can't take myself a
month off work.
Sofa: I understand. See you later!
In the future...
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Holidays
1. que
2. a
3. a
4. pasar
5. me
6. un
7. viven
8. los
9. por
10.para
11.el
12.por
13.irnos
14.me
15.son
16.voy
17.el
Stem-Changing Verbs
Comnjugate the following verbs in the present tense.
1. Pensar
1. Pienso
2. Piensas
3. Piensa
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7777
4. Pensamos
5. Pensis
6. Piensan
2. Tener
1. Tengo
2. Tienes
3. Tiene
4. Tenemos
5. Tenis
6. Tienen
3. The following are all verbs you have learnt. Say if they are stemchanging, or not, and say if they're E=>IE or O/U=>UE.
1. U=>UE stem changing verb
2. Regular verb
3. O=>UE stem changing verb
4. I=>IE stemn changing verb
5. Regular verb
6. Regular verb
7. I=>IE stem changing verb
8. O=>UE stem changing verb
78 | Spanish
Cul es tu trabajo?
9 C UL
ES TU TRABAJO ?
Dialogue
Vocabulary
clientes customers
Ral: Hola, Sofa. Cul es tu trabajo?
Sofa: Trabajo en una tienda.
Ral: Vale.
Sofa: Y t, cul es tu trabajo?
Ral: Ah, soy profesor de ingls.
Sofa: Qu bueno! Hablas ingls nativamente?
Ral: No, me encanta aprender idiomas.
Sofa: S, quiero aprender el ingls para mi trabajo, tambin. Siempre hay
clientes que quieren hablar en ingls. Es muy dfcil.
Rul: S, entiendo. Adis!
Espaol
Electricista
Plomero (m) or Plomera (f)
Constructor (m) or Constructora (f)
Profesor (m) or Profesora (f)
Abogado (m) or Abogada (f)
Mdico (m) or Mdica (f)
Dentista
Ingeniero (m) or Ingeniera (f)
Cocinero (m) or Cocinera (f)
Wikibooks |
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Chapter 9
Notes
For some of the above jobs, there are two options: one for males and
one for females. For electricista and dentista, there is no difference
between the genders. Even men can be dentistas.
Examples
Es dentista.
He's a dentist.
Vas a ser mdico?
Are you going to be a doctor?
Quiero ser abogada, pero cuesta mucho.
I want to be a lawyer, but it costs a lot.
Son profesores de espaol as qu hablan espaol muy bien.
They're Spanish teachers so they speak Spanish really well.
Cul es tu trabajo? Eres electricista?
What do you work as? Are you an electrician?
80 | Spanish
Espaol
Demasiado
Hoy
Ahora
Para
Mucho
Que
Qu
Actualmente
Siempre
Cul es tu trabajo?
Notes
Demasiado means "too" as in "I am too nice" (Soy demasiado amable). It
also means "too much" or "too many", as in "It costs too much" (Cuesta
demasiado) or "It has too many rooms" (Tiene demasiadas habitaciones).
When it's used as a sort of adjective, it has to agree with the noun.
Para, in the sense "in order to" is always followed by the infinitive.
Voy a ir a francia para relajarme means "I'm going to France in order to
relax".
Mucho means "a lot" ("It has a lot
of rooms" - tiene muchas
habitaciones), but also "many" ("I live in many different houses" - vivo en
muchas casas diferentes). Like demasiado, it has to agree with the noun
it describes.
Qu means "how" only in the sense of "How fantastic!",
Qu
fantstico!. Cmo is the question word meaning "how".
Don't confuse actualmente with "actually". It means currently.
Examples
Por qu vas a Canad? Para aprender el idioma?
Why are you going to Canada? In order to learn the language?
Vivo en una casa adosada en Neuva Zelanda que tiene muchas
habitaciones.
I live in a terrace in New Zealand that has many rooms.
Qu vas a comer ahora?
What are you going to eat now?
Normalmente, quiere almorzar a la una menos cuarto, pero hoy, quiere
comer a las dos.
Normally, he wants to have lunch at quarter to one, but today,
he wants to eat at two.
Van a jugar al tenis? Qu fatal!
They're going to play tennis? How awful!
Siempre ceno a las siete de la tarde.
I always dine at 7pm.
Workplaces
As well as what your job is, it would be undoubtedly useful to be able to say
where you work. A shop? An office? A factory?
To do this, you use the regular verb trabajar (trabajo, trabajas, trabaja,
trabajamos, trabajis, trabajan), then our friend en (meaning "in"), then one of
the options from this table, or any other building or firm.
Another important little phrase to mention here is ganar dinero, meaning "to
earn money". It's regular, so is conjugated gano dinero, ganas dinero, gana
dinero, ganamos dinero, ganis dinero, ganan dinero.
Wikibooks |
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Chapter 9
Spanish Vocabulary Cul es tu trabajo?
Workplaces Lugares de trabajo
Ingls
An office
A factory
A shop
A school
A restaurant
A studio
A garage
Espaol
Una oficina
Una fbrica
Una tienda
Un colegio
Un restaurante
Un taller
Un taller mecnico
Notes
As part of this phrase, you can also use a company name (Trabajo en
Tesco meaning "I work at Tesco"), or even a country or place name
(Trabajas en Alemania? meaning "Do you work in Germany?").
Examples
[future stem][ending]
Let's explain this:
The future stem is a form of the verb. Luckily for us, in most cases, it's
the same as the infinitive. So, for hablar (meaning "to talk"), the future
stem is simply hablar.
The endings are shown in the table below. You add them to the future
82 | Spanish
Cul es tu trabajo?
stem as suffixes.
Spanish Vocabulary Cul es tu trabajo?
Suffixes Sufijos
Ingls
I
You
He/She/It
We
You all
They
Espaol
emos
is
n
Notes
Some verbs are have irregular future stems. Assume a verb is regular
unless you know otherwise. Of the verbs you have learnt so far, this only
applies to three:
Examples
Summary
In this lesson, you have learnt
How to say what you and others do for a living (soy ingeniero; son
abogados)
How to ask what someone does for a living (Cul es tu trabajo?)
Wikibooks |
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Chapter 9
How to say various little, but important words (que; demasiado; mucho)
How to say various workplaces (una fbrica; un taller)
How to form the future tense (podrn; querr; almorzaremos)
You should now do the exercise related to each section (found in the next
section), and translate the dialogue at the top before moving on.
Exercises
live version discussion edit exercises add an exercise (answer)
comment
The answers can be found in the next section. Also, try translating the
dialogue at the top of the lesson.
Electricista
Fontanera
Constructor
Abogado
Profesora
Mdico
Concinera
Dentista
Ingeniero
a. Plumber
b. Lawyer
c. Engineer
d. Electrician
e. Doctor
f. Dentist
g. Teacher
h. Builder
i. Chef
Workplaces
Complete the following sentences.
84 | Spanish
Cul es tu trabajo?
1. Soy profesora: trabajo en
.
2. Es concinero: trabaja en
.
3. No me gusta mi trabajo en
, porque es demasiado ruidoso.
4. Odio mi trabajo en
, porque es muy aburrido. No hay mucho para
hacer.
5. Trabajamos en
que se llama Harrods. Siempre es animado y me
encanta hablar!
Exercise answers
live version discussion edit answers add an answer (exercise) comment
Dialogue
Ral: Hi, Sofa. What do you do for a living?
Sofa: I work in a shop.
Ral: Ok.
Sofa: What about you, what do you do for a living?
Ral: Ah, I'm an English teacher.
Sofa: Great! Do you speak English natively?
Ral: No, I love learning new languages.
Sofa: Yeah, I want to learn English for my job, too. There are
always customers who want to speak English. It's very difficult.
Rul: Yeah, I understand. Goodbye!
5. g
6. e
7. i
8. f
9. c
Workplaces
1. Un colegio
2. Un restaurante
3. Un taller mecnico; una fbrica
4. Una oficina
5. Una tienda
Chapter 11
All Authors
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Beeezy, Canjo, Celestianpower, Chyera, CommonsDelinker, Derbeth, Everlong,
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Laverdad, ManuelGR, Mxn, Oaso, Pablo.cl, Sabbut, Samuel, Supernaturalist,
Tawagoto, Think Fast, ThomasStrohmann, West Brom 4ever, Xania, anonymous
users
Image Credits
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domain. Creators of GFDL images are listed in image captions.
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title page as such, "Title Page" means the text near the most prominent
appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
2. VERBATIM COPYING
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright
notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are
reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to
those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control
the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However,
you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large
enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you
may publicly display copies.
3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed
covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document's license
notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry,
clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front
cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also
clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front
cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with
changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document
and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other
respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you
should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover,
and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more
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Chapter 12
than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along
with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computernetwork location from which the general network-using public has access to
download using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy
of the Document, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must
take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in
quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the
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It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them
a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
4. MODIFICATIONS
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
release the
Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling
the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the
Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do
these things in the Modified Version:
A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that
of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if
there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may
use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that
version gives permission.
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version,
together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of
its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you from
this requirement.
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified
Version, as the publisher.
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to
the other copyright notices.
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving
the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this
License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add to it
an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the
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5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions,
provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all
of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections
of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all
their Warranty Disclaimers.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple
identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are
multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the
title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the
name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" in the
various original documents, forming one section Entitled "History"; likewise
combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled
"Dedications". You must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements."
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in
the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection,
provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each
of the documents in all other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it
individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into
the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding
verbatim copying of that document.
8. TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute
translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant
Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright
holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in
addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any
Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English
version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers.
In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version
of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications",
or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will
typically require changing the actual title.
9. TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except
as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy,
modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will automatically
terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received
copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses
terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
Chapter 12
published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
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